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21 views4 pages

hw-2-sol

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folkbp05
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Math 4377/6308 Advanced Linear Algebra I Fall 2013

Dr. Vaughn Climenhaga, PGH 651A

HOMEWORK 2 – solutions

Due 4pm Wednesday, September 4. You will be graded not only


on the correctness of your answers but also on the clarity and com-
pleteness of your communication. Write in complete sentences.

1. Determine whether or not each of the following is a subspace of R2 .


Justify your answer.
(a) X1 = {(x, y) ∈ R2 | x + y = 0}

Solution. [4 points] Yes, X1 is a subspace. Given any (x, y), (x0 , y 0 ) ∈


X1 and c ∈ R, we must check that (cx + x0 , cy + y 0 ) ∈ X1 . Indeed,
(cx + x0 ) + (cy + y 0 ) = c(x + y) + (x0 + y 0 ) = c · 0 + 0 = 0.

(b) X2 = {(x, y) ∈ R2 | x − 1 = 0}

Solution. [4 points] No, X2 is not a subspace. It does not


contain (0, 0). (It also fails to be closed under addition or scalar
multiplication.)

(c) X3 = {(x, y) ∈ R2 | xy = 0}

Solution. [4 points] No, X3 is not a subspace. It is not closed


under addition: (1, 0) ∈ X3 and (0, 1) ∈ X3 , but their sum (1, 1)
is not in X3 .

(d) X4 = {(1, 0), (0, 1)}

Solution. [4 points] No, X4 is not a subspace. It does not contain


the zero vector. (It also fails to be closed under addition or scalar
multiplication.)

(e) X5 = span{(1, 0), (0, 1)}


Math 4377/6308 Homework 2 – solutions Page 2 of 4

Solution. [4 points] Yes, X5 is a subspace; the span of any set


of vectors is always a subspace.

2. Prove that if X and Y are subspaces of V , then so are X ∩ Y and


X +Y.

Solution. [10 points] Given any v1 , v2 ∈ X ∩ Y and any c ∈ K,


we have v1 , v2 ∈ X and v1 , v2 ∈ Y (by the definition of intersection).
Thus the subspace property of X and Y implies that cv1 + v2 ∈ X
and cv1 + v2 ∈ Y , and in particular cv1 + v2 ∈ X ∩ Y . Thus X ∩ Y
satisfies the subspace property, and by Proposition 2.3 in the notes, it
is a subspace.

For X + Y , we observe that given any v1 , v2 ∈ X + Y and c ∈ K,


there exist x1 , x2 ∈ X and y1 , y2 ∈ Y such that v1 = x1 + y1 and
v2 = x2 + y2 . (This is from the definition of the sum of two subspaces.)
Now cv1 + v2 = c(x1 + y1 ) + (x2 + y2 ) = (cx1 + x2 ) + (cy1 + y2 ), and since
X and Y are subspaces, we deduce that cx1 + x2 ∈ X and cy1 + y2 ∈ Y ,
so their sum cv1 + v2 is in X + Y . Thus X + Y is a subspace. (It is
non-empty because both X and Y are.)

3. Show that if 0 ∈ L ⊂ V , then L is linearly dependent.

Solution. [5 points] The set {0} is linearly dependent because 1 · 0 =


0. Thus L contains a linearly dependent set, hence by the previous
exercise it is linearly dependent.

4. Determine which of the following subsets of R3 are linearly indepen-


dent.
(a) S1 = {(1, 1, 0), (3, 0, 0)}
Math 4377/6308 Homework 2 – solutions Page 3 of 4

Solution. [5 points] If a(1, 1, 0) + b(3, 0, 0) = 0, then a + 3b = 0


(from the first coordinate) and a = 0 (from the second), so we
conclude that a = b = 0, hence S1 is linearly independent.

(b) S2 = span{(1, 1, 0), (3, 0, 0)}

Solution. [5 points] No, S2 is not linearly independent. It con-


tains the zero vector, so by the previous exercise it is linearly
dependent.

(c) S3 = {(2, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)}

Solution.
a [5 points] If a(2,
 0, 1)+ b(1, 1, 0) + c(0, 0, 1) = 0, then
2 1 0
b
c
is in the null space of 0 1 0 . Row reduction shows that the
1 0 1
null space is trivial, so S3 is linearly independent.

5. Let V be a vector space, let S ⊂ V be a spanning set, and let L ⊂ V


be linearly independent.
(a) Show that if S ⊂ S 0 ⊂ V , then S 0 is spanning.

Solution. [5 points] Given any Pn v ∈ V , there are x1 , . . . , xn ∈


0
S
and c1 , . . . cn ∈ K such that j=1 cj xj = v. Because xj ∈ S as
well, this demonstrates that v ∈ span(S 0 ), and so S 0 is spanning.

(b) Show that if L0 ⊂ L, then L0 is linearly independent.

Solution. P[5 points] If x1 , . . . , xn ∈ L0 and c1 , . . . , cn ∈ K are


such that nj=1 cj xj = 0, then we also have x1 , . . . , xn ∈ L, and
so linear independence of L implies that c1 = · · · = cn = 0. This
shows that L0 is linearly independent.
Math 4377/6308 Homework 2 – solutions Page 4 of 4

6. Prove that the set {sin x, cos x, sin(2x)} ⊂ C 1 (R) is linearly indepen-
dent. Hint: if a, b, c ∈ R are such that a sin x+b cos x+c sin(2x) = 0 for
every x ∈ R, then in particular, the equation is true for x = 0, π/4, π/2.
Show that this implies that a = b = c = 0.

Solution. [10 points] Suppose a, b, c ∈ R are such that a sin x +


b cos x + c sin(2x) = 0 for every x ∈ R. Then in particular, for x = 0,
x = π/4 and x = π/2 we get
a·0+b·1+c·0=0
√ √
2 2
a· +b· +c·1=0
2 2
a · 1 + b · 0 + c · 0 = 0.
a
In other words, b
c
is in the null space of the matrix
 
0 √1 0
√
 2 2
1
2 2
1 0 0
Row reduction shows that the null space is trivial and so a = b = c = 0.
Thus the set is linearly independent.

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