2

Section A

Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.

The total mark for this section is 45.

1
Choose from the following compounds to answer the questions.

H H

H---0-H H,C-¢--0-H
H H
I-0-I
I-UI
H,C-CH,
A B C

H H
H,C
H,C-cCH, -¢--o-H
H,C CH, CH, CH,
D E F

H CH,H

H CH, H H

G H

Each compound may be used once, more than once or not at all.

(a) State which compound:

(i) has a molecule with only 11 atoms

[1]

(iü) is oxidised to form ethanoic acid

[1]

(iüi) is an isomer of butene

[1]

(iv) reacts with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst to make an alkane

(v) contains four different elements chemically combined.

[1]

(b) ldentify two compounds that have a pH of less than 7 in aqueous solution.
 4

2 Oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium and polonium are in Group VI.

(a) State the percentage composition by volume of oxygen in dry air.

[1]

(b) State one large-scale use for oxygen.

[1]

(c) Two isotopes of polonium areshown.

84P 21Po

() Explain why both isotopes have the same chemical properties.

(ii) Give one difference in the atomicstructure of these two isotopes.

(d) Selenium formsa compound that containsonly selenium, oxygen and chlorine.

The compound contains 9.6% oxygen by mass and 42.8% chlorine by mass.

Calculatethe empirical formula of this compound.

empirical formula (3]

 5

(e) A sample of oxygen has a volume of 11.5 dm at room temperature and pressure.

() The temperature of the sample is decreased.

The pressure remains constant.

Describe and explain,using kinetic particle theory, what happens to the volume of the
sample.

[1)

(ii) The pressure of thesample is decreased.

The temperature remains constant.

Describe and explain,using kinetic particle theory,what happens to the volume of the
sample.

(iüi) Calculate the mass of oxygen in the 11.5 dm³ sample atroom temperature and pressure.

Give your answer to two significant figures.

mass g 2]

[Total: 11)
 6

3 There is concern about the disposalof plastics made from non-biodegradable polymers.

(a) The partial structure of a non-biodegradable polymer is shown.

H CH, H CH,

Cl H CI H

() Name the type of polymer shown.

[1)

(ii) Draw the structureof the monomer used to make this polymer.

[1]

(iii) This polymer is often disposed of by combustion.

Suggest one problem associated with this method of disposal.

[1]

(b) Lactic acid is used to make poly(lactic acid), a biodegradable polymer.

The structure of lactic acid is shown.

H-oc-c-o-H
CH,

() Suggest what is meant by the term biodegradable.

 7

(ii) Draw the partial structure of poly(lactic acid).

Show at least two repeat units.

[2]

(iii) A factory uses 500 tonnes of lactic acid to make poly(lactic acid).

The percentage yield is 100% but the mass of poly(lactic acid) made is less than
500 tonnes.

Explain why the mass of poly(lactic acid) made is less than 500 tonnes.

[1]

(iv) Aqueous lactic acid reacts with acidified potassium manganate(VII).

There is a colour change from purple to colourless.

Suggest what happens to the lactic acid in this reaction.

[1)

(v) Aqueous lactic acid is neutralised by aqueous sodium hydroxide.

Write the ionic equation for this neutralisation.

[1)

(vi) Agqueous lactic acid reacts with magnesium.

Name the gas made in this reaction.

[Total: 10]
 8

4
Zinc bromide and zinc carbonateare both ionic compounds.

(a) Predict two physical properties, other than electrical conductivity, of zinc bromide.

1.2
(2)

(b) Zinc reacts with bromine to make zinc bromide.

Zn + Br, ZnBr,

Zinc bromide contains Zn2* and Br- ions.

Explain, in terms of the movement of electrons, how ZnBr, is formed from zinc atomsand
bromine molecules.

[2)

(c) Aqueous zinc bromide reacts with magnesium as shown.

Zn? + Mg Mg* + Zn
() Use the equation to explain that oxidation takes place.

(iü) Use the equation to explain that reduction takes place.

[1]

(d) Zinc carbonate is insoluble in water.

(i) Zinc carbonatecan be prepared by reacting aqueous zinc bromide with CO(aq)ions
in a precipitation reaction.

Name a suitable aqueous solution that can provide CO(aq)ions.

[1]

(ii) A sample of zinc carbonate is heated strongly.

Name the products of this reaction.

[Total: 8]
 9
5 Petroleum (crudeoil) provides the raw materials for making ethanol and ammonia.

(a) Describehow petroleum(crudeoil) is separated to make fractions such as naphtha and petrol
(gasoline).

(2]

(b) Compounds such as C,,Ha in the naphtha fraction are cracked to make hydrogen,alkenes
and smalleralkanes.

(() Explain how the molecularformula C,H, Shows the compound is an alkane.

[1]

(ii) Construct an equation to show the cracking of C,,H, to make ethene and an alkane
only.

[1]

(c) Describe how hydrogen is converted into ammonia in the Haber process.

Include the conditions used in the Haber process.

(3]

(d) Stateone other use for hydrogen.

(e) Ethene reacts with a compound to make ethanol.

(i) Name the compound.

[1]

(iü) Stateone condition for this reaction.

[1]

[Total: 10]
 10

Section B

Answer three questionsfrom this section in the spaces provided.

The total mark for this section is 30.

6 Sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen are pollutants found in air.

(a) Stateone environmentalproblem caused by the presence of sulfur dioxide in the air.

[1]

(b) Coal-fired power stations produce sulfur dioxide as a pollutant.

The sulfur dioxide produced is prevented from entering the air by a process called flue gas
desulfurisation, FGD.

Name the compound used in FGD that reacts with the sulfur dioxide.

[1]

(c) Coal-fired power stations also produce oxides of nitrogen such as NO.

NO is produced when nitrogen, N,, reacts with oxygen.

(i) Constructthe equationfor this reaction.

[1]

(ii) Draw a dot-and-crossdiagram to show the bonding in a molecule of nitrogen.

Only include the outer shell electrons.

[1]

(iii) Explain why the rate of reaction between nitrogen and oxygen increases as the
temperature increases.

[2]
 11

(d) Nitrogen dioxide, NO, reacts with water to form a mixture of dilute nitric acid, HNO,, and
dilute nitrous acid, HNO,.

2NO, + H,0 HN0, + HNO,

(i) Nitrogen dioxide reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide to form two different salts and
water.

Construct the equation for this reaction.

(2]

(ii) Nitric acid is a strong acid.

Nitrous acid is a weak acid.

Describe the difference between a weak acid and a strong acid.

[2]

[Total: 10]
 12

7 Sulfamicacid, NH,SO,H, is a white crystalline solid.

It reacts with aqueous sodium nitrite to make nitrogen gas, as shown in the equation.

NH,SO,H(s) + NaNO,(aq) N,lg) + H,00) + NaHSO,(aq)

(a) An excess of sulfamic acid reacts witha 20.0 cm sample of 0.150 mol/ dm NaNO,(aq).

Calculate the maximum volume, in dm³, of nitrogen formed, measured at room temperature
and pressure.

volume of nitrogen dm [2]

(b) The rate of this reaction can be determined by measuring the volume of nitrogen formed
every second.

Draw a labelled diagram of the assembled apparatus that can be used to make, collect and
measure the volume of nitrogen formed in this reaction.

(2)
 13

(c) The concentrationof NaNO,(aq) is increased.

The temperature of the reaction remains constant.

State and explain how the rate of reaction changes.

[3]

(d) Sulfamic acid forms salts called sulfamates that contain the anion NH,SO,.

Magnesium carbonate, Mgco,, is added to a sample of NH,SO,H(aq).

Magnesium sulfamate,water and a gas are formed. The gas turns limewater milky.

Construct the equation for this reaction.

[3]

[Total: 10j
 14

8 Lead is a metal with proton number 82.

(a) (i) Use the Periodic Table to state the number of occupied electron shells in an atom of
lead.

[1]

(ii) Use the Periodic Table to state the number of electrons in the outer shell of an atom of
lead.

[1]

(b) Describe,with the aid of a labelled diagram, the metallic bonding in lead.

[3]

(c) Give two physical properties of lead that are characteristic of all metals.

1.

2
[1]

(d) Lead(l) ethanoate is a white crystalline soluble salt.

Name a suitable combination of an acid and an insoluble base which is used to prepare
lead(Il) ethanoate.

acid

base
[1]
 15

(e) Aqueous lead(Il) ethanoate reacts with aqueous sodium iodide.

A yellow precipitate of lead(1) iodide, Pbl,, is formed.

Construct the ionic equation, with state symbols,for this reaction.

12]

() Explain why solid lead(ll) iodide cannot be electrolysed.

[1]

[Total: 10]
 16

The structure of ethyl propenoate is shown.

H H H H

H H H

(a) Circle the atoms in the structure that show that ethyl propenoateis an ester. [(1)

(b) Aqueous bromine is shaken with a sample of ethyl propenoate.

Explain, in terms of the structure of ethyl propenoate,why the aqueous bromine turns
colourless.

[1]

(c) Ethyl propenoate is prepared by the reversible reaction between a carboxylic acid and an
alcohol, as shown.

H H H H H H H

H
-O-H + H---0-H
H H
t--HH-o-H
H H H

A mixture of the carboxylic acid and the alcohol is allowed to reach equilibrium.

() Name the alcohol used in the reaction.

(1)

(iü) The reaction uses an acid catalyst.

State the effect of this catalyst on the position of equilibrium.

[1)

(iüi) The concentration of the alcohol is increased.

Describe and explain what happens to the position of equilibrium.

(2]
 17

(d) In an experiment 10.8g of the carboxylic acid is reacted with an excess of the alcohol. The
experimental yield of ethyl propenoate is 9.45g.

[The relative formula mass of the carboxylic acid is 72.]

() Show that the maximum possible yield of ethyl propenoate is 15.0g.

[3]

(i) Calculate the percentage yield of ethyl propenoate in this experiment.

% yield [1]

[Total: 10]
 Periodic
Elements
The
of

Table
Group
IV
VIl

VI

Key
atomic symbol
atomic
ive
mass
20

89-103
-zea2=&a

lanthanoids
actinoids
(r.t.p.).
temperature pressure
volume
and

of
dm
room

The
one
any
gas

mole

of
is
24
at