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VOLLEYBALL
Fundamentals
Second Edition
Joel Dearing
Springfield College
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Dearing, Joel, author.
Title: Volleyball fundamentals / Joel Dearing, Springfield College.
Description: Second Edition. | Champaign, Illinois : Human Kinetics, [2018] |
Series: Sports Fundamentals Series
Identifiers: LCCN 2018019651 (print) | LCCN 2018019991 (ebook) | ISBN
9781492567301 (ebook) | ISBN 9781492567295 (print)
Subjects: LCSH: Volleyball.
Classification: LCC GV1015.3 (ebook) | LCC GV1015.3 .V65 2018 (print) | DDC
796.325--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018019651
ISBN: 978-1-4925-6729-5 (print)
Copyright © 2019, 2003 by Human Kinetics, Inc.
All rights reserved. Except for use in a review, the reproduction or utilization of this work in any form
or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including xerog-
raphy, photocopying, and recording, and in any information storage and retrieval system, is forbidden
without the written permission of the publisher.
The web addresses cited in this text were current as of June 2018, unless otherwise noted.
Acquisitions Editor: Diana Vincer; Managing Editor: Karla Walsh; Copyeditor: Marissa Wold
Uhrina; Proofreader: Leigh Keylock; Permissions Manager: Martha Gullo; Graphic Designer:
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Photograph (cover): Buda Mendes / Getty Images; Photographs (interior): © Human Kinetics;
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please visit our website: www.HumanKinetics.com
E7313
Contents
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Key to Diagrams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
iii
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank my Human Kinetics team for getting this second
edition to the finish line. This very impressive group of professionals
includes Diana Vincer, Cynthia McEntire, Karla Walsh, Amy Rose,
Coree Clark, and Jason Allen. With my 40 seasons of coaching and
more than 30 years of running summer camps, conducting clinics,
and working with the USA Volleyball Coaching Accreditation Program
as an instructor, it is impossible to give ample credit for what I know
about coaching and teaching volleyball. I want to acknowledge all
with whom I shared these experiences—experiences I am now pass-
ing on in this book. I was blessed to coach hundreds of wonderful
young women and men and work with many talented and dedicated
assistant coaches in four different decades. I learned so much from
those experiences, and I am particularly proud of so many of you
for entering the coaching ranks. Thanks to three longtime assistant
coaches and cherished friends, Marcus Jannitto, Kevin Lynch, and
Lev Milman, for the countless lessons I learned from you as well
as another very special colleague and friend from the Emerald Isle,
Mary Lalor. I was very fortunate to have coaches Moira Long, Aylene
Ilkson, and Chelsea Barnicle, along with veteran official Wade Dubois,
to bounce questions off during the many months spent completing
this project. Thanks to each of you, along with all my Springfield
College athletic administrators and coaching comrades—you are a
special group. I need to acknowledge my parents, Dave and Doris
Dearing, for providing so many opportunities for me that allowed me
to live my dream of being called Coach. Most importantly, a word to
my family: Thank you, Erin Leigh, Kevin, and Ryan for the many,
many ways you have supported and shared in my career. My final
acknowledgment, to the love of my life, finds me searching for words
to adequately express my gratitude. So I will leave you, Diane, with
something special that we discovered long ago to share with each
other frequently . . . J R I L Y.
iv
Introduction
3m
Sideline
18 m
v
For women’s volleyball, the net is 2.24 meters (7 feet, 4-1/8 inches)
high; for men’s volleyball, the net is 2.43 meters (7 feet, 11-5/8
inches) high. The net should be strung tightly to avoid any sagging
and to allow a ball driven into the net to rebound cleanly instead of
dropping straight to the floor.
Antennae are connected to the volleyball net just above the sidelines
(figure I.2). The volleyball must always pass over the net and between
the antennae on a serve and throughout a rally. Safety rules require
that the poles and the referee stand must be padded.
Most beginning volleyball players think of each side of the court as
two zones: front row and back row. Help your players discover right
from the start that there are six zones (figure I.3): right back (zone
1), right front (zone 2), middle front (zone 3), left front (zone 4), left
back (zone 5), and middle back (zone 6).
What do you need to play? Begin with volleyball shoes, knee pads,
and a volleyball. Choose an indoor or outdoor court. Talk to a local
volleyball coach for sound advice on what type of ball to purchase.
The proper uniform includes matching T-shirts and shorts, appro-
priate volleyball shoes, and knee pads. If you are starting a new
team, you will need to purchase T-shirts with numbers on the front
and back; then select team shorts. The color and brand should be
Antennae
9m
Net
cables
Pole
Padded
referee
Pad stand
I.2 The volleyball net with padded poles and referee stand.
E7313/Dearing/F I.02/602384/mh-R1
vi
I.3 The six zones of the volleyball court.
E7313/Dearing/F I.03/602385/mh-R1
the same for all players, with the exception of the uniforms worn
by liberos (see chapter 8), who are required to wear a shirt of a con-
trasting color.
Rules
For an indoor six-person game, each team has six players on the court
in a predetermined lineup. Prior to the serve, players must be in their
legal positions, relative to any adjacent player, to avoid an overlap
penalty. Each zone has two to three adjacent players, as shown by the
arrows in figure I.4. An overlap violation would be called, for example,
if at the moment of service the middle back player is closer to the
centerline than the middle front player or if the middle back player
is closer to the left sideline than the left back player. (See chapters
9 and 11 for more about legal defensive and offensive formations.)
Once the server contacts the ball, players may change positions for
the remainder of the rally. Back-row players may play near the net
but may not block or attack a ball that is above the height of the net.
A legal serve may contact the net but must cross over the net and
between the antennae. A server who steps on the endline prior to
contact is considered in the court, resulting in a serving fault.
The receiving team must return the ball to the other side of the net
within three team contacts, and no individual may contact the ball
more than once consecutively. An individual or group block does not
Introduction vii
5 4
6 3
1 2
E7313/Dearing/F I.04/602386/mh-R1
viii
Substitutions
The rules regarding substitution limits differ greatly between high
school games and international games. For instructional classes,
it is probably best to limit the maximum number of players on the
court to six.
My introduction to volleyball during junior high school was the
nine-per-side game. The rotation pattern was a zigzag across the
back row, then across the middle, and finally to the front row. Avoid
this at all costs. If more than six players are on a team, simply place
substitutes off the court near zones 4 and 2 (figure I.5). Players rotate
from zone 1 to zone 6 to zone 5, then leave the court for one play, and
then return to zone 4. Players then rotate from zone 4 to zone 3 to
zone 2 and then step off again for a play before going back to serve.
Understanding these rules provides a solid foundation of knowl-
edge that will assist you as you build your game. Let’s continue the
construction with the basics in chapter 1.
X
X
X X
X X
Introduction ix
Key to Diagrams
Key to diagrams
S Server
T Target
Cone
Player movement
Ball movement
Ball cart
Ts Tosser
P Passer
Volleyball
Bonus ball
C Coach/instructor
C
Coach on a box
St Setter
X Player
Xc Ball collector
A Attacker
L Left-handed player
R Right-handed player
B Blocker
F Female player
M Male player
D Digger/defender
7 10 Setter/right-side player
8 11 Left-side player
9 12 Designated middle
or Libero
L 13
E7313/Dearing/F FM.01/602382/mh-R3
x
1
CHAPTER
Volleyball
Basics
T he opportunity to refresh this book with a second edition has
allowed and challenged me to consider how best to provide prac-
tical and foundational information to help you learn to play this great
game. I continue to carve out time to work on individual fundamen-
tals with new learners of the sport. At times, this means isolating
skill development with drills designed to provide some repetitions.
In chapters 2 to 7, you will discover skill keys (words and phrases
to focus on) as you learn each of the six basic fundamental skills:
serving, passing, setting, attacking, blocking, and digging. Think of
these keys as your tools. As a coach, I settled on particular words
and phrases to use both with my team in practice and with aspiring
players in clinics and camps. Whenever and wherever I teach volley-
ball skills, my objective is to focus my feedback on one key at a time.
To receive the greatest benefit from working on fundamentals, I
suggest that you focus on one skill at a time, performing the entire
skill whenever possible. Even accomplished players who want to
take their game to another level benefit from taking the time to focus
heavily on the execution of a skill, such as an experienced setter
establishing a goal of jump setting 100 percent of the time. Part of
that training process might include drills and activities that simply
allow the player to get a feel for repetitive jump setting, while receiving
video and specific feedback one key at a time.
1
For you, this might mean working on a rather simple change in
transferring body momentum as you serve, if you discover that your
last step is with your dominant foot. You will see the phrase “step
with the nondominant foot” in the next chapter. Watch a softball or
baseball pitcher: a righty steps with the left foot during the throw,
while a lefty steps forward with the right foot. The same holds true
for serving. As you look at the keys for serving, you may want to take
time to serve repetitively and focus on your last step, but be sure
you fully execute the serve. Worry less about the contact and result,
while really focusing on feeling yourself stepping in opposition. Early
in your learning process, taking the time to serve in succession, and
not immediately entering the court to play defense, may be the best
use of your time.
Intentional decisions, however, need to be made for the healthy
philosophical tension that exists between training fundamental
skills and the ever popular approach of using game-like (experien-
tial learning) opportunities to teach the game. In both educational
and competitive teaching situations, I have challenged myself to
guide learners as often as possible through progressions of activ-
ities, adjusted as needed to become increasingly game-like for the
participant.
I had a unique opportunity as a professor in our physical educa-
tion preparation program at Springfield College to develop teaching
strategies for future teachers of junior high–level volleyball units
that essentially used 3v3 activities exclusively in every lesson. That
approach placed the emphasis on allowing the game to teach the
game. I wrestled with planning variations of 3v3 play to introduce
beginners to the basic skills while simulating the sequences of con-
tacts that represent how the game is actually played. Skill keys still
needed to be introduced, and feedback to participants on those keys
still needed to be provided.
The benefit derived from this approach is that new learners always
got a feel for the game. The net was involved 100 percent of the time,
which provided ongoing experiences for students to respond to the
ball, their own teammates, and the opponents in the two most cen-
tral objectives in the game: (1) the need to return the ball over the
net and (2) the need to keep the ball off the floor.
Combining these types of teaching experiences in a physical edu-
cation setting with 40 seasons of preparing practice plans daily to
challenge highly competitive collegiate players informed the decisions
I have made with the content of this book.
I have found—and continue to find—each drill in this book helpful
to all players, regardless of where they are on the learning contin-
uum. You will notice a wide variety of strategies for how each drill is
2
initiated, along with variations on how you can take the activity to
the next level. You’ll find drill instructions that provide a number of
game-like methods. The sooner you get to drills where players are
initiating a rally, the better. One thing I know from over 30 years of
instruction: people love to play this sport. With that in mind, here
are some volleyball basics to get you started.
Reading
An often overlooked skill is reading, which I operationally define as
the ability to anticipate and react to what is about to happen next
on the court. One of the benefits of game-like drills is the constant
opportunity to develop your reading skills. Each rally provides dif-
ferences (subtle or drastic) in the body positions (in contact with the
floor or in the air) of competitors about to contact the ball and in the
angle, trajectory, and speed of the ball as it crosses the net.
I have observed that for some players, reading seems to be a sixth
sense. When exhibited expertly, reading is, among other things, a
combination of focus, awareness, concentration, and competitive
attitude. The first three attributes vary between individuals and over
the course of a practice session or match, but levels of competitive-
ness are largely determined by motivation.
Moving into the realm of sport psychology is beyond the scope of
this book, but you will notice in many drills and activities that scoring
and a scoreboard are included. You get to determine your level of
competitiveness, and a scoreboard will help. Plus, it won’t take long
for you to discover the pure joy that happens when someone makes
a great play. Often what makes those plays great is the improbabil-
ity factor. How did she get to that ball? How did he keep that off the
floor? The odds are high that this “great moment” started with the
player reading and reacting to the situation.
Reading starts with your eyes. Take a quick peek ahead at chapter
6 (Blocking) for a guide on what to watch when playing defense. The
eye sequence outlined there will help you expand your vision capa-
bilities beyond just tracking the ball. As a defender, you need to be
able to respond to the direction of approach from opposing attackers.
Are they running straight at the net or using an angled approach?
Once they jump, take note of the direction their shoulders are facing,
and move to defend that part of your court. Your ability to pick up
on these types of cues will increase your skill in predicting where
the ball is going. Great moments come from players who know where
they need to be to keep the ball off the floor.
Volleyball Basics 3
Communication
Communication is the key to successful team play and your devel-
opment, both technically (with fundamental skills) and tactically
(how to play the game). To grasp and understand the importance of
talking as you play, I offer this simple rule: talk before you contact
the ball. Players compete in a very congested area. The ball moves
quickly, and as I just mentioned, reading and reacting are essential
to this game. Effective teams have players who constantly react to
the ball and to each situation using communication skills. You will
be presented throughout this book with tips on just what to say as
you play your way through every rally.
If it is important for all players to talk, then it is equally important
for teammates to listen and react to the signals given by their team-
mates. While verbal communication is of utmost importance, you
will discover as you explore this book how nonverbal skills (hand
signals, for example) are also commonly used by more experienced
players in a variety of ways.
All of this will take time. Start by consistently calling “mine” before
contacting the ball, and in short order, this new habit will become
more comfortable and have a contagious effect on your teammates.
Here is a universal (and, I would suggest, indisputable) volleyball
truth: talking leads to movement.
Movement
As you learn the fundamentals of volleyball, you will recognize the
need to move constantly on the court. The game of volleyball has
a flow. Often players become spectators on the court rather than
staying in the flow.
Being ready to move starts with being in a ready body position but
also is determined by each part of a rally. Your ready position will
depend on a number of factors, including whether you are (1) in the
front row or back row, (2) on offense or defense to start a play, or (3)
in the middle of the rally and going from one responsibility to the next.
As you anticipate the ball coming across the net and are in the
ready position, you should be low enough to move in any direction
with your hands apart. Your base of support will vary depend-
ing on how you need to move. Volleyball requires short bursts of
speed (two or three sprinting steps) and quick shuffle steps in all
directions.
Additionally, front-row players need to be in a ready position to
complete sequences of steps and movements toward, away from, and
4
along the net. The block, dig, and attack drill (figure 12.3) will push
you to work on efficiently moving away from the net after blocking
to a position behind the attack line, where you immediately come
right back to the net as an attacker. You will also discover photos
such as figure 6.6 in chapter 6, Blocking, to help you develop and
refine footwork patterns to use when you move laterally along the
net as a blocker.
As you gain experience and use the movement-related instruction
found in this book, you will discover that not only is an effective ready
position needed, but you also need to arrive at your destination ready
to touch the ball in a variety of ways and locations.
I remember listening to Doug Beal, former USAV executive director
and USA Men’s National Team coach, talk about how he evaluates
players. He likes to watch what players do between contacts. Effec-
tive players are active between contacts. They anticipate what might
happen next and move on the court in a low position, expecting the
ball to come to them. That is sound advice for you to start with.
Your movement efficiency and effectiveness will increase over
time, and you’ll find that the key to success is making connections
between reading, communication, and movement. Throughout this
book, skill keys and drills will be provided to highlight the situations
where these important intangibles are needed.
Arm Swing
Pay attention to the helpful hints related to arm swing in the serving
and attacking chapters. The simple throwing motion you may have
used in other sports may help you develop the whip-like arm action
needed in volleyball. Developing the proper mechanics for your arm
swing will serve you well.
A combination of forces will be needed as you develop your arm
swing, including the potential torque available from your core. You
will discover that shoulder rotation and twisting of your torso, for
example, will be part of your arm swing for serving or attacking. In
many cases, the end product of those movements will lead to another
volleyball basic: hitting with topspin.
Topspin
I can’t remember how the first volleyball spike I ever witnessed
was delivered. I can remember my first impression of the ball being
pounded, so I presumed the player used a fist. I was not alone in
Volleyball Basics 5
that presumption because I have seen hundreds of new learners
take their first swing just that way. Later in the book we’ll discuss
the correct way to spike.
To get you on the right path for success, picture your dominant
hand open and in the shape of the volleyball. Creating topspin is
best achieved by contacting the back of the ball up high with a hand
that covers as much of the surface as possible. If pictures are worth
a thousand words, then see figure 1.1 and begin now to think about
adding a slapping sound when your hand contacts the ball. If you
hear a thud, the heel of your hand was likely the point of contact,
which often results in an attack or serve sailing out of bounds.
Since we want the ball to come off the hand and go down into the
court, this idea of topspin makes a lot of sense. Traditionally, the
idea of a wrist snap seems helpful, and you might find that it is;
however, research has indicated that the hand isn’t in contact long
enough with the ball for the time it takes to snap your wrist. So my
advice is to take advantage of this era of multicolor balls used at
most levels of competition and let the ball provide feedback for you.
Watch the ball for forward spin as you start to play the game, and
begin to take note of what your hand felt like on the ball when you
6
were successful in creating topspin. More helpful hints on topspin
are ahead in the chapters on serving and attacking.
Looking Ahead
If you have already started to play volleyball, you may be on the
hunt for confirmation of what you have started to learn. You also
may have arrived here looking for clarification or clues to help you
take your next steps. Let me highlight a few key concepts that you
might want to preview or make note of.
■■ The W formation. Chapter 10 outlines one of the most basic
situations you will encounter: receiving a free ball. Ball control
skills take time to develop. When a team does not gain enough
control of the ball in their first two contacts to set up an attack,
they are left with only one option: get that third and final team
contact over the net to keep the rally alive. Any easy ball coming
back over the net to your team is called a free ball. You will
Volleyball Basics 7
discover in figure 10.1 how your team can create and use a W
formation each time this scenario occurs.
■■ Attacking. Attacking is exhilarating and a great place to start
because almost everyone loves the idea of hovering above the
net and slamming the ball to the court. I think every clinic I
have conducted in the last decade without exception has started
with attacking because it is fun and there is no quicker way
to get smiles on faces. If you head off to chapter 5 right away,
you will find steps to success relating to footwork patterns as
you approach the net. Also, be sure to consider the off-speed
options (tips and roll shots) that you will want (and need) to add
to your arsenal.
■■ Defense. “What a save!” How many times did I hear that from
my teams’ fans in response to an incredible defensive play that
probably drew the biggest ovation of the match? Perhaps that
is the part of the game that has drawn you into this sport. Well,
take a deeper dive into chapter 7 (Digging) to get an idea on how
to safely leave your feet when necessary to keep the ball alive.
Unfamiliar with a run-through, a pancake, or a J-stroke? Not
after reading this chapter. Plus, peek ahead to chapter 8 on the
libero, and you can be a defensive wizard in no time at all.
■■ Transition. Have you ever gotten into one of those long rallies
where time after time—just when you thought you had won or
lost the point—someone kept the play alive? The continuous
shift from offense to defense in those epic battles is called “tran-
sition.” As you work through the chapters on team systems of
play, you will end up in chapter 12, which will equip you with a
better understanding of how to move, function, and flow on the
court during those hotly contested rallies.
Time to Play
Volleyball, like all sports, has its own etiquette and protocol. For
example, competitive volleyball matches allow only the court captain
and coach to communicate with the officials, and that communication
is limited primarily to calling time-outs or requesting substitutions.
Before a match begins, teams indicate they are ready for competition
by lining up on the endline and waiting for the official’s signal to
enter the court and prepare for the first serve.
It’s time to turn our attention to the fundamental skills you will
need when you take your game to the court. Now, go ahead; you’re
ready for the first serve. Off to the endline!
8
2
CHAPTER
Serving
9
You can do it
Overhead Floater
To execute an overhead floater serve, stand comfortably with your
nondominant foot slightly forward. Be sure that your weight is on
your back foot. Hold the ball with your nonserving hand out in front of
your serving shoulder. Place your serving arm in what coaches often
call a “high draw” position with your elbow bent about 90 degrees
and above shoulder height (figure 2.1a).
Common teaching keys for serving include (1) step, (2) toss (lift)
the ball, (3) accelerate hand to ball, and (4) make contact. For the
step, simply slide your front foot forward, and you will feel your body
weight shift from your back foot to your front foot. As you step for-
ward, toss (or essentially lift) the ball directly in front of your serving
shoulder high enough to force you to reach fully as you prepare to
contact the ball with your serving hand (figure 2.1b).
The toss requires a lot of attention because many errors result
from inconsistent height and location of the toss. An important point
of emphasis will be to keep the height of your toss near the height
of your reach. For the standing floater serve, think about lifting or
placing the ball to avoid the common mistake of tossing too high. As
you toss the ball, you will use an arm swing to accelerate your hand
to the ball, which creates power.
An effective arm swing has a whip-like action. The arm swing
begins as you draw your elbow back and above shoulder height,
then forward with your contact hand open and palm facing out. Your
elbow should remain above the height of your shoulder throughout
the whip-like action.
Make sure to reach high and in front as you make contact with an
open hand (figure 2.1c). To assist in effective contact with a float serve,
keep your wrist firm throughout contact with the fingers slightly
spread apart to allow your hand to contact more of the surface of
the ball, and contact the ball with the meaty part of the serving hand
in the center of the ball.
The floater serve is most effective when follow-through is limited. A
long and full follow-through may generate too much power, causing
the serve to travel out of bounds. You will need to experiment with
the timing related to accelerating your hand to the ball and then,
upon contact, allowing your serving hand to decelerate and lower
naturally to your side. Limiting the follow-through helps provide the
floating movement of the serve as it travels to the opponent. This
movement is often compared to a knuckleball.
10
b
Serving 11
rhythm for them to attempt: “Toss [pause] hit.” In these teaching
situations, I simply ask, “What would need to happen to your toss
to change your rhythm?” The amount of time between the words in
these two examples would be reflected in changing from a high toss
with a significant delay in contact after releasing the ball to a toss
that is quickly followed by a contact.
ROUTINE
The serve, as coaches often remind players, is the one skill where
a lot less outside influence exists to affect execution. Servers are
introducing the ball to a rally, and players typically develop (or fall
into) a routine that includes bouncing the ball a number of times.
At times, they need our help finding one that works. Coaches should
not underestimate the impact of match management and special-
ized players on serving performance. At some competitive levels, a
three-ball system is utilized. While this speeds up play, we need to
recognize the impact on the routine for our servers and simulate that
in our practice sessions. Place a ball cart at the end of each court
and have players not in the drill stationed at each cart to quickly
bounce a ball to the next server.
Additionally, while players will likely benefit in practice from some
repetitive serving drills, when they take their game to the competitive
court, the “all-around” players who never leave the court will move
in and out of their turns to serve every six rotations. Back-row spe-
cialists, however, will serve, compete for three rotations, substitute
off to stand on the sideline and cheer for three rotations, then sprint
to the substitution zone and back onto the court to serve. Keeping
these situations in mind, remember as you enter the serving zone
and get the ball in your hands to develop a consistent routine that
will over time become second nature.
12
UNDERHAND SERVE
The underhand serve (figure 2.2) is another option as a beginning
serve. It does not provide a lot of power, but it can be very accurate
and consistent. The rules of volleyball require a toss or release of
the ball prior to the serve. Coordination of the toss and contact of
an underhand serve is actually quite challenging. Think of the toss
in the underhand serve as a release. Create a pendulum motion
with your arms. As the hand holding the ball drops, your serving
hand moves forward through the ball. Contacting an underhand
serve consistently can be difficult. Keep the fingers of your serving
hand pointing behind your body to expose the heel of your hand to
the ball. This will allow you to contact the ball with the meaty part
of your hand. Many players attempt to use a fist for an underhand
serve, but this often causes inconsistent contact. In addition, the
open hand leads to a more natural progression from the underhand
serve to the overhand floater.
a b
2.2 Underhand serve: (a) step and swing, (b) release and contact.
Serving 13
TOPSPIN SERVE
The primary advantage of developing a topspin serve is power.
The topspin serve can provide additional power but requires a few
changes from the overhead floater serve. One major change is that
the topspin serve requires a full throwing motion and follow-through.
Additionally, as introduced in chapter 1, creating topspin requires a
contact with your hand covering as much of the surface of the ball
as possible. An effective float serve often sounds like a thud, while
your topspin contact needs to sound like a slap. Contacting above
the center of the back of the ball (figure 2.3) will also be helpful in
creating a forward spin on the ball as it crosses the net. You may find
it helpful to experiment with a slightly higher toss, but remember to
accelerate your hand to the ball and keep your serving elbow above
the height of your shoulder throughout the arm swing.
14
JUMP SERVE
Go for the gold as you bring the heat with either your jump float serve
(see figure 2.4a through 2.4c) or a jump topspin serve (see figure 2.5a
through 2.5c). The jump serve can be a tremendous weapon; it is
both powerful and deceptive. The jump serve can create apprehension
in your opponents if they are not used to facing this type of serve.
You may find the jump serve easier to develop after you’ve mastered
attacking (chapter 5). In essence, the jump serve is an attack from the
endline. Instead of attacking a set from a teammate, you will attack
your own toss of the ball. Hold the ball with your dominant hand
in front of your serving shoulder as you prepare to run toward the
endline. Most players feel more comfortable tossing the ball with the
dominant hand of the serving arm. The placement of the toss needs
to be high and well in front of you, as you will actually be chasing the
a b c
2.4 Jump float: (a) approach, (b) toss, (c) contact.
Serving 15
ball. Notice the sequence in figure 2.5a through 2.5c. You will launch
yourself into the air to contact the ball you tossed high and out in
front of you. It is essential you coordinate the toss with a sequence
of steps, allowing you to jump and swing naturally. To accomplish
this, if you are right-handed, step forward on your dominant foot as
you toss the ball (e.g., right foot steps as right hand tosses the ball),
and then complete the sequence by chasing the ball with a three-step
(left, right, left) finish. Watch elite players with a jump spin serve,
and typically they are landing several feet inside the court.
a b
c
2.5 Jump topspin: (a) toss, (b) approach, (c) contact.
16
Take it to the court
At the competitive level, serving strategy is based on your philosophy
for playing the game. Will you be conservative or assertive? What are
the risks and rewards involved in each situation? You need to answer
these types of questions when you take it to the court.
Serving strategy often means serving to a particular zone of your
opponent’s court. Be sure you can identify the zones of the court
as you look across the net (see figure I.3). Initial serving strategy
includes the following objectives:
• Serving to the opponent’s weakest receiver
• Serving between two players
• Serving short (near or in front of the opponent’s attack line)
• Serving to the deep third of the opponent’s court
Notice that the first three involve the need for serving control and
the final objective requires serving power.
The team’s or coach’s philosophy also will affect serving strategy,
as does level of play. Highly skilled players can control the ball on
offense and attack at a high rate of efficiency. Strong, effective serves
are needed to force an opponent into poor ball control, leading to a
less successful attack from the opponent. At a lower or intermediate
level, effective serving may require a high percentage of serves simply
to be in play since the opponent’s offense may not be overpowering.
Here are some additional serving strategies:
• Serve to the opponent’s front-row attackers. Challenge the
opponent’s strongest attacker to pass the ball, then attack.
• Develop a philosophy of serving, taking into consideration
those times when it may be critical not to miss a serve—set
point, match point, after an opponent’s service error, after your
team misses a serve, and immediately following a time-out.
• If the setter has to move from their legal court position to the
net, serve into the setter’s path, causing them to react to the
ball while moving. Ideally, you would like to disrupt the setter
or make the setter play the ball.
• Establish a consistent routine prior to contacting the ball that
includes your focus on where you want to direct your serve
and your steps and toss.
Serving 17
Give it a go
“CLASSIC” (CONTROL) TARGET SERVING
For successful, consistent serves, practice serving for control and
accuracy. Along the sidelines, set up cones at the attack line, midway
between the attack line and endline, and at the endline (figure 2.6).
Six players per court may participate. Three servers line up behind
the attack line. Three players line up behind the attack line on the
other side of the net to act as targets. The targets keep their hands
above their heads to give each server a visual target. The servers serve
the ball to their targets, who catch the serves and roll the balls back
to the servers. After five successful serves from the attack line, the
servers move back to the next cone. After five successful serves there,
they move back to the endline. After completing five successful serves
from the endline, the servers and targets switch sides and roles.
T S S S
T S S S
T S S S
Side A Side B
18
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
»Hänen isänsä oli maanpakolaisena Englannissa myöskin, ja kun
hän palasi tänne, joutui hän Elbaan. Hän oli jättänyt tytön sellaisten
ihmisten huostaan, jotka kohtelivat häntä pahoin — tuon kaiken olen
kuullut vanhan kreivittären suusta, kun hän moittii Donna Romaa.»
»Bruno!»
»Mitä?»
»Oliko Donna Roman isä Volonnan prinssi?»
Davido Rossi lausui nuo sanat ääneen, mutta hän koetti turhaan
saada yön tyyneyttä omaan sieluunsa. Hänen silmiensä edessä kulki
kuten ennenkin muistojen vaihteleva sarja. Hän oli taas Lontoossa
suuren rautatieaseman lasikaton alla veturien tukahduttavan savun
ja höyryviheltimien hälinän seassa. Hän sanoi hyvästi vanhalle
partasuulle miehelle. »Hyvästi, poikani», sanoi vanha mies. »Minä
kirjoitan sinulle ajoissa, ja sitten kerron sinulle jotain, joka ehkä
hämmästyttää sinua. Hyvästi! Jumala sinua siunatkoon.» Ja sitten
seurasi hiljaisuus. Vankilan ovet sulkeutuivat elävän miehen
saavuttua sinne, ja kun ne avautuivat, oli jälellä ainoastaan ruumis.
Ei. Muisto toi toisenkin kuvan. Hän oli Roomassa taas, ja eräs
entinen vanki tuli Elbasta tapaamaan häntä
parlamenttirakennukseen. »Tuon teille kuolevan miehen
tervehdyksen», sanoi mies ja antoi Davido Rossin käteen pienen
pahvilaatikon. »Hänellä oli verrattain suuri vapaus, ja hän kasvatti
suuressa puutarhassaan kukkia lapsille, mutta kirjeitä hän ei saanut
kirjoittaa ja postia vartioitiin tarkasti.» — Laatikossa oli
fonograafilieriö, johon oli kirjoitettu: »Ainoastaan D.L:lle. Pyydetään,
että parlamentin jäsen Davido Rossi hävittää tämän, ellei hän tiedä,
missä D.L. on.»
Kun Davido Rossi palasi sisään, huomasi Elena, joka juuri riisui
poikaa, hurjan katseen hänen silmissään, mutta Bruno, joka luki
iltalehteä, ei nähnyt mitään, vaan huusi:
»Hm» — sanoi Bruno, »tämä riittää nolaamaan miehen niin, että hän
tuntee itsensä pieneksi kuin sardiini!»
Nyt oli jäljellä vielä yksi tehtävä, mutta peittääkseen sen oikean
luonteen Bruno otti sanomalehtensä ja sanoi:
Sillä välin Giuseppe, joka oli hyvin väsynyt, näytti kovin nyrpeältä,
kun hänen täytyi mennä maata sanomatta hyvää yötä setä
Davidolle. Äiti suostui menemään noutamaan pojan yöpuvun alas,
sen sijaan että pojan olisi pitänyt mennä ylös makuuhuoneeseen,
sillä hän arveli, että ehkä Davido Rossi jo oli tullut sisähuoneesta
ruokasaliin ja voisi siis tyynnyttää pojan. Mutta kun Elena palasi
ruokasaliin, oli sisähuoneen ovi vielä lukossa ja Giuseppe pyysi saada
maata sohvalla, kunnes setä tulisi kantamaan hänet
makuuhuoneeseen. Hän lupasi vakavasti pysyä valveilla ja sitten hän
sai panna maata yöpuvussaan, päiväpuku peitteenä. Kaikki kävi
hyvin kolmekymmentä sekuntia, mutta sitten pieni kiharatukka näytti
rupeavan antautumaan taistelussa Nukkumatti-jättiläistä vastaan.
»Kuka siellä?»
»Pikku mies!» sanoi Davido Rossi. Hän astui sohvan luo, mutta
hänen kalpeat kasvonsa näyttivät hajamielisiltä, ja katsoen Elenaan
hän kysyi:
»Väärässä?»
Tytön silmissä oli vihan ja inhon kiilto, jota hän koetti peittää, sillä
hän tiesi Davido Rossin katsovan häneen.
»Sen vakuutan.»
»Tuo mies on lapsi», ajatteli Roma. »Hän uskoo vaikka mitä, mitä
kerron hänelle.» Ja sitten hän loi katseensa alas ja leikkien
sormessaan olevalla opaalisormuksella hän alkoi käyttää imartelua,
joka aina ennen oli tehokkaasti vaikuttanut kaikkiin miehiin.
»En sano olevani aivan moitteeton», alkoi hän. »Ehkä olen elänyt
ajattelematonta elämää keskellä kurjuutta ja surua. Jos niin on, on
se osittain niiden miesten syy, jotka ovat ympäröineet minua.
Milloinka nainen on muuta kuin miksi häntä ympäröivät miehet ovat
hänet tehneet!»
»Kunnioitan teitä siitä syystä», sanoi hän. »Ja jos olisin ennen
tavannut teidän kaltaisenne miehen, olisi elämäni ehkä ollut
toisenlainen. Ennen muinoin toivoin, että mies, jolla on jalot
pyrinnöt, korkea päämäärä, kohtaisi minut elämän ovella. Ehkä te
olette tuntenut samaa — että nainen, joka olisi voimakas ja
uskollinen, seisoisi vierellänne myötä- ja vastoinkäymisissä, vaaroissa
ja iloissa.»
»Te olette vanhan suvun lapsi», alkoi Davido Rossi, »suvun, joka
on vanhempi kuin se linna, jossa se eli ja ylpeämpi kuin
kuningassuku. Ja vaikka olisitte kärsinyt suuriakin suruja, olette
kokenut äidin ja isän rakkautta ja teillä on ollut oma koti.
Ymmärrättekö mitä on, kun ei ole nähnyt isäänsä eikä äitiään, kun ei
ole kotia eikä ole nimeä, vaan täytyy olla yksin?»
Tyttö nosti katseensa — syvä poimu oli Davido Rossin otsassa. Sitä
ei
Roma ollut huomannut ennen.
»Teidän äitinne?»
»Tohtori.»
»Entä sitten?»
»Davido Leone.»
»Tässä huoneessa.»
Tyttö nousi —
»En.»
»Tiedän sen.»
»Minä tahdoin nähdä teidät silmästä silmään, mutta nyt, kun olen
nähnyt teidät, ette olekaan se mies, joksi teitä luulin.»
»Kiitos, että sen teitte», vastasi Davido Rossi, »ja jos olen
loukannut teitä, olen tästä hetkestä alkaen teidän ystävänne ja
puoltajanne. Sallikaa minun koettaa parantaa, mitä olen rikkonut.
Olen valmis sen tekemään, jos voin, tuottakoon se minulle mitä
nöyryytystä tahansa. Kiiruhdan tekemään sen, enkä voi antaa
itselleni anteeksi, ennenkuin se on tehty. Se, mitä sanoin teistä, on
valhetta, — ääretön valhe — antakaa minun pyytää teiltä anteeksi.»
»Tarkoitatteko julkisesti?»
Roman pää oli vielä kumarassa, mutta nyt hänen kasvoissaan oli
ilon ilme.
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