5 STAGES IN WRITING  Linear/upward

 A visual depiction of relationships that starts

1. Pre-writing with a central node, or “trunk”
2. Drafting 5. Problem-solution Grid
3. Revising  Question at the top and then downward
4. Editing/Proofreading (problems, solutions, problems, solutions)
 It is to show different problems and then how
the problem is solved.
1. Pre-writing 6. Outline
 Using pre-writing techniques to gather ideas  Is a tool used to organize written ideas about
 Determining the purpose of the speech a topic or thesis into a logical order.
 Ordering ideas  Outline arrange major topics, subtopics, and
 Conducting audience analysis supporting details.
 Selecting a topic
 Narrowing down a topic
 You don’t actually write the topic yet General Structure
 Fast, unself conscious writing, highly informal
 Writing comes from head 1. Introduction – general then thesis statement
 Brainstorm for ideas 2. Body – support, speech purpose
3. Conclusion – restatement, summarize major
points and provide sense of closure.
Pre-writing Strategies

1. Listing Thesis
 Drawing out your knowledge
 is a process of producing a lot of information  Most important statement
within a short time by generating some  The controlling idea, compass, direction
broad ideas and then building on those  It is a sentence
associations for more detail with a bullet  It is not an obvious fact
point list.  Must not be too broad or too specific
 Listing is particularly useful if your starting  Is not a fragment, a phrase, or a clause
topic is very broad, and you need to narrow  Specific
it down.  Can be found in the last sentence of the
2. Asking Strategic Questions introduction
 It is the journalist’ questions, 5 W’s and 1 H  Complicate your thesis to make it clear – try
 A key to using the journalists’ questions is to complex sentence
make them flexible enough to account for the
specific details of your topic.
 Its is a powerful way to develop a great deal of Different Kinds of Thesis
information about a topic very quickly. 1. General Thesis
 This is not that much applicable especially 2. Argumentative Thesis
during writing, lack of information is possible 3. Academic Thesis
and you can’t brainstorm anymore. 4. Informative Thesis
3. Clustering
 Also called mind mapping or idea mapping
 Is a strategy that allows you to explore
1. General Thesis - Readers expect an overview of
relationships between ideas
the topic without in-depth details or arguments.
4. Tree Diagramming
2. Argumentative Thesis - Readers expect a clear 1. Genre
stance, strong reasoning, and supporting evidence 2. Content
for a persuasive argument. 3. Structure
4. Style
3. Academic Thesis - Readers expect thorough
research, a structured approach, critical analysis,
and original insights.
2. Drafting
4. Informative Thesis - Readers expect clear  Challenging process
explanations, factual information, and a well-  Compose sentences, combining ideas
organized presentation of the topic.  Putting ideas down on your paper
 Exploring new ideas as you write
 Selecting a speech pattern
 Preparing an outline
 Preparing the introduction
1. Visualizing Text - picturing out your essay.
 Creating the body of the speech
a. Start with Material – Reading text to gather
 Preparing the conclusion
data, take down notes. Write the sources as
you brainstorm for more ideas.
 is the stage of the writing process in which
b. Start with Purpose – Identify the focus, you put all of your prewriting and
specify the focus. Look for key noun phrases. organizing ideas into sentences and
- Find the key verb. paragraphs. The aim in drafting at first
- Purpose : describe, analyze, synthesize, should be to write the bulk of the essay in
evaluate, trace, argument, discuss, show a rough form, without worrying much
about revisions and edits.

2. Define the Thesis

a. Create a mini thesis 1. Draft in manageable parts - means
- Should be in the first sentence of the body breaking down a task, project, or written work
- Main idea of the topic paragraph
into smaller, more focused sections that are
- Related to the thesis statement
easier to complete or handle.
- The number of the mini thesis depends on
how many are mentioned in the thesis 2. Develop a general structure - means to
statement within the introduction create an organized framework or outline that
guides the flow of ideas. It typically includes
an introduction, body, and conclusion,
3. Know your Audience ensuring clarity and logical progression
- Size and Relationship
throughout the piece.
- Prior Knowledge
- Physical Context : location
- Social Context : social status
- Intellectual Disposition General Structure
- Condition of reading : frequency of them 1. Introduction - start with a general
reading
statement : anecdote or statistics. Then end
- Power
with a thesis statement.
2. Body - start with the topic sentence then a
Audience Influences supporting sentence.
3. Conclusion - summarize and paraphrase
Semi-draft
3. Assess your purpose and re-draft - assess  refers to an incomplete or partially
whether you stick to your draft and if not, developed draft
re-draft.  if there is no flow of ideas, you can
proceed to the next paragraph

Drafting Strategies
Paragraph should have : (Focus on the
1. Write about your writing
Content)
- keep on writing because the flow of ideas
1. Unity
will follow.
- All ideas support the main point without
a. What's foremost in your mind about your
straying off-topic.
paper?
- -oneness of ideas
b. What do you have to do with it?
2. Coherence
2. Draft Quickly
- Ideas are logically organized and flow
- do not be conscious about your grammar smoothly.
etc - -smooth flow of ideas
- focus on what ideas you would say
3. Development
- focus on what you want to say
- a kind of flow, find the momentum in - Adequate details and examples fully
writing. explain the main idea.
- -Is your paragraph well-developed?
3. Talk it out or take a break
- -Does your paragraph provide enough
- If there is no flow of ideas, take a pause support?
and continue later.
- manage time properly
Paragraphs
1. Focused paragraphs (Unity)
Different Types of Collaborative Drafting
- adhere clarity principles and relevant
1. Parallel Drafting - Dividing tasks among
principles
members, with each drafting specific sections
- -make your topic clear
independently.
- -make all your ideas relevant to your topic
2. Team Drafting - One person starts drafting, - avoid off-topic ideas
and when they run out of ideas, the draft is
2. Creating paragraph focus
passed to another member to continue.
- State the main idea in the topic sentence
3. Intensive Drafting - All members draft
(mini thesis). The mini thesis is found in
individually, then share their work, brainstorm
the begging of the body.
together, and assess the combined output.
1. Topic Sentence with a Limiting Idea
- do not generalize, be specific
- -have limiting idea
2. Topic Sentence at the End
- You can also place the topic sentence at
the end, but Ma'am advised stating it at
the beginning of the paragraph,
immediately.
3. Topic Sentence Implied
- the topic sentence is not written explicitly
- the topic sentence is not directly stated,
implicit.