Science 9.

1 1st Quarter: Lesson 1

Chemistry- is the study of the composition of matter, its properties, and the changes it undergoes. It is a part of a body of
knowledge called science. Chemistry is called the central science because it plays a role in almost all professions. A chemist
is a scientist trained in the study of chemistry.

Branches of chemistry
Chemistry is usually divided into five areas of study. These are organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry,
analytical chemistry, and physical chemistry.

1. Organic chemistry- the study of carbon-based compounds; with few exceptions like carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon
dioxide (CO2)
2. Inorganic chemistry- in general, the study of compounds that do not contain carbon
3. Biochemistry- the study of the study of living systems
4. Analytical chemistry- the study of the quality and quantity of components of substances
5. Physical chemistry- the study of the mechanism, rates, and energetics of chemical reactions.

It is important to note that the scope of each branch overlaps with that of the rest of the five branches. A chemist may be
working in more than one area at a particular time. For instance, a biochemist uses organic chemistry to study digestion and
absorption of nutrients in the body.

FOREIGN AND FILIPINO CHEMISTS

FOREIGN CHEMISTS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION

Foreign Chemist Contribution Picture

1. Democritus  Greek philosopher
(460-370B.C.)  Developed atomic theory
 Elaborated idea that matter consisted of atoms having
physical size and shape which constantly moved in a
void and interacted in different ways.

2. Daniel
Rutherford  Discovered Nitrogen through experimentation with a
(Nov. 03, 1749- mouse, a candle, and burning phosphorus
Dec. 15, 1819)

3. Robert Boyle  English physicist and chemist, Experimented in

(Jan. 25, 1627- pneumatics (the study of mechanical properties of air
Dec. 31, 1691) and other gases)
 Through research, he rejected the accepted definition
of matter
 Proposed Boyle’s Law (1662)
4. Henry
Canvendish  English physicist and chemist,
(October 10,  Discovered hydrogen (1766),
1731- Feb. 24,  Discovered nitric acid
1810)
5. John Dalton  English chemist and physicist, Professor of
(Sept. 06, 1766- mathematics and natural philosophy (1793),
July 27, 1844)  Developed atomic theory, His theory (1805) accounts
for the law of conservation of mass, law of definite
proportions, and law of multiple proportions,
 Produced the first table of atomic weights

6. Amedeo  His hypothesis stated that equal volumes of gases, at

Avogadro (Aug. the same temperature and pressure, had the same
09, 1776- July, amount of molecules,
09, 1856)  Avogadros number is 6.02 x 1023, meaning that
exactly 12 grams of carbon 12 has exactly 6.02 x 1023
carbon atoms

7. Joseph Louis  French chemist and physicist,

Gay-Lussac  Developed the law of volumes concerning the
(Dec. 06, 1778- combination of gases,
May 09, 1850)  Discovered Boron

8. Robert
Wilhelm  German chemist, Helped develop the spectroscope,
Bunsen (March  Introduced the Bunsen burner that was actually
30, 1811- Aug. developed by his laboratory assistant, Peter Desaga,
16, 1899)  Discovered elements Cesium and Rubidium

9. Dmitri  Russian chemist,

Ivanovich  Developed the periodic table by placing the elements
Mendeleev (Jan. in order of increasing atomic weight (1869),
27, 1834- Feb  Predicted the existence and properties of elements that
02, 1907) would fill the gaps left in his chart (1871),
 These elements were discovered between 1875 and
1885
10. Joseph John  English physicist, Researched atomic structure,
Thomson (Dec.  Discovered that atoms contained particles which he
18, 1856- Aug. called “electrons” by testing the ratio of cathode ray
30, 1940) particles to their mass and found out that they were
always the same. The tube was full of negatively
charged particles eventually from his name called
electrons.,
 Developed the “plum pudding” or “raisin muffin,”
model of the atom which consisted of electrons
embedded in a positive sphere of matter (1904),
 Received Nobel Prize for physics (1907),
 Developed the mass spectrograph with Francis
William Ason (1919)
11. Robert  American physicist, Succeeded in measuring, quite
Andrews accurately, the minimum electric charge that could be
Milikan (March carried by a particle (1911),
22, 1868-Dec.  Found charge of an electron through oil-drop
19, 1953) experiment, Made an apparatus that allowed drops of
oil to fall between two electrically charged plates,
 He monitored the drops and measured how the
voltage affected their rate of fall, From this, he
calculated the charges on the drops, which were
always multiples of 1.60E-19C, This number, he
found, is the charge of one electron

12. Ernest  British physicist from New Zealand, Discovered

Rutherford several radioactive isotopes with colleagues (1899-
(Aug. 30, 1871- 1905),
Oct. 19, 1937)  Classified forms of radiation as alpha, beta, and
gamma; received Nobel Prize for chemistry (1908),
 Worked on submarine detection during WWII,
 Developed atomic theory (1911),
 Researched Transmutational effects of alpha particles
on gases (1919) and other elements, Performed the
“gold-foil” experiment which he used piece of gold
foil and shot positively charged particles at it to find
other parts of the atom, Almost all of the particles shot
through the foil but some “larger particles” shot back,
He called the central part of the atom the nucleus

13. Gilbert Newton

Lewis (Oct. 25,  American physical chemist,
1875- March 23,  Developed atomic theory, Proposed the octet rule and
1946) the electron dot method of showing valence electrons,
Important contributor to acid-base theory and
thermodynamics,

14. Niels Henrik  Danish physicist, His model of atomic structure (Bohr
Bohr (Oct. 07, Model) proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in
1885- Nov. 18, fixed orbits that are discrete energy states,
1962)  Received the Nobel Prize for physics for his work in
atomic structure and radiation (1922)

15. Henry Moseley  English physicist, Discovered Moseley’s law of

(Nov. 23, 1887- characteristic X-ray spectra of elements (1913),
Aug. 10, 1915)  Demonstrated that the number of electrons in an
element is the same as the atomic number,
establishing the significance of the atomic number
16. Erwin
Schroedinger  Austrian physicist,
(Aug. 12, 1887-  Developed atomic theory of wave mechanics (1926)
Jan. 04, 1961)

17. James
Chadwich (Oct.  English physicist, Discovered the neutron, Received
20, 1891-July the Nobel Prize for physics for this discovery (1935)
24, 1974)

18. Louis-Victor de
Broglie (Aug.  French physicist, Demonstrated mathematically that
15, 1892- March electrons and other subatomic particles exhibit
19, 1958) wavelike properties,
 Received Nobel Prize for physics (1929)

19. Linus C.  American biochemist, Applied X-ray diffraction,

Pauling (Feb. electron diffraction and quantum mechanics to
28, 1901- Aug. chemistry,
19, 1994)  Developed theories of rare gas compounds; developed
mechanistic theory of enzymes (1946), Determined
the physical structure of proteins as helical (1951),
Developed and applied some of the laws of structural
chemistry in work with proteins,
 Researched the structure of DNA, Received Nobel
Prize for chemistry (1954) for research of the nature
of chemical bonds, Received Nobel Prize for peace
(1962) for work in banning nuclear weapons testing,
 Received National Medal of Honor (1975), Shared in
the quantum mechanical development of valence and
resonance theory, Introduced concept of
electronegativity, Founded the Linus Pauling Institute
of Science and Medicine (1973),
 Researched Vitamin C and nutrition.
FILIPINO SCIENTISTS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION

Here are the ten Filipino scientists who have significantly contributed to the science field.

Filipino Chemist Contribution Picture

 He was a National Research Council member. He
1. Alfredo specialized in experimental psychology and was
Lagmay notable for introducing behavioral studies and hypnosis
(Aug. 14, 1919- techniques for relaxation and among his many
Dec. 15, 2005) contributions, the most significant one was his research
on how specific changes happen in human behavior
and how that particular behavior could treat mental
illnesses in the long run.
 With this, he helped many people establish behavior
therapy as another effective treatment option for
specific conditions.
2. Angel Alcala  He was the one who invented it. (coral reefs in
(March 1, 1929- southeast asia)
Feb. 1, 2023)  With his notable contribution to biological sciences,
his research on the Philippine amphibians and reptiles
was honored, making his name appear in the Asian
Scientists 100 by The Asian Scientist Magazine
(ASM).
 Also, his fieldwork in building sanctuaries and
promoting biodiversity in the Philippines' aquatic
system has made him one of the outstanding National
Scientists in the Philippines.
3. Edgardo  Marine biology was the field of specialization of
Gomez Edgardo Gomez. He led the first-ever national-scale
(Nov. 7. 1938 - assessment of damage to coral reefs worldwide,
Present) placing him in 9th place for the Asian Scientists 100
magazine.
 With this excellent initiative in protecting and
replanting the corals in the sea, he was awarded the
National Scientist in 2014 and received a fantastic
package, like a lifetime pension.
4. Fe del  He was a notable Pediatrics pioneer. She founded the
Mundo first pediatric Philippine hospital and focused on
(Nov. 27, 1911- addressing what the country lacked regarding medical
Aug. 6, 2011) equipment in specific communities like rural areas.
 And among her remarkable contributions to the
Filipino people, an incubator made out of bamboo is
her most famous invention. She has specifically
designed the equipment so people who live in places
without electrical power can regulate the temperature
of their infants well.
5. Gavino  Specializes in Marine Biology. He was even known as
Trono Jr. the "Father of Seaweed Diversity" or the "Father of
(Nov. 11, 1931- Kappaphycus Farming."
Present)  So it is because he made a significant contribution to
tropical marine psychology through his thorough
research of seaweed biodiversity. Through his research,
we can increase our knowledge of the diversity of
seaweed plants all over Asia and their role in the
marine ecosystem.

6. Geminiano  The only National Scientist in the Philippines

de Ocampo specializing in ophthalmology. With his knowledge of
(Sept. 16, 1907- eye care, he was the first person to diagnose and treat
Sept. 2, 1987) specific eye problems in the country.
 He was the one who established the very first
Philippine eye hospital to help Filipinos get quality eye
care. His corneal dissector is one of the essential
innovations, revolutionizing corneal transplant surgery.

7. Gregorio  When we talk about phycology in the country, one

Velasquez name is linked to it, and it is Gregorio Velasquez. He is
(Sept. 2, 1901- one of the many Filipinos who received the title of
July 21, 1989) National Scientist due to his remarkable contributions
to the field of Science. Regarding his research,
 Velasquez extensively focuses on marine algae, where
he has devised a way to tell which is which through
their unique characteristics.

8. Gregorio  Engineering and inventions that is what Gregorio Zara

Zara is known for. He was a scientist and engineer in the
(March 8, 1902- country, passionate about Science and technology.
Oct. 15, 1978)  His most significant invention was the videophone,
which he patented together with 30 other devices for
better and more convenient communication among
people.

9. Julian  As a pioneer in renewable energy, Julian Banzon uses

Banzon his skill in producing alternative fuels through his
(May 25, 1908- research methods.
Sept. 13, 1988)  As he specialized in chemistry, it was easy for him to
do this incredible innovation, and he was even known
for extracting resident coconut oil from the fruit. With
his outstanding research, he was able to help people
not solely to rely on fossil fuels.

10. Ramon  Horticulture is what Ramon Barba is best recognized

Barba for. He even led the Filipino scientists as he ranked
(Aug. 31, 1939- third on the Asian Scientists 100 list.
Oct. 10, 2021)  Barba developed technology for inducing mangoes to
flower out of season and all year round. Aside from
mangoes, Barba does other research on fruits and
vegetables such as sugarcane, bananas, calamansi, etc.
11. Paulo  Filipino scientist, Doctor Paulo Campos is a specialist
Campos in nuclear medicine and the award winning writer of
over seventy-five scientific papers including:
1. Observation of Some Parameter of Insulin Action
2. Cr-51 Tagged Red Cell Studies
3. The Genetic Factor in Endemic Goiter
4. Paulo Campos built the first radioisotope laboratory in
the Philippines.

LESSON 2

Chemical Names and Formulas

Remember that ionic compounds consist of cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions).

1. Cations- are formed when metal atoms lose electrons to become stable such as the elements in group 1A, 2A and 3A.
Their ionic charges are positive and are numerically equal to their group number. Cations formed from metals have the
same name as the metals. For example, Li+ is lithium ion; Be2+ is beryllium ion; and Al3+ is aluminum ion. Elements in
groups 4A and 8A usually do not form ions. Group 4A elements are found in molecular compounds. Elements in 8A
rarely form compounds.

Table 8.1 Oxidation Numbers of Representative Elements of the Periodic Table

1A (+1) 2A (+2) 3A (+3) 4A (+4)(-4) 5A (-3) 6A (-2) 7A (-1)

Li+ Be2+ C4+ or C4- N2- O2- F-

Na+ Mg2+ P3- S2- Cl-
K+ Ca2+ Al3+ Se2- Br-
Rb+ Sr2+ I-
Cs+ Ba2+
Many metals in the transition group have variable charges. Two methods are used to name these ions:
1) Stock system-
 This is commonly used method which uses Roman numerals to indicate the charges of the ions. For example,
Fe (II) is used to name Fe2+, and Fe (III) is used to name Fe3+.
 Using the stock system, the cation Cr2+ is read as “chromium two” ion.
2) Classical system-
 This method uses the root word of the metal and the suffix -ous or -ic. These suffixes represent the lower and
higher charges of the ion. Refer to table 8.2.
 Monoatomic ions- the ions presented are all formed from single atoms.
 Polyatomic ions- which are composed of more than one atom such as the cation formed from nonmetal ions
and hydrogen atoms, with names that end in -ium.

For example: H3O+ hydronium ion and NH+4 ammonium ion

Table 8.2 Names of Metal ions with Variable Oxidation Numbers
Formula Stock Name Classical Name
Cr2+ Chromium (II) ion Chromous ion
Cr 3+
Chromium (III) ion Chromic ion
Co2+ Cobalt (II) ion Cobaltous ion
Co3+ Cobalt (III) ion Cobaltic ion
Cu +
Copper (I) ion Cuprous ion
Cu2+ Copper (II) ion Cupric ion
Pb2+ Lead (II) ion Plumbous ion
Pb4+ Lead (IV) ion Plumbic ion
Hg22+ Mercury (I) ion Mercurous ion
Hg2+ Mercury (II) ion Mercuric ion
Sn2+ Tin (II) ion Stannous ion
Sn 4+
Tin (IV) ion Stannic ion
2. Anions- the oxidation number of a nonmetal ion is determined by the number of electron it acquires to become
chemically stable. The oxidation numbers of groups 5A, 6A, and 7A are -3, -2, and -1 respectively as shown in Table 8.1.
the names of monoatomic nonmetallic anions are formed by dropping the ending of the element and adding the ending -
ide, as in the following:
1) F- (flouride) 2) O2- (oxide) 3) N3- (nitride)
A few polyatomic anions also end in -ide such as:
1) O22- (peroxide ion) 2) OH- (hydroxide ion) 3)CN- (cyanide ion)
 Most polyatomic anions containing oxygen (oxyanions) end in -ate or -ite. The more oxyanions end in -ate. Oxyanions
with one less oxygen than the common oxyanions and in -ite. For example
1) SO42- (Sulfate) 2) SO32- (Sulfite)
 For a series of oxyanions that extends to four ions, as im the halogens, prefixes are used to name them. The prefix per- is
used for the oxyanion with one more O- than the oxyanion ending in -ate. The prefix hypo- is used for the ion with one
less O than the oxyanion ending in -ite, such as the following:
1) BrO4- (perbromate ion) 3) BrO3- (bromate ion)
2) BrO2 (bromite ion)
-
4) BrO- (hypobromite ion)
 For polyatomic oxyanions that begin with H, like the combination of H+ and PO43-, prefixes like hydrogen or bi- are used
for H and dihydrogen for 2H:
1) PO43- (phosphate ion) 4) SO42- (sulfate ion)
2) HPO4 (hydrogen phosphate or biphosphate ion)
3-
5) HSO4- (hydrogen sulfate or bisulfate ion)
3) H2PO4 (dihydrogen phosphate ion)
-

 Refer to Table 8.3 for the formulas and names of other common polyatomic anions.

Table 8.3 Common Polyatomic ions and their changes

1- 2- 3-
Formula Name Formula Name Formula Name
H2PO4- Dihydrogen phosphate HPO42- Hydrogen phosphate PO43- Phosphate
C2H3O2- Acetate S2O32- Thiosulfate PO33- Phosphite
HSO4- hydrogen sulfate SO42- Sulfate AsO43- Arsenate
HSO3- hydrogen sulfite SO32- Sulfite AsO33- Arsenite
HCO3- hydrogen carbonate CO32- Carbonate BO33- Borate
ClO4- perchlorate Cr2O72- Dichromate AlO33- Aluminate
ClO3- chlorate CrO42- Chromate
ClO2- Chlorite C2O42- Oxalate 4-
ClO- Hypochlorite C4H4O62- Tartrate Formula Name
NO3- nitrate P2O74- pyrophosphate
NO2- nitrite As2O74- Pyroarsenate
MnO4- permanganate SiO44- Orthosilicate
CNO- Cyanate
SCN- thiocyanide
CN- Cyanide

 In 1921, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry devised rules for naming compounds to be used
internationally. The positive ion is named and written first while the negative ion is named and written last.