MediaWiki

MediaWiki is free and open-source wiki software originally developed by

Magnus Manske for use on Wikipedia on January 25, 2002, and further
improved by Lee Daniel Crocker,[5][6] after which development has been
coordinated by the Wikimedia Foundation. It powers several wiki hosting
websites across the Internet, as well as most websites hosted by the
Wikimedia Foundation including Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikimedia
Commons, Wikiquote, Meta-Wiki and Wikidata, which define a large part
of the set requirements for the software.[7] Besides its usage on Wikimedia
sites, MediaWiki has been used as a knowledge management and content
management system on websites such as Fandom, wikiHow and major
internal installations like Intellipedia and Diplopedia.

MediaWiki

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 Screenshot [show]

Original author(s) Magnus

Manske
Lee Daniel
Crocker

Developer(s) Wikimedia
Foundation

Initial release January 25,

2002

Stable release 1.43.0[1] / 21

December 2024

Repository gerrit.wikimedia

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 Repository gerrit.wikimedia
.org/g/mediawiki
/core/ (https://ge
rrit.wikimedia.or
g/g/mediawiki/c
ore/)

Written in PHP[2]

Operating system Windows,

macOS, Linux,
FreeBSD,
OpenBSD,
Solaris

Size 79.05 MiB

(compressed)

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 Available in 459[3]
languages

Type Wiki software

License GPLv2+[4]

Website mediawiki.org (h
ttps://mediawiki.
org)

MediaWiki is written in the PHP programming language and stores all text
content into a database. The software is optimized to efficiently handle
large projects, which can have terabytes of content and hundreds of
thousands of views per second.[7][8] Because Wikipedia is one of the
world's largest and most visited websites, achieving scalability through
multiple layers of caching and database replication has been a major
concern for developers. Another major aspect of MediaWiki is its
internationalization; its interface is available in more than 400 languages.
[9]
The software has hundreds of configuration settings[10] and more than
1,000 extensions available for enabling various features to be added or
changed.[11]

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 Key features
MediaWiki provides a rich core feature set and a mechanism to attach
extensions to provide additional functionality.

Internationalization and
localisation

28:34

Niklas Laxström explains the features that allowed translatewiki.net to

provide MediaWiki with more than 400 locales.

Due to the strong emphasis on multilingualism in the Wikimedia projects,

internationalization and localization has received significant attention by

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 developers. The user interface has been fully or partially translated into
more than 400 languages on translatewiki.net,[9] and can be further
customized by site administrators (the entire interface is editable through
the wiki).

Several extensions, most notably those collected in the MediaWiki

Language Extension Bundle, are designed to further enhance the
multilingualism and internationalization of MediaWiki.

Installation and
configuration
Installation of MediaWiki requires that the user have administrative
privileges on a server running both PHP and a compatible type of SQL
database. Some users find that setting up a virtual host is helpful if the
majority of one's site runs under a framework (such as Zope or Ruby on
Rails) that is largely incompatible with MediaWiki.[12] Cloud hosting can
eliminate the need to deploy a new server.[13]

An installation PHP script is accessed via a web browser to initialize the

wiki's settings. It prompts the user for a minimal set of required
parameters, leaving further changes, such as enabling uploads,[14] adding
a site logo,[15] and installing extensions, to be made by modifying
configuration settings contained in a file called LocalSettings.php .[16]
Some aspects of MediaWiki can be configured through special pages or by
editing certain pages; for instance, abuse filters can be configured through
a special page,[17] and certain gadgets can be added by creating

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 JavaScript pages in the MediaWiki namespace.[18] The MediaWiki
community publishes a comprehensive installation guide.[19]

Markup
One of the earliest differences between MediaWiki (and its predecessor,
UseModWiki) and other wiki engines was the use of "free links" instead of
CamelCase. When MediaWiki was created, it was typical for wikis to
require text like "WorldWideWeb" to create a link to a page about the
World Wide Web; links in MediaWiki, on the other hand, are created by
surrounding words with double square brackets, and any spaces between
them are left intact, e.g. [[World Wide Web]] . This change was logical
for the purpose of creating an encyclopedia, where accuracy in titles is
important.

MediaWiki uses an extensible[20] lightweight wiki markup designed to be

easier to use and learn than HTML. Tools exist for converting content such
as tables between MediaWiki markup and HTML.[21] Efforts have been
made to create a MediaWiki markup spec, but a consensus seems to have
been reached that Wikicode requires context-sensitive grammar rules.[22]
[23]
The following side-by-side comparison illustrates the differences
between wiki markup and HTML:

Rendered
MediaWiki syntax
HTML equivalent output
(the "behind the
(another type of "behind the (seen
scenes" code
scenes" code onscreen
used to add
used to add formatting to text) by a site

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 formatting to text) viewer)

====A <h4>A dialogue</h4> A dialogue

dialogue====
"Take some <p>"Take some more <a "Take some
more href="/wiki/Tea" more tea,"
[[tea]]," title="Tea">tea</a>," the March
the March the March Hare said Hare said to
Hare said to to Alice, very
Alice, very
Alice, very earnestly.</p> <br>
earnestly. <p>"I've had nothing earnestly.
yet," Alice replied
"I've had in an offended tone: "I've had
nothing "so I can't take nothing
yet," Alice more."</p> <br> yet," Alice
replied in <p>"You mean you replied in an
an offended can't take
offended
tone: "so I <i>less</i>," said
can't take the Hatter: "it's tone: "so I
more." <b>very</b> easy to can't take
take <i>more</i> than more."
"You mean nothing."</p>
you can't "You mean
take you can't
''less'',"
take less,"
said the
Hatter: said the
"it's Hatter: "it's
'''very''' very easy
easy to take to take
''more''
more than
than
nothing." nothing."

(Quotation above from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll)

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 Editing interface

Editing interface of MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4

with syntax highlighting, showing the edit
toolbar of 2017 wikitext editor and some
examples of wiki syntax

MediaWiki's default page-editing tools have been described as somewhat

challenging to learn.[24] A survey of students assigned to use a MediaWiki-
based wiki found that when they were asked an open question about main
problems with the wiki, 24% cited technical problems with formatting, e.g.
"Couldn't figure out how to get an image in. Can't figure out how to show a
link with words; it inserts a number."[25]

To make editing long pages easier, MediaWiki allows the editing of a

subsection of a page (as identified by its header). A registered user can
also indicate whether or not an edit is minor. Correcting spelling, grammar
or punctuation are examples of minor edits, whereas adding paragraphs of
new text is an example of a non-minor edit.

Sometimes while one user is editing, a second user saves an edit to the

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 same part of the page. Then, when the first user attempts to save the
page, an edit conflict occurs. The second user is then given an opportunity
to merge their content into the page as it now exists following the first
user's page save.

MediaWiki's user interface has been localized in many different languages.

A language for the wiki content itself can also be set, to be sent in the
"Content-Language" HTTP header and "lang" HTML attribute.

VisualEditor has its own integrated wikitext editing interface known as

2017 wikitext editor, the older editing interface is known as 2010 wikitext
editor.

Application programming
interface
MediaWiki has an extensible web API (application programming interface)
that provides direct, high-level access to the data contained in the
MediaWiki databases. Client programs can use the API to log in, get data,
and post changes. The API supports thin web-based JavaScript clients
and end-user applications (such as vandal-fighting tools). The API can be
accessed by the backend of another web site.[26] An extensive Python bot
library, Pywikibot,[27] and a popular semi-automated tool called
AutoWikiBrowser, also interface with the API.[28] The API is accessed via
URLs such as https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?
action=query&list=recentchanges . In this case, the query would be
asking Wikipedia for information relating to the last 10 edits to the site.

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 One of the perceived advantages of the API is its language independence;
it listens for HTTP connections from clients and can send a response in a
variety of formats, such as XML, serialized PHP, or JSON.[29] Client code
has been developed to provide layers of abstraction to the API.[30]

Tracking edits
Among the features of MediaWiki to assist in tracking edits is a Recent
Changes feature that provides a list of recent edits to the wiki. This list
contains basic information about those edits such as the editing user, the
edit summary, the page edited, as well as any tags (e.g. "possible
vandalism")[31] added by customizable abuse filters and other extensions
to aid in combating unhelpful edits.[32] On more active wikis, so many edits
occur that it is hard to track Recent Changes manually. Anti-vandal
software, including user-assisted tools,[33] is sometimes employed on
such wikis to process Recent Changes items. Server load can be reduced
by sending a continuous feed of Recent Changes to an IRC channel that
these tools can monitor, eliminating their need to send requests for a
refreshed Recent Changes feed to the API.[34][35]

Another important tool is watchlisting. Each logged-in user has a watchlist

to which the user can add whatever pages he or she wishes. When an edit
is made to one of those pages, a summary of that edit appears on the
watchlist the next time it is refreshed.[36] As with the recent changes page,
recent edits that appear on the watchlist contain clickable links for easy
review of the article history and specific changes made.

There is also the capability to review all edits made by any particular user.
In this way, if an edit is identified as problematic, it is possible to check the

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 user's other edits for issues.

MediaWiki allows one to link to specific versions of articles. This has been
useful to the scientific community, in that expert peer reviewers could
analyse articles, improve them and provide links to the trusted version of
that article.[37]

Navigation

Wikilinks
Navigation through the wiki is largely through internal wikilinks.
MediaWiki's wikilinks implement page existence detection, in which a link
is colored blue if the target page exists on the local wiki and red if it does
not. If a user clicks on a red link, they are prompted to create an article
with that title. Page existence detection makes it practical for users to
create "wikified" articles—that is, articles containing links to other
pertinent subjects—without those other articles being yet in existence.

Interwiki links
Interwiki links function much the same way as namespaces. A set of
interwiki prefixes can be configured to cause, for instance, a page title of
wikiquote:Jimbo Wales to direct the user to the Jimbo Wales article
on Wikiquote.[38] Unlike internal wikilinks, interwiki links lack page

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 existence detection functionality, and accordingly there is no way to tell
whether a blue interwiki link is broken or not.

Interlanguage links

An example of interlanguage links

Interlanguage links are the small navigation links that show up in the
sidebar in most MediaWiki skins that connect an article with related
articles in other languages within the same Wiki family. This can provide
language-specific communities connected by a larger context, with all
wikis on the same server or each on its own server.[39]

Previously, Wikipedia used interlanguage links to link an article to other

articles on the same topic in other editions of Wikipedia. This was
superseded by the launch of Wikidata.[40]

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 Content organization

Page tabs and associated

pages

MediaWiki page tabs, using the "Vector 2010" skin. The red coloration
of the "discussion" tab indicates that the article does not yet have a
talk page. As with any other red wikilink, clicking on it prompts the
user to create the page.

Page tabs are displayed at the top of pages. These tabs allow users to
perform actions or view pages that are related to the current page. The
available default actions include viewing, editing, and discussing the
current page. The specific tabs displayed depend on whether the user is
logged into the wiki and whether the user has sysop privileges on the wiki.
For instance, the ability to move a page or add it to one's watchlist is
usually restricted to logged-in users. The site administrator can add or
remove tabs by using JavaScript or installing extensions.[41]

Each page has an associated history page from which the user can access
every version of the page that has ever existed and generate diffs between
two versions of his choice. Users' contributions are displayed not only
here, but also via a "user contributions" option on a sidebar. In a 2004
article, Carl Challborn and Teresa Reimann noted that "While this feature
may be a slight deviation from the collaborative, 'ego-less' spirit of wiki

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 purists, it can be very useful for educators who need to assess the
contribution and participation of individual student users."[42]

Namespaces
MediaWiki provides many features beyond hyperlinks for structuring
content. One of the earliest such features is namespaces. One of
Wikipedia's earliest problems had been the separation of encyclopedic
content from pages pertaining to maintenance and communal discussion,
as well as personal pages about encyclopedia editors. Namespaces are
prefixes before a page title (such as " User: " or " Talk: ") that serve as
descriptors for the page's purpose and allow multiple pages with different
functions to exist under the same title. For instance, a page titled " [[The
Terminator]] ", in the default namespace, could describe the 1984
movie starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, while a page titled " [[User:The
Terminator]] " could be a profile describing a user who chooses this
name as a pseudonym. More commonly, each namespace has an
associated " Talk: " namespace, which can be used to discuss its
contents, such as " User talk: " or " Template talk: ". The purpose
of having discussion pages is to allow content to be separated from
discussion surrounding the content.[43][44]

Namespaces can be viewed as folders that separate different basic types

of information or functionality. Custom namespaces can be added by the
site administrators. There are 16 namespaces by default for content, with
2 "pseudo-namespaces" used for dynamically generated " Special: "
pages and links to media files. Each namespace on MediaWiki is
numbered: content page namespaces have even numbers and their
associated talk page namespaces have odd numbers.[45]

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 Category tags
Users can create new categories and add pages and files to those
categories by appending one or more category tags to the content text.
Adding these tags creates links at the bottom of the page that take the
reader to the list of all pages in that category, making it easy to browse
related articles.[46] The use of categorization to organize content has been
described as a combination of:

Collaborative tagging systems

like del.icio.us and
Hierarchical classifications like
the Dewey Decimal
Classification.[47]
Subpages
In addition to namespaces, content can be ordered using subpages. This
simple feature provides automatic breadcrumbs of the pattern [[Page
title/Subpage title]] from the page after the slash (in this case,
"Subpage title") to the page before the slash (in this case, "Page title").

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 Customization

Users can configure custom

JavaScript that is executed on every
pageview. This has led to JavaScript
tools that users can "install", the
"navigation popups" tool shown here
displays a small preview of an article
when hovering over a link title.

If the feature is enabled, users can customize their stylesheets and

configure client-side JavaScript to be executed with every pageview. On
Wikipedia, this has led to a large number of additional tools and helpers
developed through the wiki and shared among users. For instance,
navigation popups is a custom JavaScript tool that shows previews of
articles when the user hovers over links and also provides shortcuts for
common maintenance tasks.[48]

A screenshot of a wiki using

MediaWiki with a customized skin

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 The entire MediaWiki user interface can be edited through the wiki itself by
users with the necessary permissions (typically called "administrators").
This is done through a special namespace with the prefix "MediaWiki:",
where each page title identifies a particular user interface message. Using
an extension,[49] it is also possible for a user to create personal scripts,
and to choose whether certain sitewide scripts should apply to them by
toggling the appropriate options in the user preferences page.

Templates
The "MediaWiki:" namespace was originally also used for creating custom
text blocks that could then be dynamically loaded into other pages using a
special syntax. This content was later moved into its own namespace,
"Template:".

Templates are text blocks that can be dynamically loaded inside another
page whenever that page is requested. The template is a special link in
double curly brackets (for example " {{Disputed|date=October
2018}} "), which calls the template (in this case located at
Template:Disputed) to load in place of the template call.

Templates are structured documents containing attribute–value pairs.

They are defined with parameters, to which are assigned values when
transcluded on an article page. The name of the parameter is delimited
from the value by an equals sign. A class of templates known as infoboxes
is used on Wikipedia to collect and present a subset of information about
its subject, usually on the top (mobile view) or top right-hand corner
(desktop view) of the document.

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 A related method, called template substitution (called by adding subst:
at the beginning of a template link) inserts the contents of the template
into the target page (like a copy and paste operation), instead of loading
the template contents dynamically whenever the page is loaded. This can
lead to inconsistency when using templates, but may be useful in certain
cases, and in most cases requires fewer server resources (the actual
amount of savings can vary depending on wiki configuration and the
complexity of the template).

Templates have found many different uses. Templates enable users to

create complex table layouts that are used consistently across multiple
pages, and where only the content of the tables gets inserted using
template parameters. Templates are frequently used to identify problems
with a Wikipedia article by putting a template in the article. This template
then outputs a graphical box stating that the article content is disputed or
in need of some other attention, and also categorize it so that articles of
this nature can be located. Templates are also used on user pages to send
users standard messages welcoming them to the site,[50] giving them
awards for outstanding contributions,[51][52] warning them when their
behavior is considered inappropriate,[53] notifying them when they are
blocked from editing,[54] and so on.

Groups and restriction of

access
MediaWiki offers flexibility in creating and defining user groups. For
instance, it would be possible to create an arbitrary "ninja" group that can

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 block users and delete pages, and whose edits are hidden by default in the
recent changes log. It is also possible to set up a group of
"autoconfirmed" users that one becomes a member of after making a
certain number of edits and waiting a certain number of days.[55] Some
groups that are enabled by default are bureaucrats and sysops.
Bureaucrats have the power to change other users' rights. Sysops have
power over page protection and deletion and the blocking of users from
editing. MediaWiki's available controls on editing rights have been deemed
sufficient for publishing and maintaining important documents such as a
manual of standard operating procedures in a hospital.[56]

MediaWiki comes with a basic set of features related to restricting access,

but its original and ongoing design is driven by functions that largely relate
to content, not content segregation. As a result, with minimal exceptions
(related to specific tools and their related "Special" pages), page access
control has never been a high priority in core development and developers
have stated that users requiring secure user access and authorization
controls should not rely on MediaWiki, since it was never designed for
these kinds of situations. For instance, it is extremely difficult to create a
wiki where only certain users can read and access some pages.[57] Here,
wiki engines like Foswiki, MoinMoin and Confluence provide more flexibility
by supporting advanced security mechanisms like access control lists.

Extensibility
The MediaWiki codebase contains various hooks using callback functions
to add additional PHP code in an extensible way. This allows developers to
write extensions without necessarily needing to modify the core or having

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 to submit their code for review. Installing an extension typically consists of
adding a line to the configuration file, though in some cases additional
changes such as database updates or core patches are required.

Five main extension points were created to allow developers to add

features and functionalities to MediaWiki. Hooks are run every time a
certain event happens; for instance, the ArticleSaveComplete hook
occurs after a save article request has been processed.[58] This can be
used, for example, by an extension that notifies selected users whenever a
page edit occurs on the wiki from new or anonymous users.[59] New tags
can be created to process data with opening and closing tags
( <newtag>...</newtag> ).[60] Parser functions can be used to create a
new command ( {{#if:...|...|...}} ).[61] New special pages can be
created to perform a specific function. These pages are dynamically
generated. For example, a special page might show all pages that have
one or more links to an external site or it might create a form providing
user submitted feedback.[62] Skins allow users to customize the look and
feel of MediaWiki.[63] A minor extension point allows the use of Amazon S3
to host image files.[64]

Extensions

Text manipulation

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 Tim Starling in 2008

Among the most popular extensions is a parser function extension,

ParserFunctions, which allows different content to be rendered based on
the result of conditional statements.[65] These conditional statements can
perform functions such as evaluating whether a parameter is empty,
comparing strings, evaluating mathematical expressions, and returning
one of two values depending on whether a page exists. It was designed as
a replacement for a notoriously inefficient template called {{Qif}}.[66]
Schindler recounts the history of the ParserFunctions extension as follows:
[67]

In 2006 some Wikipedians discovered that through an intricate

and complicated interplay of templating features and CSS they
could create conditional wiki text, i.e. text that was displayed if a
template parameter had a specific value. This included repeated
calls of templates within templates, which bogged down the
performance of the whole system. The developers faced the choice
of either disallowing the spreading of an obviously desired
feature by detecting such usage and explicitly disallowing it
within the software or offering an efficient alternative. The latter
was done by Tim Starling, who announced the introduction of
parser functions, wiki text that calls functions implemented in the
underlying software. At first, only conditional text and the
computation of simple mathematical expressions were

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 implemented, but this already increased the possibilities for wiki
editors enormously. With time further parser functions were
introduced, finally leading to a framework that allowed the
simple writing of extension functions to add arbitrary
functionalities, like e.g. geo-coding services or widgets. This time
the developers were clearly reacting to the demand of the
community, being forced either to fight the solution of the issue
that the community had (i.e. conditional text), or offer an
improved technical implementation to replace the previous
practice and achieve an overall better performance.

Another parser functions extension, StringFunctions, was developed to

allow evaluation of string length, string position, and so on. Wikimedia
communities, having created awkward workarounds to accomplish the
same functionality,[68] clamored for it to be enabled on their projects.[69]
Much of its functionality was eventually integrated into the
ParserFunctions extension,[70] albeit disabled by default and accompanied
by a warning from Tim Starling that enabling string functions would allow
users "to implement their own parsers in the ugliest, most inefficient
programming language known to man: MediaWiki wikitext with
ParserFunctions."[71]

Since 2012 an extension, Scribunto, has existed that allows for the creation
of "modules"—wiki pages written in the scripting language Lua—which can
then be run within templates and standard wiki pages. Scribunto has been
installed on Wikipedia and other Wikimedia sites since 2013 and is used
heavily on those sites. Scribunto code runs significantly faster than
corresponding wikitext code using ParserFunctions.[72]

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 For footnotes and
academic-related display
Another very popular extension is a citation extension that enables
footnotes to be added to pages using inline references.[73] This extension
has, however, been criticized for being difficult to use and requiring the
user to memorize complex syntax. A gadget called RefToolbar attempts to
make it easier to create citations using common templates. MediaWiki has
some extensions that are well-suited for academia, such as mathematics
extensions[74] and an extension that allows molecules to be rendered in
3D.[75]

Integration
A generic Widgets extension exists that allows MediaWiki to integrate with
virtually anything. Other examples of extensions that could improve a wiki
are category suggestion extensions[76] and extensions for inclusion of
Flash Videos,[77] YouTube videos,[78] and RSS feeds.[79] Metavid, a site
that archives video footage of the U.S. Senate and House floor
proceedings, was created using code extending MediaWiki into the domain
of collaborative video authoring.[80]

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 Combating linkspam
There are many spambots that search the web for MediaWiki installations
and add linkspam to them, despite the fact that MediaWiki uses the
nofollow attribute to discourage such attempts at search engine
optimization.[81] Part of the problem is that third party republishers, such
as mirrors, may not independently implement the nofollow tag on their
websites, so marketers can still get PageRank benefit by inserting links
into pages when those entries appear on third party websites.[82] Anti-
spam extensions have been developed to combat the problem by
introducing CAPTCHAs,[83] blacklisting certain URLs,[84] and allowing bulk
deletion of pages recently added by a particular user.[85]

Searches and queries

A search box showing a drop-down

list

MediaWiki comes pre-installed with a standard text-based search.

Extensions exist to let MediaWiki use more sophisticated third-party
search engines, including Elasticsearch (which since 2014 has been in use
on Wikipedia), Lucene[86] and Sphinx.[87]

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 Various MediaWiki extensions have also been created to allow for more
complex, faceted search, on both data entered within the wiki and on
metadata such as pages' revision history.[88][89] Semantic MediaWiki is
one such extension.[90][91]

Rich content

Images can be arranged in galleries, a

feature that is used extensively for
Wikimedia's media archive, Wikimedia
Commons.

Various extensions to MediaWiki support rich content generated through

specialized syntax. These include mathematical formulas using LaTeX,
graphical timelines over mathematical plotting, musical scores and
Egyptian hieroglyphs.

The software supports a wide variety of uploaded media files, and allows
image galleries and thumbnails to be generated with relative ease. There is
also support for Exif metadata. MediaWiki operates the Wikimedia

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 Commons, one of the largest free content media archives.

For WYSIWYG editing, VisualEditor is available to use in MediaWiki which

simplifying editing process for editors and has been bundled since
MediaWiki 1.35.[92] Other extensions exist for handling WYSIWYG editing
to different degrees.[93]

Database

A schematic of the MediaWiki

database structure

MediaWiki can use either the MySQL/MariaDB, PostgreSQL or SQLite

relational database management system. Support for Oracle Database and
Microsoft SQL Server has been dropped since MediaWiki 1.34.[94] A
MediaWiki database contains several dozen tables, including a page
table that contains page titles, page ids, and other metadata;[95] and a
revision table to which is added a new row every time an edit is made,
containing the page id, a brief textual summary of the change performed,

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 the user name of the article editor (or its IP address the case of an
unregistered user) and a timestamp.[96][97]

In a 4½ year period prior to 2008, the MediaWiki database had 170 schema
versions.[98] Possibly the largest schema change was done in 2005 with
MediaWiki 1.5, when the storage of metadata was separated from that of
content, to improve performance flexibility. When this upgrade was applied
to Wikipedia, the site was locked for editing, and the schema was
converted to the new version in about 22 hours. Some software
enhancement proposals, such as a proposal to allow sections of articles to
be watched via watchlist, have been rejected because the necessary
schema changes would have required excessive Wikipedia downtime.[99]

Performance and
storage
Because it is used to run one of the highest-traffic sites on the Web,
Wikipedia, MediaWiki's performance and scalability have been highly
optimized.[100] MediaWiki supports Squid, load-balanced database
replication, client-side caching, memcached or table-based caching for
frequently accessed processing of query results, a simple static file cache,
feature-reduced operation, revision compression, and a job queue for
database operations. MediaWiki developers have attempted to optimize
the software by avoiding expensive algorithms, database queries, etc.,
caching every result that is expensive and has temporal locality of
reference, and focusing on the hot spots in the code through profiling.[101]

MediaWiki code is designed to allow for data to be written to a read-write

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 database and read from read-only databases, although the read-write
database can be used for some read operations if the read-only databases
are not yet up to date. Metadata, such as article revision history, article
relations (links, categories etc.), user accounts and settings can be stored
in core databases and cached; the actual revision text, being more rarely
used, can be stored as append-only blobs in external storage. The
software is suitable for the operation of large-scale wiki farms such as
Wikimedia, which had about 800 wikis as of August 2011. However,
MediaWiki comes with no built-in GUI to manage such installations.

Empirical evidence shows most revisions in MediaWiki databases tend to

differ only slightly from previous revisions. Therefore, subsequent
revisions of an article can be concatenated and then compressed,
achieving very high data compression ratios of up to 100x.[101]

For more information on the architecture, such as how it stores wikitext

and assembles a page, see External links.

Limitations
The parser serves as the de facto standard for the MediaWiki syntax, as no
formal syntax has been defined. Due to this lack of a formal definition, it
has been difficult to create WYSIWYG editors for MediaWiki, although
several WYSIWYG extensions do exist, including the popular VisualEditor.

MediaWiki is not designed to be a suitable replacement for dedicated

online forum or blogging software,[102] although extensions do exist to
allow for both of these.[103][104]

It is common for new MediaWiki users to make certain mistakes, such as

forgetting to sign posts with four tildes (~~~~),[105] or manually entering a

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 plaintext signature,[106] due to unfamiliarity with the idiosyncratic
particulars involved in communication on MediaWiki discussion pages. On
the other hand, the format of these discussion pages has been cited as a
strength by one educator, who stated that it provides more fine-grain
capabilities for discussion than traditional threaded discussion forums. For
example, instead of 'replying' to an entire message, the participant in a
discussion can create a hyperlink to a new wiki page on any word from the
original page. Discussions are easier to follow since the content is
available via hyperlinked wiki page, rather than a series of reply messages
on a traditional threaded discussion forum. However, except in few cases,
students were not using this capability, possibly because of their familiarity
with the traditional linear discussion style and a lack of guidance on how to
make the content more 'link-rich'.[107]

MediaWiki by default has little support for the creation of dynamically

assembled documents, or pages that aggregate data from other pages.
Some research has been done on enabling such features directly within
MediaWiki.[108] The Semantic MediaWiki extension provides these
features. It is not in use on Wikipedia, but in more than 1,600 other
MediaWiki installations.[109] The Wikibase Repository and Wikibase
Repository client are however implemented in Wikidata and Wikipedia
respectively, and to some extent provides semantic web features, and
linking of centrally stored data to infoboxes in various Wikipedia articles.

Upgrading MediaWiki is usually fully automated, requiring no changes to

the site content or template programming. Historically troubles have been
encountered when upgrading from significantly older versions.[110]

Security

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 MediaWiki developers have enacted security standards, both for core code
and extensions.[111] SQL queries and HTML output are usually done
through wrapper functions that handle validation, escaping, filtering for
prevention of cross-site scripting and SQL injection.[112] Many security
issues have had to be patched after a MediaWiki version release,[113] and
accordingly MediaWiki.org states, "The most important security step you
can take is to keep your software up to date" by subscribing to the
announcement mailing list and installing security updates that are
announced.[114]

Support
Support for MediaWiki users consists of:

MediaWiki.org, including the

Support Desk.
An official mailing list,
Mediawiki-l.
Several books have been
written about MediaWiki

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 administration,[115] including
some free online books.[116]
[117]

License
MediaWiki is free and open-source and is distributed under the terms of
the GNU General Public License version 2 or any later version. Its
documentation, located at its official website at www.mediawiki.org, is
released under the Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 license, with a set of
help pages intended to be freely copied into fresh wiki installations and/or
distributed with MediaWiki software is public domain in the public domain
instead to eliminate legal issues for wikis with other licenses.[118][119]
MediaWiki's development has generally favored the use of open-source
media formats.[120]

Development
MediaWiki has an active volunteer community for development and
maintenance. MediaWiki developers are spread around the world, though
with a majority in the United States and Europe. Face-to-face meetings
and programming sessions for MediaWiki developers have been held once

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 or several times a year since 2004.[121]

Anyone can submit patches to the project's Git/Gerrit repository.[122]

There are also paid programmers who primarily develop projects for the
Wikimedia Foundation. MediaWiki developers participate in the Google
Summer of Code by facilitating the assignment of mentors to students
wishing to work on MediaWiki core and extension projects.[123] During the
year prior to November 2012, there were about two hundred developers
who had committed changes to the MediaWiki core or extensions.[124]
Major MediaWiki releases are generated approximately every six months
by taking snapshots of the development branch, which is kept
continuously in a runnable state;[125] minor releases, or point releases, are
issued as needed to correct bugs (especially security problems).
MediaWiki is developed on a continuous integration development model, in
which software changes are pushed live to Wikimedia sites on regular
basis.[125] MediaWiki also has a public bug tracker,
phabricator.wikimedia.org, which runs Phabricator. The site is also used
for feature and enhancement requests.

History

Magnus Manske in 2012

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 When Wikipedia was launched in January 2001, it ran on an existing wiki
software system, UseModWiki. UseModWiki is written in the Perl
programming language, and stores all wiki pages in text (.txt) files. This
software soon proved to be limiting, in both functionality and performance.
In mid-2001, Magnus Manske—a developer and student at the University
of Cologne, as well as a Wikipedia editor—began working on new software
that would replace UseModWiki, specifically designed for use by
Wikipedia. This software was written in the PHP scripting language, and
stored all of its information in a MySQL database. The new software was
largely developed by August 24, 2001, and a test wiki for it was
established shortly thereafter.

The first full implementation of this software was the new Meta Wikipedia
on November 9, 2001. There was a desire to have it implemented
immediately on the English-language Wikipedia.[126] However, Manske was
apprehensive about any potential bugs harming the nascent website
during the period of the final exams he had to complete immediately prior
to Christmas;[127] this led to the launch on the English-language Wikipedia
being delayed until January 25, 2002. The software was then, gradually,
deployed on all the Wikipedia language sites of that time. This software
was referred to as "the PHP script" and as "phase II", with the name
"phase I", retroactively given to the use of UseModWiki.

Increasing usage soon caused load problems to arise again, and soon
after, another rewrite of the software began; this time being done by Lee
Daniel Crocker, which became known as "phase III". This new software
was also written in PHP, with a MySQL backend, and kept the basic
interface of the phase II software, but with the added functionality of a
wider scalability. The "phase III" software went live on Wikipedia in July
2002.

The Wikimedia Foundation was announced on June 20, 2003. In July,

Wikipedia contributor Daniel Mayer suggested the name "MediaWiki" for

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 the software, as a play on "Wikimedia".[128] The MediaWiki name was
gradually phased in, beginning in August 2003. The name has frequently
caused confusion due to its (intentional) similarity to the "Wikimedia"
name (which itself is similar to "Wikipedia").[129]

MediaWiki logo until April 1,

2021

The old product logo was created by Erik Möller, using a flower
photograph taken by Florence Nibart-Devouard, and was originally
submitted to the logo contest for a new Wikipedia logo, held from July 20
to August 27, 2003.[130][131] The logo came in third place, and was chosen
to represent MediaWiki rather than Wikipedia, with the second place logo
being used for the Wikimedia Foundation.[132] The double square brackets
([[ ]]) symbolize the syntax MediaWiki uses for creating hyperlinks to other
wiki pages; while the sunflower represents the diversity of content on
Wikipedia, its constant growth, and the wilderness.[133]

Later, Brooke Vibber, the chief technical officer of the Wikimedia

Foundation,[134] took up the role of release manager.[135][100]

Major milestones in MediaWiki's development have included: the

categorization system (2004); parser functions, (2006); Flagged
Revisions, (2008);[67] the "ResourceLoader", a delivery system for CSS
and JavaScript (2011);[136] and the VisualEditor, a "what you see is what
you get" (WYSIWYG) editing platform (2013).[137]

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 The contest of designing a new logo was initiated on June 22, 2020, as the
old logo was a bitmap image and had "high details", leading to problems
when rendering at high and low resolutions, respectively. After two rounds
of voting, the new and current MediaWiki logo designed by Serhio Magpie
was selected on October 24, 2020, and officially adopted on April 1, 2021.
[138]

Version history
The first version of MediaWiki, 1.1, was released in December 2003.

Sites using MediaWiki

Fandom also makes use of MediaWiki.

MediaWiki's most famous use has been in Wikipedia and, to a lesser

degree, the Wikimedia Foundation's other projects. Fandom, a wiki hosting
service formerly known as Wikia, runs on MediaWiki. Other public wikis

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 that run on MediaWiki include wikiHow and SNPedia. WikiLeaks began as a
MediaWiki-based site, but is no longer a wiki.

A number of alternative wiki encyclopedias to Wikipedia run on MediaWiki,

including Citizendium, Metapedia, Scholarpedia and Conservapedia.
MediaWiki is also used internally by a large number of companies,
including Novell and Intel.[139][140]

Notable usages of MediaWiki within governments include Intellipedia, used

by the United States Intelligence Community, Diplopedia, used by the
United States Department of State, and milWiki, a part of milSuite used by
the United States Department of Defense. United Nations agencies such
as the United Nations Development Programme and INSTRAW chose to
implement their wikis using MediaWiki, because "this software runs
Wikipedia and is therefore guaranteed to be thoroughly tested, will
continue to be developed well into the future, and future technicians on
these wikis will be more likely to have exposure to MediaWiki than any
other wiki software."[141]

The Free Software Foundation uses MediaWiki to implement the

LibrePlanet site.[142]

Comparison to other
online collaboration
software
Users of online collaboration software are familiar with MediaWiki's

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 functions and layout due to its noted use on Wikipedia. A 2006 overview of
social software in academia observed that "Compared to other wikis,
MediaWiki is also fairly aesthetically pleasing, though simple, and has an
easily customized side menu and stylesheet."[143] However, in one
assessment in 2006, Confluence was deemed to be a superior product
due to its very usable API and ability to better support multiple wikis.[75]

A 2009 study at the University of Hong Kong compared TWiki to

MediaWiki. The authors noted that TWiki has been considered as a
collaborative tool for the development of educational papers and technical
projects, whereas MediaWiki's most noted use is on Wikipedia. Although
both platforms allow discussion and tracking of progress, TWiki has a
"Report" part that MediaWiki lacks. Students perceived MediaWiki as
being easier to use and more enjoyable than TWiki. When asked whether
they recommended using MediaWiki for knowledge management course
group project, 15 out of 16 respondents expressed their preference for
MediaWiki giving answers of great certainty, such as "of course", "for
sure".[144] TWiki and MediaWiki both have flexible plug-in architecture.[145]

A 2009 study that compared students' experience with MediaWiki to that

with Google Docs found that students gave the latter a much higher rating
on user-friendly layout.[146]

A 2021 study conducted by the Brazilian Nuclear Engineering Institute

compared a MediaWiki-based knowledge management system against two
others that were based on DSpace and Open Journal Systems,
respectively.[147] It highlighted ease of use as an advantage of the
MediaWiki-based system, noting that because the Wikimedia Foundation
had been developing MediaWiki for a site aimed at the general public
(Wikipedia), "its user interface was designed to be more user-friendly from
start, and has received large user feedback over a long time", in contrast
to DSpace's and OJS's focus on niche audiences.[147]

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 See also

Free and
open-
source
software
portal

List of content management

systems
List of wiki software
BlueSpice
Semantic MediaWiki
XOWA – for viewing Wikipedia

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 and other wikis offline
PHP – a programming
language that powers
MediaWiki

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External links

MediaWiki homepage (https://

mediawiki.org)

Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=MediaWiki&oldid=1268121535"

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 This page was last edited on 8 January
2025, at 06:57 (UTC). •
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