CHAPTER OUR ENVIRONMENT

 Classification of wastes  Coal

 Water Management  Petroleum
 Wild life sanctuaries  Green Chemistry
 Balance in Ecosystem  Science towards a global village

1. Environmental Science
• Living organisms live in different surroundings.
• Plants, animals, human beings survive with the interaction between them and the non-living things
like air, water and land.
• Human beings depend on the resources of nature.
• These resources improve the life style of human beings.
• Environmental science can be defined as the study of organisms in relation to their
surroundings.
2. Pollutants and Pollution
• Unplanned and vast misuse of natural resources like water, forest produce, land and mineral resources
has led to an imbalance in nature and release of many harmful substances in the atmosphere.
• Mankind is greatly influenced by the surrounding in view of the problem of over Population,
environmental pollution, human survival, pest control and conservation of natural resources.
• Human activities related to livelihood and welfare generates waste. All wastes are pollutants.
• Air, land and water surroundings are affected due to improper disposal of wastes.
• Any undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of air, land
and water that affect human life adversely is called pollution.
• A substance released into the environment due to natural or human activity which affects
adversely the environment is called pollutant.
Eg. Sulphurdi oxide, carbon-monoxide, lead, mercury, etc.
3. Classification of wastes
• Wastes are classified into (i) Bio – degradable wastes and (ii) Non - bio- degradable wastes
• Substances that are broken down by biological process of biological or microbial action are
called bio-degradable waste. e.g. wood, paper and leather.
• Substances that are not broken down by biological or microbial action are called non-bio-
degradable wastes. e.g. Plastic substances and mineral wastes.
4. Methods adopted for disposal of harmful waste materials
i) Land Fills : There are permanent storage facilities in secured lands for military related liquid and
radioactive waste materials. High level radioactive wastes are stored in deep underground storage.
ii) Deep well injection: It involves drilling a well into dry porous material below ground water. Hazardous
waste liquids are pumped into the well. They are soaked into the porous material and made to
remain isolated indefinitely.
iii) Incineration: The burning of materials is called incineration. Hazardous bio-medical wastes are
usually disposed of by means of incineration. Human anatomical wastes, discarded medicines,
toxic drugs, blood pus, animal wastes, microbiological and bio-technological wastes etc., are called
bio-medical wastes.
 112 10th Class Biology
5. Solid waste management – Management of non-hazardous wastes
i) Reuse and recycling technique : The separating out of materials such as rubber, glass, paper and
scrap metal from refuse and reprocessing them for reuse is named as reclamation of waste or
recycling.
ii) Paper : (54% recovery) Can be repulped and reprocessed into recycled paper, cardboard and other
products.
iii) Glass : (20% recovery) Can be crushed, remelted and made into new containers or crushes used as
a substitute for gravel or sand in construction materials such as concrete and asphalt.
iv) Food waste and yard wastes (leaves, grass etc.,) can be composted to produce humus soil conditioner.
6. Water management
• Due to increasing demands for water and reduced availability of fresh ground water resources,
urgent measures have to be taken to conserve each and every drop of water that is available.
• More than any other environmental factors, the availability of water determines the location and
activities of human beings.
7. Sources of water
• Water in India is of two kinds. Salt water and fresh water. Fresh water is obtained from rain water,
surface water and ground water.
• The main sources of water are rain and snow which form a part of the hydrological cycle.
i) Surface water : India is blessed with a number of rivers, lakes, streams and ponds.
ii) Ground water : Aquifers are under ground reserves of fresh water. In the water table, water that
percolates into the ground through porous rocks is ground water. These porous rocks are saturated
with water to a certain level. The upper layer of water level is the water table. The ground water is
important for plant growth, man also taps this water through tube wells and bore wells. Scanty
rainfall and unnecessary felling of trees affect the ground water level.
8. Fresh water management
i) Seeding clouds
Seeding clouds with dry ice or potassium iodide particles sometimes can initiate rain if water laden
clouds and conditions that favour precipitation are present.
ii) Desalination: (Reverse osmosis)
• Desalination of ocean water is a technology that has great potential for increasing fresh water.
• Desalination is more expensive than most other sources of fresh water.
• In desalination, the common methods of evaporation and recondensation are involved.
iii) Dams, reservoirs and canals
Dams and storage reservoirs tap runoff water in them and transfer the water from of excess to
areas of deficit using canals and underground pipes.
iv) Water shed management
• The management of rainfall and resultant run-off is called water shed management.
• Water shed is an area characterized by construction of small dams to hold back water which will
provide useful wildlife habitat and stock watering facilities.
v) Rain water harvesting
• Rain water harvesting essentially means collecting rain water from the roof of building or
courtyards and storing it underground for later use.
• The main idea in harvesting rain water is to check the run-off water.
• The rain water that falls on the roofs of buildings or in courtyards is collected through pipes and
stored in underground tanks of the buildings fitted with motor for lifting water for use.
• The process of rain water harvesting is not only simple but also economically beneficial.
• It helps in meeting the increased demand for water, particularly in urban areas and prevent
flooding of living areas.
Our Environment 113
vi) Wetland conservation
It preserves natural water storage and acts as aquifer recharge zones.
vii) Domestic conservation
As an individual, everyone can reduce the water loss by taking shower, using low-flow taps, using
recycled water for lawns, home gardens, vehicle washing and using water conserving appliances.
viii) Industrial conservation
Cooling water can be recharged and waste water can be treated and reused.
9. Wild life
• All non-domesticated and non-cultivated biota found in natural habitat are termed ‘wildlife’. It includes
all the natural flora and fauna of a geographic region.
• There are approximately 400 varieties of reptiles, 200 varieties of amphibians, 3000 varieties of
fishes, 3000 species of birds 20,000 species of flowering plants and 4100 species of mammals found
in our country according to the latest census estimate.
• It is essential to protect and conserve wildlife because they have aesthetic, ecological, educational,
historical and scientific values, a good biotic diversity is essential for ecological balance.
• Wildlife also adds aesthetic value and from this, eco-tourism is being promoted in a big way by
several countries.
• Wildlife and their products could be of great economic value if utilized properly. The invulnerable
plants could yield products of immense medicinal value in future.
• Wildlife also forms as store of vast genetic diversity which could be properly used with advances in
genetic engineering.
10. Wild Life sanctuaries
• Wildlife sanctuary is an area constituted by competent authority in which hunting or capturing of
animals is prohibited except by or under control of the highest authority responsible for management
of the area.
• Wildlife sanctuaries were established in India in the pursuit of conserving wildlife which was suffering
due to ecological imbalance caused by human activities.
• There are 89 National parks, 500 wildlife sanctuaries, 27 Tiger reserves, 200 Zoos and 13 Biosphere
reserves in the country covering an area of 1.6 lakh sq.km.
11. Ecosystem
• A community of organisms that interact with one another and with the environment is called
an ecosystem.
• The Ecosystem is of two types, namely aquatic and terrestrial.
• There are four major components, namely: (i) Abiotic factors (ii) Producers (iii) Consumers (iv)
Decomposers.
• Producers, consumers and decomposers are biotic factors.
• Abiotic factors : It includes light, temperature, hydrogen ion concentration, inorganic substances
like CO2, H2, O2, N2, PO4, CO3 and S and organic substances like carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.
• Biotic factors : It includes producers and consumers. Producers are the water living plants like
hydrilla, Vallisneria etc., and phytoplankton like Chlamydomonas, Volvox and Spirogyra.
• Primary consumers or herbivores : Zooplanktons like insects, larvae of Dragon-fly consume the
phytoplanktons.
• Secondary Consumers: These are certain fishes, frogs, water beetles etc., which feed on the
primary consumers in the pond.
• Tertiary Consumers : These are big fishes and kingfisher that feed on small fishes.
• Decomposers : Several bacteria and fungi form the decomposers in the pond.
 114 10th Class Biology
12. Flow of energy in Ecosystem

13. Balance in ecosystem

• A balanced ecosystem is an ecological community together with its environment and functioning as
a complex unit.
• An ecosystem maintains the balance between the number of resources and the number of users or
the balance between prey and predators.
Eg: Hawks & mice, Monkeys and banana trees.
14. Food chain and Food web
• Various organisms are linked by food chains in which the food energy is passed from one organism
to another in a linear fashion.
• Food chain of a grassland ecosystem.
Grass  Grass hopper  Frog  Snake  Eagle
(Producers) (Herbivores) (Primary (Secondary (Teritary
consumer) consumer) consumer)
• Food web: The food chains are interlinked to form food webs, So every component of the ecosystem
is connected to one another.
15. Maintenance of Ecosystem
• Killing animals, cutting down the trees, polluting land, air and water disturb the balance in nature.
• In order to maintain the eco-balance in an ecosystem, there should be recycling of nutrients, minerals,
and water.
• Careful use of natural resources will maintain the eco-balance.
• Eco-balance or ecological balance is the maintenance of balance between living components and
its resources of an ecosystem, so that it remains a stable environment community for the better
functioning of the organisms.
16. Bio – Geo Chemical Cycles
• In an ecosystem, the energy from the sun, fixed by the plants, is transferred to herbivores and
carnivores i.e. the energy flows in one direction only.
• Minerals required in the ecosystem are continuously absorbed by the plants and transferred to
animals.
• Minerals are returned to the soil by the decomposition of dead and decaying materials by saprophytic
organisms such as bacteria and fungi.
17. Coal
• Coal is a compost primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements chiefly sulphur,
hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
• Coal is a fossil fuel and is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide,
as well as one of the largest worldwide sources of CO2 emissions.
• Gross CO2 emission from coal usage is high and more than those from petroleum and about double
the amount from natural gas.
• Coal is obtained through mining or in open pits.
• Coal is primarily used as a solid fuel to produce electricity and heat through combustion.
• When coal is heated in air, coal burns and produces mainly carbon-di-oxide gas.
• Coal is processed in industry to get some useful products such as coke, coal tar and coal gas.
18. Environmental effects of coal burning
i) Generation of waste products which contain mercury, uranium, thorium, arsenic and other heavy
metals, which are harmful to human health and environment.
ii) Sulphur particles present in the coal will cause acid rain..
Our Environment 115
iii) Interference with ground water and water table levels.
iv) Contamination of land and water ways.
v) Dust nuisance.
vi) Release of CO2, a green house gas, which causes climate change and global warming.
vii) Coal is the largest contributor to the man-made increase of CO2 in the air.
19. Petroleum
• Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, toxic, flammable liquid consisting of a complex
mixture of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds that are found beneath the earth’s surface.
• Petroleum was formed from organisms living in the sea. After the death of those organisms, their
bodies settled at the bottom of the sea and were covered with layers of sand and clay. Over millions
of years, absence of air, high temperature and high pressure transformed the dead organisms into
petroleum and natural gas.
• Many useful substances are obtained from petroleum and natural gas. These are used in the
manufacture of detergents, fibers (polyester, nylon, acrylic etc.), polythene and other plastic
substances. Hydrogen gas, obtained from natural gas, is used in the production of fertilizers (urea).
• Due to its great commercial importance, petroleum is also called ‘Black Gold’.
20. Environmental effects of Petroleum extraction
1. Crude oil (refined fuel) spills from tanker ship and accidents have damaged natural ecosystem.
2. Oil Spills at sea are generally causing more damage than those on land. This can kill sea birds,
mammals, shellfish and other organisms, because of their lateral spreading on water surface.
3. A tar ball is a blob of oil which has been weathered after floating on the ocean. Tar balls are aquatic
pollutants in most of the seas.
21. Alternatives to petroleum – based vehicle fuels
1. Internal combustion engines (Bio-fuel or combustion hydrogen)
2. Electricity (for e.g. all electric (or) hybrid vehicles), Compressed air or fuel cells (hydrogen fuel
cells).
3. Compressed natural gas used by natural gas vehicles.
22. Green Chemistry
• Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes to reduce or eliminate the use
and generation of hazardous substances.
• The concept of green chemistry was introduced in 1995.
• The Green Chemistry Institute was recently created and the Presidential Green Chemistry challenge
awards were established in 1999.
• Greener reaction conditions for an old synthesis e.g. replacement of an organic solvent with water
or the use of no solvent at all)
• A greener synthesis for an old chemical (e.g. a synthesis which uses biomass rather than petrochemical
feed stock or the use of catalytic rather than stoichiometric reagents).
• The synthesis of a new compound that is less toxic but has the same desirable properties as an
existing compound. (e.g. a new pesticide that is toxic only to target organisms and bio-degrades to
environmentally benign substances)
• Green chemistry / technology has been developed in almost all branches of chemistry including
organic, biochemistry, inorganic, polymer, toxicology, environmental, physical, industrial etc.
23. The Principles of Green Chemistry
• It is better to prevent waste generation than to treat or clean up waste after it is generated.
• Wherever practicable, synthetic methodologies should be designed to use and generate substances
that possess little or no toxicity to human health and the environment.
• Chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy of function while reducing toxicity.
 116 10th Class Biology
24. Products produced by the process of green chemistry
• Lead free solders and other product alternatives to lead additives in paints and the development of
cleaner batteries.
• Bio-plastics: Plastics made from plants including corn, potatoes or other agricultural products.
• Flame resistant materials.
• Halogen free flame retardants. e.g. silicon based materials can be used.
Future products
• A raw material feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting whenever technically and
economically practical.
• Catalytic reagents are superior to stoichiometric reagents.
• Green Chemistry is applicable to all aspects of the product life cycle as well. Finally, the definition
of green chemistry includes ‘The term “hazardous”. It is important to note that green chemistry is a
way of dealing with risk reduction and pollution prevention.
PVC and Lead
• New lead free solders with lower heat requirements are being developed.
25. Beware of Green washing
• Green chemistry is not a panacea. We must be vigilant in making sure that what is called
• “Green Chemistry” really pushes towards a more sustainable world or not.
26. Science today towards a global vilage
• Global village is the term used to mean that world had shrunk into a village by means of different
media types, most especially the world wide web, making
• It is easy to pass across messages (like news) thereby making the world become a single village
where people can easily contact each other quicker.
What is global village?
• A term that compares the world to a small village, where fast and modern communication allows
news to reach quickly.
• The use of electronics for faster communication is a global village concept.
What is the global electronic village?
• Global electronic village (GEV) is a term used to refer to a village without borders; it refers to
connecting people around the world technologically through Information Communication Technologies
(ICTS).
• The term global village was coined by Marshall McLuhan. He emphasized that “this forces us to
become more involved with one another from countries around the world and be more aware of our
global responsibilities”.
• The concept of global village has implications for forming new sociological structures within the
context of culture.

WORKSHEET 1
1. Which of these is a pollutant?
( Mercury, Lead, Sulphur dioxide, All)
2. Which of the following is non bio-degradable?
( Mineral wastes, Leather, Wood, Rubber)
3. In recycling of paper there is _________ % recovery.
( 64, 54, 20, 30)
4. Toxic drugs are disposed by __________.
( Land fills, Incineration, Deep well injection, Recycling)
5. Hazardious waste liquids are disposed by ________.
( Land fills, Incineration, Deep well injection, Recycling )
Our Environment 117
6. Food waste and yeard wastes can be __________ to produce humus soil conditioner.
( Composted, Incinerated, Biotechnologically treated , None )
7. Recycled glass can be used as a substitute for
( Scrap metal, Asphalt, Concrete, Gravel or sand )
8. Which of the following is not a source of fresh water?
( Rain water, Brackish water, Surface water, Ground water )
9. The main sources of water are rain and snow which form a part of the _________ cycle.
( Biogeochemical cycle, Ecological cycle, Hydrological cycle, Photosynthetic cycle )
10. The chemical used in seed clouding is
( Potassium iodide, Sodium iodide, Potassium chloride, Photosynthetic cycle )
11. Wetland conservation preserves natural water storage and acts as _______ zones.
( Aquifer recharge, Precipitation, Surface water, Both )
12. What are the methods that help in tapping run - off water?
( Dams and reservoirs, Rain water harvesting, Water shed management, All )
13. The approximate number of varieties of reptiles in our country is
( 100, 200, 300, 400)
14. Number of biosphere reserves in our country is:
( 23, 13, 27, 17 )
15. With respect to Kanha National park, pick the odd one out.
( Deer, Wild dog, Sloth bear, Chital )
16. Wild peacocks are found in
( Mudumalia wildlfe sanctuary, Viralimalai, Slopes of western ghats, Vandalur )
17. Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary has _________ species of birds.
( 274, 374, 474, 574 )
18. An example of a producer in pond ecosystem is
( Vallisnaria, Clamydomonas, Volvox, Spirogyra )
19. Which particles present in coal cause acid rain?
( Potassium, Thorium, Sulphur, Lead )
20. Which of the following is generated from coal?
( Mercury, Uranium, Thorium, All )
21. Which of the following is not a property of petroleum?
( Ionizing , Naturally occurring, Toxic, Flammable )
22. ________ is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds found beneath the
Earth’s surface.
( Urea, PVC, Petroleum, None )
23. Which of the following is not a green chemistry product?
( Bio Plastics, Lead free solders, Flame resistant materials , Hydrogen free flame retardants)
24. Which of the following is a tertiary consumer?
( Eagle, King fisher, Shark, All )
25. The branch of science that design chemical products and processes to reduce or eliminate the use and
gneration of hazardous substances
( Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Green Chemistry, Blue Chemistry)
 118 10th Class Biology

WORKSHEET 2
1. Match the column I with Column II.
Column-I Column-II

A. Land fills P. Reclamation of waste

B. Deep well injection Q. Burning of materials
C. Incineration R. Hazardous liquid waste
D. Recycling S. Bacteria
2. Match the column I with Column II.
Column-I Column-II

A. Seeding clouds P. Cooling water is recharged

B. Desalination Q. Dry ice or potassium iodide
C. Domestic Conservation R. Evaporation and re condensation
D. Vitamin K S. Water conserving appliances
3. Match the column I with Column II.
Column-I Column-II

A. Fish P. 4, 100
B. Amphibians Q. 3, 000
C. Flowering plants R. 200
D. Mammals S. 20, 0000
4. Match the column I with Column II.
Column-I Column-II

A. National Parks P. 27
B. Wildlife sanctuaries Q. 500
C. Tiger reserves R. 89
D. Zoos S. 200
5. Match the column I with Column II.
Column-I Column-II

A. Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary P. Elephant

B. Kalakkadu Wildlife Sanctuary Q. Slopes of western Ghats
C. Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park R. Lion tailed Macaque
D. Anamalai Wildlife Sanctuary S. Coral reefs
Our Environment 119
6. Match the column I with Column II.
Column-I Column-II

A. 374 species of birds P. West Bengal

B. Royal Bengal Tiger Q. Assam
C. Bandhpur National Park R. Rajasthan
D. Manas Wildlife Sanctuary S. Karnataka
7. Match the column I with Column II.
Column-I Column-II

A. Indian Bison P. Corebett National Park

B. Chital Q. Bharathpur Bird Sanctuary
C. Indian Darters R. Manas Wildlife Sanctuary
D. Hispid Hare S. Bandhipur National Park
8. Match the column I with Column II.
Column-I Column-II

A. Zooplankton P. Big fishes

B. Secondary Consumers Q. Larvae of dragon fly
C. Tertiary consumers R. Fungi
D. Decomposers S. Water beetles
9. Assertion (A): Indira Gandhi wildlife sanctuary is located in the western ghats.
Reasoning (R): Mukkurthi National Park is located in the Nilgiris.
Choose the correct option
(A) A is correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) A is correct and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is correct and R is wrong. (D) A is wrong and R is correct.
10. Assertion (A): Oil spills at sea are causing more damage than those on land.
Reasoning(R): Oil spills spread laterally on the water surface.
Choose the correct answer
(A) A is correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) A is correct and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is correct and R is wrong. (D) A is wrong and R is correct.
11. Assertion(A): Global village compares the world to a village.
Reasoning(R): Global electronic village refers to connecting people around the world technologically
through information communication technologies.
Choose the correct answer
(A) A is correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) A is correct and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is correct and R is wrong. (D) A is wrong and R is correct..
12. Assertion(A): Sulphur dioxide, carbon-monoxide, lead, mercury are pollutants.
Reasoning(R): They are the substances released into the environment due to natural or human
activity which affects adversely the environment.
Choose the correct answer
(A) A is correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) A is correct and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is correct and R is wrong. (D) A is wrong and R is correct. .
 120 10th Class Biology
13. Assertion (A): Wood, paper and leather are bio-degradable wastes.
Reasoning (R): They cannot be broken down by biological or microbial action.
Choose the correct option
(A) A is correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) A is correct and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is correct and R is wrong.
(D) A is wrong and R is correct. .
14. Assertion (A): Plastic substances and mineral wastes are non-bio-degradable.
Reasoning (R): As these substances cannot be broken down by biological or microbial action,
they are called non-biodegradable.
Choose the correct option
(A) A is correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) A is correct and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is correct and R is wrong.
(D) A is wrong and R is correct.
15. Assertion (A): Hazardous waste liquids are pumped into the well by incinearation.
Reasoning (R): The burning of materials is called incineration.
Choose the correct option
(A) A is correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) A is correct and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is correct and R is wrong.
(D) A is wrong and R is correct. .
16. Assertion (A): Killing animals, cutting down the trees, polluting land, air and water disturb the
balance in nature.
Reasoning (R): In order to maintain the eco-balance in an ecosystem, there should be no recycling
of nutrients, minerals, and water.
Choose the correct option
(A) A is correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) A is correct and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is correct and R is wrong.
(D) A is wrong and R is correct.
17. Assertion (A): In an ecosystem, the energy cannot be tranferred from carnivores to herbivores,
or herbivores to plants or plants to the sun.
Reasoning (R): In an ecosystem, the energy from the sun, fixed by the plants, is transferred to
herbivores and carnivores i.e. the energy flows in one direction only.
Choose the correct option
(A) A is correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) A is correct and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is correct and R is wrong.
(D) A is wrong and R is correct.
18. Say true or false.
i) In deep well injection, hazardous liquid wastes are isolated permanently
ii) The main sources of water are rain and ice, which form a part of the hydrological cycle
iii) Biotic factors include organic substances like carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
iv) In bio-geo chemical cycles, energy flows in multiple directions.
Our Environment 121

I. Spot the mistakes in the given statements and correct them.

1. a) All wastes are pollutants.
b) Air, land and water surroundings are affected due to improper disposal of wastes.
2. a) High level radioactive wastes are stored in deep underground storage.
b) Hazardous waste liquids are soaked into non porous materials.
3. a) Seed clouding can initiate rain if water laden clouds and conditions that favour evaporation are present.
b) Desalination is reverse osmosis
4. a) Dams and reserviors transfer water through areas of deficit using canals and underground pipes.
b) Water shed provides water for constructions.
5. a) Wildlife includes some of the natural flora and fauna of geographic region.
b) Large scale destruction of wildlife leads to ecological balance.
6. a) Number of species of birds in India is 2000.
b) Number of varieties of amphibians in India is 200.
7. a) Volvox is a water living plant.
b) Zooplanktons are primary consumers of the pond ecosystem.
8. a) Minerals are continuouosly absorbed by plants.
b) Minerals are returned to soil by tertiary consumers.
9. a) Green chemistry has been developed in bio chemistry toxicology, physical chemistry, etc.
b) Coal and petroleum are synthesized using green chemistry.
II. Fill up the blanks
10. a) __________ science is te study of organisms in relation to surroundings.
b) Undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of air, land and water that
affect human life adversely is called ___________.
11. a) A substance released due to natural or human activity and affects the environment adversely is
called ________
b) The wastes are classified into ________ and ___________.
12. a) Separation of materials from refuse and reprocessing them for reuse is called _______.
b) The type of water found in India are _________ and _________.
13. a) In the water table, water that percolates into the ground through porous rocks is called ________
b) The upper layer of water level is called ________.
14. a) __________ preserves natural water storage and acts as aquifer recharge zones.
b) _________ is done by collecting rainwater through pipes and storing in underground tanks fitted
with motor for lifting water for use.
15. a) All non - domesticated and non - cultivated biota found in natural habitat are termed ________.
b) Wild life sanctuaries were established in India covering an area of _______ sq. km
16. a) The India’s first national park is _________.
b) Gir National Park is located in _________ state.
17. a) The examples of water living plants are _____________.
b) The two examples of phytoplankton are _________ and ___________.
18. a) ________ is an ecological community together with its environment and functioning as a complex
unit.
b) ________ is the maintenance of balance between living components and the resources of an ecosystem.
19. a) Gross CO2 emission from coal is more than that from ________ and about double the amount from
_______
b) Every component of the ecosystem is connected to one another in a _______.
 122 10th Class Biology
20. a) the methods adopted for disposal of harmful waste material are____, _________ and ______.
b) Wild life sanctuaries were established in India in the pursuit of ___________.
21. a) In an ecosystem, the energy flow is always __________.
b) Minerals required in the ecosystem are continuously absorbed by the _______and transferred to
________.
22. a) Due to its great commercial importance, petroleum is also called ________.
b) ___________is the design of chemical products and processes to reduce or eliminate the use and
generation of hazardous substances.
III. PICK THE OUT ONE OUT
23. Coke, Coal tar, Coal gas, Acrylic
24. Sulphurdioxide, Oxygen, Carbon-monoxide, lead
25. Wood, Plastic, leather, paper
26. Land Fills , Constructing dams, Deep well injection, Incineration.
27. Tube wells, Rivers, Lakes, Streams
28. Seeding clouds, Deep well injection, Desalination, Rain water harvesting
29. Light, hydrilla, Sun, Water
30. Pick the odd one out with respect to primary producers.
Hydrilla, Vallisneria, Spirogyara, Insects.
31. No Killing, No Polluting land, No planting of trees, No polluting water
32. Fossil fuel, Compost, Formed from organisms living under sea, Gross CO2 emission
33. Introduced in 1995, Black gold, Better to prevent waste generation, Bio plastics
34. Rivers, Lakes, Streams, Aquifers.