ALL KERALA COMMON MODEL EXAMINATION

PHYSICS (042)
CLASS XII (2024-25)
TIME: 3 Hours MAX MARKS: 70

SET 1

ANSWER SCHEME
SECTION A
1. (c) 3m
(1)
kq kq 144
9 = 42 kq = 144; r2 = = = 9; r = 3m
16 16

2. (b) repel each other

(1)
3. (b) 460 nm
(1)
c λa 3 x 108 x 230 nm
Refractive index μ = = λa = = 460 nm
v λm 1.5 x 108
4. (b) -1.0 x 103 N/C î
(1)
5. (a)
V0
√2 (1)
6. (c) They are always attractive.
(1)
7. (c) Decreases as the charge moves along the electric field
(1)
8. (a) Forward biasing, 0 A
(1)
9. (b) 6/11 A
(1)
Net emf E = 6V; Net internal resistance r = 1Ω
E
I= = 6/11 A
R+r

10. (b) Out of the plane of paper

(1)
11. (a) red colour
(1)
12. (a) electric field is changing
(1)
13. (d) A is false and R is also false
(1)
14. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(1)
15. (b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(1)
16. (d) A is false and R is also false
(1)
SECTION B
17. a) 1+ χ = μr = 600 (½)
Thus μ = μ0 x μr = 600 x 4π x 10-7 = 7.536 x 10-4 Tm/A (½)
B = μH = 7.536 x 10-4 x 1200 = 0.904T (½)
Flux φ = BA = 0.904 x 0.2 x 10-4 = 0.181 x 10-4 Wb (½)
OR

Page 1 of 14
 Q1 (1)

P
P Q1 Q2
(½)

(½)
b) (i) Potential energy is minimum at Q1 as the angle between the magnetic field and
dipole moment vector is zero and it is in stable equilibrium.
(ii) It is not in equilibrium at Q2 as the angle between dipole moment vector and
magnetic field θ = 900 and torque is maximum.

18. (1+1)

19. Angle of incidence is ic. (½)

30 3
Tan ic = =
40 4 (½)
3 1 5 c
Sin ic = = μ= = (½)
5 μ 3 v
3 x 108 x 3
Thus v = = 1.8 x 108 m/s (½)
5

20. (a) Gamma radiation 10-10m – 10-14m. (1)

(b) uv radiation 10-7m – 10-9m (1)
21. 2π x λ/6 π (1)
(i) Phase difference φ = =
λ 3
φ φ
(ii) I = 4a2 cos2 2 = 4I0 cos2 2 where I0 = a2 = 5 × 10–2 Wm–2 (½)
I = 4 x 5 × 10–2 x cos 2π = 15 x 10 -2 Wm-2
6 (½)

SECTION C
22. a) Mobility of the free electrons is defined as the drift velocity per unit electric field. (1)
vd
Mobility μ =
E

θ NAB
Is = =
I k
(1)
4 R1 8
= R1 = Ω
6 4 3

6 R2 (½)
= R2 = 4Ω
12 8
(½)
R1 2
=
R2 3
OR
4(I1 + I2) + 2 I1 = 12 (½)

Page 2 of 14
 6I1 + 4I2 = 12 ----------- (1)

4(I1 + I2) + I2 = 6
4I1 + 5I2 = 6 ----------- (2) (½)

Multiply (1) with 2 and (2) with 3

12I1 + 8I2 = 24
12I1 + 15I2 = 18 (½)
6
I2 = − A (½)
7
18
Substituting I2 we get I1 = A
7

Since A, B & F are equipotential points as also C, D & E, potential difference across
the terminals of each cell is equal to that across the resistor. (½)
18 6 48
V = 4(I1 + I2) = 4 x ( - )= V (½)
7 7 7
Alternately
6 48
V = E2 – I2r2 = 6 – (− 7) x 1 = V
7 (1)

23.
(1)

[ALL ELEMENTS NEED NOT BE MENTIONED]

Features of diagram (any two) (½+
1. Binding energy per nucleon is practically independent of mass number for nuclei of ½)
middle mass number (30 <A < 170)
2. The curve has maximum of about 8.75 MeV for A= 56 and has a value of 7.6 MeV
for A= 238
3. Binding energy per nucleon is lower for both light nuclei (A<30) and heavy nuclei
(A>170)
Two lighter nuclei fuse together to form heavier nuclei as the binding energy per
nucleon of fused heavier nuclei is more than the binding energy per nucleon of the (1)
lighter nuclei. Thus, the final system is more tightly bound / to attain stability.

24.

(1)

(i) Many of the α-particles pass through the foil. It means that they do not suffer any (½+
collisions. ½)
(ii) Only about 0.14% of the incident α-particles scatter by more than 1º; and about 1
in 8000 deflect by more than 90º. [Percentages need not be written]

Page 3 of 14
 To deflect the α-particle backwards, a large repulsive force is required, which is
provided only if the greater part of the mass of the atom & its positive charge were
concentrated tightly at its centre. This led to the discovery of the nucleus in the atom. (1)
[ANY ALTERNATE ANSWER]

25. Flux: From t = 0s -3s, φ = 0

t= 3s - 5s, φ increases
t = 5s – t = 11s, φ is a constant (1)
t = 11s – 13s, φ decreases
The maximum value of flux = BA = 0.1 x 0.2 x 0.2 = 0.004 Wb

Induced emf = -Blv from t= 3s - 5s = 0.1 x 0.2 x 0.1 = - 0.002V (1)

Induced emf = +Blv from t= 11s - 13s = 0.002V

(½)

0.002V (½)

-0.002V

26. Given ω = 1000rad/s; L = 100 x 10-3 H; R = 400 Ω and C = 2 x 10-6 F

XL = ωL = 1000 x 100 x 10-3 = 100 Ω (½)

1 1
XC = = = 500 Ω
ωC 1000 x 2 x 10−6 (½)
XL − XC
Tan φ = =1 φ = π/4 (½)
R
(½)
For power factor to be unity, XC = 100 Ω
1 1
= = 100 C = 10-5 F = 10 μF (½)
ωC 1000 x C

Thus, 10 – 2 = 8 μF should be connected in parallel. (½)

27. Diode conducts when forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. (½)

Working: During the positive half cycle of the input ac signal, say end A is positive and
end B negative. The diode D is forward biased and conducts and output voltage is
obtained across load resistance RL.
During the negative half cycle of the input ac signal, end A is negative and B positive. (1)
The diode is reverse biased and does not conduct and there is no output across R L.
Thus, bi-directional current is converted to pulsating unidirectional current. Since the
rectified output of this circuit is only for one half of the input ac wave, it is half wave
rectifier.

(1)

(½)

Page 4 of 14
28.
(1½)

(½)

Magnifying power or Angular magnification

It is the ratio of the angle subtended by the final image formed at far- point or infinity at (1)
the eye to the angle subtended by the object when seen directly.

angle subtended by the final image at infinity at the eye β tan β

M= = ≈
angle subtended by the object when seen directly α tan α
tan β
M=
tan α

AB
In ΔABC’ :tan β =
C′ Fe
AB
In ΔABC : tan α =
CF0
AB
C′ Fe CF0
Thus M = AB =
C′ Fe
CF0
But CF0 = +f0 and C’Fe = -fe
+f0 f0
M= =-
-fe fe

SECTION D
29. CASE STUDY
(i) The light beam B because it requires maximum retarding potential to reduce the (1)
photoelectric current to zero.
(ii) The light beam C because it requires minimum retarding potential to reduce
photoelectric current to zero. (1)
(iii) The light beam B ejects photoelectrons with maximum momentum because highest
frequency light beam ejects photoelectrons with highest kinetic energy and hence (1+1)
highest momentum.
(OR)
(iii) There is no effect on threshold frequency since it is characteristic of the metal.
With increase in frequency of incidents beam of light , stopping potential increases (1+1)
because to stop the photoelectrons of higher kinetic energy, larger retarding potential
is required.

30. CASE STUDY – Cells in parallel

(i) (b) The internal resistance of a cell decreases with the decrease in temperature of (1)
the electrolyte
(ii) (b) 2.8 V (1)
(iii) (a) ε = V+ + V- > 0 (1)
(iv) (d) 0.2A (1)
OR
(iv) (a) 1Ω (1)

Page 5 of 14
 SECTION E
31. (a) Consider a parallel plate capacitor of plate area A and separation d between the
plates. A dielectric of thickness t < d is introduced between the plates. Let σ be the (½)
surface charge density of the plates and σP on the two faces of the dielectric due to
polarisation.

(1)

The electric field in air is given by

𝛔
E0 = 𝛆
𝟎
In the dielectric due to the induced electric field the electric field is
𝐄 𝛔
E = E0 – Eind = 𝐤𝟎 = 𝐤𝛆
𝟎
Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates is
𝛆 𝐀
C0 = 𝟎𝐝
With the dielectric medium
𝐐
C=𝐕
Q = 𝛔𝐀
V
From E = d, we get V = Ed
E0 t
Thus V = E0(d-t) + k
𝛔 𝛔
V = 𝛆 (d-t) + 𝐤𝛆 t
𝟎 𝟎
Q 𝜎𝐴
Thus C = V = 𝜎 𝜎
(d-t) + t
𝜀0 𝑘𝜀0
Q σA
C=V= σ t
(d-t+ )
ε0 k
(1½)
ε0 A ε0 A
C= t = 1
d-t+ d-t(1 - )
k k

1 1
(b) Ui = 2CV2 + 2CV2 = CV2 (½)

After key is opened and dielectric is introduced

1
Energy of A = 2 KCV2 (½)
1 V 1 V2
Energy of B = = 2 KC(K)2 = 2C K (½)
1 1 V2 1 K2 +1
Total final energy Uf = 2 KCV2 + C CV2 (
=2 )
2 K K

Ui CV2 2K
(½)
=1 K2 +1
= K2 +1
Uf CV2 ( )
2 K
OR

(a) The total flux through any closed surface enclosing a volume in air or vacuum is
1
times the net charge enclosed by the surface. (1)
ε0
𝟏
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Mathematically ∮ 𝐄 𝐝𝐒 = 𝛆 ∑ 𝐪𝐞𝐧𝐜
𝟎
Consider an infinite line of charge of linear charge density λ. To find the electric field at
point P, the Gaussian surface we consider is a cylinder of height ‘h’ and radius ‘r’
whose curved surface contains point P.

Page 6 of 14
 (1)

Applying Gauss Law

𝟏
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐄 𝐝𝐒 = ∑ 𝐪𝐞𝐧𝐜
𝛆𝟎

1
∮ ⃗E. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
dS = ∫I ⃗E . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
dS + ∫II ⃗E . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
dS + ∫III ⃗E . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
dS = ε ∑ q enc
0

1
∫I E dS cos 90 + ∫II E dS cos 0+ ∫III E dS cos 90= ε ∑ q enc
0
(1)
λh
∫II E dS cos 0 = E∫II dS = ε0
(The charge enclosed by the cylinder is charge/unit length x height of cylinder=λh)

λh
E x 2πrh = (½)
𝛆𝟎
λ
E=
2πε0 r
(1)
⃗E = λ r̂
2πε r
0

λ
(b) E =
2πε0 r
eλ mv2
eE = =
2πε0 r r
eλ (½)
1
KE = 2mv2 =
4πε0
KE

32. (a) Consider two lenses A and B of focal length f1 and f2 placed in contact with each
other. Let the object be placed at a point O beyond the focus of the first lens A. The (½)
first lens produces a real image at I1. Image I1 serves as a virtual object for the second
lens B, producing the final image at I. Since the lenses are thin, we can assume that
the optic centre of the lenses is coincident at P.

(½)

For lens A:

Page 7 of 14
 1 1 1
= - -------------- (1)
f1 v1 u (1)
For lens B:
1 1 1
= − -------------- (2)
f2 v v1

Adding equations (1) and (2)

1 1 1 1 1 1
+ = - + −
f1 f2 v1 u v v1
1 1 1 1
Thus + = - ------------(3)
f1 f2 v u
If the two-lens system is regarded as a single lens of focal length F
1 1 1
= - --------- (4)
F v u
Comparing (3) and (4) we get (1)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + OR P = P1 + P2
𝐅 𝐟𝟏 𝐟𝟐

μ1 μ2 μ2 − μ1 (½)
(b) + =
−u v R
Here u = +20cm, R = +5cm ; μ1 = 1 and μ2 = 1.5
(½)
1.5 1 1.5 − 1 0.5
+ = =
v −20 5 5

1.5 0.5 1 3 (½)

= + = v = 10cm
v 5 20 20

(½)

OR
(a ) Light from an ordinary source (like a sodium lamp) undergoes abrupt phase
changes in times of the order of 10–10 seconds. Thus, the light waves coming out from (1)
two
independent sources of light will not have any fixed phase relationship and would be
incoherent. (½)
𝜆𝐷
(b) 2.5mm = 𝑎
(1½)
500 x 10−9 x 1
Thus a = = 200 x 10-6 m = 0.2mm
2.5 x 10−3

I1 a2 81
(½)
(c) = =
I2 b2 1
𝑎 9 (½)
= a = 9b
𝑏 1
(a+b)2 (9b+b)2 (1)
= = 25:16
(a−b )2 (9b−b )2

33. (a) Consider a circular current carrying loop of radius a carrying current in the anti-
clockwise direction as shown. P is a point at a distance x from the centre of the
circular loop on the axial line.

(1)

Page 8 of 14
 (½)
To find the magnetic field at P, consider two diametrically opposite current elements at
A and B. The distance of the current elements from P is r.
Here r = √𝐚𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐. The angle between r and x is φ.
𝛍 𝐈𝐝𝐥𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
Applying Biot Savart law for current element A : dB = 𝟒𝛑𝟎 𝐫 𝟐
As θ = 900
μ Idlsin90 μ Idl
dB = 4π0 r2 = 4π0 r2
The direction of the magnetic field is as shown.
𝛍 𝐈𝐝𝐥𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
For a diametrically opposite current element B : dB’ = 𝟒𝛑𝟎 𝐫 𝟐
Here also θ = 900
μ Idlsin90 μ Idl
dB’ = 4π0 r2 = 4π0 r2

Resolving dB and dB’ into their parallel and perpendicular components, we find that
the cosφ components get cancelled and the sinφ components are added.
Thus, the resultant magnetic field at P due the entire circular loop is
𝐁 = ∫ 𝐝𝐁𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛗 (1)
μ Idl μ Isin𝜑 μ Isin𝜑 μ Iasin𝜑
= ∫ 4π0 r2 sinφ = 4π0 r2 ∫ dl = 4π0 r2 x 2πa = 20 r2
a
But sinφ = r
𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝐚𝟐
B= 𝟐 𝐫𝟑

But r = √a2 + x 2 (½)

𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝐚𝟐
Thus B = 𝟐 (𝐚𝟐 +𝐱 𝟐 )𝟑/𝟐

(½)
(½)
(b)

(½)
I1
(½)

I2

3 1
I1 = 4I; I2 = 4 I
1 μ0 3 μ0
B1 = 4 I1 (inwards) = 16 I
2r 2r

Page 9 of 14
 3μ 3 μ0
B2 = 4 2𝑟0 I2 (outwards) = 16 I
2r
(1)
Thus, net B = B1 – B2 = 0

OR
(a) When two current carrying wires are placed near each other, each wire is in the
magnetic field produced by the other and hence each wire will experience a force.
𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝟏
𝐁𝟏 = 𝟐𝛑𝐫
The conductor ‘2’ carrying a current I2 will experience a sideways force due to the
field B1. The direction of this force is towards the conductor ‘1’ from Fleming’s left- (½)
hand rule. The magnitude of this force is given by
𝐅𝟐𝟏 = 𝐈𝟐 LB1sinθ
𝛍 𝐈
But 𝐁𝟏 = 𝟎 𝟏 and θ = 900
𝟐𝛑𝐫
𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝟐 𝐈𝟏 𝐋
Thus 𝐅𝟐𝟏 = 𝟐𝛑𝐫 (1)
The conductor ‘1’ carrying a current I1 will experience a sideways force due to the field
B2. The direction of this force is towards the conductor ‘2’ from Fleming’s left-hand
rule. The magnitude of this force is given by
𝐅𝟏𝟐 = 𝐈𝟏 LB2sinθ
𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝟐
But 𝐁𝟐 = 𝟐𝛑𝐫 and θ = 900
𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝟐 𝐋
Thus 𝐅𝟏𝟐 = 𝟐𝛑𝐫

(½)

(1)
The two forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction and when they carry (½)
current in the same direction the nature of the force is attractive.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐅𝟏𝟐 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐅 (½)
= - 𝐋𝟐𝟏
𝐋
One ampere is the value of that steady current which, when maintained in each of the
two very long, straight, parallel conductors of negligible cross-section, and placed one
metre apart in vacuum, would produce on each of these conductors a force equal to 2
× 10–7 newtons per metre of length.
𝐅𝟏𝟐 𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝟐 𝟒𝛑 𝐱 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝐱 𝟏 𝐱 𝟏
= = = 2 x 10-7 N/m
𝐋 𝟐𝛑𝐫 𝟐𝛑 𝐱 𝟏

(b) (i) Perpendicular to the plane of the loop INWARDS.

(ii) Torque is maximum when the dipole moment vector is perpendicular to the
direction of magnetic field.
(iii) Torque is minimum when the dipole moment vector is parallel or anti-parallel to
the direction of magnetic field.

Page 10 of 14
 SET 2

5. E20
(c)
4R (1)
E0 E0
Z = √𝑅 2 + 𝑅 2 = √2𝑅; I0 = =
Z √2R
I20 R E20
P= =
2 4R
6. (c) 1:1
(1)
8. (b) v
(1)
9. (c) 5 A & 0.4 Ω
(1)
Emf = 2V; Imax = 5A; r = E/Imax = 2/5 = 0.4Ω
10 (b) Clockwise (1)

14. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (1)

17. (a) X-rays (½)

(b) Microwaves (½)
One use of each (1)
19. mλ1 D 𝑛λ2 D (½)
=
d d
λ1 650 nm 5 n
= = =
λ2 520 nm 4 m
(½)
n=5&m=4

mλ1 D 4 x 650 x 10−9 x 1.4

Distance = = = 13mm (1)
d 0.28 x 10−3
20. Here i = ic the critical angle (½)
1 1 (½)
Sin ic = ; tan ic =
μ √μ2 −1
r 1
Tan ic = =
h √μ2 −1 (½)
h 2h
Thus, r = ; d = 2r =
√μ2 −1 √μ2 −1 (½)

22. Nuclear density is very large compared to ordinary matter as the atom mostly consists of (1)
empty space and almost the entire mass is concentrated at the nucleus.

(1)

(1)

The potential energy is a minimum at a distance r0 of about 0.8 fm. The force is attractive
for distances larger than 0.8 fm and repulsive if they are separated by distances less than
0.8 fm.
25. X - Resistor (½)
Y – Inductor (½)
XL 𝜋
Tan φ = = tan 4 = 1
R
XL = R

Page 11 of 14
 (½)
Z – Capacitor (½)
XC 𝜋
Tan φ = = tan 4 = 1
R
XC = R (½)

When all the three are connected in series, Z = √(XL − XC)2 + (R)2 = R (½)

SET 3

1. (d) q/3ε0
(1)
2. (d) -F
(1)
Force on PQ = F
Force on PR = 0
Since net force on current loop in a uniform magnetic field is zero, force on QR = -F
5. (c) 1000 W
(1)
6. (b) 3:5
(1)
7. (c) 4W (1)

W = pE (cos0 – cos60) = pE/2

Thus pE (cos0 – cos180) = 2pE = 4W
9. (a) 4 A (1)
10. (d) If i increases, A will repel B (1)

16. (d) A is false and R is also false (1)

19. Here r2 = ic the critical angle

1 1 (½)
Sin ic = = ; ic = 450
μ √2
r1 + r2 = A = 600 (½)
r1 = 150
sin i
= µ = √2 (½)
sin r1

sini = 1.414 x sin150 = 1.414 x 0.2588 = 0.3699

(½)
i = 210
20. (a) Gamma radiation 10-10m – 10-14m. (1)
(b) uv radiation 10-7m – 10-9m (1)

21.

(1)

(1)
The diode reverse current is not very much dependent on the applied voltage. Even a
small voltage is sufficient to sweep the minority carriers from one side of the junction to
the other side of the junction. The current is not limited by the magnitude of the applied

Page 12 of 14
 voltage but is limited due to the concentration of the minority carrier on either side of the
junction.

24. b – impact parameter (½)

θ – angle of scattering (½)

Impact parameter is the perpendicular distance between the velocity vector of the alpha (1)
particles and the central line of the nucleus when the alpha particle is far away from the
nucleus.
(1)
When b = 0, θ = 1800.
25. φ = Blx for 0 ≤ x < b
φ = Blb for b ≤ x < 2b (½)

The induced emf is,

e = - Blv for 0 b (½)
e = 0 for b 2b and back to b
e = Blv for b 0

B2 l2 v2
Power = for 0 ≤ x < b (½)
R
Power = 0 for b ≤ x < 2b

(1½)

28.

(1½)

(½)

Magnifying power or Angular magnification

It is the ratio of the angle subtended by the final image formed at LDDV at the eye to the
angle subtended by the object placed at LDDV at the unaided eye.
angle subtended by the final image at LDDV at the eye β tan β
M = angle subtended by the object at LDDV at the unaided eye = α ≈ tan α
A"B" 𝐴𝐵
In ΔA”B”C’ tan β = ; In ΔABC’ tan α = 𝐶 ′ 𝐵
C′ B"

Page 13 of 14
But C’B” = C’B = D
A"B" A"B"
C′ B" A"B"
M= AB = D
AB =
AB
C′ B D
Multiply and dividing by A’B’ we get (1)
A"B" A′B′ A"B" A′B′
M = AB x A′B′ = A′B′ x AB = m0 x me
𝑣0
Hence m0 = - 𝑢0 ; The eyepiece acts as a simple microscope.
𝐷
Hence me = 1 + 𝑓𝑒
𝐯 𝐃
Thus M = -(𝐮𝟎 )(1 + 𝐟𝐞)
𝟎

***********************************************

Page 14 of 14