The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)

The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)

Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals

Fourier Representation of Signals & LTI Systems
Part 03

Michael Ibrahim

ECE Dept., Faculty of Engineering

Ain Shams University

Fall 2023

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 1/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)

The DTFS representation of a periodic discrete-time signal
xrns with fundamental period N and fundamental frequency
Ωo “ 2π
N is given by

´1
Nÿ
xrns “ XrksejkΩo n
k“0

Where Xrks can be obtained as follows

N ´1
1 ÿ
Xrks “ xrnse´jkΩo n
N n“0

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 2/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)

Xrks are the DTFS coefficients of the signal xrns.

XrKs is a.k.a. the frequency-domain representation for xrns
because each coefficient is associated with a complex sinusoid
of a different frequency.
The variable k determines the frequency of the sinusoid.

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 3/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)

Please note that the complex exponential e´jkΩo n is periodic

in k and also in n with fundamental period N .
That is
e´jpk`N qΩo n “ e´jkΩo n
and
e´jkΩo pn`N q “ e´jkΩo n

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 4/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)

Please remember that xrns is periodic in time with

fundamental period N .
´1
Nÿ
xrn ` N s “ XrksejkΩo pn`N q
k“0
´1
Nÿ
“ XrksejkΩo n
k“0
“ xrns

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 5/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)

Also we can see that Xrks is also periodic in k with

fundamental period N
N ´1
1 ÿ
Xrk ` N s “ xrnse´jpk`N qΩo n
N n“0
N ´1
1 ÿ
“ xrnse´jkΩo n
N n“0
“ Xrks

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 6/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)

We say that xrns and Xrks are a DTFS pair and denote this
relationship as
DT F S ; Ωo
xrns ÐÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÑ Xrks

DTFS is the only Fourier representation that can be

numerically evaluated and manipulated in a computer because
both xrns and Xrks are exactly characterized by a finite set of
N numbers (and finite summations).
The summations in the DTFS equations can be performed
over any period of length N , i.e. not necessarily from 0 to
N ´ 1.

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 7/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)

example
Find the DTFS of the signal xrns shown below

Solution:
N “5
2π
Ωo “
5

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 8/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)

example

2
1 ÿ
Xrks “ xrnse´jkΩo n
5 n“´2
„ ˆ ˙ ȷ
1 1 jkΩo 1 ´jkΩo
“ e `1` ´ e
5 2 2
1
“ r1 ` jsinpkΩo qs
5„ ˆ ˙ȷ
1 2π
“ 1 ` jsin k
5 5

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 9/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)

Example

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 10/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)

Example
What if we performed the summation over the period 0 Ñ pN ´ 1q
4
1 ÿ
Xrks “ xrnse´jkΩo n
5 n“0
» fi
ˆ ˙
1– 1 ´jkΩo 1
“ 1` ´ e ` e´j4kΩo fl
loomoon
5 2 2
“ejp´4`N qkΩo
„ ˆ ˙ ȷ
1 1 ´jkΩo 1 jkΩo
“ 1` ´ e ` e
5 2 2
„ ˆ ˙ȷ
1 1 2π
“ r1 ` jsinpkΩo qs “ 1 ` jsin k
5 5 5

Problems with final answers in the textbook page 205.

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 11/69
 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)

example
Find the DTFS of
´ πn ¯
xrns “ cos `ϕ
3
by inspection.
Solution:
π 2π
Ωo “ “
3 6

N “6

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 12/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)

Example
´ πn ¯
xrns “ cos `ϕ
3
1 ” j p πn `ϕq ı
` e´j p 3 `ϕq
πn
“ e 3
2
1 jϕ j πn 1 ´jϕ ´j πn
“ e e 3 ` e e 3
2 2
1 jϕ jΩo n 1 ´jϕ ´jΩo n
“ e e ` e e
lo2omoon 2omoon
lo
Xr1s Xr´1s

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 13/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)

Example
$
’ 1 ´jϕ
’
’
’ e k “ ´1
DT F S; π3
&2
xrns ÐÝÝÝÝÑ Xrks “ 1 ejϕ k“1
’
’ 2
’
’
%
0 otherwise on ´ 2 ď k ď 3

Problems with final answers in the textbook page 206.

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 14/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)

Example
8
ÿ
xrns “ δrn ´ lN s
l“´8

Solution:

N ´1
1 ÿ
Xrks “ xrnse´jkΩo n
N n“0
N ´1
1 ÿ
“ δrnse´jkΩo n
N n“0
1
“
N
Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 15/69
 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)

Example
Find the time-domain signal xrns from its DTFS coefficients
shown in the figure in the next slide.

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 16/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)

Example

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 17/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)

Example
Solution:
2π
N “9, , Ωo “
9
4
ÿ
xrns “ XrksejkΩo n
k“´4
2π π π
“ ej 3 e´j3Ωo n ` 2ej 3 e´j2Ωo n ` ejπ ` 2e´j 3 ej2Ωo n
´2π
` ej ej3Ωo n
3
ˆ ˙ ´
2π π¯
“ 2 cos 3Ωo n ´ ` 4 cos 2Ωo n ´ ´1
3 3
ˆ ˙ ˆ ˙
6π 2π 4π π
“ 2 cos n´ ` 4 cos n´ ´1
9 3 9 3
Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 18/69
 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)

Example

xrns is periodic in n with period N “ 10.

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 19/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)

Example
Solution:

L
1 ÿ ´j 2π kn
Xrks “ e N , Let m = n+L
N n“´L
2L
1 ÿ ´j 2π kpm´Lq
“ e N
N m“0
2L
1 j 2π kL ÿ ´j 2π km
“ e N e N
N m“0
2π
1 j 2π kL 1 ´ e´j N kp2L`1q
“ e N 2π
N 1 ´ e´j N k
Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 20/69
 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)

Example
Note that
´ ¯ θ
´ θ θ
¯
1 ´ e´jθ “ e´j 2 ej 2 ´ e´j 2
ˆ ˙
´j θ2 θ
“ 2je sin
2

Hence we can rewrite Xrks as follows

` ˘
1 j p 2π kLq 2je´j p N k 2 q sin 2π
2π 2L`1
2L`1
N k 2
Xrks “ e N ` ˘
2je´j p N k 2 q sin 2π
2π 1
N k 1
N 2

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 21/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)

Example
` ˘
1 j 2π kpL´ 2L`1 ` 1 q sin 2π N k 2L`1
2
Xrks “ e N 2 2 ` ˘
N sin 2π N k2
1
` ˘
1 j 2π kp0q sin 2π N k 2L`1
2
“ e N ` ˘
N sin 2π N k2
1
$1
’
& N p2L ` 1q
’ k “ 0, ˘N, ˘2N, ˘3N, ...
“ ` ˘
’
’ 1 sin 2π N k 2L`1
% ` 2π 21 ˘ Otherwise
N sin N k 2

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 22/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)

Example
For L “ 2 and N “ 10

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 23/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

Dirichlet’s Function or Digital sinc Function

` ˘
sin ωL
DL pωq “ `2 ˘
Lsin ω2

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 24/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

Numerical Computation of DTFS

Both the Synthesis and Analysis equation of the DTFS are

finite summations hence the can be exactly evaluated.
In Matlab: Xrks can be calculated using p1{N qf f tpxrnsq,
where xrns is a vector that starts with xr0s and ends with
xrN ´ 1s.
In Matlab: xrns can be calculated using N if f tpXrksq, where
Xrks is a vector that starts with Xr0s and ends with
XrN ´ 1s.

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 25/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Inversion of DTFT using Partial Fractions
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)

The DTFT is used to represent a discrete-time nonperiodic
signal as a superposition of complex sinusoids.

DT F T ` ˘
xrns ÐÝÝÝÝÝÝÑ X ejΩ

ż
1 ` ˘
xrns “ X ejΩ ejΩn dΩ ð Inverse DTFT
2π 2π

and
8
ÿ
` ˘
X ejΩ “ xrnse´jΩn ð DTFT
n“´8

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 26/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Inversion of DTFT using Partial Fractions
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)

` ˘
X ejΩ is the DTFT of the signal xrns, and it is also known
as the frequency domain representation of the signal xrns.
The infinite sum in the DTFT equation converges if xrns has
finite duration and has finite values.
For the infinite sum in the DTFT equation to achieve
point-wise converge
8
ÿ
|xrns| ă 8
n“´8

and for convergence in the mean-square-error sense

8
ÿ
|xrns|2 ă 8
n“´8

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 27/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Inversion of DTFT using Partial Fractions
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)

Please note that ejΩ is periodic in Ω with period 2π. That is

ejpΩ˘2πˆ integer q “ ejΩ

ñ
´ ¯ 8
ÿ
X ejpΩ`2πq “ xrnse´jpΩ`2πqn
n“´8
ÿ8
“ xrnse´jΩn eloomoon
´j2πn

n“´8 “1
8
ÿ
“ xrnse´jΩn
n“´8
` jΩ ˘
“X e

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 28/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Inversion of DTFT using Partial Fractions
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)

` ˘
That is; X ejΩ is periodic in Ω with period of 2π.
Hence, we can say that The spectrum of discrete-time
nonperiodic signal xrns is periodic in frequency Ω with period
of 2π.
` ˘
Therefore in order to emphasize the periodicity of X ejΩ we
write it as a function of ejΩ not just jΩ.
For continuous-time signal this is NOT the case since e´j2πt
is not equal to unity since t is not always integer.

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 29/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Inversion of DTFT using Partial Fractions
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)

Remember
$
8
ÿ & 1 |r| ă 1
r “ 1´r
n
%
n“0 8 |r| ě 1

and
$
&1 ´ r
N
´1
Nÿ
r‰1
rn “ 1´r
%
n“0 N r“1

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 30/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Inversion of DTFT using Partial Fractions
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)

Example
Find the DTFT of the sequence xrns “ αn urns
Solution:
ÿ8 ÿ8
` ˘
X ejΩ “ xrnse´jΩn “ αn urnse´jΩn
n“´8 n“´8
ÿ8 8
ÿ
n ´jΩn
` ˘2
“ α e “ αe´jΩ
n“0 n“0
1
“ |αe´jΩ | ă 1
1 ´ αe´jΩ
1
“ |α| ă 1
1 ´ αe´jΩ

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 31/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Inversion of DTFT using Partial Fractions
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)

Example
if α is real-valued
` ˘ 1
X ejΩ “ |α| ă 1
1 ´ αpcospΩq ´ jsinpΩqq
1
“ |α| ă 1
1 ´ αcospΩq ` jαsinpΩq
ñ
` ˘ 1
|X ejΩ | “ a |α| ă 1
p1 ´ α cospΩqq2 ` pα sinpΩqq2
1
“a |α| ă 1
α2 ` 1 ´ 2 α cospΩq

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 32/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Inversion of DTFT using Partial Fractions
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)

Example
ˆ ˙
␣ ` ˘( α sinpΩq
arg X ejΩ “ ´atan |α| ă 1
1 ´ α cospΩq
` ˘
Note that X ejΩ is periodic in Ω with period of 2π.

Problem with final answer in page 232 in the textbook.

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 33/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Inversion of DTFT using Partial Fractions
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)

Example

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 34/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Inversion of DTFT using Partial Fractions
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)

Example
#
1 |n| ď M
Find the DTFT of the signal xrns given as xrns “
0 |n| ą M
Solution:
ÿ8 M
ÿ
` ˘
X ejΩ “ xrnse´jΩn “ e´jΩn
n“´8 n“´M
loooooomoooooon
Let m“n`M
2M
ÿ 2M
ÿ
“ e´jΩpm´M q “ ejΩM e´jΩm
m“0 m“0
$ ´jΩp2M `1q
& jΩM 1 ´ e
e Ω ‰ 0, ˘2π, ˘4π, ..
“ 1 ´ e´jΩ
%
2M ` 1 Ω “ 0, ˘2π, ˘4π, ..

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 35/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Inversion of DTFT using Partial Fractions
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)

Example
For Ω ‰ 0, ˘2π, ˘4π, ..

` ˘ 1 ´ e´jΩp2M `1q
X ejΩ “ ejΩM
1 ´ e´jΩ
e ´jΩp2M `1q{2 ejΩp2M `1q{2 ´ e´jΩp2M `1q{2
“ ejΩM
e´jΩ{2 ejΩ{2 ´ e´jΩ{2

` ˘ 2jsinpΩp2M ` 1q{2q
X ejΩ “
2jsinpΩ{2q
sinpΩp2M ` 1q{2q
“
sinpΩ{2q

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 36/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Inversion of DTFT using Partial Fractions
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)

Example
For zero-crossings

Ωp2M ` 1q
“ ˘π, ˘2π, ˘3π, ...,
2
˘2π ˘4π ˘6π
Ω“ , , , ...,
2M ` 1 2M ` 1 2M ` 1
except at Ω “ 0, ˘2π, ˘4π, ...

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 37/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Inversion of DTFT using Partial Fractions
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)

Example

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 38/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Inversion of DTFT using Partial Fractions
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)

Example
#
|Ω| ă W 1
Find the IDTFT of XpejΩ q “
0 W ă |Ω| ă π
Solution:
ż ż
1 ` jΩ ˘ jΩn 1 π ` ˘
xrns “ X e e dΩ “ X ejΩ ejΩn dΩ
2π 2π 2π ´π
żW
1 1 1 jW n
“ ejΩn dΩ “ pe ´ e´jW n q
2π ´W 2π jn
ˆ ˙
1 1 1 W W
“ 2jsinpW nq “ sinpW nq “ sinc n
2π jn πn π π

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 39/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Inversion of DTFT using Partial Fractions
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)

Example
Using L’Hoptial rule at n “ 0
W
xr0s “
π

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 40/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Inversion of DTFT using Partial Fractions
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)

Example

xrns “ δrns
8
ÿ
XpejΩ q “ xrnse´jΩn “ 1
n“´8

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 41/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Inversion of DTFT using Partial Fractions
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)

Example

xrns “ δrn ´ No s
8
ÿ
XpejΩ q “ xrnse´jΩn “ e´jΩNo
n“´8

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 42/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Inversion of DTFT using Partial Fractions
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)

Example
8
ÿ
XpejΩ q “ δpΩ ´ 2πkq
k“´8
żπ
1 1
xrns “ δpΩqejΩn dΩ “
2π ´π 2π

Problems with final answers in the textbook pages 236, 237.

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 43/69
 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Inversion of DTFT using Partial Fractions
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

Inversion of DTFT using Partial Fractions

Example

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 44/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Inversion of DTFT using Partial Fractions
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

Inversion of DTFT using Partial Fractions

Example

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 45/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Inversion of DTFT using Partial Fractions
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

Inversion of DTFT using Partial Fractions

Example

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 46/69

 Linearity
The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
Time and Frequency Shift
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Convolution Property
Properties of the DTFT
Differentiation in Frequency Domain
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations
Parseval’s Relation

Linearity

It can be very easily shown that the DTFT is a linear

transform, that is if we know that

DT F T
xrns ÐÝÝÝÑ XpejΩ q

and that
DT F T
yrns ÐÝÝÝÑ Y pejΩ q
Then

DT F T
zrns “ axrns ` byrns ÐÝÝÝÑ ZpejΩ q “ aXpejΩ q ` bY pejΩ q

where a and b are constants.

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 47/69

 Linearity
The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
Time and Frequency Shift
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Convolution Property
Properties of the DTFT
Differentiation in Frequency Domain
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations
Parseval’s Relation

Time and Frequency Shift

Time Shift:
If we know that
DT F T
xrns ÐÝÝÝÑ XpejΩ q
then
xrn ´ no s ÐÝÝÝÑ e´jΩno XpejΩ q
DT F T

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 48/69

 Linearity
The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
Time and Frequency Shift
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Convolution Property
Properties of the DTFT
Differentiation in Frequency Domain
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations
Parseval’s Relation

Time and Frequency Shift

Example

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 49/69

 Linearity
The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
Time and Frequency Shift
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Convolution Property
Properties of the DTFT
Differentiation in Frequency Domain
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations
Parseval’s Relation

Time and Frequency Shift

Example

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 50/69

 Linearity
The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
Time and Frequency Shift
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Convolution Property
Properties of the DTFT
Differentiation in Frequency Domain
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations
Parseval’s Relation

Time and Frequency Shift

Frequency Shift:
If we know that
DT F T
xrns ÐÝÝÝÑ XpejΩ q
then ´ ¯
jΩo n DT F T jpΩ´Ωo q
e xrns ÐÝÝÝÑ X e

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 51/69

 Linearity
The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
Time and Frequency Shift
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Convolution Property
Properties of the DTFT
Differentiation in Frequency Domain
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations
Parseval’s Relation

Time and Frequency Shift

Example

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 52/69

 Linearity
The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
Time and Frequency Shift
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Convolution Property
Properties of the DTFT
Differentiation in Frequency Domain
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations
Parseval’s Relation

Time and Frequency Shift

Example

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 53/69

 Linearity
The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
Time and Frequency Shift
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Convolution Property
Properties of the DTFT
Differentiation in Frequency Domain
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations
Parseval’s Relation

Convolution Property

If we know that
DT F T
xrns ÐÝÝÝÑ XpejΩ q
and that
DT F T
hrns ÐÝÝÝÑ HpejΩ q
Then

yrns “ xrns ˚ hrns ÐÝÝÝÑ Y pejΩ q “ XpejΩ qHpejΩ q

DT F T

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 54/69

 Linearity
The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
Time and Frequency Shift
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Convolution Property
Properties of the DTFT
Differentiation in Frequency Domain
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations
Parseval’s Relation

Convolution Property

Example

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 55/69

 Linearity
The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
Time and Frequency Shift
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Convolution Property
Properties of the DTFT
Differentiation in Frequency Domain
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations
Parseval’s Relation

Convolution Property

Example

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 56/69

 Linearity
The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
Time and Frequency Shift
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Convolution Property
Properties of the DTFT
Differentiation in Frequency Domain
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations
Parseval’s Relation

Convolution Property

Example

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 57/69

 Linearity
The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
Time and Frequency Shift
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Convolution Property
Properties of the DTFT
Differentiation in Frequency Domain
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations
Parseval’s Relation

Convolution Property

Example

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 58/69

 Linearity
The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
Time and Frequency Shift
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Convolution Property
Properties of the DTFT
Differentiation in Frequency Domain
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations
Parseval’s Relation

Convolution Property

Example

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 59/69

 Linearity
The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
Time and Frequency Shift
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Convolution Property
Properties of the DTFT
Differentiation in Frequency Domain
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations
Parseval’s Relation

Convolution Property

Example

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 60/69

 Linearity
The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
Time and Frequency Shift
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Convolution Property
Properties of the DTFT
Differentiation in Frequency Domain
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations
Parseval’s Relation

Convolution Property

Example
Find the frequency response of the following systems:
1
1
y1 rns “ pxrns ` xrn ´ 1sq
2
2
1
y2 rns “ pxrns ´ xrn ´ 1sq
2

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 61/69

 Linearity
The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
Time and Frequency Shift
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Convolution Property
Properties of the DTFT
Differentiation in Frequency Domain
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations
Parseval’s Relation

Convolution Property

Example
Solution: 1.)

1` ˘
Y1 pejΩ q “ XpejΩ q ` e´jΩ XpejΩ q
2
1 ` ˘
“ XpejΩ q 1 ` e´jΩ
2
1 ´ ¯
“ XpejΩ qe´jΩ{2 ejΩ{2 ` e´jΩ{2
2
“ XpejΩ qe´jΩ{2 cospΩ{2q

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 62/69

 Linearity
The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
Time and Frequency Shift
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Convolution Property
Properties of the DTFT
Differentiation in Frequency Domain
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations
Parseval’s Relation

Convolution Property

Example
Solution: 1.)

Y1 pejΩ q
H1 pejΩ q “
XpejΩ q
“ e´jΩ{2 cospΩ{2q

Please note that we would have achieved the same result if we find
the DTFT of the impulse response
1
h1 rns “ pδrns ` δrn ´ 1sq
2

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 63/69

 Linearity
The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
Time and Frequency Shift
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Convolution Property
Properties of the DTFT
Differentiation in Frequency Domain
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations
Parseval’s Relation

Convolution Property

Example
Solution: 2.)

1` ˘
Y2 pejΩ q “ XpejΩ q ´ e´jΩ XpejΩ q
2
1 ` ˘
“ XpejΩ q 1 ´ e´jΩ
2
1 ´ ¯
“ XpejΩ qe´jΩ{2 ejΩ{2 ´ e´jΩ{2
2
“ jXpejΩ qe´jΩ{2 sinpΩ{2q

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 64/69

 Linearity
The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
Time and Frequency Shift
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Convolution Property
Properties of the DTFT
Differentiation in Frequency Domain
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations
Parseval’s Relation

Convolution Property

Example
Solution: 2.)

Y2 pejΩ q
H2 pejΩ q “
XpejΩ q
“ je´jΩ{2 sinpΩ{2q

Please note that we would have achieved the same result if we find
the DTFT of the impulse response
1
h2 rns “ pδrns ´ δrn ´ 1sq
2

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 65/69

 Linearity
The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
Time and Frequency Shift
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Convolution Property
Properties of the DTFT
Differentiation in Frequency Domain
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations
Parseval’s Relation

Convolution Property

Example

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 66/69

 Linearity
The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
Time and Frequency Shift
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Convolution Property
Properties of the DTFT
Differentiation in Frequency Domain
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations
Parseval’s Relation

Differentiation in Frequency Domain

DT F T d
´jnxrns ÐÝÝÝÑ XpejΩ q
dΩ
Example

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 67/69

 Linearity
The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
Time and Frequency Shift
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Convolution Property
Properties of the DTFT
Differentiation in Frequency Domain
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations
Parseval’s Relation

Parseval’s Relation

If xrns has a finite energy

8
ÿ ż
1 ˇ ` jω ˘ˇ2
Ex “ |xrns| “ 2 ˇX e ˇ dω
n“´8
2π 2π

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 68/69

 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Properties of the DTFT
Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

Summary of the Four Fourier Representations

Michael Ibrahim ECE 251: Signals & Systems Fundamentals 69/69