Referencing Guide

Referencing is an essential part of academic writing. When you are involved in the research
process, you will be engaging with other people’s work, their words, ideas and arguments.
Referencing is a standardised way of acknowledging the authors and sources you refer to in
your assignments.
All written work should include a Reference List or Bibliography. All sources should be
presented in alphabetical order by author surname, and correctly formatted in the AUB
Harvard style. This guide explains how to correctly format references for most sources you
will use, with examples.

Contents
In-Text Citation .................................................................................................................... 1
Bibliographic References ................................................................................................... 6
Books .................................................................................................................................... 6
Journal Articles ................................................................................................................... 12
Newspapers & Magazines .................................................................................................. 13
Exhibitions .......................................................................................................................... 15
Special Collections .............................................................................................................. 16
Law & Reports .................................................................................................................... 18
Academic Outputs............................................................................................................... 20
Web Sources ...................................................................................................................... 22
Film & Video ....................................................................................................................... 25
Performances ..................................................................................................................... 30
Personal Communications .................................................................................................. 33
Works in Translation ........................................................................................................... 34

In-Text Citation

In-text citation is a part of Harvard Referencing. The Harvard referencing system is

also known as the Name/Date method because it uses a name and a date of
publication to link citations in the text to sources in a reference list or bibliography.
Every time you quote, paraphrase or otherwise use information from a source, you
must include some acknowledgement of where that information came from. In
academic writing we call this acknowledgement a citation. Citations act as sign-
posts within your work, to make it clear to your readers that your claims are
substantiated in other sources.
Citation Format

A citation in your text should include the author’s family name (or name
of organisation if there is no author), year and the page number(s) from which the
quote, ideas or arguments are taken, in the following format:

(Author Family Name, Year, Page Numbers)

Examples:
(Tsing, 2012, p.145)
(Mida, 2015, pp.37-38)
(London Fashion Week, 2018)

Page numbers are required for quotes or paraphrases from books, journals and
other paginated works; they are not required for websites or works without page
numbers.

Each citation requires a corresponding entry in your reference list / bibliography, at

the end of your work. This is where you include the full reference details for each
source you've used.

When to include a citation

You should include a citation each time you quote from, paraphrase
or summarise a work. Citations are also used when reporting data, statistics and
other pieces of information you have got from other sources. Place the citation as
close to where you refer to another person's work as possible - usually directly
after the quotation or at the end of the sentence.

You can also change the format of the citation to allow you to refer to the author of
the work by name. At all times, it must be clear which work a quotation or idea
came from.

Examples:
Steele grasps this when she describes the 'unease one feels in the presence of
mannequins' in a costume museum (2013, p.201).
or
According to Bell (2016, pp.18-19), wearing the right clothes is so important that
even people not interested in their appearance will dress well enough to avoid
social censure.
or
Both Adams (2002) and Goldman (2011) discuss the use of this element of the
uncanny within their own artistic practices.

Other Citation Types

• Citing material with more than one author

If there are two or three authors use all names in the citation:
(Smith and Mockeridge, 1993, p.5)
If there are four or more authors use the first author’s Family Name followed
by et al.:
(Kotler, et al., 2002, p.49)

• Citing two or more works in the same parentheses

Where two or more sources are saying similar things and you wish you
include them in the same citation, order them the same way they appear in the
reference list (alphabetically by author surname), separated by a semi-colon.
Several studies (Harding, 2019; Som and Blanckaert, 2015; Zborowska,
2019) have shown that...

• Citing an author who has published more than one piece of work in the
same year

If the author has published more than one piece of work in the same year use
lower case letters to distinguish the sources in both the citation and the
reference list:
Barthes (1986a) argues … and his analysis of structuralism (Barthes, 1986b)
suggest …

Tips & Tricks

• Ellipsis (omission of words)

This is the three dots which show that some text, (one or more words),
have been omitted from the quote.
‘Relaxation … assists one to cope with the situation’ (Turner, 2000, p.17).
You can use this to shorten quotations, to emphasise the point that are most
relevant to your argument. You should not use this to change the meaning of
the quotation!

• Square brackets (inclusion of words)

 Square brackets tell the reader that the writer has inserted their own words
into the quote. We typically use square brackets when we want to modify
another person's words. Here, by using the square brackets, we make it clear
that the modification has been made by us, not by the original writer. For
example:

• to add clarification: 'The witness said: "He [the policeman] hit me."'
• to add information: 'The two teams in the finals of the first FIFA
Football World Cup were both from South America [Uruguay and
Argentina].'
• to add missing words: 'It is [a] good question.'
• to add editorial or authorial comment: 'They will not be present' [my
emphasis].

• The use of ibid.

The term ibid. can be used in referencing to avoid duplicating the same
reference details in the body of your text. Its use is optional. The reference
‘ibid.’ is short for the Latin word ibidem – meaning ‘in the same place’ and
refers to the source immediately given before. So if having given a quote by
Rodenburg and then the following quote is also by Rodenburg, the second
time you can put ibid. and the page number (if this is different), instead of
restating the citation.
(Rodenburg, 2002, p.15) - and then in the following citation, (ibid. p.209).

Secondary Citation

While you are consulting an original work, you may come across a quote from or
summary of another author’s work, which you would like to make reference to in
your own document. This is called secondary referencing or secondary citation.

For example, whilst reading a book by Bassett (2016), you read about work that
another researcher, named Brown, has done. You wish to cite Brown's research in
your writing, but have not read it directly. To do this, give the citation as follows:

Research recently carried out by Brown (cited in Bassett, 2016, p.142) found that
…
or
(Brown, 2008, cited in Bassett, 2016, p.142)

You would include Bassett in your reference list, but not Brown. The reference list
at the end of your document should only contain works that you have directly read.
It is recommended that where possible, you read the original source for yourself
rather than rely on someone else’s interpretation of a work.

Formatting Quotations

When you include direct quotations in your work, you need to take care to present
these correctly:

Short Quotations
Include quotations of less than one line in the main body of the text within single
quotation marks.

Example:
'In imitating gender, drag implicitly reveals the initiative structure of gender
itself.' (Butler, 1990, p.74)

Longer quotations
Quotations longer than one line should be indented at both left and right margins
and should use single line spacing. Indenting distinguishes the quote from your
text, so quotation marks are not required.

Example:
Examining different methods of production, Sparke (2009, p.22) ascertains that:

Craft-making relies on the maker’s tacit knowledge and skill, based on

repeated practice, and involves chance and an ability to improvise. Factory
production eliminated these elements.

Use long quotations sparingly, as they may include more content than is needed to
make or support a point. Edit these appropriately, using ellipsis / square brackets, if
needed.
Bibliographic References

Books

Print Books

Books with a Single Author

References from a printed book should be made up of the following elements:

• Author’s Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title (in italics)
• Edition if not the first
• Place of publication:
• Publisher

Example:
Kelly, M. (1997). Imaging desire. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Books with Multiple Authors

If there are two or three authors, list them in the order they appear. The same
elements are required as for a single author.

Examples:
Parker, R. and Pollock, G. (1987). Framing feminism: art and the
Women’s Movement 1970-85. London: Pandora.
or
Brown, J., Brignone, S. and Ward, A. (2001). The modern
garden. London: Thames & Hudson.

Where four or more authors are responsible for a publication use the first author’s
name followed by et al.

Example:
Kotler, P. et al. (2002). Principles of marketing. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson
Education.

Book by an Organisation
References should consist of the following elements:

• Organisation's name
• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title (in italics)
• Edition if not the first
• Place of publication:
• Publisher

Example:
Association of Illustrators. (2000). Images 24: the best of British
illustration. Crans-Pres-Celigny: Rotovision.

eBooks

eBooks

References should consist of the following elements:

• Author’s Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title (in italics)
• [eBook]
• Edition if not the first
• Place of publication:
• Publisher
• Available from: Web Address
• [Accessed: Date]

Examples:
Lynge-Jorlén, A. (2017). Niche Fashion Magazines: Changing the Shape of
Fashion. London: I. B. Tauris & Company. [eBook]. Available from:
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/aib/detail.action?docID=5161381. [Accessed
4 July 2019].
or
Carroll, L. (2008). Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. [eBook]. Millennium
Fulcrum. Available from: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11 [Accessed 16
August 2017]

Kindle or eBook Reader

References should consist of the following elements:

• Author’s Family Name, Initial(s)

 • Year of eBook edition (in brackets)
• Title (in italics)
• [Type of eBook reader]
• Available from: Web Address
• [Accessed: Date you first accessed the book]

Example:
Smith, A. (2008). The wealth of nations. [Kindle eBook]. Available
from:http://www.amazon.co.uk. [Accessed 10 May 2018]

Edited Collections

Essay or Contribution within a Book

In works where individual chapters have differing authors, or an essay within a

publication has a different author than the rest of the book, references should
consist of the following elements:

• Contributing author’s Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title of chapter/essay/contribution
• In:
• Editor's family name, Initial(s)
• (ed.) or (eds.)
• Title of book (in italics)
• Place of publication
• Publisher
• Page number(s) of contribution.

If accessed online, also include the following:

• [eBook] (following the title)

• Available from: Web Address
• [Accessed: Date]

Examples:
Ehrenreich, B., Hess, E. and Jacobs, G. (1997). Beatlemania: a sexually defiant
consumer culture? In: Gelder, K. and Thornton, S. (eds.) The
subculturesreader. London: Routledge. pp.523-536.
or
Ajeenah, L. (1997). Arabic type is my type: A question of Arabic typography
education. In: Heller, S. (ed.) The Education of a Graphic Designer. [eBook]. New
York: Allworth Press. pp.279-286. Available from:
https://search.proquest.com/ebookcentral/docview/2148292311. [Accessed: 3
September 2019].
Play Texts

Play Texts

For most play texts, follow the same format for referencing print books or eBooks,
depending on the method of access.

• Playwright's Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title (in italics)
• Edition if not the first
• Place of publication:
• Publisher

If accessed online, also include the following:

• [eBook] (following the title)

• Available from: Web Address
• [Accessed: Date]

Examples:
Kane, S. (2002). Phaedra's love. London: Methuen.
or
Kureishi, H. (2009). The Black Album. [eBook]. London: Faber and Faber.
Available from: https://www.dramaonlinelibrary.com/plays/the-black-album-iid-
134458/. [Accessed: 23 March 2019].

Works by Shakespeare with a Named Editor

List Shakespeare first, followed by the editor(s) after the title. For the in-text
citation, use Shakespeare's name and the date the edition you are using was
published.

Example:
Shakespeare, W. (1965). Measure for Measure. Lever, J.W. (ed.) London:
Methuen.

Citing a Line in a Play

• Playwright's Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title (in italics)
• Edition if not the first
 • Place of publication
• Publisher
• Act, scene: line.

Example:
Shakespeare, W. (1980). Hamlet. Spencer, T.J.B. (ed.) London: Penguin. 1.2: 177

Dictionary or Encyclopedia Entry

Print Dictionary or Encyclopedia Entry

References should consist of the following elements:

• Dictionary/Encyclopedia publisher or Author’s Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title of dictionary or encyclopedia entry.
• Full title of dictionary/encyclopedia (in italics)
• Place of publication
• Publisher

Example:
Collins (2010). Architecture. Collins English Dictionary. Glasgow: Collins

Online Dictionary or Encyclopedia Entry

References should consist of the following elements:

• Dictionary/Encyclopedia publisher or Author’s Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title of dictionary or encyclopedia entry.
• Full title of dictionary/encyclopedia (in italics)
• [online]
• Available from: Web Address
• [Accessed: Date]

Example:
Wikipedia. (2018). Lighthouse. Wikipedia. [online]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse. [Accessed 10 September 2018]

Religious Texts

Bible

References should consist of the following elements:

 • Book of the Bible
• Chapter: Verse
• Holy Bible
• Version

Give the Book of the Bible and the chapter and verse(s) in the in-text
citation:(Matthew 5:3-12)

Example:
Matthew 5:3-12. Holy Bible. King James Version.

Qur'an

References should consist of the following elements:

• Qur'an
• Surah (or chapter): Verse
• Translator’s Family Name, Initial(s) (if applicable)
• (trans.) (if applicable)
• Version

Give the Qur'an and the surah or chapter and verse(s) in the in-text citation:(Qur’an
14:38)

Example:
Qur’an 14:38. Fakhry, M. (trans.) A Modern English Version.

Torah

References should consist of the following elements:

• Book
• Chapter: Verse
• Torah
• Translator’s Family Name, Initial(s) (if applicable)
• (trans.) (if applicable)
• Version

Give the book of the Torah and the chapter and verse(s) in the in-text
citation:(Deuteronomy 6:4).
Example:
Deuteronomy 6:4. Torah. Alter, R. (trans.) The Five Books of Moses: A
Translation with Commentary.

Journal Articles

Print Journals

Journal Articles in Print

References for journal articles in printed journals should be made up of the

following elements:

• Author’s Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title of article
• Title of journal (in italics)
• Volume Number
• Issue Number or Month
• Page numbers

Examples:
Craik, J. (2003). The cultural politics of the uniform. Fashion Theory: the Journal
of Dress, Body and Culture. Vol.7 No.2. pp.127-147.
or
Acharya, R. and Kaufman, E. (2019). Turns of ‘fate’: Jack Cole, jazz and Bharata
Natyam in diasporic translation. Studies in Musical Theatre. Vol.13 No.1. pp. 9–21

Online Journals

Journal Articles in Online Databases

Electronic journals may have a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and/or a web
address. Either can be used to say where the article is available from, but the DOI
is preferred where available. References should be made up of the following
elements:

• Author’s Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title of article
• Title of journal (in italics)
• Volume Number
• Issue Number or Month
• Page numbers
 • [online]
• Available from: DOI or Web Address

Examples:
Reddy-Best, K.L., Choi, E. and Park, H. (2018). Men in fashion illustration
textbooks: A critical analysis of race and the body. Critical Studies in Men's
Fashion. Vol. 5 No. 1–2. pp. 103–123 [online]. https://doi.org/10.1386/csmf.5.1-
2.103_1.
or
Jackson, K.M. (2000). Play it again and again: Casablanca's impact on American
mass media and popular culture. Journal of Popular Film and Television. Vol.27.
No.4. pp.33-41 [online]. Available from:
https://search.proquest.com/iipa/docview/2082100/220CD0BF22344A13PQ/3?acc
ountid=8226

Newspapers & Magazines

Print Newspapers & Magazines

Newspaper Articles in Print

References for articles in printed newspapers should be made up of the following

elements:

• Author’s Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title of article
• Title of newspaper (in italics)
• Day and Month
• Page numbers

Example:
Younge, G. (2003). Civil rights kitchen serves last supper. The Guardian. 4
August. p.12.

Magazine Articles in Print

References for articles in printed magazines should be made up of the following

elements:

• Author’s Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year of publication (in brackets)
 • Title of article
• Title of magazine (in italics)
• Volume and Issue Number (if available)
• Date and/or Month
• Page numbers

Examples:
Ashworth, M. (2010). Hidden Posters on the London Underground. Creative
Review. Vol.30 No.10. October. pp.1-19.
or
Meisel, S. (2016). Girls & Boys.Vogue Italia. No.785 January. pp.139-145.

Online Newspapers & Magazines

Online Newspaper Articles

References for articles on newspaper websites should be made up of the following

elements:

• Author’s Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title of article
• Title of newspaper (in italics)
• Day and Month
• [online]
• Available from: Web Address
• [Accessed: Date]

Example:
Sanders, J. (2019). A Black Legacy, Wrapped Up in Fur. The New York Times. 31
January. [online]. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/31/style/fur-
black-women-history.html. [Accessed 22 June 2019].

Online Magazine Articles

References for articles in online magazines should be made up of the following

elements:

• Author’s Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title of article
• Title of magazine (in italics)
• [online]
• Available from: Web Address
 • [Accessed: Date]

Example:
Baines, J. (2019). Welcome to Response and Responsibility, a look at creativity
and climate change. It's Nice That Magazine. [online]. Available
from:https://www.itsnicethat.com/features/response-and-responsibility-
introduction-miscellaneous-260619. [Accessed 11 July 2019].

Exhibitions

Exhibitions

Artworks in Exhibitions

When referencing an artwork viewed as part of an exhibition, use the following

elements:

• Artist's Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year of exhibition (in brackets)
• Title of the work, the year the work was produced (in italics)
• [artwork type or exhibition]
• 'Name of the exhibition' (if appropriate)
• Place of exhibition:
• Museum, gallery or exhibiting institution
• Exhibition dates

Examples:
Batchelor, D. (2004). Drawings (Dollies), 1998. [painting]. ‘Shiny Dirty
exhibition'. Birmingham: Ikon Gallery, 4 February – 28 March 2004.
or
Bompas and Parr (2013). The waft that woos, 2012. [installation]. Stratford-upon-
Avon: Royal Shakespeare Theatre, 6 October 2012 - 7 April 2013

Museum or Gallery Exhibitions

When referencing an exhibition you have visited use the following elements:

• Artist's Family Name, Initial(s)

(Where there is no author/artist use the name of the gallery)
• Year of exhibition (in brackets)
• Name of the exhibition (in italics)
• [exhibition]
 • Place of exhibition:
• Museum, gallery or exhibiting institution
• Exhibition dates

Examples:
National Portrait Gallery (2012). Marilyn Monroe: a British love
affair. [exhibition]. London: National Portrait Gallery, 29 September 2012 - 24
March 2013
or
Dion, M. (2018). Theatre of the Natural World. [exhibition]. London: Whitechapel
Gallery, 14 February - 13 May 2018

Exhibition Catalogues

Exhibition Catalogues

References should consist of the following elements:

• Author or Artist’s Family Name, Initial(s)

(Where there is no author/artist use the name of the gallery)
• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title (in italics)
• Place of publication/gallery:
• Publisher/Gallery Name

Example:
Gallaccio, A. (2003). Anya Gallaccio. Birmingham: Ikon Gallery

Special Collections

Zines & Artists' Books

Zines or Artists' Books in Library or Archive Collections

References for zines or artists' books accessed via library or archive collections
should be made up of the following elements:

• Author’s Family Name, Initial(s) or Pseudonym

• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title of zine or book (in italics)
• Volume or Issue number (if applicable)
• [zine] or [artist book]
• Publisher (if known)
• Location of Collection:
 • Name of Collection

Examples:
Green, L. (2014). Foxy feb zine. [zine]. Bournemouth: AUB Library Special
Collections.
or
myeyeisonfire. (2008). The roar. No.3. [zine]. Bournemouth: AUB Library Special
Collections.

Zines or Artists' Books Accessed Online

References for zines accessed online should be made up of the following elements:

• Author’s Family Name, Initial(s) or Pseudonym

• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title of zine or book (in italics)
• Volume or Issue number (if applicable)
• [zine] or [artist book]
• Name of Online Collection (if applicable)
• Available from: Web Address
• [Accessed: Date]

Example:
Cercone, K. (2004). Ms. Direction. No.7. [zine]. QZAP Zine Archive. Available
from: https://archive.qzap.org/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/359.
[Accessed 15 January 2021].

Museum Artefacts

Museum Artefacts in Archives

References for museum artefacts viewed in person should be made up of the

following elements:

• Creator's Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year of creation (in brackets)
• Title or description (in italics)
• [material type]
• Location:
• Museum, gallery or holding institution
• Identifier (if applicable)
Enter the year(s) as displayed on the artefact's label/description. Use "ca." before
approximate dates. For items with no known originator/creator, start your reference
with the title or description of the object.

Examples:
Westwood, V. (1991). Cut, Slash & Pull Dress. [cotton voile dress]. London: V&A
Museum. T.187:1 to 3-1991.
or
Mr Potato Head figure. (ca.1970-1990). [plastic toy]. Bournemouth: Museum of
Design in Plastics. AIBDC:004826.

Museum Artefacts in Digital Collections

References for museum artefacts viewed online should be made up of the

following elements:

• Creator's Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year of creation (in brackets)
• Title or description (in italics)
• [material type]
• Location:
• Museum, gallery or holding institution
• Available from: Web Address
• [Accessed: Date]

Example:
Belling, R. (1923). Sculpture 23. [brass]. New York: MoMA. Available from:
https://www.moma.org/collection/works/81202. [Accessed 11 January 2021].

Law & Reports

Legislation, Patents & Legal Cases

Acts of Parliament

References should consist of the following elements:

• Title of the Act and Year (in italics)

• Chapter number of the Act; abbreviated to ‘c. (in brackets)
• Place of publication
• Publisher
Examples:
The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. (c.37). London: HMSO.
or
Disability Discrimination Act 1995. (c.50). London: The Stationary Office.

UK Case Law

References should consist of the following elements:

• Parties in the case (in italics)

• Year (in brackets)
• Abbreviation of law report page

Examples:
Monroe v Hopkins. (2017). EWHC 433 (QB).
or
Leigh & Sillivan Ltd v Aliakmon Shipping Co Ltd. (1986). AC 785 (HL).

Patents

References should consist of the following elements:

• Originator
• Name of applicant
• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Tile of patent (in italics)
• Series designation which may include full date

Example:
Philip Morris Inc. (1981). Optical perforating apparatus and system. European
patent application 0021165 A1. 1981-01-07.

Government or Industry Reports

Reports from Government / Industry, etc.

References should consist of the following elements:

• Author's Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title of report (in italics)
• Place of publication: (if available)
• Publisher
If accessed online, also include the following:

• [online]
• Available from: Web Address
• [Accessed: Date]

Examples:
Mowlam, A. (2012). Active at 60: local evaluation research: final report. London:
Department for Work and Pensions.
or
Fisher, A. (2018). Improving diversity in beauty. Mintel. [online]. Available from:
http://academic.mintel.com/display/878891/. [Accessed 31 January 2019]

Academic Outputs

Lectures

Lecture Notes

Use this format for notes you have taken during lectures. References should consist
of the following elements:

• Lecturer's Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year (in brackets)
• Lecture Title (in italics)
• Course Title
• Institute name
• Day and Month

Example:
Jones, A. (2014). Interpretation of text. BA Illustration. Arts University
Bournemouth. 27 February.

Lecture Presentations

Use this format if referring directly to content in the lecture PowerPoint /

presentation. References should consist of the following elements:

• Lecturer's Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year of lecture (in brackets)
• Title of Presentation (in italics)
• [Format of presentation]
 • Title of unit
• Institute name
• Available from: Web Address
• [Accessed: Date]

Example:
Albin, L. (2016). Textiles: visual research. [PowerPoint presentation]. TVS &
CBITT. Arts University Bournemouth. Available from:
https://mycourse.aub.ac.uk/batx4/ [Accessed 3 January 2017].

Thesis or Dissertation

Thesis or Dissertation

References should consist of the following elements:

• Author's Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year of award (in brackets)
• Title (in italics)
• Designation / award
• Institution to which submitted

Examples:
Favilla, A.L. (2004). Images of the virtual: rethinking photography in the age of
biotechnologies. PhD Thesis. University of London.
or
West, N. (2001). Costume in the late 20th century ‘out-of- time’ films of
Shakespeare’s plays: forms and functions. MA Dissertation. Nottingham Trent
University

Conference Proceedings & Papers

Published Conference Proceedings

References should consist of the following elements:

• Author's Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title of Paper
• In:
• Editor's Family Name, Initial(s) (ed.) (if applicable)
• Title of Conference Proceedings (in italics)
• Place and date of conference
• Place of publication
• Publisher
• Page number(s) of paper
Example:
Lieberman, O. and Altés Arlandis, A. (2013). Interventions, durations, effects:
architecting the city and the world. In: Verbeke, J. and Pak, B. (eds.) Knowing (by)
designing, 22-23 May 2013, Sint-Lucas School of Architecture, Brussels.
Ghent/Brussels: LUCA, Sint-Lucas School of Architecture, Ghent/Brussels and
KU Leuven, Faculty of Architecture. pp. 614-621.

Unpublished Conference Papers

References should consist of the following elements:

• Author's Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year of conference (in brackets)
• Title of paper (in italics)
• Title of conference
• Date of conference
• Location of conference (including venue and city)

Example:
Lieberman, O. (2002). Interdisciplinarity to transdisciplinarity: rethinking the
boundary in architectural learning. Shared Visions Conference, 1-3 September
2002, ADC-LTSN, Centre for Education in the Built Environment and Palantine,
Brighton.

Web Sources

Web Pages

Web Pages

References should consist of the following elements:

• Author's Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title of web page (in italics)
• [online]
• Available from: Web Address
• [Accessed: Date]

Check the guidance for online journals, newspapers and magazines, as these are
treated differently.
Example:
Duchamp, M. (1957). The Creative Act. [online]. Available from:
http://radicalart.info/things/readymade/duchamp/text.html. [Accessed 12 March
2019]

Web Pages with no Author

It can sometimes be difficult to ascertain the author of a website. If you can’t find
an individual name use the name of the organisation or company to whom the
website belongs.

Example:
Fashion Studies Alliance. (2018). Our Manifesto. [online]. Available from:
https://www.fashionstudiesalliance.org/manifesto. [Accessed 10 July 2019]

Web Pages with no Publication Date

It can often be difficult to find out when online material was published. If there is a
last updated date, or a date next to the copyright symbol at the bottom of the page,
use this. If there is no indication of date at all, no date (n.d.) should be put in
brackets after the name in place of the year.

Example:
National Museum Wales (n.d.). The process – from fleece to fabric. [online].
Available from: http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/wool/the-process/. [Accessed
10 August 2015]

Social Media

Social Media Posts (e.g. Twitter, Instagram)

References should consist of the following elements:

• Author's Family Name, Initial(s)

or screen-name where this is not known
• Year of post (in brackets)
• Title or excerpt of post
• Title of platform (in italics)
• [online]
• Day and Month of Post
• Available from: Web Address
• [Accessed: Date]
Examples:
Navarro, J. (2012). Tactical haptics. Twitter. [online]. 11 January. Available from:
https://twitter.com/TacticalHaptics/status/1134479250113699840. [Accessed 26
March 2016]
or
Nef, H. (2017). Space princess defends the Uffizi from aliens (house Medici
2078). Instagram. [online]. 6 June. Available from:
https://www.instagram.com/p/BGVJHgiCyyG/?taken-by=harinef. [Accessed 14
December 2018]

Blogs

Blogs

References should consist of the following elements:

• Author's Family Name, Initial(s)

or screen-name where this is not known
• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title of blog entry
• Title of blog (in italics)
• [online]
• Day and Month of Post
• Available from: Web Address
• [Accessed: Date]

Example:
Lau, S. (2018). Dark Disney. Style Bubble. [online]. 22 June. Available from:
http://stylebubble.co.uk/style_bubble/2018/06/dark-disney.html. [Accessed 26
October 2018].

Podcasts

Podcasts

References should consist of the following elements:

• Title of Podcast
• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title of episode (in italics)
• [online]
• Available from: Web Address
• [Accessed: Date]

Example:
99% Invisible. (2018). Post-Narco Urbanism [online]. Available from:
https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/post-narco-urbanism/. [Accessed: 19 April
2018]

Mobile Apps

Mobile App Content

References should consist of the following elements:

• Originator or Author
• Year (in brackets)
or accessed year if this is not available
• Title of app content
• Title of app (in italics)
• [mobile app]
• [Accessed: Date]

Example:
BBC. (2013). Major changes to A-levels planned. BBC News. [mobile app].
[Accessed 23 January 2013]

PDFs

PDFs

PDF (Portable Document Format) is a file format used to present text and images.
PDFs may contain any kind of written information, and therefore you must identify
what type of source you have, and follow the guidance for that source type given
elsewhere on this guide, in order to correctly reference it.

For example, in academic publishing, it is common to encounter journal articles

and conference papers as PDF files. You may also often access eBooks,
government and industry reports or theses and dissertations as PDFs. These are all
referenced differently.

It is not possible to give an exhaustive list of all types of sources that may be
distributed in a PDF format, and you must use your best judgement to ascertain
what type of source you have found before you can reference it.

Film & Video

Films

Films Viewed at the Cinema or on Home Video

Use this format for films viewed at the cinema, or on DVD, Blu-Ray or other
similar mediums for video material. References should consist of the following
elements:

• Director's Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year of film release (in brackets)
• Title (in italics)
• [Type of medium from which it was viewed]
• Place of production
• Production organisation (the main company if there are multiple)

Examples:
Aster, A. (2019). Midsommar. [Film]. New York: A24 Films.
or
Burton, T. (1988). Beetlejuice. [DVD]. London: Warner Home Video.
or
Allen, W. (1986). Hannah and her Sisters. [VHS]. Beverly Hills: MGM Home
Entertainment.

Films Viewed Online

Use this format for films viewed online, through streaming services like Netflix or
Box of Broadcasts (BoB). References should consist of the following elements:

• Director's Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year of film release (in brackets)
• Title (in italics)
• [Film]
• Production organisation (if known)
• Available from: Web Address
• [Accessed: Date]

Examples:
Hitchcock, A. (1963). The Birds. [Film]. Universal Pictures. Available from:
http://bobnational.net/record/136908. [Accessed 16 January 2016].
or
Cuarón, A. (2018). Roma. [Film]. Netflix. Available from:
https://www.netflix.com/gb/title/80240715. [Accessed 25 February 2019].

TV & Radio Broadcasts

TV Episodes
Use this format for individual television episodes watched on live television, on
catch-up and on streaming services like iPlayer or Box of Broadcasts (BoB).
References should consist of the following elements:

• Series title (if appropriate) (in italics)

• Episode number (if appropriate)
• Episode title (in italics)
• Year (in brackets)
• Channel
• [Type of medium from which it was viewed]
• Day and Month of Broadcast

If viewed online, also include the following:

• Available from: Web Address

• [Accessed: Date]

Examples:
Friends. The One Where Phoebe Runs. (2003). E4. [Television]. 8 August.
or
A Stitch in Time. Episode 5. The Black Prince (2018). BBC4. [Television]. 31
January. Available from:
https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/1091ADD3?bcast=12602
1038. [Accessed: 14 August 2018].

TV Seasons

Use this format for whole television seasons viewed on live television, on catch-up
and on streaming services like iPlayer or Box of Broadcasts (BoB). References
should consist of the following elements:

• Series title (in italics)

• Year (in brackets)
• Season Number.
• Channel
• [Type of medium from which it was viewed]

If viewed online, also include the following:

• Available from: Web Address

• [Accessed: Date]

Examples:
Mad Men. (2009). Season 3. BBC4. [Television].
or
Sex Education. (2019). Season 1. Netflix. [Online]. Available from:
https://www.netflix.com/gb/title/80197526. [Accessed: 10 October 2020].

Radio Broadcasts

Use this format for radio programmes listened to live, on catch-up and on
streaming services like Box of Broadcasts (BoB). References should consist of the
following elements:

• Series title (if appropriate) (in italics)

• Episode number (if appropriate)
• Episode title (in italics)
• Year (in brackets)
• Channel
• [Type of medium from which it was viewed]
• Day and Month of Broadcast

If listened to online, also include the following:

• Available from: Web Address

• [Accessed: Date]

Examples:
The Friday Play. Ruby on Tuesday. (2003). BBC Radio 4. [Radio]. 8 August.
or
An Obsessive Type: The Tale of the Doves Typeface. (2016). BBC Radio 4.
[Radio]. 28 July. Available from:
https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/0CF69D70?bcast=12218
1032. [Accessed 10 July 2019].

Interviews on TV & Radio

Interviews on TV & Radio

Use this format for interviews with individuals broadcast as a part of a TV or radio
programme. References should consist of the following elements:

• Name of person interviewed

• Year (in brackets)
• Interview by name of interviewer
• Programme title (in italics)
• Channel
• [Type of medium from which it was viewed]
 • Day and Month of Broadcast

If viewed / listened to online, also include the following:

• Available from: Web Address

• [Accessed: Date]

Examples:
McMaster, B. (2003). Interview by Mariella Frostrup. The Radio 2 Arts
Programme. BBC Radio 2. [Radio]. 6 September.
or
Shulman, A. (2016). Interview by Richard Macer. Absolutely Fashion: Inside
British Vogue. BBC2. [Television]. 11 September. Available from:
https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/0D70CAEE?bcast=1224
84384. [Accessed 15 May 2018].

YouTube & Vimeo Videos

YouTube and other Video-Sharing Website Videos

Use this format for videos uploaded to YouTube, Vimeo and similar online video-
sharing services. References should consist of the following elements:

• Screen-name
• Year uploaded (in brackets)
• Video title
• Title of platform (in italics)
• [online]
• Available from: Web Address
• [Accessed: Date]

For feature films that have been uploaded to these services, follow the formatting
for Films Streamed Online.

Examples:
Ninecreative. (2008). Esquire e-ink cover. YouTube. [online]. Available from:
http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=KMb9tZ1TP8Q. [Accessed 10 September 2018].
or
Storm the Castle. (2019). A Little Film About...Matt Saunders. Vimeo. [online].
Available from: https://vimeo.com/311628741. [Accessed 15 May 2019]

Video Games

Video Games
Use this format for video games on all platforms, including mobile games.
References should consist of the following elements:

• Title of game (in italics)

• Edition or version (in brackets) (if applicable)
• Year (in brackets)
• Platform
• [game]
• Place of Publication:
• Publisher

Examples:
Fallout 4. (2015). PS4. [game]. Rockville, MD: Bethesda Softworks.
or
Monument Valley 2. (2017). iOS. [game]. London: Ustwo Games.

Performances

Theatrical Productions

Production of a Play

References should consist of the following elements:

• Playwright's Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year of performance (in brackets)
• Title (in italics)
• Directed by name
• Performance company
• Performance venue
• Location of performance
• [Date performance viewed]

Example:
Shakespeare, W. (2008). Hamlet. Directed by Gregory Doran. Royal Shakespeare
Company. The Courtyard Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon. [24 July 2008]

Dance Productions

References should consist of the following elements:

• Choreographer's Family Name, Initial(s)

 • Year of performance (in brackets)
• Title (in italics)
• Directed by name (if appropriate)
• Performance company
• Performance venue
• Location of performance
• [Date performance viewed]

Example:
Bourne, M. (2019). Matthew Bourne's Swan Lake. New Adventures. Mayflower
Theatre, Southampton. [19 February 2019]

Musical Recordings

Musical Recordings

References should consist of the following elements:

• Recoding Artist's Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year (in brackets)
• Title (in italics)
• Composed by name (if appropriate)
• [medium]
• Place of production (if known):
• Producing organisation

Examples:
The Cure. (1992). Wish. [compact disc]. London: Fiction Records
or
Beyoncé. (2016). Lemonade. [mp3]. New York: Parkwood Entertainment.

Song Lyrics

Song Lyrics

References should consist of the following elements:

• Songwriter's Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year (in brackets)
• Song title (in italics)
• [lyrics]
• Place of distribution (if known):
• Distribution company or label

If found online, also include the following:

 • Available from: Web Address
• [Accessed: Date]

Examples:
Taupin, B. (1973). Candle in the wind. [lyrics]. MCA Records.
or
Bowie, D. (1971). Life on Mars? [lyrics]. Available from:
http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/davidbowie/lifeonmars.html [Accessed 14 January
2016].

Libretto

Libretto

References should consist of the following elements:

• Author's Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year (in brackets)
• Tile of publication (in italics)
• [libretto]
• Place of publication:
• Publisher

Example:
Ashman, H. (1982). Little shop of horrors. [libretto]. London: Josef Weinberger.

Theatre Programmes & Prompt Books

Theatre Programmes, Prompt Books, etc.

References should consist of the following elements:

• Theatre group/performer
• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title of performance (in italics)
• Date of performance
• Type of material e.g. programme/prompt book
• Performance venue
• Location of venue

Example:
The Royal Shakespeare Company. (1993). William Shakespeare’s The Tempest, 12
May 1993, programme, The Swan: Stratford-upon-Avon.
Personal Communications

Interviews

Interviews in Person

References should consist of the following elements:

• Interviewee's Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year (in brackets)
• Interviewee's job title/position (if appropriate)
• Interview with author
• Day and Month

Example:
Green, V. (2017). Organic Farming Policy Officer. Interview with author. 7
September.

Interviews on the Telephone/Skype

References should consist of the following elements:

• Interviewee's Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year (in brackets)
• Interviewee's job title/position (if appropriate)
• Telephone conversation / Skype conversation with author
• Day and Month

Example:
Longbridge, J. (2011). Opera South Public Relations Officer. Telephone
conversation with author. 5 May.

Emails

Email Correspondence

References should consist of the following elements:

• Sender's Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year (in brackets)
• Email to recipient's name
• Day and Month
Example:
Smith, J. (2018). Email to John Jones. 5 May.

Letters

Letters

References should consist of the following elements:

• Sender's Family Name, Initial(s)

• Year (in brackets)
• Sender's job title/position (if appropriate)
• Letter to author
• Day and Month

Example:
Beare, P. (2002). Deputy Head TAW Elementary School. Letter to author. 17
January.

Works in Translation

Works with a Named Translator

Works by an Author with a Named Translator

List the author of the work before the translator - for the in text citation use the
author’s name and the date. References should consist of the following elements:

• Author’s Family Name, Initial(s)

• and
• Translator’s Family Name, Initial(s)
• (trans)
• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title of book (in italics)
• Place of publication
• Publisher

Example:
Ibsen, H. and McFarlene, J. (trans). (1981). Four major plays. London: Methuen.

Your Own Translations

Your Own Translations

If you reference a source written in a language other than English in your reference
list then you can either write the title in the original language, or an English
translation with the language acknowledged. You will need to decide which you
prefer and then use it consistently, for example:

Cabañas Bravo, M. (2008). Arte, poder y sociedad en la España de los

siglos XV a XX. Madrid: Consejo superior de investigaciones cientificas.
or
Cabañas Bravo, M. (2008). Art, power and society in Spain in the fifteenth
to the twentieth centuries. (in Spanish). Madrid: Consejo superior de
investigaciones cientificas.

If you reference a source written in a language with a non-roman alphabet, e.g.

Arabic, Chinese, Russian, etc. you will need to use a standard transliteration
scheme to write the title in your reference list. For example:

Zhuō, R. (2019). Yě shòu xiōng měng: Wài tān “bǎi wù qū”. Yì Shù Jiè:
LEAP. [online]. Available from:
http://www.leapleapleap.com/2019/07/beastly-an-opera-for-animals-at-
rockbund-shanghai/?lang=zh-hans. [Accessed 12 March 2020].

Follow the referencing guidance for the type of media you have translated from -
e.g. book, journal article, website, etc.