Govt Graduate college bwp

Seminar topic: Satellite

PROF MISBAH YAQOOB

Student name:
Amina
Sidra
Touseeq
Definition of satellite
A satellite is an object that moves around a
larger object. Earth is a satellite because it
moves around the sun. The moon is a satellite
because it moves around Earth. Earth and the
moon are called “natural” satellites.
But usually when someone says “satellite,” they
are talking about a “man-made” satellite. Man-
made satellites are machines made by people.
These machines are launched into space and
orbit Earth or another body in space.
Pakistan has launched several satellites 1. _Badr-1_ (1990): Pakistan's first
experimental satellite, launched from China.2. _Badr-B_ (2001): A remote sensing
satellite launched from Kazakhstan.3. _Paksat-1_ (2002): A communications satellite
launched from China.4. _Paksat-1R_ (2011): A replacement for Paksat-1, launched
from China.5. _PRSS-1_ (2018): A remote sensing satellite launched from China.6.
_iCUBE-1_ (2013): A small satellite developed by the Institute of Space Technology
(IST).7. _Badr-6_ (2019): A small satellite developed by the Pakistan Space and Upper
Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO).- Earth observation- Communications-
Navigation- Scientific research- Technology demonstration Pakistan's space program
is managed by SUPARCO, which aims to develop the country's space technology
capabilities and explore space for peaceful purposes.
iCUBE-1 is a small satellite developed by the Institute of Space Technology (IST) in
Pakistan. Here are some details about the satellite:1. *Launch*: iCUBE-1 was
launched on November 21, 2013, from the Yasny Launch Base in Russia.2. *Mission*:
The primary mission of iCUBE-1 is to test and demonstrate new space technologies,
including: - Earth observation - Communication systems - Navigation -
Scientific experiments3. *Design and Structure*: - iCUBE-1 is a cube-shaped
satellite with a size of 10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm (3.9 in x 3.9 in x 3.9 in) - Mass:
approximately 1 kg (2.2 lbs) - Structure: Aluminum alloy frame with solar panels
and antennas4. *Payloads*: - Earth observation camera (resolution: 200 meters) -
Communication system (VHF/UHF bands) - GPS receiver - Magnetometer -
Thermometer5. *Orbit*: - Low Earth Orbit (LEO) - Altitude: 600 km (373 miles) -
Inclination: 97.5°6. *Power*: - Solar panels (4 x 10 cm x 10 cm) - Battery: Lithium-
ion (3.5 Ah)7. *Communication*: - Ground station: IST, Karachi - Communication
frequency: VHF/UHF bands8. *Mission Duration*: 2 years (primary mission),
extendable to 5 years
Types of Satellites

Satellites can be categorized into different

different types based on their functions.

Examples include communication satellites,

Earth observation satellites, and scientific
satellites.

Each type has unique design requirements and

operational capabilities.
Gold foil is used to protect satellites from
the extreme temperatures encountered
in space. As a reflecting covering, the
gold foil serves to shield the satellite
from the sun’s rays, which can reach
temperatures of up to 3000°F. The gold
foil also aids in shielding the satellite
from space’s extreme cold, which can
reach -250°F. The gold foil aids in heat
reflection, keeping the satellite from
overheating. The gold foil also shields the
satellite from UV rays and other types of
radiation
Communication Components

Communication satellites use antennas and

and transponders to relay signals.

Antennas are often constructed from

lightweight materials like aluminum or
composites.

Transponders convert incoming signals and

transmit them back to Earth.
5: Thrusters are devices that produce thrust, a
force that propels an object.
They are commonly used in:
• Aerospace: To propel rockets, satellites, and
spacecraft.
• Underwater vehicles: To propel submarines
and torpedoes.

Fuel use in satellite

hydrazine propellant tank carbon fiber
Material used in satellite
Satellites need to be lighter and
stronger in order to be carried to
space by rockets. For the parts
which require the strength,
lightweight and rugged
materials like stainless and
titanium are used.
Aluminum, plastic, and
other materials are used
for the parts which require
specific processing.
Launch Window Considerations

Launch windows are determined by various

various factors, including orbital mechanics.
mechanics.

Weather conditions can significantly affect

launch schedules and success rates.

Timing is essential to ensure the satellite

reaches its desired orbit.
Low Earth Orbit
(LEO):
• Altitude: Typically between 160 to 2,000
kilometers (100 to 1,240 miles) above
Earth
• Characteristics:Close proximity to Earth,
allowing for lower latency
communications.
• Ideal for Earth observation, scientific
experiments, and some communications
satellites.
• Faster orbital period, meaning satellites
orbit the Earth in about 90 to 120
minutes.
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO):
• Altitude: Ranges from about 2,000 to 35,786
kilometers (1,240 to 22,236 miles) above
Earth.
• Characteristics:
• Commonly used for navigation and
communication satellites.
• Offers a balance between coverage
area and latency.
• Navigation satellites, such as those in
the GPS constellation, are placed in
this orbit.
What is GPS?
GPS stands for Global
Positioning System. It is
a radio navigation
system used on land,
sea, and air to
determine the exact
location, time and
velocity irrespective of
weather conditions. The
US military first used it
in the year 1960.
Geostationary Orbit (GEO):
• Altitude: Approximately 35,786
kilometers (22,236 miles) above the
equator.
• Characteristics:
• Satellites in GEO appear to be
stationary relative to a fixed
point on Earth's surface.
• Ideal for communications,
broadcasting, and weather
monitoring.
Provides a consistent view of the same area
of the Earth, which is useful for TV
broadcasting and weather observation.The
orbital period is 24 hours, matching Earth's
rotation period
GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit) satellites are
used for:_Telecommunications_: TV
broadcasting, mobile networks, and internet
connectivity._Weather Forecasting_: Monitoring
weather patterns, storm tracking, and climate
observation._Earth Observation_: Imaging and
monitoring Earth's surface, oceans, and
atmosphere.Space Weather Monitoring_:
Tracking solar activity and space weather
events._Military Communications_: Secure
communication networks for military
operations._Aeronautical Communications_:
Supporting air traffic control and aircraft
communication.
Earth Observation Satellites

Earth observation satellites are designed to

monitor and collect data about the Earth's
surface and atmosphere.

They provide valuable information for weather

forecasting, environmental monitoring, and
disaster management.

These satellites often operate in LEO to capture

high-resolution images of the Earth.
1. Weather forecasting

Weather forecasting is the prediction of the

future of weather. The satellites that are
used to predict the future of weather are
called weather satellites. Weather satellites
continuously monitor the climate and
weather conditions of earth. They use
sensors called radiometers for measuring
the heat energy released from the earth
surface. Weather satellites also predict the
most dangerous storms such as hurricanes
. Communication satellites

The communication satellite is a satellite that transmits the

signals such as telephone, television, radio, internet signals
over long distances.

Electrical signal is used to transmit the information through

the wire. However, electrical signal or electric current is not
transmitted wirelessly because air is a pure insulator. Hence,
it resists the flow of electric current or electrical signal.

In order to transmit the information wirelessly, light signals or

electromagnetic waves are used. However, light signals or
electromagnetic waves cannot bend around the curvature of
the earth. Hence, in order to transmit the information or signal
over long distances, a single satellite or multiple satellites are
used to redirect the signals.
Agriculture
•Crop Monitoring: Satellites can capture images that
reveal crop health, growth stages, and potential issues like
disease or drought.

Land Use Mapping: Satellites can be used to

map land use patterns and identify areas that
are suitable for agriculture. This information can
help farmers to make better decisions about
where to plant their crops.
Climate Change
•Ice Cap Monitoring:
Satellites track the melting of
glaciers and ice caps,
providing crucial data for
climate change studies.
2. Navigation
Generally, navigation refers to
determining the geographical
location of an object. The
satellites that are used to
determine the geographic
location of aircrafts, ships,
cars, trains, or any other object
are called navigation satellites.
GPS (Global Positioning
System) is an example of
navigation system. It allows the
user to determine their exact
location at anywhere in the
world.
3. Astronomy
Astronomy is the study of celestial
objects such as stars, planets,
galaxies, natural satellites, comets,
etc. The satellites that are used to
study or observe the distant stars,
galaxies, planets, etc. are called
astronomical satellites. They are
mainly used to find the new stars,
planets, and galaxies. Hubble space
telescope is an example of
astronomical satellite. It captures the
high-resolution images of the distant
stars, galaxies, planets etc
6. Military satellite

Military satellite is an artificial satellite used

by the army for various purposes such as
spying on enemy countries, military
communication, and navigation.

Military satellites obtain the secret

information from the enemy countries.
These satellites also detect the missiles
launched by the other countries in the
space.

Military satellites are used by armed forces

to communicate with each other. These
satellites also used to determine the exact
location of an object.
7. Satellite internet

Satellite internet is a
wireless system that uses
satellites to deliver the
internet signals to users.
High-speed internet is the
main advantage of
satellite internet. Satellite
internet does not use
cable systems, but instead
it uses satellites to
transmit the information or
signal.