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CP_CS(109)

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CP_CS(109)

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Paolo Lozada

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Practical Workbook

CS-109
Computer Programming
(BM)

Name : _____________________________
Year : _____________________________
Batch : _____________________________
Roll No : _____________________________
Department: _____________________________
Teacher : _____________________________

Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

NED University of Engineering & Technology
INTRODUCTION
The Practical Workbook for “Computer Programming” introduces the basic as well as
advance concepts of programming using C++ language. Each lab session begins with a brief
theory of the topic. Many details have not been incorporated as the same is to be covered in
Theory classes. The Exercise section follows this section.

The Workbook has been arranged as sixteen labs starting with a practical on the Introduction
to programming environment and fundamentals of programming language. Next lab session
deals with Familiarization with building blocks of C++ and conversion of mathematical
expressions into an equivalent C++ statements. Next Lab discussed how to take multiple
inputs from console & controlling output‟s position over it. Single stepping; an efficient
debugging and error detection technique is discussed in Lab session 4. Next two lab sessions
cover decision making in programming and its application. Lab session 7 and 8 introduce the
concepts of loops with different examples to use them in programming.

Function declaration and definition concepts and examples are discussed in lab session 9 and
10. The next three experiments deal with the advance concepts like arrays, multidimensional
and character arrays along with different exercises. Lab session 14 is about pointers and
dynamic memory allocation. A pointer provides a way of accessing a variable without
referring to the variable directly.

Next lab session discussed how to create a list of records using structures & its manipulation.
These features enable the users to handle not only large amount of data, but also data of
different types (integers, characters etc.) and to do so efficiently.
CONTENTS

Lab Session No. Object Page No.

1 Fundamentals of programming language and familiarization 1

with programming environment using MS Visual studio

2 Familiarization with building blocks of C++ and conversion 9

of mathematical/engineering expressions into an equivalent
C++ statements

3a Taking multiple inputs from console & controlling output‟s 13

position

3b Debugging & single stepping of programs 17

4 Decision making in programming (if –else & conditional 23

operator)

5 Implementation of simple & scientific calculators using 29

switch case statements

6 Generalization of tasks exploiting benefits of for loops & 32

their nesting

7 Performing simple bank transactions as many times as user 38

wants (Applying the concept of conditional break , while &
do-while loops)

8 Implementing functions 42

9 Implementing recursive functions 49

10 Creating & editing lists using arrays 52

11 Manipulating matrices using two dimensional arrays 54

12 Implementing Language Encoder Using Strings & Exploring 60

String Sorting Algorithm

13 Working with pointer variables & dynamic memory 63

allocation

14 Creating a list of records using structures & its manipulation 69

Computer Programming Lab Session 01
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

Lab Session 01
OBJECT
Fundamentals of Computer Programming and
Familiarization with Programming Environment using Microsoft Visual C++ 2010

THEORY
Computer programming is the act of writing computer programs, which are a sequence of
instructions written using a computer programming language to perform a specified task by
the computer. There exist a large number of high level languages. Some of these include
BASIC, C, C++, FORTRAN, Java, Pascal, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby,
and Visual Basic etc.

Introduction to C++
C++ is a general-purpose programming language providing a direct and efficient model of
hardware combined with facilities for defining lightweight abstractions. It is a language for
developing and using elegant and efficient abstractions. C++ is an object oriented
programming (OOP) language, developed by Bjarne Stroustrup, and is an extension of C
language. It is therefore possible to code C++ in a "C style" or "object-oriented style." In
certain scenarios, it can be coded in either way and is thus an effective example of a hybrid
language. Also, it is considered to be an intermediate level language, as it encapsulates both
high and low level language features.

Program Development with Microsoft Visual C++ 2010

This lab session introduces the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) of Microsoft
Visual C++ 2010 and shows how to enter, edit, save, retrieve, compile, link, and run a C++
program in such an environment.

Single-file Project: The Hello World Program

Step 1: Launch the MS Visual C/C++ 2010 software from task bar. The main window of
Visual Studio 2010 should be similar to the below display:

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Computer Programming Lab Session 01
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 Hereafter, all system defined terms including menu items such as File will appear in
bold and all entries made by programmers such as a filename are italicized.
 If the Solution Explorer window on the left is not shown, click View in the menu bar
and then click Solution Explorer to display it.

Step 2: In the menu bar, click File New Projects…to display the New Project dialog
box shown below. In the New dialog box shown below, select by clicking Visual C++ in the
Installed Template pane and Win32 Console Application in the middle pane. Then enter a
name for the project (e.g., hello world as shown) in the Name box, select the location or folder
to store project files (e.g., C:\Users\irwinhu\Documents\CS230\ as shown) by clicking the
Browse… Note that there is no need to enter a name in the Solution name box; the system
fills the project name in it by default.

Click on the OK button to display the Win32 Application Wizard – hello world window
shown below:

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Click the Next button to display the following dialog box:

Check the Empty project box as shown above and click on the Finish button to proceed to
the next step.

Step 3: Now the system displays the following window.

Right click on the Source Files folder in the Solution Explorer pane. In the popup menu,
click Add then New Item… to display the following Add New Item – hello world dialog
box:

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Select C++ Files (.cpp) by clicking on it in the middle pane and enter an arbitrary file name
(e.g., hello world). Click Add to proceed to the next step.

Step 4: The system displays the below window. The Source Folder in Solution Explorer
pane contains the hello world.cpp file that was just added. The blank editing area/board is
displayed with a hello world.cpp tab to enter the C++ source code.

Source Code:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << “Hello World!” << endl;
return 0;
}

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 #include: Lines beginning with a hash sign (#) are directives for the preprocessor. The
directive #include tells the preprocessor to include the iostream standard file.
 using namespace std: All the elements of the standard C++ library are declared within
what is called a namespace, the namespace with the name std.
 int main (): This line corresponds to the beginning of the definition of the main
function. The main function is the point by where all C++ programs start their
execution. The word main is followed in the code by a pair of parentheses (()).
 cout << "Hello World!": This line is a C++ statement. cout represents the standard
output stream in C++, and the meaning of the entire statement is to insert a sequence
of characters into the standard output stream.
 return 0: The return statement causes the main function to finish. return may be
followed by a return code. A return code of 0 for the main function is generally
interpreted as the program worked as expected without any errors during its execution.

The same window after the source code is entered:

Step 5: To compile, link, load, and execute a program in a single step, click Debug in the
menu bar and the click Start Without Debugging. If there is no error in your project, the below
message ========== Build: 1 succeeded, 0 failed, 0 up-to-date, 0
skipped ========== is displayed in the Output window as shown below.

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Also displayed in a separate window (C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe) is the program output:

EXERCISE
1. What is a header file? Why the header file <iostream> is included in C++ project?

___________________________________________________________________________

2. What is a namespace? Briefly describe the objective of the statement “using namespace
std”.

___________________________________________________________________________

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3. Use MS Visual C++ 2010 to create a project named, Lab1 and then add a .CPP file named,
First to this project. Now add given piece of code to file Lab1 and compile this file. Execute
this file afterwards and check the output of your program.

Code:

# include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ( )
{
cout<< “ My first Program in C++” ;
return 0;
}

Attach output screens here : [Hint: Use snipping tool to take screenshots ]

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4. Use MS Visual C++ 2010 to create a project named, Prog2 and then add a .CPP file named,
Second to this project. Now add given piece of code to file Prog2 and compile this file.
Execute this file afterwards and check the output of your program.

Code:

# include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ( )
{
int x;
x=5;
cout<< “ x = “ << x;
return 0;
}

Attach output screens here : [Hint: Use snipping tool to take screenshots ]

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Computer Programming Lab Session 02
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Lab Session 02
Familiarization with building blocks of C++ and conversion of
mathematical expressions into an equivalent C++ statements

THEORY
Building Blocks of C++:

Variables and Constants

If the value of an item can be changed in the program then it is a variable. If it will not change then
that item is a constant. The various variable types (also called data type) in C/C++ are: int,
float, char, long, double etc.

Operators
Basic: + - * / %
Assignment: = += -= *= /= %=
(++, -- may also be considered as assignment operators)
Relational: < > <= >= == !=

Typecasting
Typecasting allow a variable of one type to act like another for a single operation. In C++
typecasting is performed by mentioning the new data type followed by the variable name enclosed
in parenthesis.

EXERCISE
1. Consider num1& num2 as variables of type int , average as a float variable. Now
mention error (if any) in your own words for given code fragments;
a- average = num1 + num2 /2; // num1 is 5 & num2 is 10
Error: ____________________________________________________________________

b- average = (num1 + num2 )/ 2; // num1 & num2 both hold some odd values
Error: ____________________________________________________________________
c- average = (num1 + num2 )/ 2; // num1 is 5 & num2 is 2
Error: ____________________________________________________________________
d- average = (num1 + num2 )/ 2.0; // num1 is 5 & num2 is 2
Error: ____________________________________________________________________
e- average = float (num1 + num2 )/ 2; // num1 is 5 & num2 is 2
Error: ____________________________________________________________________

2. Why the following cannot be considered as valid C++ identifiers?

a- int 3circles;

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Reason: ____________________________________________________________________
b- float big number;
Reason: ____________________________________________________________________
c- char $name;
Reason: ____________________________________________________________________
d- long sum+sqr;
Reason: ____________________________________________________________________

3. State the order of evaluation the operation in each of the following C++ statements, and show the
value of x after each statement is performed.

a- x = 7 + 3 * 6 / 2 - 1;
Working :

b- x = 2 % 2 + 2 * 2 - 2 / 2;
Working :

c- x =( 3 * 9 * ( 3 + (9 * 3 / (3) ) ) );
Working :

3. Mention output for following code fragment

cout<< “ Size of char is : ” <<sizeof (char) << “ Bytes \n” ;
cout<< “ Size of int is : ” <<sizeof (int) << “ Bytes \n” ;
cout<< “ Size of long is : ” <<sizeof (long) << “ Bytes \n” ;
cout<< “ Size of float is : ” <<sizeof (float)<<“ Bytes \n” ;
cout<< “ Size of double is: ” << sizeof(double) << “Bytes\n” ;
cout<< “Size of long int is:”<<sizeof(long int)<<“Bytes \n”;

Output:

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4. Write equivalent C++ statements for given mathematical expressions.

a. root =

____________________________________________________________________________

b. angle =
____________________________________________________________________________
c. z=

____________________________________________________________________________

d. y=

________________________________________________________________________

e. y=

________________________________________________________________________

f. z=

________________________________________________________________________

g. z=

________________________________________________________________________
5. Fill in the given chart.

S.No. Data Type Smallest Possible Value Largest Possible Value

1 char
2 int
3 unsigned int
4 long
5 float
6 double
7 long int

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6. Make small programs of all parts (a- g) of exercise 4. Run those programs with some realistic
values and attach hard copy of code here.

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Computer Programming Lab Session 03a
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Lab Session 03a

Taking multiple inputs from console & controlling output’s position

THEORY
Getting Input From the User
The input from the user can be taken by the following techniques; cin, getch( ), getche(
), getchar( ) etc.

Displaying Output to the User

The output can be displayed on monitor with the help of following techniques; cout, putch(),
putchar etc

Escape Sequences
Escape Sequence causes the program to escape from the normal interpretation of a string, so that
the next character is recognized as having a special meaning. The escape sequence includes \n for
new line, \b for back space, \r for carriage return, \” for double quotations, \‟ for single quotations &
\\ for back slash etc.

Manipulators
Manipulators are operators, used with insertion operator to modify or to manipulate the way data is
displayed. Two most common manipulators are endl (produces same effect as \n) and setw.

gotoxy(x,y)
gotoxy(x,y) is used to position the cursor on the character cell at a specified (col, row) coordinate in
the current text window.

EXERCISE
1. What will be the output of following cout statements;

i- cout << “ \n My name is Syed Ali Abbas\b\b\baseen ”;

___________________________________________________________________________

cout<< “I \t am \t a \t good\n learner”;

ii-
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

iii- cout<< “ Course: ” << endl << “ \“ Calculus \” ”;

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Write a single C statement with the help of setw() & endl manipulators to output the
following on the screen:
Emp. ID Name Salary
123456 Muhammad Ali 605000
789 Muhamamd Iqbal 70000
3456 Khanzada Liquat Ali Khan 99000

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3. Write a single C statement to output the following starting from the 5th row and 10th column of
the screen:
My name is “Your Name”
And my roll number is “00Your_roll_no”
I am a student of „Computer and Information System Department‟
In C++ language a tab is inserted by (\t)
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

4. Write necessary statements with appropriate variable declaration to take input the current time in
the format hr:min from the user and display hours and minutes separately

Input:
Enter current time in the format hr:min 7:56

Output:
7 hours & 56 minutes

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
5. Write necessary statements with appropriate variable declaration to take the date of birth as input
in the format DD-MM-YYYY from the user and display hours then calculates and displays the
approximate age of the user in years.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
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6. Develop a program to display a similar output as given below. Use of gotoxy(x,y) is prohibited.
a.
1
2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
b.
* * ****** * * * *
** * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * ***** * *
* * * * * *
* ** * * *
* * ****** * * * *

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

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7. Attach hard copy of programs developed for exercise 4, 5 & 6 here.

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Computer Programming Lab Session 03b
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Lab Session 03b

OBJECT
Debugging and Single-Stepping of Programs

THEORY
There are generally two types of errors namely syntax and logical errors. Syntax errors occur
when a program does not conform to the grammar of a programming language, and the
compiler cannot compile the source file. Logical errors occur when a program does not do
what the programmer expects it to do. Syntax errors are usually easy to fix because the
compiler can detect these errors. The logical errors might only be noticed during runtime.
Because logical errors are often hidden in the source code, they are typically harder to find
than syntax errors. The process of finding out defects (logical errors) in the program and
fixing them is known as debugging. Debugging is an integral part of the programming
process.

Program Debugging with Microsoft Visual C++ 2010

This lab session introduces the debugging feature of Microsoft Visual C++ 2010. The
debugger can be started by clicking the leftmost button on the Debug toolbar, by selecting the
Debug ➪ Start Debugging menu item, or by pressing F5.

The debugger has two primary modes of operation— it works through the code by single
stepping (which is essentially executing one statement at a time), or runs to a particular point
in the source code. The point in the source where the debugger is to stop is determined either
by where the cursor has been placed or, more usefully, at a designated stopping point called a
breakpoint. A breakpoint is a point in your program where the debugger automatically
suspends execution when in debugging mode.

Creating a Breakpoint
In the VS editor, there is a margin on the left side. If this margin is clicked, VS will set a
breakpoint on the matching code statement. Clicking a statement in code to give it the focus
and pressing F9 sets a breakpoint too. A red dot is appeared in the margin and the matching
statement highlighted in red.

To ensure VS stops on a breakpoint, the application must be running in debug mode. When
the program hits the breakpoint, the breakpoint line will turn yellow and there will be a yellow
arrow on the red dot in the margin. Clicking the Continue button (which is the same green
arrow button used to start debugging) or pressing F5 will cause VS to resume execution. In
order to stop debugging, select Debug | Stop Debugging, press F5, or click the Stop
Debugging toolbar button (small blue square).
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Customizing a Breakpoint
The preceding explanation described how to set a location breakpoint, where execution stops
on a designated line in code. However, a program can be stopped executing based on various
criteria, such as hit count, conditions, and more. There are several commands available in
break mode as shown below.
Table 1. Options from the Breakpoint Context Menu
Option Meaning
Delete Breakpoint Removes the breakpoint.
Disable/Enable
It disables the breakpoint and then enables it later.
Breakpoint
It allows entering an expression that can cause the program to stop if either the
Condition expression evaluates to true or the value of a variable has changed. The expression is
based on variables in the code.
It makes the program break on that line every time, after a number of times the line
Hit Count has executed, when the count is a multiple of a number (i.e., every nth time), or when
the number of hits is greater than or equal to a number.
Edit Labels Breakpoints can be associated with labels to help organize breakpoints into groups.
Export Exports breakpoints into an external XML file.

Stepping Through Code

It is the process of executing one or more lines of code in a controlled manner. At the most
granular level, the code can be stepped through line-by-line. While moving line-by-line is
often necessary, it could also be cumbersome, so there are ways to step over multiple lines of
code, allowing them to silently and quickly execute. To step through code, open a project, set
a breakpoint, and run with debugging until the program hits the breakpoint. At that point in
time, various operations can be performed such as step, step over, and step out. Table 2
explains the stepping operations that are available.
Table 2. Step Operations
Operation Explanation
It executes the code in the current line and moves to the next line of code where it again
Step Over pauses, waiting for programmer instruction. Perform a Step Over by selecting Debug | Step
Over, pressing F10, or clicking the Step Over button in the toolbar.
When the current line is on a method call, a Step Into will move control to the first line of
Step Into
the method being called and execution will pause there. Perform the Step Into by selecting
Specific
Debug | Step Into, pressing F11, or clicking the Step Into button in the toolbar.
If the programmer is in a method, he can move back to the caller by performing a Step Out
Step Out operation. Perform a Step Out by selecting Debug | Step Out, pressing SHIFT-F11, or
clicking the Step Out button on the toolbar.
A quicker way when one doesn‟t want to keep a new breakpoint around is to right-click the
Run to
line one want to stop at and select Run To Cursor. Again, no lines of code are skipped; the
Cursor
program will merely pause when it gets to the line the cursor is placed on.
It allows changing the path of execution of program while debugging. If the program is
paused in a particular line and one wants to change the execution path, go to the particular
Set Next line, right click on the line and select "Set Next Statement" from the context menu. The
Statement execution will come to that line without executing the previous lines of code. Shortcut key
for Set Next Statement is Ctrl + Shift + F10.

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Inspecting Application State

Application state is the value of variables in the code, the current path of execution, or any
other information that tells what the program is doing. While debugging, it‟s important to be
able to view application state and compare what is really happening to what the programmer
expected to happen.

Locals and Autos Windows

The Locals and Autos windows show the variables in system at the current breakpoint. Locals
give a list of all variables that the current statement could access (also referred to as in scope).
The Autos window shows variables from the current and previous lines. The Locals and
Autos windows can be opened from the Debug | Windows menu when the VS debug session
is active and paused at a breakpoint. These windows may have already been placed at the
bottom left of Visual Studio next to the Output window.

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Watch Windows:
A Watch window allows you to create a custom list of variables to watch. The programmer
can drag and drop variables from the editor or type a variable name in the Watch window.

Consider the following C++ codes containing logical errors. The errors are detected by
debugging the code.

Source Code 1:
int count;
while (count < 100)
{
cout << count;
count++;
}

Logical Error
Uninitialized variables

Solution
int count = 0;
while (count < 100)
{
cout << count; count++;
}

Source Code 2
int a, b;
int sum = a + b;
cout << "Enter two numbers to add: ";
cin >> a;
cin >> b;
cout << "The sum is: " << sum;

Sample Run
Enter two numbers to add: 1 3 The sum is: -1393

Solution:
int a, b;
int sum;
cout << "Enter two numbers to add: ";
cin >> a;
cin >> b;

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Computer Programming Lab Session 03b
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sum = a + b;
cout << "The sum is: "<< sum;

Source Code 3
char done = 'Y';
while (done = 'Y')
{ //...
cout << "Continue? (Y/N)";
cin >> done; }

Logical Error:
Infinite loop

Solution:
char done = 'Y';
while (done == 'Y')
{ //...
cout << "Continue? (Y/N)";
cin >> done;
}

EXERCISE

1. Fill out all the entities in table by their corresponding values by locals/autos window for
all the variables and single stepping the program. (Consider R as your class roll number &
FL as first letter of your name)

Code fragment Before execution After execution

(i) a b a b
int a=5, b=10;

b = a++;

(ii) x y x y
int x=10, y=20;

y=++x;

(iii) n1 n2 n3 n1 n2 n3
int n1=10,n2=10,n3;

n3= n1++ + ++n2;

(iv) n sqr n sqr

int n=20; long sqr;

sqr= n*n ;

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Computer Programming Lab Session 03b
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(v) ch ch
char ch=‘FL’;

ch ++;
(vi) X Y a X Y a
int x=R,y=R+50;float a;

a=(x+y)/2;

(vii) x x
unsigned int x=-5;

x= x * x ;

2. Add breakpoint at last line of given code and then single step the program.
void main( )
{
int length, width;
long area;
length = 5;
cout << “ Enter width of the door” ;
cin>> width;
area = length * width ;
cout<<“Area of the door:”<<area<<“sqr cm”; // add breakpoint here
}

Before execution After execution

length width area length width area

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Computer Programming Lab Session 04
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Lab Session 04
OBJECT
Decision making in programming (if-else & conditional operator)

THEORY
Normally, your program flows along line by line in the order in which it appears in your source
code. But, it is sometimes required to execute a particular portion of code only if certain
condition is true; or false i.e. you have to make decision in your program. There are three major
decision making structures. Four decision making structures:
1. If statement
2. If-else statement
3. Conditional Operator (Rarely used)
4. Switch case

The if statement
The if statement enables you to test for a condition (such as whether two variables are equal)
and branch to different parts of your code, depending on the result.
The simplest form of an if statement is:
if (expression)
statement;
The expression may consist of logical or relational operators like (> , >=, < ,<= ,&&, || )

The if-else statement

Often your program will want to take one branch if your condition is true, another if it is false.
The keyword else can be used to perform this functionality:
if (expression)
statement;
else
statement;
Note: To execute multiple statements when a condition is true or false, parentheses are used.

Conditional (Ternary) Operator

The conditional operator (?:) is C++‟s only ternary operator; that is, it is the only operator to
take three terms.

The conditional operator takes three expressions and returns a value:

(expression) ? (statement1(s) ) : (statement2(s));

This line is read as, “If expression is true, statement1(s) will be executed; otherwise,
statement2(s) will be executed.” Typically, this value would be assigned to a variable.

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EXERCISE
1. Write a program that takes a positive integer as input from user and checks whether the
number is even or odd, and displays an appropriate message on the screen. [Note: For negative
numbers, program does nothing. ]

a) Using if-else:
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

b) Develop the program mentioned in Q.1 using conditional operator [Note: Display some
appropriate message for negative numbers]
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. The programs given below contain some syntax and/or logical error(s). By debugging and
single stepping for all the variables, mention the error(s) along with their categorization into
syntactical or logical error. Also write the correct program statements.
i- to check whether three numbers are equal or not
int a,b,c; char ch;
cout<< “enter three numbers in this format a,b,c” ;
cin>>a>> ch >> b >> ch >> c;
if (a= =b)

if (b = = c)

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cout << a<<” , ” <<b<<” & “<<c << “ are equal;

else
cout<< a << “ and ” << b<< “ are different ”;
}

a- enter 3,4,5 as input & write the output

Output :

b- enter 3,3,5 as input & write the output

Output :

c- enter 5,10,10 as input & write the output

Output :

d- enter 10,10,10 as input & write the output

Output :

e- Nature of error(s) [Tick as appropriate ] : _Syntactical / Logical____________

f- Corrected Code:

ii- To check whether the number is divisible by 2 or not:

int num;
cout <<“enter any number” ;
cin >>num;
if(num%2=0)
cout <<“Number is divisible by 2”;
else
cout <<“number is not divisible by 2”;

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Computer Programming Lab Session 04
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

a) Run the code and mention the output, if user enters;

(i) 15 as input _______________________________________________________

(ii) 20 as input ______________________________________________________

b) Identify logical error in above code and mention in your own words.
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

c) What correction can be made to above code? Give corrected statement only.

___________________________________________________________________________

3. Consider the given program.

void main ( )
{
int n1=10, n2=20, n3=30, max;
max = (n1>n2) ? (n1>n3 ? n1:n3) : (n2>n3? n2:n3);// 2nd line
cout << “max of “ <<n1<<”,”<<n2<<”&“<<n3<<” is “ <<max;
}

(i) Add watches for given variables & expressions and fill up the given table.

Watch Before Execution (of 2nd line) After Execution (of 2nd line)
n1>n2
n1>n3
n2>n3
n1>n3 ? n1:n3
n2>n3 ? n2:n3
max

(ii) Now consider n1 = 40, n2= 30, n3=10 and repeat (i)

Watch Before Execution (of 2nd line) After Execution (of 2nd line)
n1>n2
n1>n3
n2>n3
n1>n3 ? n1:n3
n2>n3 ? n2:n3
max

26
Computer Programming Lab Session 04
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

4) A programmer wants to display “Kaman Akmal” on screen, if score >30, Shoaib Akhtr, if
20<score <30, and Shahid Afreedi if 10<score <20. For this purpose, he has developed
following piece of code;
void main(void)
{
int a=100;
if(a>10)
cout <<"Shahid Afridi";
else if(a>20)
cout<<"Shoaib Akhtar";
else if(a>30)
cout<< “Kamran Akmal";
}
d) Run the code and mention the output for given cases:
Input 5 15 25 35
Output

e) Identify logical error in above code and mention in your own words.
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

f) Give corrected code.

5. According to Russian Peasant Method (A fast multiplication algorithm, which is as old as

1700 B.C.), product of x & y can be found using the truth;

x * y = 2x * (y/2) if y is an even number &

x * y = x + x * (y-1) if y is an odd number.

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Computer Programming Lab Session 04
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

Now write a program that takes two integers x & y as input and finds & displays their product
by using Russian Peasant Method.

(i) Using conditional operator

___________________________________________________________________________

(ii) Using if-else

___________________________________________________________________________

28
Computer Programming Lab Session 05
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

Lab Session 05
OBJECT
Implementation of simple & scientific calculators using switch–case statements

THEORY

The switch Statement

Unlike if, which evaluates one value, switch statements allow you to branch on any of a
number of different values. The general form of the switch statement is:
switch (expression)
{
case valueOne: statement;
break;
case valueTwo: statement;
break;
....
case valueN: statement;
break;
default: statement;
}

goto Statement

goto statement can be used to branch towards any statement (forward or backward) which is
marked by some label.
e.g.

statement 1;
here: statement 2;
….
….

goto here;

EXERCISE
1. Develop a four basic mathematical functions calculator that takes input form user and
performs any one of the selected operations and displays the result. Use switch case approach to
develop this program. Also make use of “goto” statement to continuously take input of the
operator, if user enters some unknown operator (other than, +,-, *, /)

29
Computer Programming Lab Session 05
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

___________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

30
Computer Programming Lab Session 05
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

Mini Project:
Develop an advanced calculator that works in two modes; 1. Simple & 2. Scientific (log and anti-
log, trigonometric & inverse trigonometric operation, square root, power etc). Program then
takes operands as input form user and performs any one of the selected operations and displays
the result. Use switch case approach to develop this program.

Submission: Mini Project is to be submitted in next lab session.

Attach source code here.

31
Computer Programming Lab Session 06
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

Lab Session 06
OBJECT
Generalization of tasks exploiting the benefit of for loops & their nesting

THEORY

Types of Loops

There are three types of Loops:

 for Loop
 while Loop
 do - while Loop
Nesting may extend these loops.
The for Loop
for(initialize; condition; increment)
{
Do this;
}
This loop runs as long as the condition in the parenthesis is true. Note that there is no semicolon
after the “for” statement. If there is only one statement in the “for” loop then the braces may be
removed.

EXERCISE

1 (a) Write a program that takes two integers x & y as input and finds & displays their
product by performing repeated addition. For example: 3 x 5 = 3+3+3+3+3.
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

32
Computer Programming Lab Session 06
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

___________________________________________________________________________

1(b) Run the above code and mention the output for given cases. Also add watch for the loop
decision variable i and give its value, when for loop is just terminated.

Input 3x4 0 x 12 5x0 5x2

Output
Last value of ‘i'

2. Write a program to print the accurate average of 5 integer values, entered by user using for
loop. [Hint: Apply concept of type casting]

___________________________________________________________________________

3. What will be the output for given code fragment.

void main(void)
{
int i=10;
for(; ++i <=15 ;)
cout<<“i= “ << i << “\t”;
}

Output:

4. Write a program that takes a number as input then checks and displays an appropriate message
whether the number is a prime number or not.

______________________________________________________________________________

33
Computer Programming Lab Session 06
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

___________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

5. Write a program that prints following as output.

1
22
333
4444
55555
:
:
999999999

___________________________________________________________________________

34
Computer Programming Lab Session 06
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

______________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

6. Develop a program that takes a 5 digit positive number as input and displays the number of
trailing zeros at the end of the number. (e.g. 50900 has two trailing zeros).

______________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

35
Computer Programming Lab Session 06
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

7. Make use of continue and break statement to develop a program that gives following as
output.

Output:
9, 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, countdown aborted!

______________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

8. Add a breakpoint at the last line of given code fragment, then first compile your program and
then single step your program and mention the output. Add watches for all the variables of this
program and mention their values before and after the execution of last cout statement.

for ( int n=1, count=1; n<=20; n+=2,count++) ;

cout << “\t” << n;
cout << “ loop executed for “ <<count<< “number of times”;

Output: Before Execution After Execution

n count n count

9. Use nested for loop to generate the following as output.

1 2 3 4 5
1 1 2 3 4 5
2 2 4 6 8 10
3 3 6 9 12 15
4 4 8 12 16 20
5 5 10 15 20 25

______________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

36
Computer Programming Lab Session 06
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

___________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

37
Computer Programming Lab Session 07
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering

Lab Session 07
OBJECT
Performing simple bank transactions as many times as user wants (Applying
the concept of conditional break , while & do-while loops)

THEORY

Loops Revisited: The while Loop

while(condition is true)
{
Do this;
}
This loop runs as long as the condition in the parenthesis is true. Note that there is no semicolon
after the “while” statement. If there is only one statement in the “while” loop then the braces
may be removed.
The do-while Loop
do
{
this;
}
while(condition is true);

This loop runs as long as the condition in the parenthesis is true. Note that there is a semicolon
after the “while” statement. The difference between the “while” and the “do-while” statements
is that in the “while” loop the test condition is evaluated before the loop is executed, while in the
“do” loop the test condition is evaluated after the loop is executed. This implies that statements
in a “do” loop are executed at least once. However, the statements in the “while” loop are not
necessarily executed.

EXERCISE

1. Develop a program to perform two simple transactions in a bank as long as user enters „y. to
continue.
Sample Output:
Main Menu
***********
1. Deposit Money (after completing the selected
Enter your ID: **** 2. Withdraw Amount transaction)
3. Login as Different User
Do you want to continue? [y/Y] _
Select your choice …. (goes to Main Menu, if y/Y is pressed)

38
Computer Programming Lab Session 07
NED University of Engineering & Technology – Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering