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Laksmi Narain College of Technology Indore

Deptt .of Electrical & Electronics Engineering.

Course: B.E. Branch:EX Sem: III Subject Code: EX-303

Subject: Electrical Measuring Instrumentation
Laboratory Mannual

List of Experiments

Sr.
Name of Experiment
No
1 To study measuring instruments and Classification of Measuring Instruments.
2 To study electrical measuring instruments and their purposes.

3 To study Symbols of various electrical measuring instruments.

4 Measurement of resistance by using Wheat Stone bridge method.
5 Measurement of the low resistance by using Kelvin Double bridge method.
6 To study CT and PT errors .
7 Measurement of insulation ,earth resistance and continuity test using Megger .
8 Measurement of power in a 3 phase ac circuit by 2 watt meter method .
9 Calibration of single phase digital electronic type energy meter.
10 Measurement of power in a single phase ac circuit by 3 voltmeter/ 3 ammeter Methods.

Subject Teacher Laboratory Incharge HOD

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Experiment no. 1

Aim :To study measuring instruments and Classification of Measuring Instruments.

The instrument used for measuring the physical and electrical quantities is known as the measuring
instrument. The term measurement means the comparison between the two quantities of the same unit.
The magnitude of one of the quantity is unknown, and it is compared with the predefined value. The
result of the comparison obtained regarding numerical value.

The measuring instrument categorized into three types;

• Electrical Instrument
• Electronic Instrument
• Mechanical Instrument

The mechanical instrument uses for measuring the physical quantities. This instrument is suitable for
measuring the static and stable condition because the instrument is unable to give the response to the
dynamic condition.

The electronic instrument has quick response time. The instrument provides the quick response as
compared to the electrical and mechanical instrument.

The electrical instrument is used for measuring electrical quantities likes current, voltage, power, etc.
The ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeter are the examples of the electrical measuring instrument.

The ammeter measures the current in amps; voltmeter measures voltage and Wattmeter are used for
measuring the power.

The classification of the electric instruments depends on the methods of representing the output reading.

Classification of Measuring Instruments

The instrument used for measuring the physical and electrical quantities is known as the measuring
instrument. The term measurement means the comparison between the two quantities of the same unit.

The magnitude of one of the quantity is unknown, and it is compared with the predefined value. The
result of the comparison obtained regarding numerical value.

Types-of-measuring-instrument

In this article, we discuss the different types of electrical instrument.

Absolute Instrument

The absolute instrument gives the value of measures quantities regarding the physical constant. The
physical constant means the angle of deflection, degree and meter constant. The mathematical calculation
requires for knowing the value of a physical constant.

The tangent galvanometer is the examples of the absolute instruments. In tangent galvanometer, the
magnitude of current passes through the coil determines by the tangent of the angle of deflection of their
coil, the horizontal component of the earth magnetic field, radius and the number of turns of wire used.
The most common applications of this type of instrument are found in laboratories.

Secondary Instrument
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In the secondary instrument, the deflection shows the magnitude of the measurable quantities. The
calibration of the instruments with the standard instrument is essential for the measurement. The output
of this type of device is directly obtained, and no mathematical calculation requires for knowing their
value.

Digital Instrument

The digital instrument gives the output in the numeric form. The instrument is more accurate as compared
to the analogue instrument because no human error occurs in the reading.

Analog instrument

The instrument whose output varies continuously is known as the analogue instrument. The analogue
instrument has the pointer which shows the magnitude of the measurable quantities. The analogue device
classifies into two types.

Null Type Instrument

In this instrument, the zero or null deflection indicates the magnitude of the measured quantity. The
instrument has high accuracy and sensitivity. In null deflection instrument, the one known and one
unknown quantity use. When the value of the known and the unknown measuring quantities are equal,
the pointer shows the zero or null deflection. The null deflection instrument is used in
the potentiometer and in galvanometer for obtaining the null point.
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Deflection Type Instrument

The instrument in which the value of measuring quantity is determined through the deflection of the
pointer is known as the deflection type instrument. The measuring quantity deflects the pointer of the
moving system of the instrument which is fixed on the calibrated scale. Thus, the magnitude of the
measured quantity is known.

The deflection type instrument is further sub-classified into three types.

1. Indicating Instrument – The instrument which indicates the magnitude of the measured quantity is
known as the indicating instrument. The indicating instrument has the dial which moves on the graduated
dial. The voltmeter, ammeter, power factor meter are the examples of the indicating instrument.
2. Integrating Instrument – The instrument which measures the total energy supplied at a particular
interval of time is known as the integrating instrument. The total energy measured by the instrument is
the product of the time and the measures electrical quantities. The energy meter, watt-hour meter and the
energy meter are the examples of integrating instrument.

3. Recording Instrument – The instrument records the circuit condition at a particular interval of time
is known as the recording instrument. The moving system of the recording instrument carries a pen which
lightly touches on the paper sheet. The movement of the coil is traced on the paper sheet. The curve drawn
on the paper shows the variation in the measurement of the electrical quantities.
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Experiment no. 2

Aim :To study electrical measuring instruments and their purposes.

Name of equipment Purpose

Ammeter (Ampermeter) Measures current

Capacitance meter Measures the capacitance of a component

Current clamp Measures current without physical connection

Applies swept signals to a device and allows display of the

Curve tracer
response

Cos Phi Meter Measures the power factor

Distortionmeter Measures the distortion added to a circuit

Electricity meter Measures the amount of energy dissipated

ESR meter Measures the equivalent series resistance of capacitors

Frequency counter Measures the frequency of the current

Leakage tester Measures leakage across the plates of a capacitor

Measures the inductance, capacitance and resistance of a

LCR meter
component

Measures Resistance of an Winding of Motor or Generator And

Megger tester
Measures Earthing's Resistance

Microwave power meter Measures power at microwave frequencies

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General purpose instrument measures voltage, current and

Multimeter
resistance (and sometimes other quantities as well)

Network analyzer Measures network parameters

Ohmmeter Measures the resistance of a component

Displays waveform of a signal, allows measurement of frequency,

Oscilloscope
timing, peak excursion, offset, ...

Psophometer Measures AF signal level and noise

Q meter Measures Q factor of the RF circuits

Tachometer Measures speed of motors

Signal analyzer Measures both the amplitude and the modulation of a RF signal

Signal generator Generates signals for testing purposes

Spectrum analyser Displays frequency spectrum

Creates constant-amplitude variable frequency sine waves to test

Sweep generator
frequency response

Transistor tester Tests transistors

Tube tester Tests vacuum tubes (triode, tetrode etc.)

Wattmeter Measures power in a circuit

Vectorscope Displays the phase of the colors in color TV

Video signal generator Generates video signal for testing purposes

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Measures the potential difference between two points in a circuit.

Voltmeter
(Includes: DVM and VTVM)

VU meter Measures the level of AF signals in Volume units

CRO(Cathode Ray
Check transistor
Oscilloscope)

CT Large amount current measuring inst.

PT Large amount potential or voltage measuring inst.

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Experiment no. 3

Aim :To study Symbols of various electrical measuring instruments.

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Experiment no. 4

Aim :Measurement of resistance by using Wheat Stone bridge method.

Apparatus: - Power supply,Resistor: - 10K_-1no, 5K_-1no, 11K_-1no Unknown resistor=100_,

Pot =1K-1no.
Wheat stone bridge kit.
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Digital multimeter-1no,
Patch codes.

Theory-
A very important device used in the measurement of medium resistances is the Wheat stones
bridge .it is an accurate and reliable instrument .The wheat stone bridge is an instrument based on
the principle of null indication and comparison measurements. The basic circuit of a wheat stone
bridge is shown in fig. it has four resistive arms, consisting of resistances P,Q,R and S together
with a source of emf and a null detector , usually a galvanometer G or other sensitive current meter
is used.

The current through the galvanometer depends on the potential difference between point’s b and d
.The bridge is said to be balanced when there is on current through the galvanometer or when the
potential difference across the galvanometer is zero. this occurs when the voltage from point ‘b’ to
point ‘a’ equals the voltage from point ‘d’ to point ‘a’ or by referring to other battery terminal,
when the voltage from point ‘d’ to point ‘c’ equals the voltage from point ‘b’ to point ‘c’. For
bridge balance;

I1P=I2 R ......................................................... 1)
I1=I3=E/P+Q ............................................................. (2)
I2=I4=E/R+S ............................................................ (3)

E=emf of battery.
Combining equ (1) and (2)
we get P/P+Q=R/R+S…………………….. (4)

QR=PS
Equ……………….. (5)

Shows the balance condition of wheat stone bridge. If three of the resistances are known then
fourth may be determined by formula…

R=S*P/Q

Where R is the unknown resistance, S is called the standard arm resistor and P and Q are called the
ratio arms.

Procedure: -
1) Connect the patch cord as per the circuit diagram.
2) Note the resistance of P and Q using multimeter.
3) Adjust the resistance of P, Q, R, S
4) Switch on the power supply and adjust the resistance S such that galvanometer
shows the zero deflection.
5) Now calculate R, R=P*S/Q

Circuit Diagram:-
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Observation Table: -

Result:- Hence we have studied the medium resistance by using whetstone bridge…………

Precautions:-1. Connections should be tight. 2. Instrument should be handled carefully

Experiment no. 5
Aim: - Measurement of the low resistance by using Kelvin Double bridge method.

Apparatus: - Regulated dc supply-1no

Standard resistance coil-1no
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Kelvin’s double bridge kit.

Digital multimeter-1no,
Patch codes.
Theory: -

Kelvin’s bridge is a modification of whetstone’s bridge and always used in measurement of

low resistance. It uses two sets of ratio arms and the four terminal resistances for the low
resistance consider the ckt. As shown in fig. The first set of ratio P and Q. The second set of
ratio arms are p and q is used to connected to galvanometer to a pt d at an Approx. potential
between points m and n to eliminate the effects of connecting lead of resistance r between the
known std. resistance ‘s’ and unknown resistance R .The ratio P/Q is made equal to p/q. under
balanced condition there is no current flowing through galvanometer which means voltage
drop between a and b, Eab equal to the voltage drop between a and c, Eamd

Now Ead=P/P+Q ; Eab=I[R+S+[(p+q)r/p+q+r]] ------------------------ (1)

Eamd= I[R+ p/p+q[ (p+q)r/p+q+r]] ------------------------------------- (2) For
zero deflection->Eac=Ead
[ P/P+Q]I[R+S+{(p+q)r/p+q+r}]=I[R+pr/p+q+r] -------------- (3)
Now, if P/Q=p/q
Then equa… (3) becomes R=P/Q=S - (4)

Equation (4) is the usual working equation. For the Kelvin’s Double Bridge .It indicates the
resistance of connecting lead r. It has no effect on measurement provided that the two sets of
ratio arms have equal ratios. Equation (3) is useful however as it shows the error that is
introduced in case the ratios are not exactly equal. It indicates that it is desirable to keep r as
small as possible in order to minimize the error in case there is a diff. between the ratio P/Q and
p/q. R=P/QS
Circuit Diagram:-

Observation Table

Procedure: -
1) The circuit configuration on the panel is studied.
2) Supply is switched on and increased upto 5v.
3) The unknown resistance is connected as shown .
4) The value of P,Q was selected such that a. P/Q=p/q
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5) S was adjusted for proper balance and balance value of s was balanced.
6) The value of known resistance was calculated.

Result:- The observed value of unknown resistance is………………

Precautions:-

1) Check all the connections before turning ON the power supply.

2) Do not exceed the value of 5v.
3) Note the readings accurately.
 Experiment no. 6

Aim: - To study Instument transformer CT and PT errors .

Theory :- Instrument Transformer

• In power system, the currents and voltages are very large

– Therefore, their direct measurements are not possible.
• It might appear that the extension of range could be conveniently done by the use of shunts
for currents and multiplier for voltage measurement, as in DC.
– But this method is suitable only for small values of current and voltage.
• Difficult to achieve accuracy with a shunt on AC
• Capability of having shunt of large range is not possible
• The power consumed by multipliers become large as the voltage increases
• The measuring circuit is not isolated electrically from the power circuit
Current Transformer :-
• The solution is to step-down these currents/voltages with the help of Instrument Transformer
– So that, they could be metered with instruments of moderate size
– Transformers used for current measurement
– Steps down the current to the level of ammeter.

Voltage Transformer (V.T. or P.T.):

– Transformers used for voltage (Potential) measurement

– Steps down the voltage to the level of voltmeter.
– Used in AC system for the measurement of current, voltage, power and energy.
– Finds a wide application in protection circuits of power system
– Ex. over current, under voltage, earth fault, etc.
Advantages of Instrument Transformer:
– Their reading do not depend upon circuit constant such as R, L & C
• As in the case of shunts and multipliers
– Possible to standardize the instrument around their ratings.
• This makes the replacement of instrument transformer very easy.
– The measuring circuit is isolated from the power circuit
– Low power consumption in the metering circuit
– Several instrument can be operated from a single instrument transformer
Ratios of Instrument Transformer:
Transformation Ratio, R = IPri / ISec for a C.T.
and for a P.T.
Nominal Ratio,
Kn = Rated IPri / Rated ISec for a C.T.
= Rated VPri / Rated VSec for a P.T.
Turns Ratio,
n = Nsec / NPri for a C.T.
= NPri / NSec for a P.T.
Ratio Correction Factor (RCF) = Transformation Ratio/Nominal Ratio=R/Kn
or R = RCF × Kn
– The ratio marked on the transformer is their nominal ratio

Current Transformer:
– Primary winding is connected in series with line carrying the current to be measured
• Therefore, IPri α Load
– Primary winding consist of very few turns
• Therefore, no appreciable voltage drop across it
– Secondary winding has larger number of turns
• Exact number is being determined by the turn ratio
• Relationship in a C.T.: rs and xs = resistance and reactance of secondary winding
• re and xe = resistance and reactance of external burden
• Ep and Es = primary and secondary winding induced voltage
• Np and Ns = number of primary and secondary winding turns
• Vs = voltage at secondary winding terminals
• Ip and Is = primary and secondary winding currents
• Φ = working flux of the transformer
• θ = phase angle of transformer (angle between Is reversed and Ip)
• δ = angle between Es and Is
• Δ = phase angle of secondary winding load circuit
• Io = exciting current
• Im and Ie = magnetizing and loss component of Io
• α = angle between Io and Φ

Errors in C.T.:
• The secondary winding current is not a constant fraction of the primary winding current
– depend upon magnetizing and loss component of exciting current
– this introduces considerable errors into current measurements

ratio error = (Kn-R)/R

• It is necessary that the phase of Is shall be displaced exactly by 1800 from Ip.
– but, it is displaced by an angle θ.
Characteristic of C.T.:
• Effect of change of Ip
– If Ip changes, Is also changes proportionally
– At low values of Ip, the current Im and Ie are a great portion of Ip
• Therefore, errors are greater
– As the Ip increases, Is increases and results in decrement of R.
• Effect of change of Is
– Increment in Is means increase in Volt-Ampere rating
– This increases the secondary winding induced voltage
• Therefore, Im and Ie are increased
– Thus, the errors will be increased.
• Effect of change of Frequency
– Increase in frequency will result in proportionate decrease in flux density

error in C.T.:
o Ideally, R=n and θ=0
o But, as a result of physical limitations inherent in electric and magnetic circuit, the
ideality will be lost and errors are induced
o The expression of R and θ indicates that
o Both depend upon the Ie and Im respectively
▪ Thus, they are chosen small.
o Specific design feature will help in minimization of the errors Effect of The resultant
mmf maintains the flux in core and supply the iron losses secondary winding openEffect
of secondary winding open
o C.T. are always used with the secondary winding closed
o Never open the secondary windings circuit of a C.T. while its primary winding is
energized
o Failure to this may lead to serious consequences for both
o In case of P.T., the current flowing in the primary winding is largely the reflection of that
flowing in the secondary circuit.
o whereas, in case of a C.T., the primary winding is connected in series with the line
whose current is being measured
o This current is in no ways controlled or determined by the condition of secondary
winding circuit
o Under normal operating conditions, both primary and secondary windings produces mmf,
which act against each other .since the resultant mmf is small, the flux density is also quite low
hence, a small voltage is induced in the secondary winding
o If the secondary winding is open-circuited when the primary winding is carrying current the
primary mmf remains same while the open secondary mmf reduces to zero therefore, the
resultant mmf is very large (i.e., equal to primary mmf =IpNp) this large mmf produces a large
flux in core till it saturates this large flux linking the turn of secondary winding would induce a
high voltage in the secondary winding which could be dangerous to the transformer insulation
and to the person operating it Also, the eddy current and hysteresis loses would be very high
under this condition thus the transformer may be overheated and completely damaged Even if
this does not happen, the core may become permanently magnetized and give erroneous results.
The secondary mmf is slightly less than the primary mmf Thus, the resultant mmf is small .The
resultant mmf maintains the flux in core and supply the iron losses.

Experiment no. 7
Aim: - Insulation and earth resistance measurement through Megger.

Theory:-
History of Megger
The device is being used since 1889, popularity raised during 1920s since the long back device is same
in its uses and purpose of testing, few real improvements appeared in recent years with its design and
quality of tester. Now high-quality options are available which are easy to use and quite safe.

What is Megger?
Insulation resistance IR quality of an electrical system degrades with time, environment condition, i.e.,
temperature, humidity, moisture and dust particles. It also gets impacted negatively due to the presence
of electrical and mechanical stress, so it’s become very necessary to check the IR (Insulation resistance)
of equipment at a constant regular interval to avoid any measure fatal or electrical shock.

Constructional diagram

Circuit diagram
Types of Megger
This can be separated into mainly two categories:-

1. Electronic Type (Battery Operated)

2. Manual Type (Hand Operated)
But there is another types of megger which is motor operated type which does not use battery to
produce voltage it requires external source to rotate a electrical motor which in turn rotates the
generator of the megger.
Important parts:-

1. Digital Display :- A digital display to show IR value in digital form.

2. Wire Leads :- Two nos of wire leads for connecting megger with electrical external system to
be tested.
3. Selection Switches :- Switches use to select electrical parameters ranges.
4. Indicators :- To indicates various parameters status i.e. On-Off. For Example Power, hold,
Warning, etc.

Advantages of Electronic Type Megger

• Level of accuracy is very high.

• IR value is digital type, easy to read.
• One person can operate very easily.
• Works perfectly even at very congested space.
• Very handy and safe to use.
Disadvantages of Electronic Type Megger

• Require an external source of energy to energies i.e. Dry cell.

• Costlier in market.

Hand Operated Megger

Important parts:-
Analog display:- Analog display provided on front face of tester for IR value recording.
Hand Crank:- Hand crank used to rotate helps to achieve desired RPM required generate voltage
which runs through electrical system.
Wire Leads:- Used same as in electronic tester i.e. For connecting tester with electrical system.
Advantages of Hand Operated Megger

1. Still keeps important in such high-tech world as it’s an oldest method for IR value
determination.
2. No external source required to operate.
3. Cheaper available in market.
Disadvantages of Hand Operated Megger

1. At least 2 person required to operate i.e. one for rotation of crank other to connect megger
with electrical system to be tested.
2. Accuracy is not up to the level as it’s varies with rotation of crank.
 3. Require very stable placement for operation which is a little hard to find at working sites.
4. Unstable placement of tester may impact the result of tester.
5. Provides an analog display result.
6. Require very high care and safety during use of the same.

Construction of Megger
Circuit Construction features :-

Working Principle of Megger

• Voltage for testing produced by hand operated megger by rotation of crank in case of hand
operated type, a battery is used for electronic tester.
• 500 Volt DC is sufficient for performing test on equipment range up to 440 Volts.
• 1000 V to 5000 V is used for testing for high voltage electrical systems.
• Deflecting coil or current coil connected in series and allows flowing the electric current taken
by the circuit being tested.
• The control coil also known as pressure coil is connected across the circuit.
• Current limiting resistor (CCR and PCR) connected in series with control and deflecting coil
to protect damage in case of very low resistance in external circuit.
• In hand operated megger electromagnetic induction effect is used to produce the test voltage
i.e. armature arranges to move in permanent magnetic field or vice versa.
• Where as in electronic type megger battery are used to produce the testing voltage.
• As the voltage increases in external circuit the deflection of pointer increases and deflection of
pointer decreases with a increases of current.
• Hence, resultant torque is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to
current.
• When electrical circuit being tested is open, torque due to voltage coil will be maximum and
pointer shows ‘infinity’ means no shorting throughout the circuit and has maximum resistance
within the circuit under test.
• If there is short circuit pointer shows ‘zero’, which means ‘NO’ resistance within circuit being
tested.

Work philosophy based on ohm-meter or ratio-meter. The deflection torque is produced with
megger tester due to the magnetic field produced by voltage and current, similarly like ‘Ohm’s
Law’.

The torque of the megger varies in a ration with V/I, (Ohm’s Law:- V = IR or R = V/I). Electrical
resistance to be measured is connected across the generator and in series with deflecting coil.

Produced torque shall be in opposite direction if current supplied to the coil.

1. High Resistance = No Current :- No current shall flow through deflecting coil, if resistance is
very high i.e. infinity position of pointer.
2. Small Resistance = High Current :- If circuit measures small resistance allows a high electric
current to pass through deflecting coil, i.e. produced torque make the pointer to set at ‘ZERO’.
3. Intermediate Resistance = Varied Current :- If measured resistance is intermediate, produced
torque align or set the pointer between the range of ‘ZERO to INIFINITY’.

Arrangement for continuity (resistance measurement )test:-

Arrangement for insulation test.

Arrangement for earth resistance test.

Connection diagram for earth resistance measurement

Experiment no. 8
Aim: - Measurement of power in a 3 phase ac circuit by 2 watt meter method .

• To demonstrate the line and phase relations in 3-phase balanced networks.

• To study and demonstrate the two wattmeter method of measuring the power in 3-phase
networks.

Required Equipment:-

• Two digital multi-meters from the stockroom.

• One Set of banana cables and power quality meter Fluke 43B from the stockroom.
• HMRL-3 Resistor Load Cart.
• One three-phase variac.
• One small black box wattmeter (Murata AC power Meter)
• One switch box from cabinet or simple phase circuit breaker.

Theory:-

Three-phase balanced networks are used in the power industry for reasons of economy and
performance. Three-phase generators and motors run smoothly, with no torque pulsations,
unlike single phase machines. In addition balanced three phase systems may be operated as
three wire or four wire systems, with much less copper needed for the power delivered as
compared with three single phase systems.

At a power generating plant, the windings of a three phase machine are arranged to provide
three voltages, each 120° apart in time and, in the common balanced system, usually all of the
same magnitude. These three voltage sources may be connected in a wye (Y) or a delta (∆)
configuration. Three phase loads may also be connected in wye or delta connections. The wye
connection has a central node to which a neutral wire may be joined, but the delta connection
is a three wire system without a node for a neutral or ground) connection.

To measure power in a 3-phase system, it would seem necessary to use three wattmeters, each
connected to neutral for a common terminal, and each responding to a line-to-neutral voltage
and a line current. One would then add up the powers indicated on each wattmeter. Analysis of
such a circuit shows that one wattmeter is redundant, hence the two-wattmeter method of
measuring 3-phase power was developed for three wire systems. This method is satisfactory
even if the loads are unbalanced. It is necessary to connect the wattmeters taking into account
the polarity of their coils. When the current enters the marked terminal of the current coil and
the voltage positive is connected to the marked terminal of the voltage coil, the reading
represents power absorbed. In that case the algebraic sum of the wattmeters determines the total
load power. In reactive circuits it may be necessary to reverse the current coil of one wattmeter
in order to get an upscale deflection. This reading is taken as negative when the total power is
determined algebraically.

If a 3-phase system has four wires, it is necessary to use three wattmeters, unless it is known
that the system is balanced and therefore no current is flowing in the neutral wire. For any
balanced N wire system it is necessary to use N − 1 wattmeters to measure the total power.

1. Assume a phase voltage of 120 V (a line voltage of 208V) in Figure 1.1 and that the three
resistors have values of 800 Ω. Calculate the expected values of I1 = I2 = I3 for the completely
balanced circuit.
2. Review the two power meter method for measuring three phase power. Determine how to
connect the meters into the circuits of figures 1.1 and 1.2 to measure power supplied by the
variac. The power meters we use will also read out the voltage and currents they are measuring
but you will need to connect DMVs to measure the remaining phase voltage and line current as
well as to measure the additional voltages and currents asked for in the lab description. (Line
voltages: VAB, VBC, VCA. Phase Voltages: VAN, VBN, VCN. Powers: W1, W2. Line currents: I1, I2, I3.
Phase Currents: IP1, IP2, IP3. Neutral current: IN) Print out these circuits and indicate on them
where your watt meters and DVMs will connect.
3. Under what conditions will one of the watt meters in a two-wattmeter measurement read
negative powers with a balanced source feeding a balanced load?

The balanced three phase wye connection.

Power Measurements on 3- φ Systems

1. Set Load Rack switches so that all 3 resistances are nominally identical. Measure the resistor
values before the experiment; their values should be closely matched.
2. Connect the three-phase wye circuit as shown in figure 1.1. Connect in the power meters and the
DVM's to allow measurement of the power flowing into the load, the line voltages (VAB, VBC,
and VCA), the phase voltages across the resistors (VAN, etc.), neutral current (IN) and the line
currents.

Note: It is important to monitor the current through power meters to ensure that it doesn't exceed
the rated current. Low power can be observed when there are large voltages and large currents if
there is a low power factor. Note that all measurements in this experiment are AC. Estimate all
instrument readings for a source phase voltage of 120V (line voltage of 208V between phases).
Select your meter scales accordingly.

3. A voltage distribution panel is located on the side of the bench. Use a voltmeter to verify that the
voltage is 208 volts between lines. Connect the three-phase variac to voltage distribution panel.
4. Carefully adjust the variac output voltage to a phase voltage of 120V (208V line voltage).
5. Without connecting the neutral switch at open position, measure and record all currents, voltages
(line and phase) , and power it with different balanced loads of the resistor load cart. Record the
results in table 1.1. Turn down the variac and shut the power off.

Note: Measuring power requires the measurement of Voltage, Current, and the phase between
them. The Fluke meter has a current clamp which is an inductive pick up that converts current to
voltage for measurement by the instrument.
 The clamp has two scale settings and it is important to check that the meter is set to the same scale as
the current clamp. The small black box meters should have their current “coil” connections in series
with the circuit. For most measurements (all in this lab) you will want to short the input current
connection to one of the voltage “coil” connections.

These meters turn on when the voltage exceeds about 65 Volts. They do not read negative power
(power flow from the load towards the source). If the meter shows current and voltage but no power
then the direction of current through the device must be reversed. The watt meter reading should then
be considered negative.

Both Current and Voltage can be very high while there is still almost no power dissipated in the circuit
when they are out of phase (low power factor). Hence it is important to always monitor the voltage,
current, and power to ensure that none of them exceeds the ratings of the power meters.

The balanced three phase Delta connection.

6. Move switch to closed position to connect an ammeter from the neutral of the resistor circuit to
the neutral of the three-phase variac and observe the current flow. The current should be read on
the 300 mA (or lower) scale.
7. Measure all currents, voltages and power readings at same load settings of resistor load cart from
step 5. Record all measurements in table 1.1. Turn down the variac and shut the power off.
8. Connect the 3-phase circuit as shown in figure 1.2. Raise the line voltage to 120 Volts (phase
voltage of 69.3V). Measure and record all currents, voltages and power readings at the same
balanced load settings of resistor load cart from step 5.

Note: There will not be enough ammeters for measuring all the phase currents and phase
voltages at the same time. Measure the phase currents first, then reconnect to measure the phase
voltages.

Report:-

1. Why do we use 208 V for the line voltage on the "wye" circuit but only 120 V for the line
voltage on the "delta" load?
2. Calculate the total load power in a wye(ү) and delta(Δ) configuration at each balance load from
experiment, using the current and voltage data, by two different methods.
3. Tabulate the total load power from the calculations from previous question and from the two-
wattmeter measurement method. Discuss any differences.
4. Verify phase and line voltage/current relationship of wye(ү) and delta(Δ) configuration circuits.
 Table 1.1: Data sheet for Y and Δ connected load.
Y Y Δ
w/o w/ connection
neutral neutral
Line Voltage Vab
in volts Vbc
Vca
Phase Voltage VAN —
in volts VBN —
VCN —
Powers W1
in watts W2
Line/Phase I1 /Ip1
Currents I2 /Ip2
in
amps I3 /Ip3
— —
IN — —
Resistor RA
in ohms RB
RC

Discussion Questions:-

1. Discuss any differences or similarities for the data obtained for the Y connection with or without
neutral connection.
2. Would the results be affected if wattmeter 2 were placed to measure the line current B-B’ and
both wattmeter potential coils were brought to line C, instead of line B.
3. Show a diagram for using only one wattmeter to measure the power in one phase of a balanced
three-phase load.

Experiment no. 9

Aim:- Calibration of single phase energy meter.

Name Plate Details:-

 Meter constant = 1200 rev/KWH Rated Current= 10A
Rated Voltage = 240V Rated frequency = 50Hz

Apparatus:-

1. Voltmeter – (0-300V) MI
2. Ammeter – (0-20A) MI
3. 1-Ф variac – (230V / 0-270V)
4. Rheostats – 350Ω / 1.2A, 29Ω / 4.1A, 10Ω / 1.2A
5. Stop watch
6. Connecting wires

Circuit Diagram:-

Theory:-

Energy meter mainly consists of 4 parts of the operating mechanism. They are

1. Driving system
2. Moving system
3. Breaking system
4. Registering mechanism

The driving mechanism of the meter consists of two electromagnets. The core of these
electromagnets is made up of steel laminations. The coil of one of the electromagnets is excited
by the load current. This coil is called the current coil. The coil of second electromagnet is
connected across the supply voltage and therefore carries a current proportional to the supply
voltage. This coil is called th pressure coil. Consequently the two electromagnets are known as
series and shunt magnets respectively. Copper shading bands are provided on the central
limb.The function of these bands is to bring the flux produced by the shunt magnet exactly in
quadrature with the applied voltage.

Moving System:

This consists of an aluminum disk mounted on a light alloy shaft. This disc is positioned in the
air gap between series and shunt magnets. The ‘Al’ disc moves in the field of this magnet and
thus provides a breaking torque.

Braking System:

A permanent magnet positioned near the edge of the aluminum disc forms the braking system.
 The aluminum disc moves in the field of the magnet and thus provides a braking torque. The
position of the permanent magnet is adjustable and therefore braking can be adjusted by shifting
the permanent magnet to different radial positions.

Registering Mechanism:

The function of a registering or counting mechanism is to record continuously a number which is

proportion to the revolutions made by the moving system.

Procedure:-

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

2. Connect the load rheostat 10 Ω/12A in series with load.
3. Keep the variac in minimum output voltage position.
4. Keep the load in maximum position.
5. Adjust the variac output equal to the rated voltage of energy meter.
6. Adjust the load till rated current of energy meter passes through it. Note
down the voltmeter and ammeter readings.
7. Note down the time taken for 2 revolutions of disc in the energy meter.
8. Switch off the supply.
9. Repeat the above steps for different currents.

Tabular Column:-

S.No Voltage Curren Time taken No. of Actu Energy Error %Error
t for revolutio al register WR -
revolutions ns Energ ed by Wa(W)
(S) y Wa energy
(W) meter
WR (W)

Theoretical Calculations:-

Actual energy consumed during ‘n’

revolutions Wa = V*I*t / 3600 watt-
 hour

Where V is voltage
I= Current (A)
t = Time (S)
Energy registered by energy meter WR = n / meter constant
Error = WR - Wa
% Error = [(WR - Wa) / Wa] * 100

Result:-The error and percentage errors are determined for single phase energy meter at
5%, 25% and 125% of full load current.

Experiment no. 10
 Aim:- To measure the inductance and power factor of the choke coil using 3Ammeter and
3Voltmeter method.
Apparatus:-

S.No Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter 0-5A AC 3
2 Voltmeters 0 300V AC 3 No’s
3 Resistor AC
4 Choke coil AC
5 Auto transformer AC

Theory:-

3 — Ammeter method:

From the pharos diagram

12 = I R2 + I L2 + 2 I L I R
Cos G L Cos 4› L = 12 — I R2
—I L2 /2ILIR
Power drawn the load = VI L Cos & L
= I R R I L Cos 4› L
Since power = I R I L R (I2 — I R2 — I L2 / 2 I
L I R)

= (12 — I R 2 — I L 2) R/2.
From the power calculated the inductance of the choke can be calculated.
3 — Voltmeter method:

From the pharos diagram

V = V R + V L + 2 V R V L Cos &, — 3 No’s
 COSL — V — VRL— VL / 2 V R V L

Power drawn by load = V L I COS G L

Circuit Diagram:-

3 - Voltmeter Method

o Make connections as per circuit diagram.

o Keep the auto transformer at zero position.
o Switch on the power supply.
o Increase the voltage gradually from or and note down the I/p voltage
V1 voltage across R, V1 V2 and voltage across choke V3 at
difference voltage levels.

3 - Ammeter Method

o Make connections as per circuit diagram.

o Keep the auto transformer at zero position.
o Increase the voltage gradually from or and note down the current
I1, 12, I3 at different steps.
Tabular Column:-

3-Ammeter Method:

Voltag I IL IR COSG PL
e
25
50
75
100
125
150
175

COS L — I° — I R 2 — I L 2 / 2 I L I R

Power drawn the load = VI L Cos G L

= I R R I L CoS G L
Since power - I R I L R (I° — I R2 — I L2 / 2 I L I R)

— (I 2 — I R° — I L 2) R/2.
3-Voltmeter Method :

Voltage I V VL COS G PL
R

25
50
75
100
125
150

COS G L'V 2- VR° - VL2 / 2 VL VR

Precautions:-
o Instruments used should be of proper range.

o All the connections should be tight.

Result:-

power factor =………………………

Inductance of choke coil is……………………