Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

College of Engineering
University of Zawia

Lecture (7)
Electromagnetic II
(EE413)
Dr. Abulasad Elgamoudi

Date: Oct. 29, 2024

1
▪ Practice examples of Maxwell's Equations

2
Practice examples
Gauss' Law rules

Ф𝑩 =

3
 Practice examples
1. Gauss' Law rules

dA E

𝐀 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐
λ ≡ linear charge density = 𝐿
𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐 𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐
𝐸 ∙ 4𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝐸∙ 2𝜋𝑟 2 =
𝜀0 𝜀0
𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐 ≡ charge enclosed within the surface 2𝜋𝑟 2 𝐿 ≡ the volume of the cylinder

𝐀 ≡ the surface area of a sphere

4
Practice examples
1. Gauss' Law rules

Example 1.1
The magnetic flux through a surface is 0.2 Wb. The surface is closed. What is the net flux?
Solution:

Gauss’s Law for Magnetism states that the net magnetic flux through a closed surface is always zero.
This law states that:

Where:
B is the magnetic field.
𝑑𝐴 is the differential area element on the closed surface.
This is because magnetic field lines are continuous and form closed loops; there are no magnetic monopoles (isolated
north or south poles).
As a result, the number of magnetic field lines entering a closed surface is always equal to the number of lines leaving it

5
Practice examples
1. Gauss' Law rules

Example 1.2
A uniformly charged solid sphere has a charge density 𝜌 = 2×10−6 𝐶/𝑚 and radius R=0.1m. Find the
electric field inside the sphere at 𝑟 = 0.05 m
Solution:

E =?

6
Practice examples
1. Gauss' Law rules
Solution of example 1.2
2. Gaussian Surface:
Consider a spherical Gaussian surface of radius r = 0.05 m, centered at the center of the
charged sphere. The electric field will be radial and uniform on this surface
‫ سيكون المجال الكهربائي شعاعيًا وموحدًا على هذا السطح‬.‫ ومركزه مركز الكرة المشحونة‬،‫لنفترض وجود سطح غاوسي كروي بنصف قطر‬

3. Charge Enclosed:
The charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface is:

The volume of the sphere of radius 𝑟 is:

So, the enclosed charge is:

7
Practice examples
1. Gauss' Law rules
Solution of example 1.2

4. Electric Flux:
The electric flux through the spherical Gaussian surface is

5. Apply Gauss’s Law:

Now apply Gauss’s law:

6. Solve for 𝐸:

8
Practice examples
1. Gauss' Law rules
Solution of example 1.2

9
Practice examples
1. Gauss' Law rules

Example 1.3
A long, thin rod carries a charge density 𝜆 = 5 𝜇𝐶/𝑚. Find the electric field at a point 0.2 m away from
the rod using Gauss's Law.
Solution:

E =?

10
Practice examples
1. Gauss' Law rules
Solution of example 1.3
2. Gaussian Surface:
Since the rod is long and thin, we choose a cylindrical Gaussian surface with radius 𝑟 = 0.2 and length L, coaxial with
the rod. The electric field E will be radially symmetric and constant at any point on this surface.
ً
‫متماثًل شعاعيًا وثابت ًا عند أي نقطة‬ ‫ سيكون المجال الكهربائي‬.‫ فإننا نختار سط ًحا أسطوانيًا غاوسيًا بنصف قطر وطول محوريين مع القضيب‬،‫نظرا ألن القضيب طويل ورفيع‬
ً
.‫على هذا السطح‬
3. Charge Enclosed:
The charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface is:

4. Electric Flux:
The electric flux through the cylindrical Gaussian surface is:

5. Apply Gauss’s Law:

Now apply Gauss’s law:

11
Practice examples
1. Gauss' Law rules
Solution of example 1.3

6. Solve for E:

12
 Practice examples
2. Faraday’s Law rules

∆Ф𝐵 𝑑Ф𝐵 𝑑
𝐸𝑀𝐹 = 𝑉𝑒𝑚𝑓 =𝜀=− =− = − (Ф𝐵 )
∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑡

∆Ф𝐵 𝑑Ф𝐵 𝑑
𝐸𝑀𝐹 = 𝑉𝑒𝑚𝑓 = 𝜀 = −𝑁 = −𝑁 = − (𝑁Ф𝐵 )
∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑡

Ф𝐵 = 𝐵 ∙ 𝐴 ∙ cos 𝜃

𝐸𝑀𝐹 = 𝜀 = 𝐵 ∙ 𝑣 ∙ 𝐿

𝐵 = magnetic field,
𝑣 = velocity,
𝐿 = length of the conductor) 𝜕𝐵
represents the rate of change of the magnetic field over time
𝜕𝑡
(time-varying magnetic field).
13
Practice examples
2. Faraday’s Law rules

Example 2.1

A circular loop with a radius of 0.1 m is placed in a time-varying magnetic field. If the magnetic field
changes at a rate of 3 T/s, find the induced EMF in the loop.
Solution:
𝑑𝐵
= 3T/s, radius of circular (r) = 0.1 m, 𝜺 =?
𝑑𝑡

Faraday's Law of Induction:

∆Ф𝐵 𝑑Ф𝐵 𝑑
𝐸𝑀𝐹 = 𝑉𝑒𝑚𝑓 =𝜀=− =− = − (Ф𝐵 )
∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑡 Loop
of area
B A
where Ф𝐵 ​ is the magnetic flux through the loop

14
Practice examples
Faraday’s Law rules

Solution of example 2.1

Ф𝐵 = 𝐵 ∙ 𝐴
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2

𝐴 = 𝜋(0.1)2 = 3.14 × (0.1)2 = 0.0314 𝑚2

𝑑Ф𝐵 𝑑 𝐵∙𝐴 𝑑𝐵
𝜀=− =− =− ∙𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝜀 = −3 × 0.0314 = − 0.0942 V

15
Practice examples
Faraday’s Law rules

Example 2.2

A circular loop of radius 0.2 m rotates with a constant angular velocity of 10 rad/s in a uniform
magnetic field of 0.5 T. The axis of rotation is perpendicular to the field. Find the maximum induced
EMF in the loop.
Solution: 𝜃

B = 0.5 T, radius of circular (r) = 0.2 m, velocity (v) = 10 rad/s, 𝜺𝒎𝒂𝒙 =?

Faraday's Law of Induction:
𝜃

∆Ф𝐵 𝑑Ф𝐵 𝑑
𝐸𝑀𝐹 = 𝑉𝑒𝑚𝑓 = 𝜀 = − =− = − (Ф𝐵 )
∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑡 Loop
of area
Ф𝐵 = 𝐵 ∙ 𝐴 ∙ cos 𝜃 B A

where Ф𝐵 ​ is the magnetic flux through the loop

16
Practice examples
Faraday’s Law rules

Solution of example 2.2

17
Practice examples
Faraday’s Law rules

Solution of example 2.2

Step 2: Calculate the area of the loop
The area A of the loop is:

Step 3: Calculate the induced EMF

Using Faraday's law, the induced EMF is:

The maximum induced EMF occurs when sin 𝜔𝑡 = 1, so the maximum EMF is:

𝜺𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝐵 ∙ 𝐴 ∙ 𝜔
Substitute the values:
𝜺𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 0.5 ∙ 0.1257 ∙ 10 = 0.6285 𝑉

Then, the maximum induced EMF in the loop is ≈ 0.6285 V

18
Practice examples
Faraday’s Law rules

Example 2.3

A coil with 50 turns and an area of 0.1 𝑚2 experiences a magnetic field that changes from 0.2 T to
0.8 T in 2 seconds. Find the induced EMF in the coil.
Solution:
Faraday's Law states:

19
Practice examples
Faraday’s Law rules

Example 2.4
A magnetic field through a 0.5 𝑚2 loop increases from 0.1 T to 0.5 T in 4 seconds. Find the
average induced EMF.
Solution:

20
Practice examples
Faraday’s Law rules
Example 2.5
A conductor with a length of 0.5 m moves at a velocity of 10 m/s perpendicular to a uniform
magnetic field of strength 0.2 T. Calculate the induced EMF.
Solution:
Given:

21
Practice examples
Faraday’s Law rules
Example 2.6
A conductor with a length of 1.2 m is placed in a magnetic field of strength 0.5 T. What velocity is
required for the conductor to generate an EMF of 3 V?
Solution:
Given:

The conductor must move

at a velocity of 5m/s to
generate an EMF of 3V.
22