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IoT-Based Temperature and Relative Humidity Monitoring System Using

Simple Network Management Protocol

Conference Paper · August 2021

DOI: 10.1109/ICA52848.2021.9625689

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 IoT-Based Temperature and Relative Humidity
Monitoring System Using Simple Network
Management Protocol
Nurvita Aji Nazuwatussya’diyah Endra Joelianto
Master Program of Instrumentation and Master Program of Instrumentation and Instrumentation and Control Research
Control Control Group
Institut Teknologi Bandung Institut Teknologi Bandung Institut Teknologi Bandung
Bandung, Indonesia Bandung, Indonesia Bandung, Indonesia
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract— This paper proposes a system architecture generation or 4G was everything in 3G but faster; and 5G are
design for the Internet of Things (IoT) implemented in going to be even faster; It will be quick enough to transfer a
temperature and relative humidity measurement using DHT 11 whole HD film in a matter of seconds [2]. According to a
temperature and humidity sensor. Simple Network recent McKinsey report, the number of firms employing IoT
Management Protocol (SNMP) is used to manage different technologies has climbed from 13% in 2014 to almost 25%
network devices and transfer information so that the ESP32 nowadays. Furthermore, by 2023, the global number of IoT-
Wi-Fi microcontroller connected to the sensor can connected devices is expected to reach 43 billion, nearly
communicate with Open Platform Communication (OPC) tripling from 2018 [3]. Therefore, IoT technologies will be
server. In addition, the network variables are identified by
future trends as IoT ideas are applied to every sphere of
Object Identifiers (OIDs) then collected to Management
human life.
Information Base (MIB). These two elements are required by
the SNMP monitoring tool for enabling the user to monitor There are several related works about the application of
network infrastructure and run troubleshooting. Data IoT in various fields recently. IoT has been used as a
acquired from the ESP32 Wi-Fi microcontroller are healthcare monitoring system for health-related issues such
accumulated on the OPC server using SNMP and subsequently as diabetics, heart monitoring system, pulse rate
transferred to the OPC Client such as Human Machine measurement, daily activity, kidney functioning, etc [4]. A
Interface (HMI) and OPC data logger. The OPC server has a
work [5] used IoT to measure water quality. In addition, IoT
ping channel feature to determine network latency measured
devices allowed energy data usage from each unit to be
as a round trip time – the time taken for data to get its
destination and back again. Later on, the ESP32
gathered and stored in a cloud-based database that could be
microcontroller was also connected to a mobile application via evaluated and conveyed for energy conservation and analysis
Wi-Fi for displaying real-time data simultaneously with the in energy monitoring and control systems [6]. Later on, IoT
HMI. The SNMP network latency test on the proposed system could be employed in air pollution monitoring and control
architecture design results in 126.33 ms for 13 minutes without systems to deliver information on air quality via a mobile
a corrupt packet of data. The result indicates SNMP can be app, allowing commuters to choose routes with good air
used as an alternative protocol for IoT data communication. quality [7]. In [8], IoT is used to integrate home security and
monitoring systems, to improve and ensure the security
Keywords— Internet of Things (IoT), SNMP, IoT system, and to monitor the house environment remotely.
architecture, round trip time, OPC, network latency, simple
network management protocol IoT protocols which are an integral part of IoT
technology, play a crucial role in data transfer. They are
included in the presentation/application layer to handle data
I. INTRODUCTION formatting and presentation and serve as the bridge between
Internet of Things (IoT) has started becoming a more the IoT devices and the network. IoT protocols enable the
crucial component in humans' daily lives. It could transform connected devices to communicate with each other. Without
our physical world into a complex system of advanced suitable IoT protocols, the connected devices would be
technology devices on an unimaginable scale. The deemed useless. Some of the popular IoT application layer
widespread adoption of IoT technologies has been increased protocols are Simple Network Management Protocol
along with the growing use of the internet in various sectors. (SNMP), Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT),
Furthermore, with the expanding availability of Wi-Fi and Extensible Message and Presence Protocol (XMPP),
4G-LTE wireless internet connectivity, the transition towards Constrained Environments Application Protocol (CoAP),
a ubiquitous information and communication network is and Representational State Transfer (REST). SNMP as IoT
already visible [1]. Besides, the availability of 5G networks protocol has been used as a sensors management system to
set for commercial around 2020 is expected to be the next implement sensors information of IoT system [9] and
giant leap in IoT applications. implemented in the monitoring system to inspect android
devices [10].
According to Ericsson, the early generation mobile
network, sometimes known as 1G, was entirely about audio; In this paper, it is proposed a system architecture design
second generation or 2G was about audio and texting; third for SNMP protocol IoT-based temperature and relative
generation or 3G was about audio, texting, and data; fourth- humidity monitoring system integrated with Open Platform
The work is partially supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture,
Communication (OPC). OPC is used to connect IoT devices
Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia under Competitive
Research National, 2021.
to Human Machine Interface (HMI) and Data Logger consumer electronics, etc. ESP32-C3-WROOM2 is a 32-bit
System. The goal is to find the performance of SNMP as an RISC-V single-core processor up to 160 MHz with 384KB
IoT protocol for various connected devices and yield ROM, 400KB SRAM and 8KB SRAM in RTC memory.
network latency. The obtained network latency is being a ESP32-C3 integrates an upscale set of peripherals, starting
parameter to measure the quality of the network system. from UART, I2C, I2S, remote peripheral, LED PWM
controller, general DMA controller, TWAI® controller,
II. MATERIALS AND METHOD USB Serial/JTAG controller, temperature sensor, and ADC
[12].
A. System Architecture Design
D. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
The system architecture design for IoT-based
temperature and relative humidity monitoring system is The SNMP is an application protocol that permits
depicted in Fig. 1, consists of a sensor, microcontroller, logically remote users to examine or alter management
SNMP management tool, OPC, HMI, Data Logger, and variables. It is usually used for the management of networks
mobile application. that utilize the TCP/IP protocol suite [13]. SNMPv1 was
developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It
is the original version of the SNMP protocol. The next
version, SNMPv2, has been improved but with unsolved
security issues. Finally, the third version, SNMPv3, could
cope with these security issues and improve the performance
and flexibility.
Network management of SNMP is based on the agent-
manager model. The SNMP protocol has a specific model
called Management Information Base (MIB) that describes
each element of SNMP as a list of a data object. Translating
numerical strings into human-readable text is a fundamental
purpose of the MIB. SNMP managers and agents use the
same MIB to be capable of communicating and cooperate in
the network. If an element of the network device is not
defined in the MIB, it does not exist as far as SNMP
managers and agents are concerned.
Data transfer in the SNMP protocol is effortless to
understand. SET-REQUEST is a message when the SNMP
manager sends a management command to the SNMP agent.
Fig. 1. The system architecture of IoT Furthermore, GET-REQUEST is a message when the
SNMP manager retrieves some management information
A detailed function of each element for IoT-based
from the SNMP agent. On the other hand, the SNMP agent
temperature and relative humidity monitoring systems will
uses an SNMP TRAP message when an SNMP agent wants
be explained in the following subsection.
to send an unsolicited message [14].
B. Sensor SNMP has strengths such as wide popularity, many
The DHT 11 temperature and humidity sensor, as shown available standard MIBs, many available products, network
in Fig. 1, was used in this experiment. This sensor can discovery, packet analysis, network device performance
measure temperature in the range of 0°C to 50°C, with an reporting, configuration management, security aspects,
accuracy of ±2°C. Meanwhile, the relative humidity is monitor, test connectivity, and various capabilities [15].
measured between 20% and 90% RH with an accuracy of On the other side, when the SNMP protocol is applied in
±5% RH and the operating temperature range of 0°C to a wide area network, the SNMP traffic can slow down
50°C. With an 8-bit resolution, the measurement values are which starts to slow down the response time for normal
returned [11]. traffic. The SNMP protocol is used to query all network
devices. As a result, all network devices perform additional
C. Microcontroller processing. Accordingly, it is preferable not to poll network
The signals from DHT 11 sensor were read and devices more frequently. Sometimes when an organization
processed by the microcontroller. IP Address of the needs to implement a dedicated or point-to-point separate
microcontroller was 192.168.43.218. In this experiment, network connection is used to manage network traffic. So it
ESP32-C3-WROOM2 was used as a microcontroller, as does not delay the data transfer [15].
shown in Fig. 1. It is a general-purpose Wi-Fi module. The E. Object Identifier (OIDs)
ESP32 may function as a stand-alone system or as a slave
device to a large number of MCUs, lowering For SNMP-based network management, MIB provides
communication stack overhead on most application OID. Each row in a MIB hierarchy is uniquely identified by
processors. Through its SPI / SDIO or I2C / UART a set of integers. In this experiment, temperature’s OID was
interfaces, the ESP32 can connect to other systems and defined as .1.3.6.1.2.1.12345.0, and relative humidity’s OID
provide Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capability. The rich set of was defined as .1.3.6.1.2.1.12345.2, as shown in Fig. 2. The
peripherals and high performance make this module an ideal first six numbers in an OID are always the same. It means
choice for smart homes, industrial automation, health care,
they come under some folder. They are represented as
follow [16]:

 .1 denotes iso (OID standard was launched by ISO)

 .3 denotes org (Organization)
 .6 denotes dod (The US Department of Defense)
 .1 denotes the internet
 .2 denotes the private company
 .1 denotes enterprise
Fig. 4. SNMP-based OPC Server

H. Human Machine Interface (HMI)

HMI is a user interface that connects humans to
machines, devices, and systems. In this paper, HMI has a
role as OPC Client using the OPC server to get data from or
send commands to the hardware. HMI Intouch Wonderware
was chosen because it has a user-friendly interface and is
easy to use. The OPC Client (HMI) uses Fast DDE/Suitelink
connectivity to interact with the OPC Server. The following
figure shows the tag name configuration to enable HMI to
communicate with KEPServerEX OPC Server.

Fig. 2. OIDs for temperature and relative humidity parameter

F. SNMP Management Tool

To deal with SNMP-enabled network devices and
usages, an SNMP management tool was employed. During
the examination, the Ireasoning MIB Browser was selected.
It allows users to send SNMP requests to the SNMP agent to
retrieve data (GET) or make modifications (SET). The
following figure shows the temperature and relative Fig. 5. HMI tagname configuration
humidity value when the user requests GET operation on the
SNMP management tool in compliance with IP addresses
and OIDs. I. Data Logger System
Data Logger has a function to log data from an OPC
server to any ODBC-compliant databases. One of the
ODBC based applications that can be used as a database is
Microsoft Access because it is easy to configure. It uses an
ODBC driver, a data access technology included with
Windows, to connect with an external data source. Fig. 6
shows the OPC Server configuration for data logging.
Fig. 3. MIB Browser for SNMP management

G. Open Platform Communication (OPC)

OPC is the standard for various industrial automation
protocols, such as Modbus, Fieldbus, Profibus, IT protocols
(including SNMP, MQTT, REST), etc [17]. In this
experiment, KEPServerEX v6 was used as OPC Server to
connect the IoT devices with HMI and Data Logger. Fig. 4
shows that KEPServerEX OPC Server provides SNMP
protocol.

Fig. 6. OPC data logger configuration

J. Mobile Application III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Blynk application was used in this experiment. It is a A. Open Platform Communication (OPC), Microsoft Access
mobile interface to manage connected electronic devices at Data Logger, Human Machine Interface (HMI), and Mobile
any scale remotely. In the ESP32 program, the Blynk app Application
library was imported. Auth token is needed to connect the
hardware to the Blynk app. This token is an assigned unique
32-byte string to identify user authentication required to
access the application. In addition, Service Set Identifier
(SSID) and password must be adjusted according to the Wi-
Fi network setting, as shown in Fig. 7 below.

(a)

Fig. 7. Initialization in blynk application programming

K. Round Trip Time

When the Round Trip Time (RTT) between endpoints is
lowered, the performance of linked applications improves.
RTT is the time needed for a signal to travel from a specific
source to a specific destination and get back. It also
represents the network latency [18] [19]. RTT can be (b)
determined by pinging an IP Address. The range of RTT
was from a few milliseconds to several seconds. It depends
on many factors such as physical distance between source
and destination, a connection medium, number of nodes,
traffic in network connection, number of requests handled
by the server, etc. Fig. 8 denotes process model of data
transferring based on hierarchical MIPv6 [20].

internet

(c)

internet

Fig. 8. Process model of data transferring based on hierarchial MIPv6

(d)
Therefore, the round trip time between sensor and OPC
server can be calculated by following computation in (1) Fig. 9. The result of the experiment on KEPServerEX OPC Server (a),
[20]: HMI Intouch Wonderware (b), Microsoft Access Data Logger (c), and
RTT = t1 + t2 + t3 + t4 + t5 + t6 + t7 + t8 (1) Blynk Mobile Application (d)
 Fig. 9 shows that data from the ESP32 Wi-Fi TABLE I. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF RTT, HUMIDITY, AND
TEMPERATURE
microcontroller was being able to be accumulated in
KEPServerEX OPC Server using SNMP protocol and Descriptive Analysis RTT (ms) Temperature (degC) Humidity (%)
subsequently transferred into HMI Intouch Wonderware and Mean 126.3333333 30.63881279 84.00913242
Microsoft Access Data Logger. OPC allows IoT devices to Standard Error 5.31913667 0.005716428 0.006442768
communicate with other devices and systems despite having Median 121 30.7 84
different protocols. Based on the conducted experimental Mode #N/A 30.7 84
test, the SNMP protocol was finally proven for connecting
Standard Deviation 78.71603437 0.084595403 0.095344262
KEPServerEX OPC Server with IoT devices (ESP32 Wi-Fi
Sample Variance 6196.214067 0.007156382 0.009090528
microcontroller and DHT 11). Then, each accumulated data
from the KEPServerEX OPC Server were logged and Kurtosis 0.922135682 -0.932760807 106.9630062
recorded in the Microsoft Access database. The configured Skewness 0.786890778 -0.561737553 10.39164174
tag names were displayed on HMI Intouch Wonderware in Range 387 0.3 1
real-time. IoT devices were also connected to a Blynk Minimum 6 30.5 84
mobile application via Wi-Fi for displaying real-time data Maximum 393 30.8 85
simultaneously with the HMI. It is not enough to make sure Sum 27667 6709.9 18398
the IoT devices and other systems are connected. Testing the Count 219 219 219
network latency is needed to rate the quality of the SNMP
protocol-based network. The measurement conducted for 13 minutes in the room
B. Round Trip Time yields a slight standard deviation for both temperature and
humidity parameters. As we know, temperature and
When it comes to IoT network connectivity, RTT must
humidity are not fluctuating significantly in the normal
be taken into account. IoT devices demand a significant
condition. It shows that temperature and humidity
amount of computing power to keep track of events over a
parameters were measured without a corrupt packet of data
distributed network. To enable smooth device
during the test.
communication, IoT device interconnection inside the
network should aim for a low RTT [21]. Fig. 10 showed the IV. CONCLUSION
obtained RTT when the SNMP network latency test was
conducted. A good and stable connection was reached with This paper presented a system architecture design for an
a minimum value of 6 ms, a maximum value of 387 ms, and IoT-based temperature and relative humidity monitoring
a mean value of 126.33 ms for 13 minutes without a lost system using SNMP protocol. It was demonstrated that the
data packet. The descriptive statistics of related parameters sensor, microcontroller, OPC, HMI, data logger, and mobile
during the examination are described in Table 1. application were successfully well-connected during the
examination. The obtained network latency of the proposed
system architecture design was 126.33 ms for 13 minutes
without a corrupt packet of data. For this reason, the SNMP
can be used as an alternative protocol for IoT data
communication because it has the strengths of widespread
popularity, many standard MIBs available, network device
performance reporting, and monitoring. However, SNMP
requires a significant amount of network bandwidth.
Therefore, it is unable to retrieve large amounts of data
efficiently.
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