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tensile test experiment write up for mechanical engineering students

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8 views

tensile test experiment write up for mechanical engineering students

Uploaded by

ravi2525
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tensile Test Experiment Report

Experiment Title: Tensile Test of Materials


Date of Experiment: [Insert Date]
Location: [Laboratory Name]
Course: [Course Name, e.g., Mechanical Engineering - Material Science]
Instructor: [Instructor's Name]
Students: [Your Name, Group Members, if applicable]

1. Objective

The primary objective of this experiment is to determine the mechanical properties of a


material under tension. These properties include the tensile strength, yield strength,
elongation, and modulus of elasticity. The tensile test is conducted using a universal testing
machine (UTM) to subject a specimen to an increasing uniaxial tensile force until fracture.

2. Introduction

The tensile test is one of the most fundamental mechanical tests, used to measure the
response of a material when subjected to tensile (pulling) forces. The results obtained provide
key material properties such as:

 Yield Strength: The stress at which a material begins to deform plastically.


 Tensile Strength: The maximum stress a material can withstand before failure.
 Elongation: The increase in length relative to the original length, indicating ductility.
 Young’s Modulus: The ratio of stress to strain in the elastic region of the material’s
stress-strain curve.

The test typically uses a standardized specimen (usually in the form of a dog-bone shape) and
is conducted under controlled conditions using a universal testing machine (UTM).

3. Apparatus and Materials

 Universal Testing Machine (UTM): Used to apply the tensile force and measure
elongation.
 Specimen: A standardized material sample, typically a cylindrical or dog-bone-
shaped metal, plastic, or composite sample.
 Extensometer: To measure the elongation of the specimen accurately.
 Micrometer or Vernier Caliper: To measure the initial dimensions of the specimen
(e.g., cross-sectional area).
 Computer Software/Data Acquisition System: For recording and analyzing the
force and displacement data.
4. Theory

When a material is subjected to a tensile load, it undergoes deformation. The relationship


between the applied load and the resulting elongation is described by the stress-strain curve.

 Stress (σ): Force per unit area, calculated as:

σ=FA\sigma = \frac{F}{A}σ=AF

Where:
σ\sigmaσ = Stress,
FFF = Force applied,
AAA = Cross-sectional area of the specimen.

 Strain (ε): The deformation of the material relative to its original length, calculated
as:

ϵ=ΔLL0\epsilon = \frac{\Delta L}{L_0}ϵ=L0ΔL

Where:
ϵ\epsilonϵ = Strain,
ΔL\Delta LΔL = Change in length,
L0L_0L0 = Original length.

A typical tensile test results in a curve with the following key points:

 Elastic Region: Where stress is proportional to strain (obeys Hooke’s Law).


 Yield Point: The stress at which noticeable plastic deformation begins.
 Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS): The maximum stress before the specimen begins
to fracture.
 Fracture Point: The point where the material completely breaks.

5. Procedure

1. Preparation of Specimen:
o Measure and record the initial length, diameter, and cross-sectional area of the
specimen using micrometers or Vernier calipers.
o Ensure that the specimen is free of any defects or cracks, as these can
influence the test results.
2. Mount the Specimen:
o Place the specimen in the grips of the Universal Testing Machine, ensuring it
is aligned properly to avoid any bending during testing.
3. Performing the Test:
o Set up the testing machine to apply a uniaxial tensile load. Ensure that the test
is performed at a constant rate of strain (usually specified by ASTM or other
standards).
o Start the machine and slowly apply the load while recording the corresponding
elongation data.
Continue the test until the specimen fractures or the machine reaches its
o
maximum load capacity.
4. Data Recording:
o During the test, record the force and displacement at regular intervals, or use
the UTM’s software to automatically log the data.

6. Results

The results of the tensile test are typically presented in the form of a stress-strain curve,
which is obtained by plotting the stress (σ) on the y-axis and strain (ε) on the x-axis. The
following data should be recorded:

 Yield Strength: The stress at which plastic deformation begins (if observed).
 Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS): The highest stress the material can withstand
before failure.
 Fracture Stress: The stress at the point of fracture.
 Young’s Modulus (Elastic Modulus): The slope of the stress-strain curve in the
elastic region.

Example Data Table:

Load (N) Elongation (mm) Stress (MPa) Strain (%)


0 0 0 0
100 0.5 50 0.1
200 1.2 100 0.25
300 2.5 150 0.5
400 3.8 200 0.75
450 4.1 225 1.0
... ... ... ...

7. Discussion

 Elastic Behavior: In the initial stage of the test, the material behaves elastically, and
stress is proportional to strain (Hooke’s Law).
 Plastic Behavior: After the yield point, the material undergoes plastic deformation,
and the stress-strain curve shows a non-linear relationship.
 Fracture: At the ultimate tensile strength, the specimen reaches the maximum stress
it can endure before fracture.
 Material Properties: Based on the test, discuss the material’s ductility, strength, and
toughness. For ductile materials, we would expect a considerable amount of plastic
deformation before fracture. For brittle materials, fracture occurs with minimal
deformation.

8. Conclusion
 Summarize the main findings of the tensile test, such as the yield strength, ultimate
tensile strength, and ductility of the material.
 Discuss the suitability of the material for specific engineering applications based on
the test results.
 Suggest potential improvements for future tests, such as increasing test accuracy or
using different specimens for comparative analysis.

9. References

 ASTM E8/E8M-16: Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic


Materials.
 [Textbook Name, Author, Edition] - "Fundamentals of Materials Science and
Engineering."

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