Scribd
Upload
2 views

Correlation

Uploaded by

ma048774
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Correlation

Uploaded by

ma048774
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

31/12/2024, 10:26 ChatGPT

Correlation is a statistical measure that quantifies the relationship between two variables, indicating
how one variable changes in response to another. It shows the direction and strength of their
association but does not imply causation.

Types of Correlation:
1. Positive Correlation: Both variables move in the same direction.
2. Negative Correlation: One variable increases while the other decreases.
3. No Correlation: No clear relationship between the variables.

Examples:

1. Positive Correlation:
Scenario: Hours of Study vs. Exam Scores

The more time a student spends studying, the higher their exam scores tend to be.
Example: Students studying 2, 4, and 6 hours achieve scores of 60, 80, and 90, respectively.
Scenario: Temperature vs. Ice Cream Sales

As the temperature rises, ice cream sales increase.

2. Negative Correlation:
Scenario: Speed of a Car vs. Travel Time
The faster a car travels, the less time it takes to reach its destination.
Example: A car traveling at 40 km/h takes 2 hours, while one at 80 km/h takes 1 hour.
Scenario: Smartphone Battery Percentage vs. Time Spent Watching Videos
As the time spent watching videos increases, the smartphone's battery decreases.

3. No Correlation:
Scenario: Hair Color vs. Monthly Income
There is no relationship between a person’s hair color and their income.
https://chatgpt.com/c/677370da-4c18-8011-9237-c0e9fb8de2ce 1/2
31/12/2024, 10:26 ChatGPT

Scenario: Number of Cars in a Parking Lot vs. Number of Pages in a Book


The number of cars has no connection to the number of pages in a random book.

https://chatgpt.com/c/677370da-4c18-8011-9237-c0e9fb8de2ce 2/2
31/12/2024, 10:29 ChatGPT

Correlation can be classified based on its strength and direction as follows:

1. Perfect Positive Correlation


Definition: When two variables move in exactly the same proportion and direction.
Correlation Coefficient (r ): r = +1
Example:

Distance traveled and fuel consumed by a car (assuming constant fuel efficiency).
If 1 liter of fuel gives 20 km, then 2 liters give 40 km, and 3 liters give 60 km.

2. Partial Positive Correlation


Definition: When two variables move in the same direction, but not in perfect proportion.
Correlation Coefficient (r ): 0 < r < +1
Example:

Hours of exercise and weight loss.


Increased exercise typically leads to weight loss, but not always in a perfectly consistent
ratio because other factors (e.g., diet, metabolism) also play a role.

3. Perfect Negative Correlation


Definition: When two variables move in exactly opposite directions in perfect proportion.
Correlation Coefficient (r ): r = −1
Example:

Temperature of a freezer and the time it takes for water to freeze.


As the temperature decreases (e.g., from -5°C to -10°C), the freezing time decreases
proportionally.

https://chatgpt.com/c/677370da-4c18-8011-9237-c0e9fb8de2ce 1/2
31/12/2024, 10:29 ChatGPT

4. Partial Negative Correlation


Definition: When two variables move in opposite directions, but not in perfect proportion.
Correlation Coefficient (r ): −1 <r<0
Example:

The amount of sleep and stress levels.


Generally, less sleep leads to higher stress, but this relationship isn't perfect due to other
influencing factors like workload or lifestyle.

5. Zero Correlation
Definition: When there is no relationship between two variables.
Correlation Coefficient (r ): r =0
Example:

The color of a person’s car and their monthly electricity bill.


These variables are completely unrelated.

Summary Table:
Type Direction Strength r Value Example

Perfect Positive Same Direction Perfect +1 Distance and fuel consumption.

Partial Positive Same Direction Partial 0<r< Exercise and weight loss.
+1
Perfect Opposite Perfect −1 Freezer temperature and freezing
Negative Direction time.

Partial Negative Opposite Partial −1 < r < Sleep hours and stress levels.
Direction 0

Zero Correlation None None 0 Car color and electricity bill.

https://chatgpt.com/c/677370da-4c18-8011-9237-c0e9fb8de2ce 2/2
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner

You might also like