Scribd
Upload
7 views

classification_of_matter_pdf

Learning

Uploaded by

johboibrainy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
7 views

classification_of_matter_pdf

Learning

Uploaded by

johboibrainy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 35

Classification of Matter

Classification of Matter
• How do we make sense of all the types of
material in the world?

• Properties of Materials
– Describe materials by listing their properties
– Chemical properties vs Physical properties
– Intensive vs. Extensive properties
Properties of Matter
• Chemistry is the study of matter
• Matter is classified according to its
properties. There are two types:
– A physical property can be observed without
changing the identity of the substance. Ex. Are
color, temperature, density, etc.
– A chemical property describes change of a
substance to form other substances –
flammability, biodegradability, etc.
Properties of Matter
There are two types of physical properties:

1. An extensive property depends on the


amount of substance
2. An intensive property is independent of
the amount
Extensive Volume 76.2 mL 6.64 mL
Properties
Mass 76 g 6.5 g

Both Substances are water!!

Intensive Density 0.999 g/mL 0.999 g/mL


Properties
Temp 20 oC 20 oC
Intensive vs. Extensive Properties
• Intensive properties For Example:
can be used to identify mass
unknown substances Density = --------
volume

A glass container weighs


48.462 g. A sample of
4.00 mL of a substance is
added, and the container
plus the substance weigh
54.51 g. Calculate the
density of substance.
“The number of brain cells that refuse to learn
a new concept is a measure of your
density.”

Melinda Hutson
Geology, PCC
Physical & Chemical Changes
• In a physical process, the
identity of a substance
doesn’t change.
• In a chemical process, a
substance is transformed
into a different
substance.

If measuring a property
changes the substance
(i.e., flammability, etc),
then it is a chemical
property.
Physical Change
• Whether it is in solid form, liquid or gas…it is all
still water!
Chemical Change
Chemical Change
Classifying Properties
• Which of the following is an extensive property?
volume melting point color hardness temp

• Which of the following is an intensive chemical property of a box of


raisins?
grams per serving total grams total # of raisins
calories per serving total calories

• Which of the following is an extensive property of a bubble of air?


radius density % oxygen temp
Classifying Properties
• Which of the following is a physical
property?
hardness melting pt color volume temp

• Which of the following is a chemical


property of a slice of chocolate cake?
volume temp color mass dietary calories
SOLID LIQUID GAS
High density High density Low density
Hard to expand/compress Hard to expand/compress Easy to expand/compress
Rigid shape Takes shape of container Fills container
Phase Changes
• A phase is a region with homogeneous
(uniform) properties

• Conversions between states are called


“phase transitions” or “changes of state”

• Changes in temp, pressure or composition


can result in changes of state.
Physical or Chemical Changes?
• Water is heated in a microwave
• Water freezes to ice
• Rust forms on an iron nail
• A gas is compressed with a pump
• A lump of coal burns
• Table salt is dissolved in water
Classification of Matter
All matter is either a pure substance or a mixture.

• A pure substance has a fixed composition and


distinct properties

• A mixture consists of two or more pure substances


which retain their chemical identities.
Classification of Matter
Pure substance: characteristics

• The percent of each component always the same


from sample to sample
Example: water is always 11.2% hydrogen and
88.8% oxygen – no matter where you get it!

• Samples melt or boil at a characteristic


temperature (is this intrinsic or extrinsic?)
Pure Substances
Pure substances are either elements or
compounds.

• An element cannot be decomposed into simpler


substances by physical or chemical means.

• A compound is composed of two or more


elements always in the same proportion.
Elements
There are about
100 elements.
Their names and
symbols are
shown in the
Periodic Table.
Some common
elements à
Elements
States of the Elements
Elements
Writing element symbols:

• First 1-2 distinguishing letters in name used


for symbol

• Only the first letter is capitalized.


Element Symbols Derived from Ancient Names
English Name Symbol Ancient Name
Antimony Sb Stibium
Copper Cu Cuprum
Gold Au Aurum
Iron Fe Ferrum
Lead Pb Plumbum
Mercury Hg Hydragyrum
Potassium K Kallium
Silver Ag Argentum
Sodium Na Natrium
Tin Sn Stannum
Tungsten W wolfram
Compounds
• Compounds can be
decomposed into their
elements ONLY by a
chemical means.
Example: the electrolysis of
H2O

• Compounds always give


the same proportion of
each element by mass.
Compound Formulas
• A chemical formula expresses the number of
atoms of each type of element in the compound.
The number of atoms is indicated with a subscript.
Compound Formulas
• Some formulas require parentheses for
clarification. The subscript multiplies everything
in the parenthesis by that number.
Your Turn
• Which of the following represents a collection of
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) molecules?
• H is white and O is red.
Mixtures
• A mixture has a
variable composition
• If the properties of a
mixture are not
uniform throughout,
the mixture is
heterogeneous.
Mixtures
• If the properties are
uniform, the mixture is
homogeneous, or a
solution.

• No ice in the Kool-Aid


Mixtures
• The pure substances in a mixture can be
separated through physical means.
– Separation of salt from seawater.
– Distillation of brandy, rum, etc.
– Separation of fresh brewed coffee from coffee
grounds (filtration)
A Microscopic View
• Pure substances are composed of atoms or molecules with
fixed numbers of atoms bonded together.
• Mixtures consist of variable numbers of atoms or
molecules.
Your Turn
• Which of the following represents a mixture,
which a compound, and which an element?
The Classification of Matter
Your Turn Again
• Are the following elements, mixtures or
compounds?
– seawater
– steel
– copper
– marble
– iron oxide
– diamond
– milk

You might also like