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3. Research Process

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3. Research Process

Uploaded by

izna azin
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE RESEARCH PROCESS

Research Problem

Review of Related Literature

Formulate Hypotheses
Research Develop Research Design
Process
Data Collection

Data Analysis

Testing of Hypotheses

Drawing Conclusions & Report


THE RESEARCH PROCESS

1. Selection of topic

2. Reviewing the literature

3. Development of theoretical and conceptual frameworks

4. Clarification of research question/hypothesis

5. Research design

6. Data collection

7. Data analysis

8. Drawing conclusions
STAGE 1. SELECTION OF TOPIC

1. A crucial stage, as an inappropriate topic or question will often lead to


irretrievable difficulties later in the research.

1. The working title of a research proposal must be clear and accurate because it
is the first thing that a reader will see. It must include the following
formation:
 Describe the main theme(variables), the type ( effect- relation), and the
location of the research.
 It should have twelve words or fewer in length to be catchy and precise
TOPIC BUILDING
•Design and Construction of Worship Houses.

•Traditional Dances in India.

•Damage to the Ozone Layer


STAGE 2. REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

This part indicates:


(i) that you have studied the work of the major authors in your research area
(ii) that you are familiar with the major themes relevant to that subject area
(iii) what further investigations you intend to pursue as part of this thesis.
STAGE 2. REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

•For this section take into account:


•• This section should shows the existing field of research (what work has
been done previously,
•and more importantly what is missing).
•• A preliminary literature review should also help with your research
aims objectives, as it will
•highlight what you can contribute towards the field with your research.
•• It can also help to build your theoretical framework with the relevant
concepts.
•• Don’t forget to reference properly here to demonstrate the current
field of knowledge
STAGE 3. DEVELOPMENT OF THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORKS

a theoretical framework provides the general set of ideas in which a study occurs,
the conceptual framework refers to the specific ideas a researcher uses in the study. Examples of
conceptual frameworks include the methods of a chemistry experiment, the definitions a sociologist
uses to describe a culture and the types of data an economist considers when evaluating a
country's industry.

The conceptual framework thus consists of the ideas that are used to define research and evaluate
data.

Conceptual frameworks are often laid out at the beginning of a paper or an experiment description
for a reader to understand the methods used.
STAGE 4. CLARIFICATION OF THE RESEARCH QUESTION

Initial research questions are chosen, investigated and often rejected for a
number of reasons, for example:

• The question lacks sufficient focus.


• The conceptual framework has identified problems in either defining and/or
measuring the appropriate concepts.
• There are too many moderating or intervening variables.
• The project is unfeasible in terms of complexity, access, facilities or resources.
STAGE 5. RESEARCH DESIGN

• What data do I need to collect to answer this question?


• What is the best way to collect this data?
• What overall research design should I use? For example, a cross-sectional,
experimental or longitudinal design?
• Will I need to collect primary or secondary data?
• What methods, for example interviews, questionnaire surveys and so on, will
be best to collect the primary data?
Secondary Data
•What Is Secondary Data?
•Secondary data is public information that has been collected by
others. It is typically free or inexpensive to obtain and can act as a
strong foundation to any research project.
•Government statistics
•Industry associations
•Trade publications
•Company websites
Primary Data

• new information collected specifically for your purposes, directly from


people in the know. Methods of primary data collection vary based
upon the goals of the research, as well as the type and depth of
information being sought.
•In-depth interviews
• Who should participate in the research?
• How will I gain access to them?
• What are the exact procedures that I should adopt in my data collection to
ensure reliability and validity?
• Are there any ethical issues associated with the research?
STAGE 6. DATA COLLECTION

You have to consider


• which methodology to choose, and
• which methods to utilise.
STAGE 7. DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS
1. The data you collect in stage 6 needs to be analysed to provide answers to
your research question.
2. In your discussion of the results, reference should also be made back to the
literature reviewed in stage 2, for example
• How do the findings add to this literature?
• Do they support the literature?
• If not, what are the possible reasons why?
STAGE 8. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS

• Conclusions should relate back to the focused research question.


• You can evaluate how successful you have been in achieving your research
objectives, and highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the research.
• You may also want to make recommendations for further research.
SUMMARY
1. Research is not just about the collection of data. Data collection is important,
but it is simply part of a wider process – the research process.
2. The research process follows 8 steps: selection of topic, reviewing the
literature, developing your theoretical and conceptual frameworks, clarifying
your research question, developing a research design, collecting data,
analysing data, and drawing conclusions.
3. Relating your project to the research process will allow you to develop and
answer your research question in a logical and systematic manner.
Questions? Comments?
THE END!

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