By the end of this lecture, students should be able to:

1. Identify vectors and differentiate them from scalars.

2. Represent vectors using scalar notation and Cartesian vector notation.
3. Perform vector addition and subtraction for coplanar vectors.
4. Add and subtract Cartesian vectors in three dimensions.
5. Understand the significance of position vectors.
6. Calculate the dot product of two vectors and apply it to find angles and projections.
7. Compute the cross product of two vectors.
8. Use the scalar triple product to solve problems.
Vectors’ Representation

𝑹 𝑜𝑟 𝑅
Classification of Vectors
Sliding Vector

Fixed Vector

Free Vector
Classification of Vectors
Sliding Vector is a vector which can move along its line of action without altering its
magnitude, direction, and sensing.

The point of application can lie anywhere along its line of action.
Classification of Vectors
Fixed Vector is a vector whose point of
application remains fixed, i.e., it cannot
move without altering the conditions of
the problem.

Such vectors have specific magnitude,

direction and line of action always passes
through a particular point in space.
Classification of Vectors
Free Vector is a vector which can move
freely in any plane or space.

It has specific magnitude, direction and

sensing but its line of action does not
pass through a particular point in space.

A couple is considered as free vector

because it can move anywhere throughout
in a plane without altering its effect.
Classification of Vectors
Unit Vector is one whose magnitude is equal to one i.e.,
𝑛ො = 1. It is a dimensionless quantity. It is shown by 𝑛ො
where a hat (^) is placed over the letter 𝑛. The other
vectors can be shown in terms of unit vector by
product of their magnitude with unit vector along their
direction as shown below:
𝑂 = 𝑂 𝑛ො = 𝑶ෝ 𝒏

The unit vector along the direction of any vector may be

obtained as
𝑂
𝑛ො =
𝑂

The main importance of unit vector is to denote a

direction in space. The unit vectors along the
rectangular coordinate axis i.e., 𝑋 , 𝑌 and 𝑍 are
represented by 𝑖,Ƹ 𝑗,Ƹ and 𝑘෠ as shown in the figure.
Classification of Vectors
Vectors’ equality is said when two
vectors have the same magnitude and
direction.

However the point of application may be

different like 𝑂1 and 𝑂2 as shown.
Classification of Vectors
Negative Vector is said about a vector when it is reversed from its direction.
Addition of vectors can be done graphically
by using parallelogram law or triangle law.

According to the parallelogram law, if two

concurrent vectors are represented by two
adjacent sides of a parallelogram then its
diagonal represents the addition of vectors
in magnitude and direction.

𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐷
= 𝑃ത + 𝑄ത
Subtraction of Vectors
Vectors can be subtracted by addition of one
vector with reversing the second vector
(negative vector).
Finding a Resultant Force. The two component forces 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 acting on the pin in the
figure below can be added to form the resultant force 𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 .

From this construction, or using the triangle rule, we can apply the law of cosines or the law
of sines to the triangle to obtain the magnitude of the resultant force and its direction.
Finding the Components of a Force. Sometimes it is necessary to resolve a force into two
components to study its pulling or pushing effect in two specific directions.
Addition of Several Forces. If more than two forces are to be added, successive applications
of the parallelogram law can be carried out to obtain the resultant force.
Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the screw eye and its direction measured
clockwise from the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

45°
60°

2 𝑘𝑁
6 𝑘𝑁
Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the screw eye and its direction measured
clockwise from the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
𝑹,
𝑹2 = 6 2 + 2 2 − 2 6 2 cos 𝜑
𝜃 𝜑 = 60° + 45°
60° 𝜑 = 105°
𝛽
𝑹2 = 6 2 + 2 2 − 2 6 2 cos 105°
∴ 𝑅 = 6.7979 𝑘𝑁

6 𝑘𝑁 𝜃,
60 + 𝛽 + 𝜃 = 180°
𝑹
𝛽,
𝜑 sin 𝛽 sin 𝜑
=
2 𝑹
60° sin 𝜑
𝛽= sin−1 2∙
45° 𝑹
∴ 𝛽 = 16.5100°
2 𝑘𝑁 ∴ 𝜃 = 103.4900°
Resolve the 30 − 𝑁 force into components along the 𝑢 and 𝑣 axes and determine the magnitude
of each of these components.

𝐹𝑣 𝑣

15° 30 𝑁

30°
𝑢
𝐹𝑢
Resolve the 30 − 𝑁 force into components along the 𝑢 and 𝑣 axes and determine the magnitude
of each of these components.

𝐹𝑢
sin 𝛼 sin 𝛾 sin 𝛽
𝛾 = =
𝐹𝑣 𝐹𝑢 𝐹𝑣 30
𝛽 sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽
=
𝐹𝑢 30
15° 30 sin 𝛼
30 𝑁 𝐹𝑢 =
sin 𝛽
𝛼
𝛼,
30° 15 + 𝛼 + 30 = 90
𝛼 = 45°
𝛽,
𝛽 = 15° + 90°
𝛽 = 105°
∴ 𝐹𝑢 = 21.9615 𝑁
Resolve the 30 − 𝑁 force into components along the 𝑢 and 𝑣 axes and determine the magnitude
of each of these components.

𝐹𝑢 sin 𝛼 sin 𝛾 sin 𝛽

= =
𝛾 𝐹𝑢 𝐹𝑣 30
𝐹𝑣 𝛼 = 45°
𝛽 𝛽 = 105°
∴ 𝐹𝑢 = 21.9615 𝑁
15° 𝐹𝑣 ,
30 𝑁 sin 𝛾 sin 𝛽
𝛼 =
𝐹𝑣 30
30° 30 sin 𝛾
𝐹𝑣 =
sin 𝛽
𝛾,
𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = 180°
𝛾 = 30°
∴ 𝐹𝑣 = 15.5291 𝑁
The force 𝐹 = 450𝑁 acts on the frame. Resolve this force into components acting along members
𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝐶 and determine the magnitude of each component.

15°
𝐹𝐴𝐶
30°

45°

450 𝑁

𝐹𝐴𝐵
The force 𝐹 = 450𝑁 acts on the frame. Resolve this force into components acting along members
𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝐶 and determine the magnitude of each component.

sin 30 sin 90 + 15 sin 45

𝐹𝐴𝐶 = =
30°
450 𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝐹𝐴𝐶
15° 450 sin 105
𝐹𝐴𝐵 =
sin 30
∴ 𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 869.3332 𝑁
450 sin 45
450 𝑁 𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝐹𝐴𝐶 =
sin 30
∴ 𝐹𝐴𝐶 = 636.3961 𝑁
45°
A stake is being pulled out of the ground by means of two ropes as shown. Knowing that 𝛼 = 30°,
determine by trigonometry (a) the magnitude of the force 𝑷 so that the resultant force exerted on
the stake is vertical, (b) the corresponding magnitude of the resultant.

120 𝑁 𝑃

25° 𝛼
A stake is being pulled out of the ground by means of two ropes as shown. Knowing that 𝛼 = 30°,
determine by trigonometry (a) the magnitude of the force 𝑷 so that the resultant force exerted on
the stake is vertical, (b) the corresponding magnitude of the resultant.
sin 25 sin 𝜑 sin 30
= =
𝑃 𝑃 𝑅 120

𝛼 (a) 𝑷,
30° 120 sin 25
𝑃=
sin 30
∴ 𝑷 = 101.4284 𝑁
(b) 𝑹,
𝜑 𝑅 120 sin 𝜑
𝑅=
sin 30
𝜑,
𝛼 + 𝜑 + 25° = 180°
𝜑 = 180 − 30 + 25
25° 25° 𝜑 = 125°
120 𝑁 120 sin 125
𝑅=
sin 30
∴ 𝑹 = 196.5965 𝑁
Two forces are applied as shown to a hook support. Knowing that the magnitude of 𝑷 is 35 𝑁,
determine by trigonometry (𝑎) the required angle 𝛼 if the resultant 𝑹 of the two forces applied to
the support is to be horizontal, (𝑏) the corresponding magnitude of 𝑹.

𝛼 25°
35 N 50 N
𝜌
𝛼 25°
R
Two forces are applied as shown to a hook support. Knowing that the magnitude of 𝑷 is 35 𝑁,
determine by trigonometry (𝑎) the required angle 𝛼 if the resultant 𝑹 of the two forces applied to
the support is to be horizontal, (𝑏) the corresponding magnitude of 𝑹.

𝛼 25°
35 N 50 N
𝜌
𝛼 25°
R
Two forces are applied as shown to a hook support. Knowing that the magnitude of 𝑷 is 35 𝑁,
determine by trigonometry (𝑎) the required angle 𝛼 if the resultant 𝑹 of the two forces applied to
the support is to be horizontal, (𝑏) the corresponding magnitude of 𝑹.
Determine by trigonometry

𝛼 25°
35 N 50 N
𝜌
𝛼 25°
R
Two forces are applied as shown to a hook support. Knowing that the magnitude of 𝑷 is 35 𝑁,
determine by trigonometry (𝑎) the required angle 𝛼 if the resultant 𝑹 of the two forces applied to
the support is to be horizontal, (𝑏) the corresponding magnitude of 𝑹.
Determine by trigonometry
35 50 𝑅
𝛼 = =
25° sin 25° sin 𝛼 sin 𝜌
35 N 50 N 𝛼 =?
𝜌 R =?
𝛼 25° 𝜌 =?
R
Two forces are applied as shown to a hook support. Knowing that the magnitude of 𝑷 is 35 𝑁,
determine by trigonometry (𝑎) the required angle 𝛼 if the resultant 𝑹 of the two forces applied to
the support is to be horizontal, (𝑏) the corresponding magnitude of 𝑹.
Determine by trigonometry
35 50
𝛼 =
25° sin 25° sin 𝛼
35 N 50 N 𝛼 =?
𝜌
𝛼 25° 35 sin 𝑎 = 50 sin 25°
R −1
50 sin 25°
𝑎 = sin
35
∴ 𝑎 = 37.1382 … °
Two forces are applied as shown to a hook support. Knowing that the magnitude of 𝑷 is 35 𝑁,
determine by trigonometry (𝑎) the required angle 𝛼 if the resultant 𝑹 of the two forces applied to
the support is to be horizontal, (𝑏) the corresponding magnitude of 𝑹.
Determine by trigonometry
35 50 𝑅
𝛼 = =
25° sin 25° sin 𝛼 sin 𝜌
35 N 50 N ∴ 𝑎 = 37.1382 … °
𝜌 R =?
𝛼 25° 𝜌 =?
R 𝜌 = 180 − 𝛼 + 25°
∴ 𝜌 = 117.8617 … °
Two forces are applied as shown to a hook support. Knowing that the magnitude of 𝑷 is 35 𝑁,
determine by trigonometry (𝑎) the required angle 𝛼 if the resultant 𝑹 of the two forces applied to
the support is to be horizontal, (𝑏) the corresponding magnitude of 𝑹.
Determine by trigonometry
35 50 𝑅
𝛼 = =
25° sin 25° sin 𝛼 sin 𝜌
35 N 50 N ∴ 𝑎 = 37.1382 … °
𝜌 R =?
𝛼 25° ∴ 𝜌 = 117.8617 … °
35 𝑅
R =
sin 25° sin 𝜌
35 sin 𝜌 = 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛 25°
∴ 𝑅 = 73.2167 … 𝑁
Two forces are applied as shown to a hook support. Knowing that the magnitude of 𝑷 is 35 𝑁,
determine by trigonometry (𝑎) the required angle 𝛼 if the resultant 𝑹 of the two forces applied to
the support is to be horizontal, (𝑏) the corresponding magnitude of 𝑹.
Determine by trigonometry
35 50 𝑅
= =
𝛼 25° sin 25° sin 𝛼 sin 𝜌
35 N 50 N ∴ 𝑎 = 37.1382 … °
𝜌 ∴ 𝜌 = 117.8617 … °
𝛼 25° ∴ 𝑅 = 73.2167 … 𝑁
R
Two forces are applied as shown to a hook support. Knowing that the magnitude of 𝑷 is 35 𝑁,
determine by trigonometry (𝑎) the required angle 𝛼 if the resultant 𝑹 of the two forces applied to
the support is to be horizontal, (𝑏) the corresponding magnitude of 𝑹.
𝑎 = 37.1382 … °
𝑅 = 73.2167 … 𝑁
𝛼 25°
35 N 50 N
𝜌
𝛼 25°
R
A steel tank is to be positioned in an excavation. Knowing that 𝛼 = 20° , determine by
trigonometry (𝑎) the required magnitude of the force 𝑷 if the resultant 𝑹 of the two forces applied
at 𝐴 is to be vertical, (𝑏) the corresponding magnitude of 𝑹.

P
𝛼 = 20°
R
425 lb
30°
A steel tank is to be positioned in an excavation. Knowing that 𝛼 = 20° , determine by
trigonometry (𝑎) the required magnitude of the force 𝑷 if the resultant 𝑹 of the two forces applied
at 𝐴 is to be vertical, (𝑏) the corresponding magnitude of 𝑹.

P 425 𝑃 𝑅
= =
sin 𝛽 sin 𝜌 sin 𝛼 + 30
𝛼 = 20° 𝛽
𝛼 = 20°
30° R
425 lb 𝜌 𝜌 = 90 − 30
∴ 𝜌 = 60°
30°
𝛽 = 180° − 𝛼 + 30° + 𝜌
= 180 − 20 + 30 + 60
∴ 𝛽 = 70°
A steel tank is to be positioned in an excavation. Knowing that 𝛼 = 20° , determine by
trigonometry (𝑎) the required magnitude of the force 𝑷 if the resultant 𝑹 of the two forces applied
at 𝐴 is to be vertical, (𝑏) the corresponding magnitude of 𝑹.

P 425 𝑃 𝑅
= =
sin 𝛽 sin 𝜌 sin 𝛼 + 30
𝛼 = 20° 𝛽
𝛼 = 20°
30° R 𝜌 = 60°
425 lb 𝜌 𝛽 = 70°
30°
A steel tank is to be positioned in an excavation. Knowing that 𝛼 = 20° , determine by
trigonometry (𝑎) the required magnitude of the force 𝑷 if the resultant 𝑹 of the two forces applied
at 𝐴 is to be vertical, (𝑏) the corresponding magnitude of 𝑹.

P 425 𝑃
=
sin 𝛽 sin 𝜌
𝛼 = 20° 𝛽
30° R 𝜌 = 60°
425 lb 𝜌 𝛽 = 70°
30°
425 sin 𝜌 = 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
425 sin 60°
𝑃=
sin 70°
∴ 𝑃 = 391.6821 … 𝑙𝑏𝑠
A steel tank is to be positioned in an excavation. Knowing that 𝛼 = 20° , determine by
trigonometry (𝑎) the required magnitude of the force 𝑷 if the resultant 𝑹 of the two forces applied
at 𝐴 is to be vertical, (𝑏) the corresponding magnitude of 𝑹.

P 425 𝑃 𝑅
= =
sin 𝛽 sin 𝜌 sin 𝛼 + 30
𝛼 = 20° 𝛽
𝛼 = 20°
30° R 𝜌 = 60°
425 lb 𝜌 𝛽 = 70°
∴ 𝑃 = 391.6821 … 𝑙𝑏𝑠
30°
425 𝑅
=
sin 𝛽 sin 𝛼 + 30
425 sin 𝛼 + 30 = 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
425 sin 20° + 30°
𝑅=
sin 70°
∴ 𝑅 = 346.4631 … 𝑙𝑏𝑠
A steel tank is to be positioned in an excavation. Knowing that 𝛼 = 20° , determine by
trigonometry (𝑎) the required magnitude of the force 𝑷 if the resultant 𝑹 of the two forces applied
at 𝐴 is to be vertical, (𝑏) the corresponding magnitude of 𝑹.

P 425 𝑃 𝑅
= =
sin 𝛽 sin 𝜌 sin 𝛼 + 30
𝛼 = 20° 𝛽
𝛼 = 20°
30° R 𝜌 = 60°
425 lb 𝜌 𝛽 = 70°
∴ 𝑃 = 391.6821 … 𝑙𝑏𝑠
30°
∴ 𝑅 = 346.4631 … 𝑙𝑏𝑠
A steel tank is to be positioned in an excavation. Knowing that 𝛼 = 20° , determine by
trigonometry (𝑎) the required magnitude of the force 𝑷 if the resultant 𝑹 of the two forces applied
at 𝐴 is to be vertical, (𝑏) the corresponding magnitude of 𝑹.

P 𝑃 = 391.6821 … 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑅 = 346.4631 … 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝛼 = 20° 𝛽
30° R
425 lb 𝜌

30°
Two forces 𝑷 and 𝑸 are applied to the lid of a storage bin as shown. Knowing that 𝑃 = 48 𝑁 and
𝑄 = 60 𝑁, determine by trigonometry the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the two
forces.
𝑅2 = 𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 − 2𝑃𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑟)
𝑃 = 48𝑁
𝜃𝑄 𝑄 = 60𝑁
𝜃𝑅 𝑟 = 𝜃𝑃 + 𝜃𝑄
𝜃𝑃 = 180° − 85° + 25°
𝑝
𝜃𝑃 = 70°

𝑄 𝜃𝑄 = 25° + 55°
𝜃𝑄 𝜃𝑄 = 80°
𝑟 𝑅
𝜃𝑃 𝑟 = 70° + 80°
𝑟 = 150°
𝑃
𝑞
𝜃𝑃 𝜃𝑅
Two forces 𝑷 and 𝑸 are applied to the lid of a storage bin as shown. Knowing that 𝑃 = 48 𝑁 and
𝑄 = 60 𝑁, determine by trigonometry the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the two
forces.
𝜃𝑄 𝑅2 = 𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 − 2𝑃𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑟)
𝜃𝑅
𝑃 = 48𝑁
𝑄 = 60𝑁
𝑝
𝜃𝑃 = 70°
𝜃𝑄 = 80°
𝑄 𝑟 = 150°
𝜃𝑄
𝑟 𝑅 𝑅2 = 48 2 + 60 2 − 2 48 60 cos 150°
𝜃𝑃 ∴ 𝑅 = 104.3662 … 𝑁

𝑃
𝑞
𝜃𝑃 𝜃𝑅
Two forces 𝑷 and 𝑸 are applied to the lid of a storage bin as shown. Knowing that 𝑃 = 48 𝑁 and
𝑄 = 60 𝑁, determine by trigonometry the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the two
forces.
𝜃𝑄 𝑅 2 = 𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 − 2𝑃𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑟) 60 sin 150°
𝑃 = 48𝑁 𝑞= sin−1
𝜃𝑅 104.3662 …
𝑄 = 60𝑁 ∴ 𝑞 = 16.7053 … °
𝑝
𝜃𝑃 = 70°
𝜃𝑄 = 80°
𝑄 𝑟 = 150°
𝜃𝑄
∴ 𝑅 = 104.3662 … 𝑁
𝑟 𝑅
𝜃𝑃 𝜃𝑅 = 180 − 𝜃𝑃 + 𝑞
𝜃𝑃 = 70°
𝑃 𝑞,
𝑞
𝑄 𝑅
𝜃𝑅
=
𝜃𝑃 sin 𝑞 sin 𝑟
𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑞 = 𝑄𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟
𝜃𝑅 𝑄𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟
−1
𝑞 = sin
𝑅
Two forces 𝑷 and 𝑸 are applied to the lid of a storage bin as shown. Knowing that 𝑃 = 48 𝑁 and
𝑄 = 60 𝑁, determine by trigonometry the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the two
forces.
𝜃𝑄 𝑅2 = 𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 − 2𝑃𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑟)
𝜃𝑅
𝑃 = 48𝑁
𝑄 = 60𝑁
𝑝
𝜃𝑃 = 70°
𝜃𝑄 = 80°
𝑄 𝑟 = 150°
𝜃𝑄 ∴ 𝑅 = 104.3662 … 𝑁
𝑟 𝑅
𝜃𝑃 𝜃𝑅 = 180 − 𝜃𝑃 + 𝑞
𝜃𝑃 = 70°
𝑃 𝑞 = 16.7053 … °
𝑞
𝜃𝑃 𝜃𝑅 = 180° − 70° + 16.7053 … °
∴ 𝜃𝑅 = 93.2946 … °
𝜃𝑅

𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝜃𝑅 = 86.7053 … °
Two forces 𝑷 and 𝑸 are applied to the lid of a storage bin as shown. Knowing that 𝑃 = 48 𝑁 and
𝑄 = 60 𝑁, determine by trigonometry the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the two
forces.
𝜃𝑄 𝑅2 = 𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 − 2𝑃𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑟)
𝜃𝑅
𝑃 = 48𝑁
𝑄 = 60𝑁
𝑝
𝜃𝑃 = 70°
𝜃𝑄 = 80°
𝑄 𝑟 = 150°
𝜃𝑄 ∴ 𝑅 = 104.3662 … 𝑁
𝑟 𝑅 ∴ 𝜃𝑅 = 86.7053 … °
𝜃𝑃

𝑃
𝑞
𝜃𝑃

𝜃𝑅
Two forces 𝑷 and 𝑸 are applied to the lid of a storage bin as shown. Knowing that 𝑃 = 48 𝑁 and
𝑄 = 60 𝑁, determine by trigonometry the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the two
forces.
𝜃𝑄 𝑅 = 104.3662 … 𝑁
𝜃𝑅
𝜃𝑅 = 86.7053 … °
𝑝

𝑄
𝜃𝑄
𝑟 𝑅
𝜃𝑃

𝑃
𝑞
𝜃𝑃

𝜃𝑅
Addition of a System of Coplanar Forces
When a force is resolved into two components along the 𝑥 and 𝑦 axes,
the components are then called rectangular components.

For analytical work, we can represent these components in one of two

ways, using either scalar or Cartesian vector notation.
Scalar Notation
The rectangular components of force 𝑭
shown in the figure below are found using
the parallelogram law, so that 𝑭 = 𝑭𝒙 + 𝑭𝒚 .

Because these components form a right

triangle, they can be determined from
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Scalar Notation
Instead of using the angle 𝜃, however, the Since this triangle and the larger shaded triangle
direction of 𝑭 can also be defined using a are similar, the proportional length of the sides
small ‘slope’ triangle. gives
𝐹𝑥 𝑎
=
𝐹 𝑐
𝑎
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹
𝑐

𝐹𝑦 𝑏
=
𝐹 𝑐
𝑏
𝐹𝑦 = −𝐹
𝑐
Here the 𝑦 component is a negative scalar since
𝐹𝑦 is directed along the negative 𝑦 axis.
Cartesian Vector Notation
It is also possible to represent the 𝑥 and 𝑦 components of a force in terms of Cartesian unit vectors 𝐢
and 𝐣.

They are called unit vectors because they have a dimensionless magnitude of 1, and so they can be
used to designate the directions of the 𝑥 and 𝑦 axes, respectively.

Since the magnitude of each component of 𝑭 is always a positive quantity, which is represented by the
(positive) scalars 𝐹𝑥 and 𝐹𝑦 , then we can express 𝑭 as a Cartesian vector,

𝐅 = 𝐹𝑥 𝐢 + 𝐹𝑦 𝐣
Coplanar Force Resultants
We can use either of two methods just described to determine the resultant of several coplanar forces.
Coplanar Force Resultants
We can use either of two methods just described
to determine the resultant of several coplanar
forces.

The vector resultant is therefore

𝑭𝑅 = 𝐅1 + 𝐅2 + 𝐅3
= 𝐹1𝑥 𝐢 + 𝐹1𝑦 𝐣 − 𝐹2𝑥 𝐢 + 𝐹2𝑦 𝐣 + 𝐹3𝑥 𝐢 − 𝐹3𝑦 𝐣
= 𝐹1𝑥 − 𝐹2𝑥 + 𝐹3𝑥 𝐢 + F1y + 𝐹2𝑦 − 𝐹3𝑦 𝐣
= 𝐹𝑅𝑥 𝐢 + (𝐹𝑅𝑦 )𝐣

𝐅1 = 𝐹1𝑥 𝐢 + 𝐹1𝑦 𝐣
𝐅2 = −𝐹2𝑥 𝐢 + 𝐹2𝑦 𝐣
𝐅3 = 𝐹3𝑥 𝐢 − 𝐹3𝑦 𝐣
Coplanar Force Resultants
We can use either of two methods just described
to determine the resultant of several coplanar
forces.

2 2
𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹𝑅 𝑥 + 𝐹𝑅 𝑦

If scalar notation is used, then indicating the −1

𝐹𝑅 𝑦
positive directions of components along the 𝑥 and 𝜃 = tan
𝐹𝑅 𝑥
𝑦 axes with symbolic arrows, we have
+
𝑭𝑅 𝒙 = Σ𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹1𝑥 − 𝐹2𝑥 + 𝐹3𝑥
→
+↑ 𝑭𝑅 𝑦 = Σ𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹1𝑦 + 𝐹2𝑦 − 𝐹3𝑦
(a) Resolve each force acting on the gusset plate into its 𝑥 and 𝑦 components and express each
force as a Cartesian vector. (b) Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the plate
and its direction, measured counterclockwise from the positive 𝑥 axis.

𝐹3 = 650 𝑁
5 𝐹2 = 750 𝑁
3
4 45°

𝐹1 = 900 𝑁
(a) Resolve each force acting on the gusset plate into its 𝑥 and 𝑦 components and express each
force as a Cartesian vector. (b) Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the plate
and its direction, measured counterclockwise from the positive 𝑥 axis.

𝐹3 = 650 𝑁
5 𝐹2 = 750 𝑁
3
4 45°

𝐹1 = 900 𝑁
(a) Resolve each force acting on the gusset plate into its 𝑥 and 𝑦 components and express each
force as a Cartesian vector. (b) Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the plate
and its direction, measured counterclockwise from the positive 𝑥 axis.

𝑎 𝐹1 𝑥, 𝐹1𝑦
𝐹1 = 𝐹1𝑥 𝐢 + 𝐹1𝑦 𝐣 N

∴ 𝐹1 ,
𝐹1 = 900 𝑁 𝐹1𝑥 = 900 𝑁 →; 𝐹1𝑦 = 0

∴ 𝐹1 = 900𝐢 N
(a) Resolve each force acting on the gusset plate into its 𝑥 and 𝑦 components and express each
force as a Cartesian vector. (b) Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the plate
and its direction, measured counterclockwise from the positive 𝑥 axis.

𝐹1 = 900 𝑁

∴ 𝐹1 ,
𝐹1𝑥 = 900 𝑁 →; 𝐹1𝑦 = 0
∴ 𝐹1 = 900𝐢 N
(a) Resolve each force acting on the gusset plate into its 𝑥 and 𝑦 components and express each
force as a Cartesian vector. (b) Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the plate
and its direction, measured counterclockwise from the positive 𝑥 axis.

𝐹3 = 650 𝑁
5 𝐹2 = 750 𝑁
3
4
45°

𝐹1 = 900 𝑁

∴ 𝐹1 ,
𝐹1𝑥 = 900 𝑁 →; 𝐹1𝑦 = 0
∴ 𝐹1 = 900𝐢 N
(a) Resolve each force acting on the gusset plate into its 𝑥 and 𝑦 components and express each
force as a Cartesian vector. (b) Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the plate
and its direction, measured counterclockwise from the positive 𝑥 axis.

𝐹2 = 750 𝑁 𝑎 𝐹2 𝑥, 𝐹2𝑦
𝐹2 = 𝐹2𝑥 𝐢 + 𝐹2𝑦 𝐣 N
45°
∴ 𝐹2 ,
𝐹2𝑥 = 𝐹2 cos 45°
𝐹2𝑥 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, →

𝐹2𝑦 = 𝐹2 sin(45°)
∴ 𝐹1 , 𝐹2𝑦 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, ↑
𝐹1𝑥 = 900 𝑁 →; 𝐹1𝑦 = 0
∴ 𝐹1 = 900𝐢 N ∴ 𝐹2 = 530.3300 … 𝐢 + 530.3300 … 𝐣 𝑁
(a) Resolve each force acting on the gusset plate into its 𝑥 and 𝑦 components and express each
force as a Cartesian vector. (b) Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the plate
and its direction, measured counterclockwise from the positive 𝑥 axis.

𝐹2 = 750 𝑁

45°

∴ 𝐹1 ,
𝐹1𝑥 = 900 𝑁 →; 𝐹1𝑦 = 0
∴ 𝐹1 = 900𝐢 N

∴ 𝐹2 ,
𝐹2𝑥 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, →
𝐹2𝑦 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, ↑
∴ 𝐹2 = 530.3300 … 𝐢 + 530.3300 … 𝐣 𝑁
(a) Resolve each force acting on the gusset plate into its 𝑥 and 𝑦 components and express each
force as a Cartesian vector. (b) Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the plate
and its direction, measured counterclockwise from the positive 𝑥 axis.

𝐹3 = 650 𝑁
5 𝐹2 = 750 𝑁
3
4
45°

𝐹1 = 900 𝑁
∴ 𝐹1 ,
𝐹1𝑥 = 900 𝑁 →; 𝐹1𝑦 = 0
∴ 𝐹1 = 900𝐢 N

∴ 𝐹2 ,
𝐹2𝑥 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, →
𝐹2𝑦 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, ↑
∴ 𝐹2 = 530.3300 … 𝐢 + 530.3300 … 𝐣 𝑁
(a) Resolve each force acting on the gusset plate into its 𝑥 and 𝑦 components and express each
force as a Cartesian vector. (b) Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the plate
and its direction, measured counterclockwise from the positive 𝑥 axis.

𝐹3 = 650 𝑁
𝐹3𝑋
5
3
4

𝐹3𝑦
∴ 𝐹1 ,
𝐹1𝑥 = 900 𝑁 →; 𝐹1𝑦 = 0
∴ 𝐹1 = 900𝐢 N

∴ 𝐹2 ,
𝐹2𝑥 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, →
𝐹2𝑦 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, ↑
∴ 𝐹2 = 530.3300 … 𝐢 + 530.3300 … 𝐣 𝑁
(a) Resolve each force acting on the gusset plate into its 𝑥 and 𝑦 components and express each
force as a Cartesian vector. (b) Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the plate
and its direction, measured counterclockwise from the positive 𝑥 axis.

𝑎 𝐹3 𝑥, 𝐹3𝑦
𝐹3 = 𝐹3𝑥 𝐢 + 𝐹3𝑦 𝐣 N
5
3 𝐹3 = 650 𝑁
𝐹3𝑦
4
𝐹3𝑥 4
=
𝐹3 5
𝐹3𝑋
∴ 𝐹1 , 𝐹3𝑦 3
𝐹1𝑥 = 900 𝑁 →; 𝐹1𝑦 = 0 =
𝐹3 5
∴ 𝐹1 = 900𝐢 N
𝐹3𝑥 4
∴ 𝐹2 , =
𝐹3𝑦 3
𝐹2𝑥 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, →
𝐹2𝑦 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, ↑
∴ 𝐹2 = 530.3300 … 𝐢 + 530.3300 … 𝐣 𝑁
(a) Resolve each force acting on the gusset plate into its 𝑥 and 𝑦 components and express each
force as a Cartesian vector. (b) Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the plate
and its direction, measured counterclockwise from the positive 𝑥 axis.

𝑎 𝐹3 𝑥, 𝐹3𝑦
𝐹3 = 𝐹3𝑥 𝐢 + 𝐹3𝑦 𝐣 N
5
3 𝐹3 = 650 𝑁
𝐹3𝑦
4
𝐹3𝑥 4
=
𝐹3 5
𝐹3𝑋
∴ 𝐹1 ,
5𝐹3𝑥 = 4𝐹3
𝐹1𝑥 = 900 𝑁 →; 𝐹1𝑦 = 0
5𝐹3𝑥 = 4 650
∴ 𝐹1 = 900𝐢 N ∴ 𝐹3𝑥 = 520 𝑁, →
∴ 𝐹2 ,
𝐹2𝑥 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, →
𝐹2𝑦 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, ↑
∴ 𝐹2 = 530.3300 … 𝐢 + 530.3300 … 𝐣 𝑁
(a) Resolve each force acting on the gusset plate into its 𝑥 and 𝑦 components and express each
force as a Cartesian vector. (b) Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the plate
and its direction, measured counterclockwise from the positive 𝑥 axis.

𝑎 𝐹3 𝑥, 𝐹3𝑦
𝐹3 = 𝐹3𝑥 𝐢 + 𝐹3𝑦 𝐣 N
5
3 𝐹3 = 650 𝑁
𝐹3𝑦 𝐹3𝑥 = 520 𝑁, →
4
𝐹3𝑦 3
𝐹3𝑋 =
𝐹3 5
∴ 𝐹1 ,
𝐹1𝑥 = 900 𝑁 →; 𝐹1𝑦 = 0 𝐹3𝑥 4
∴ 𝐹1 = 900𝐢 N =
𝐹3𝑦 3
∴ 𝐹2 ,
𝐹2𝑥 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, →
𝐹2𝑦 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, ↑
∴ 𝐹2 = 530.3300 … 𝐢 + 530.3300 … 𝐣 𝑁
(a) Resolve each force acting on the gusset plate into its 𝑥 and 𝑦 components and express each
force as a Cartesian vector. (b) Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the plate
and its direction, measured counterclockwise from the positive 𝑥 axis.

𝑎 𝐹3 𝑥, 𝐹3𝑦
𝐹3 = 𝐹3𝑥 𝐢 + 𝐹3𝑦 𝐣 N
5
3 𝐹3 = 650 𝑁
𝐹3𝑦
4 𝐹3𝑥 = 520 𝑁, →

𝐹3𝑦 3
𝐹3𝑋 =
𝐹3 5
∴ 𝐹1 ,
5𝐹3𝑦 = 3𝐹3
𝐹1𝑥 = 900 𝑁 →; 𝐹1𝑦 = 0
5𝐹3𝑦 = 3 650
∴ 𝐹1 = 900𝐢 N
∴ 𝐹3𝑦 = 390 𝑁, ↓
∴ 𝐹2 ,
𝐹2𝑥 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, →
𝐹2𝑦 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, ↑
∴ 𝐹2 = 530.3300 … 𝐢 + 530.3300 … 𝐣 𝑁
(a) Resolve each force acting on the gusset plate into its 𝑥 and 𝑦 components and express each
force as a Cartesian vector. (b) Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the plate
and its direction, measured counterclockwise from the positive 𝑥 axis.

𝑎 𝐹3 𝑥, 𝐹3𝑦
𝐹3 = 𝐹3𝑥 𝐢 + 𝐹3𝑦 𝐣 N
5
3 𝐹3 = 650 𝑁 𝐹3 ,
𝐹3𝑦
4 𝐹3𝑥 = 520 𝑁, →
𝐹3𝑦 = 390 𝑁, ↓
𝐹3𝑋
𝐹3𝑥 4
∴ 𝐹1 , =
𝐹1𝑥 = 900 𝑁 →; 𝐹1𝑦 = 0 𝐹3𝑦 3
∴ 𝐹1 = 900𝐢 N
520 ÷ 130 4
=
∴ 𝐹2 , 390 ÷ 130 3
𝐹2𝑥 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, →
𝐹2𝑦 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, ↑ ∴ 𝐹3 = 520𝐢 − 390𝐣 𝑁
∴ 𝐹2 = 530.3300 … 𝐢 + 530.3300 … 𝐣 𝑁
(a) Resolve each force acting on the gusset plate into its 𝑥 and 𝑦 components and express each
force as a Cartesian vector. (b) Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the plate
and its direction, measured counterclockwise from the positive 𝑥 axis.

∴ 𝐹3 ,
𝐹3𝑥 = 520 𝑁, →
𝐹3𝑦 = 390 𝑁, ↓
∴ 𝐹3 = 520𝐢 − 390𝐣 𝑁
∴ 𝐹1 ,
𝐹1𝑥 = 900 𝑁 →; 𝐹1𝑦 = 0
∴ 𝐹1 = 900𝐢 N

∴ 𝐹2 ,
𝐹2𝑥 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, →
𝐹2𝑦 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, ↑
∴ 𝐹2 = 530.3300 … 𝐢 + 530.3300 … 𝐣 𝑁
(a) Resolve each force acting on the gusset plate into its 𝑥 and 𝑦 components and express each
force as a Cartesian vector. (b) Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the plate
and its direction, measured counterclockwise from the positive 𝑥 axis.

𝐹3 = 650 𝑁
5 𝐹2 = 750 𝑁
3
4
45°

𝐹1 = 900 𝑁
∴ 𝐹1 ,
𝐹1𝑥 = 900 𝑁 →; 𝐹1𝑦 = 0 ∴ 𝐹3 ,
∴ 𝐹1 = 900𝐢 N 𝐹3𝑥 = 520 𝑁, →
𝐹3𝑦 = 390 𝑁, ↓
∴ 𝐹2 , ∴ 𝐹3 = 520𝐢 − 390𝐣 𝑁
𝐹2𝑥 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, →
𝐹2𝑦 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, ↑
∴ 𝐹2 = 530.3300 … 𝐢 + 530.3300 … 𝐣 𝑁
(a) Resolve each force acting on the gusset plate into its 𝑥 and 𝑦 components and express each
force as a Cartesian vector. (b) Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the plate
and its direction, measured counterclockwise from the positive 𝑥 axis.

2 2 2
𝐹3 = 650 𝑁 𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹𝑅𝑥 + 𝐹𝑅𝑦
5 𝐹2 = 750 𝑁 𝐹𝑅𝑥 = ෍ 𝐹𝑛𝑥 = 𝐹1𝑥 + 𝐹2𝑥 + 𝐹3𝑥
3
4
45° 𝐹𝑅𝑦 = ෍ 𝐹𝑛𝑦 = 𝐹1𝑦 + 𝐹2𝑦 + 𝐹3𝑦

𝐹1 = 900 𝑁
∴ 𝐹1 ,
𝐹1𝑥 = 900 𝑁 →; 𝐹1𝑦 = 0 ∴ 𝐹3 ,
∴ 𝐹1 = 900𝐢 N 𝐹3𝑥 = 520 𝑁, →
𝐹3𝑦 = 390 𝑁, ↓
∴ 𝐹2 , ∴ 𝐹3 = 520𝐢 − 390𝐣 𝑁
𝐹2𝑥 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, →
𝐹2𝑦 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, ↑
∴ 𝐹2 = 530.3300 … 𝐢 + 530.3300 … 𝐣 𝑁
(a) Resolve each force acting on the gusset plate into its 𝑥 and 𝑦 components and express each
force as a Cartesian vector. (b) Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the plate
and its direction, measured counterclockwise from the positive 𝑥 axis.

2 2 2
𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹𝑅𝑥 + 𝐹𝑅𝑦
𝐹3 = 650 𝑁
𝐹𝑅𝑥 = ෍ 𝐹𝑛𝑥 = 𝐹1𝑥 + 𝐹2𝑥 + 𝐹3𝑥
5 𝐹2 = 750 𝑁
3
4 𝐹𝑅𝑥 = 900 + 530.3300 … + 520
∴ 𝐹𝑅𝑥 = 1950.3300 … N, ⟶
45°

𝐹1 = 900 𝑁
∴ 𝐹1 , 𝐹𝑅𝑦 = ෍ 𝐹𝑛𝑦 = 𝐹1𝑦 + 𝐹2𝑦 + 𝐹3𝑦
𝐹1𝑥 = 900 𝑁 →; 𝐹1𝑦 = 0 ∴ 𝐹3 ,
∴ 𝐹1 = 900𝐢 N 𝐹𝑅𝑦 = 0 + 530.3300 + −390
𝐹3𝑥 = 520 𝑁, →
𝐹3𝑦 = 390 𝑁, ↓ ∴ 𝐹𝑅𝑦 = 140.3300 … 𝑁, ↑
∴ 𝐹2 , ∴ 𝐹3 = 520𝐢 − 390𝐣 𝑁
𝐹2𝑥 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, →
𝐹2𝑦 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, ↑
∴ 𝐹2 = 530.3300 … 𝐢 + 530.3300 … 𝐣 𝑁
(a) Resolve each force acting on the gusset plate into its 𝑥 and 𝑦 components and express each
force as a Cartesian vector. (b) Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the plate
and its direction, measured counterclockwise from the positive 𝑥 axis.

𝐹3 = 650 𝑁 2 2 2
𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹𝑅𝑥 + 𝐹𝑅𝑦
5 𝐹2 = 750 𝑁 ∴ 𝐹𝑅𝑥 = 1950.3300 … N, →
3 ∴ 𝐹𝑅𝑦 = 140.3300 … 𝑁, ↑
4
45° ∴ 𝐹𝑅 = 1955.3721 𝑁
𝐹1 = 900 𝑁
∴ 𝐹1 ,
𝐹1𝑥 = 900 𝑁 →; 𝐹1𝑦 = 0 ∴ 𝐹3 , 𝐹𝑅𝑦
∴ 𝐹1 = 900𝐢 N 𝐹3𝑥 = 520 𝑁, → 𝜃
𝐹3𝑦 = 390 𝑁, ↓ 𝐹𝑅𝑥
∴ 𝐹2 , ∴ 𝐹3 = 520𝐢 − 390𝐣 𝑁
𝐹2𝑥 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, →
𝐹2𝑦 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, ↑
∴ 𝐹2 = 530.3300 … 𝐢 + 530.3300 … 𝐣 𝑁
(a) Resolve each force acting on the gusset plate into its 𝑥 and 𝑦 components and express each
force as a Cartesian vector. (b) Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the plate
and its direction, measured counterclockwise from the positive 𝑥 axis.
2 2 2
𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹𝑅𝑥 + 𝐹𝑅𝑦
∴ 𝐹𝑅𝑥 = 1950.3300 … N, →
𝐹3 = 650 𝑁 ∴ 𝐹𝑅𝑦 = 140.3300 … 𝑁, ↑
5 𝐹2 = 750 𝑁
3 ∴ 𝐹𝑅 = 1955.3721 𝑁
4
45°

𝜃
𝐹𝑅𝑦
𝐹1 = 900 𝑁
∴ 𝐹1 ,
𝐹1𝑥 = 900 𝑁 →; 𝐹1𝑦 = 0 𝐹𝑅𝑥
∴ 𝐹3 ,
∴ 𝐹1 = 900𝐢 N 𝐹3𝑥 = 520 𝑁, → 𝐹𝑅𝑦
𝐹3𝑦 = 390 𝑁, ↓ tan 𝜃 =
𝐹𝑅𝑥
∴ 𝐹2 , ∴ 𝐹3 = 520𝐢 − 390𝐣 𝑁 𝐹
𝐹2𝑥 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, → −1 𝑅𝑦
𝜃 = tan
𝐹𝑅𝑥
𝐹2𝑦 = 530.3300 … 𝑁, ↑
∴ 𝜃 = 4.1155°, ↺+𝑥
∴ 𝐹2 = 530.3300 … 𝐢 + 530.3300 … 𝐣 𝑁
Express each of the three forces acting on the support in Cartesian vector form and
determine the magnitude of the resultant force and its direction, measured clockwise
from positive 𝑥 axis.
𝐹1 ,
𝐹1 = 𝐹1𝑥 𝐢 + 𝐹1𝑦 𝐣

𝐹1𝑥 ,
𝐹1𝑥 3
=
𝐹1 5
5𝐹1𝑥 = 3𝐹1
5𝐹1𝑥 = 3 50
∴ 𝐹1𝑥 = 30 𝑁, →

𝐹1𝑦 ,
𝐹1𝑦 4
=
𝐹1 5
5𝐹1𝑦 = 4 𝐹1
5𝐹1𝑦 = 4 50
∴ 𝐹1𝑦 = 40 𝑁, ↑
Express each of the three forces acting on the support in Cartesian vector form and
determine the magnitude of the resultant force and its direction, measured clockwise
from positive 𝑥 axis.
𝐹1 ,
𝐹1 = 𝐹1𝑥 𝐢 + 𝐹1𝑦 𝐣

∴ 𝐹1𝑥 = 30 𝑁, →
∴ 𝐹1𝑦 = 40 𝑁, ↑

∴ 𝐹1 = 30𝐢 + 40𝐣 𝑁
Express each of the three forces acting on the support in Cartesian vector form and
determine the magnitude of the resultant force and its direction, measured clockwise
from positive 𝑥 axis.
∴ 𝐹1 = 30𝐢 + 40𝐣 𝑁

𝐹2 ,
𝐹2 = 𝐹2𝑥 𝐢 + 𝐹2𝑦 𝐣
𝐹2𝑥 = 𝐹2 sin 15°
𝐹2𝑥 = 80 sin 15
∴ 𝐹2𝑥 = 20.7055 … 𝑁, ←

𝐹2𝑦 = 𝐹2 cos 15°

𝐹2𝑦 = 80 cos 15
∴ 𝐹2𝑦 = 77.2740 … 𝑁, ↓

∴ 𝐹2 = −20.7055 … 𝐢 − 77.2740 … 𝐣 𝑁
Express each of the three forces acting on the support in Cartesian vector form and
determine the magnitude of the resultant force and its direction, measured clockwise
from positive 𝑥 axis.
∴ 𝐹1 = 30𝐢 + 40𝐣 𝑁
∴ 𝐹2 = −20.7055 … 𝐢 − 77.2740 … 𝐣 𝑁

𝐹3 ,
𝐹3 = 𝐹3𝑥 𝐢 + 𝐹3𝑦 𝐣 𝑁
𝐹3𝑥 = 30 𝑁, →
𝐹3𝑦 = 0

∴ 𝐹3 = 30𝐢 𝑁
Express each of the three forces acting on the support in Cartesian vector form and
determine the magnitude of the resultant force and its direction, measured clockwise
from positive 𝑥 axis.
∴ 𝐹1 = 30𝐢 + 40𝐣 𝑁
∴ 𝐹2 = −20.7055 … 𝐢 − 77.2740 … 𝐣 𝑁
∴ 𝐹3 = 30𝐢 𝑁

𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹1𝑥 + 𝐹2𝑥 + 𝐹3𝑥 𝐢 + 𝐹1𝑦 + 𝐹2𝑦 + 𝐹3𝑦 𝐣

𝐹𝑅 = 30 − 20.7055 … + 30 𝐢 + 40 − 77.2740 … 𝐣
𝐹𝑅 = 39.2944 … 𝐢 − 37.2740 … 𝐣

39.2944 …
𝜃
37.2740 …
Express each of the three forces acting on the support in Cartesian vector form and
determine the magnitude of the resultant force and its direction, measured clockwise
from positive 𝑥 axis.
∴ 𝐹1 = 30𝐢 + 40𝐣 𝑁
∴ 𝐹2 = −20.7055 … 𝐢 − 77.2740 … 𝐣 𝑁
∴ 𝐹3 = 30𝐢 𝑁

𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹1𝑥 + 𝐹2𝑥 + 𝐹3𝑥 𝐢 + 𝐹1𝑦 + 𝐹2𝑦 + 𝐹3𝑦 𝐣

𝐹𝑅 = 30 − 20.7055 … + 30 𝐢 + 40 − 77.2740 … 𝐣
𝐹𝑅 = 39.2944 … 𝐢 − 37.2740 … 𝐣
37.2740 …
𝜃= tan−1
39.2944 … 39.2944 …
∴ 𝜃 = 43.4885°, ↻+𝑥
𝜃
37.2740 …
Three forces act on the bracket. Determine the magnitude and direction 𝜃 of 𝐅1 so
that the resultant force is directed along the positive 𝑥′ axis and has a magnitude of
800 𝑁. 𝜃, 𝐅 ∶ 𝐅 = 800 𝑁, @ + 𝑥 ′ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
1 𝑅

𝐹𝑅𝑥 = 800cos 30
𝐹𝑅𝑦 = 800sin(30)

𝐹𝑅𝑥 = ෍ 𝐹𝑛𝑥 = 𝐹1𝑥 + 𝐹2𝑥 + 𝐹3𝑥

𝐹𝑅𝑦 = ෍ 𝐹𝑛𝑦 = 𝐹1𝑦 + 𝐹2𝑦 + 𝐹3𝑦

Three forces act on the bracket. Determine the magnitude and direction 𝜃 of 𝐅1 so
that the resultant force is directed along the positive 𝑥′ axis and has a magnitude of
800 𝑁. 𝜃, 𝐅 ∶ 𝐅 = 800 𝑁, @ + 𝑥 ′ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
1 𝑅

𝐹𝑅𝑥 = ෍ 𝐹𝑛𝑥 = 𝐹1𝑥 + 𝐹2𝑥 + 𝐹3𝑥

𝐹1𝑥 = 𝐹1 sin 60 + 𝜃
𝐹2𝑥 = 0
𝐹3𝑥 ,
𝐹3𝑥 12
=
𝐹3 13
13𝐹3𝑥 = 12𝐹3
12
𝐹3𝑥 = 180 , ←
13
Three forces act on the bracket. Determine the magnitude and direction 𝜃 of 𝐅1 so
that the resultant force is directed along the positive 𝑥′ axis and has a magnitude of
800 𝑁. 𝜃, 𝐅 ∶ 𝐅 = 800 𝑁, @ + 𝑥 ′ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
1 𝑅

𝐹𝑅𝑥 = ෍ 𝐹𝑛𝑥 = 𝐹1𝑥 + 𝐹2𝑥 + 𝐹3𝑥

𝐹1𝑥 = 𝐹1 sin 60 + 𝜃
𝐹2𝑥 = 0
12
𝐹3𝑥 = 180 , ←
13
𝐹𝑅𝑥 = 𝐹1 sin 60 + 𝜃 − 12/13 (180)
Three forces act on the bracket. Determine the magnitude and direction 𝜃 of 𝐅1 so
that the resultant force is directed along the positive 𝑥′ axis and has a magnitude of
800 𝑁. 𝜃, 𝐅 ∶ 𝐅 = 800 𝑁, @ + 𝑥 ′ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
1 𝑅
𝐹𝑅𝑥 = 𝐹1 sin 60 + 𝜃 − 12/13 (180)

𝐹𝑅𝑦 = ෍ 𝐹𝑛𝑦 = 𝐹1𝑦 + 𝐹2𝑦 + 𝐹3𝑦

𝐹1𝑦 = 𝐹1 cos 60 + 𝜃
𝐹2𝑦 = 200
5
𝐹3𝑦 = 180
13
𝐹𝑅𝑦 = 𝐹1 cos 60 + 𝜃 + 200 + 5Τ13 (180)
Three forces act on the bracket. Determine the magnitude and direction 𝜃 of 𝐅1 so
that the resultant force is directed along the positive 𝑥′ axis and has a magnitude of
800 𝑁. 𝜃, 𝐅 ∶ 𝐅 = 800 𝑁, @ + 𝑥 ′ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
1 𝑅
𝐹𝑅𝑥 = 𝐹1 sin 60 + 𝜃 − 12/13 (180)
𝐹𝑅𝑦 = 𝐹1 cos 60 + 𝜃 + 200 + 5Τ13 (180)

𝐹𝑅𝑥 = 800cos 30
𝐹𝑅𝑦 = 800sin(30)

12
800 cos 30 = 𝐹1 sin 60 + 𝜃 − 180
13
5
800 sin 30 = 𝐹1 cos 60 + 𝜃 + 200 + 180
13
Three forces act on the bracket. Determine the magnitude and direction 𝜃 of 𝐅1 so
that the resultant force is directed along the positive 𝑥′ axis and has a magnitude of
800 𝑁. ′
𝜃, 𝐅1 ∶ 𝐅𝑅 = 800 𝑁, @ + 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
12
800 cos 30 = 𝐹1 sin 60 + 𝜃 − 180
13
12
800 cos 30 + 180
𝐹1 = 13
sin 60 + 𝜃

5
800 sin 30 = 𝐹1 cos 60 + 𝜃 + 200 + 180
13

12
800 cos 30 + 180 5
800 sin 30 = 13 cos 60 + 𝜃 + 200 + 180
sin 60 + 𝜃 13
12
800 cos 30 + 180 5
800 sin 30 = 13 + 200 + 180
tan 60 + 𝜃 13
Three forces act on the bracket. Determine the magnitude and direction 𝜃 of 𝐅1 so
that the resultant force is directed along the positive 𝑥′ axis and has a magnitude of
800 𝑁. 𝜃, 𝐅 ∶ 𝐅 = 800 𝑁, @ + 𝑥 ′ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
1 𝑅
12
800 cos 30 = 𝐹1 sin 60 + 𝜃 − 180
13
12
800 cos 30 + 180
𝐹1 = 13
sin 60 + 𝜃

5
800 sin 30 = 𝐹1 cos 60 + 𝜃 + 200 + 180
13
12
800 cos 30 + 180 5
800 sin 30 = 13 + 200 + 180
tan 60 + 𝜃 13
12
800 cos 30 + 180
tan 60 + 𝜃 = 13
5
800 sin 30 − 200 − 180
13
Three forces act on the bracket. Determine the magnitude and direction 𝜃 of 𝐅1 so
that the resultant force is directed along the positive 𝑥′ axis and has a magnitude of
800 𝑁. 𝜃, 𝐅 ∶ 𝐅 = 800 𝑁, @ + 𝑥 ′ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
1 𝑅
12
800 cos 30 = 𝐹1 sin 60 + 𝜃 − 180
13
12
800 cos 30 + 180
𝐹1 = 13
sin 60 + 𝜃

5
800 sin 30 = 𝐹1 cos 60 + 𝜃 + 200 + 180
13
12
800 cos 30 + 180
tan 60 + 𝜃 = 13
5
800 sin 30 − 200 − 180
13
12
800 cos 30 + 180
𝜃 = tan−1 13 − 60
5
800 sin 30 − 200 − 180 ∴ 𝜽 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟑𝟒𝟑𝟖 … °
13
∴ 𝑭𝟏 = 𝟖𝟔𝟖. 𝟖𝟕𝟏𝟐 𝑵
If the resultant force acting on the bracket is required to be a minimum, determine
the magnitudes of 𝐅1 and the resultant force. 𝜙 = 30°.
𝐹𝑅 @ 𝑚𝑖𝑛; 𝐹1 =? ; 𝐹𝑅 =?

2 2 2
𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹𝑅𝑥 + 𝐹𝑅𝑦
5
𝐹𝑅𝑥 = 𝐹1 sin 𝜙 + 200 + 260
13
𝐹𝑅𝑥 = 𝐹1 sin 30 + 200 + 100
𝐹𝑅𝑥 = 𝐹1 sin 30 + 300

12
𝐹𝑅𝑦 = 𝐹1 cos 𝜙 − 260
13
𝐹𝑅𝑦 = 𝐹1 cos 30 − 240
If the resultant force acting on the bracket is required to be a minimum, determine
the magnitudes of 𝐅1 and the resultant force. 𝜙 = 30°.
𝐹𝑅 @ 𝑚𝑖𝑛; 𝐹1 =? ; 𝐹𝑅 =?

2 2 2
𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹𝑅𝑥 + 𝐹𝑅𝑦
𝐹𝑅𝑥 = 𝐹1 sin 30 + 300
𝐹𝑅𝑦 = 𝐹1 cos 30 − 240

2 2 2
𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹1 sin 30 + 300 + 𝐹1 cos 30 − 240

𝑑𝐹𝑅
2𝐹𝑅 = 2 𝐹1 sin 30 + 300 sin 30 + 2 𝐹1 cos 30 − 240 cos 30
𝑑𝐹1

𝑑𝐹𝑅
𝐹𝑅 @ =0
𝑑𝐹1

0 = 𝐹1 sin 30 2 + 300 sin 30 + 𝐹1 cos 30 2 − 240 cos 30

𝐹1 (sin2 30 + cos 2 30) = 240 cos 30 − 300sin( 30)

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1

If the resultant force acting on the bracket is required to be a minimum, determine
the magnitudes of 𝐅1 and the resultant force. 𝜙 = 30°.
𝐹𝑅 @ 𝑚𝑖𝑛; 𝐹1 =? ; 𝐹𝑅 =?
2 2 2
𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹𝑅𝑥 + 𝐹𝑅𝑦
𝐹𝑅 2 = 𝐹1 sin 30 + 300 2 + 𝐹1 cos 30 − 240 2

𝑑𝐹𝑅
2𝐹𝑅 = 2 𝐹1 sin 30 + 300 sin 30 + 2 𝐹1 cos 30 − 240 cos 30
𝑑𝐹1

𝑑𝐹𝑅
𝐹𝑅 @ =0
𝑑𝐹1

0 = 𝐹1 sin 30 2 + 300 sin 30 + 𝐹1 cos 30 2 − 240 cos 30

𝐹1 (sin2 30 + cos 2 30) = 240 cos 30 − 300sin( 30)

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1

𝐹1 = 240 cos 30 − 300 sin 30

∴ 𝐹1 = 57.8460 … 𝑁
∴ 𝐹𝑅 = 379.8076 … 𝑁
Determine the 𝑥 and 𝑦 components of each of the forces shown.
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

@𝐹 = 50𝑙𝑏𝑠
−1
96
𝜃 = tan
28

96
𝐹𝑥 = 50cos tan−1
28
96
𝐹𝑦 = 50sin tan−1
28

∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 14𝑙𝑏𝑠; 𝐹𝑦 = 48𝑙𝑏𝑠
Determine the 𝑥 and 𝑦 components of each of the forces shown.
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

@𝐹 = 50𝑙𝑏𝑠
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 14𝑙𝑏𝑠; 𝐹𝑦 = 48𝑙𝑏𝑠

@𝐹 = 29𝑙𝑏𝑠
−1
80
𝜃 = tan
84

80
𝐹𝑥 = 29cos tan−1
84
−1
80
𝐹𝑦 = 29sin tan
84
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 21𝑙𝑏𝑠; 𝐹𝑦 = 20𝑙𝑏𝑠
Determine the 𝑥 and 𝑦 components of each of the forces shown.
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

@𝐹 = 50𝑙𝑏𝑠
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 14𝑙𝑏𝑠; 𝐹𝑦 = 48𝑙𝑏𝑠

@𝐹 = 29𝑙𝑏𝑠
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 21𝑙𝑏𝑠; 𝐹𝑦 = 20𝑙𝑏𝑠

@𝐹 = 51𝑙𝑏𝑠
−1
90
𝜃 = tan
48
90
𝐹𝑥 = 51cos tan−1
48
−1
90
𝐹𝑦 = 51sin tan
48
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 24𝑙𝑏𝑠; 𝐹𝑦 = 45𝑙𝑏𝑠
Determine the 𝑥 and 𝑦 components of each of the forces shown.
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

@𝐹 = 50𝑙𝑏𝑠
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 14𝑙𝑏𝑠; 𝐹𝑦 = 48𝑙𝑏𝑠

@𝐹 = 29𝑙𝑏𝑠
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 21𝑙𝑏𝑠; 𝐹𝑦 = 20𝑙𝑏𝑠

@𝐹 = 51𝑙𝑏𝑠
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 24𝑙𝑏𝑠; 𝐹𝑦 = 45𝑙𝑏𝑠
Determine the 𝑥 and 𝑦 components of each of the forces shown.
𝑅𝑒𝑐 𝐹, 𝜃 = (x, y)

@𝐹 = 50𝑙𝑏𝑠
−1
96
𝜃 = tan
28
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 14𝑙𝑏𝑠; 𝐹𝑦 = 48𝑙𝑏𝑠
Determine the 𝑥 and 𝑦 components of each of the forces shown.
𝑅𝑒𝑐 𝐹, 𝜃 = (x, y)

@𝐹 = 50𝑙𝑏𝑠
−1
96
𝜃 = tan
28
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 14𝑙𝑏𝑠; 𝐹𝑦 = 48𝑙𝑏𝑠

@𝐹 = 29𝑙𝑏𝑠
−1
80
𝜃 = tan
84
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 21𝑙𝑏𝑠; 𝐹𝑦 = 20𝑙𝑏𝑠
Determine the 𝑥 and 𝑦 components of each of the forces shown.
𝑅𝑒𝑐 𝐹, 𝜃 = (x, y)

@𝐹 = 50𝑙𝑏𝑠
−1
96
𝜃 = tan
28
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 14𝑙𝑏𝑠; 𝐹𝑦 = 48𝑙𝑏𝑠

@𝐹 = 29𝑙𝑏𝑠
−1
80
𝜃 = tan
84
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 21𝑙𝑏𝑠; 𝐹𝑦 = 20𝑙𝑏𝑠

@𝐹 = 51𝑙𝑏𝑠
−1
90
𝜃 = tan
48
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 24𝑙𝑏𝑠; 𝐹𝑦 = 45𝑙𝑏𝑠
Determine the 𝑥 and 𝑦 components of each of the forces shown.
𝐶𝑀𝑃𝐿𝑋 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒
𝐹∠𝜃 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖

@𝐹 = 50𝑙𝑏𝑠
−1
96
𝜃 = tan
28
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 14𝑙𝑏𝑠; 𝐹𝑦 = 48𝑙𝑏𝑠
Determine the 𝑥 and 𝑦 components of each of the forces shown.
𝐶𝑀𝑃𝐿𝑋 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒
𝐹∠𝜃 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖

@𝐹 = 50𝑙𝑏𝑠
−1
96
𝜃 = tan
28
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 14𝑙𝑏𝑠; 𝐹𝑦 = 48𝑙𝑏𝑠

@𝐹 = 29𝑙𝑏𝑠
−1
80
𝜃 = tan
84
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 21𝑙𝑏𝑠; 𝐹𝑦 = 20𝑙𝑏𝑠
Determine the 𝑥 and 𝑦 components of each of the forces shown.
𝐶𝑀𝑃𝐿𝑋 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒
𝐹∠𝜃 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖

@𝐹 = 50𝑙𝑏𝑠
−1
96
𝜃 = tan
28
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 14𝑙𝑏𝑠; 𝐹𝑦 = 48𝑙𝑏𝑠

@𝐹 = 29𝑙𝑏𝑠
−1
80
𝜃 = tan
84
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 21𝑙𝑏𝑠; 𝐹𝑦 = 20𝑙𝑏𝑠

@𝐹 = 51𝑙𝑏𝑠
−1
90
𝜃 = tan
48
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 24𝑙𝑏𝑠; 𝐹𝑦 = 45𝑙𝑏𝑠
The hydraulic cylinder 𝐵𝐷 exerts on member 𝐴𝐵𝐶 a force 𝑷 directed along line 𝐵𝐷. Knowing that
𝑷 must have a 750 − 𝑁 component perpendicular to member 𝐴𝐵𝐶, determine (a) the magnitude
of the force 𝑷, (b) its component parallel to 𝐴𝐵𝐶.
The hydraulic cylinder 𝐵𝐷 exerts on member 𝐴𝐵𝐶 a force 𝑷 directed along line 𝐵𝐷. Knowing that
𝑷 must have a 750 − 𝑁 component perpendicular to member 𝐴𝐵𝐶, determine (a) the magnitude
of the force 𝑷, (b) its component parallel to 𝐴𝐵𝐶.

750 = 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛 20°

∴ 𝑃 = 2192.8533 … 𝑁
30°
50°

20°
30°
𝑃𝐴𝐵𝐶
750 𝑁
𝑷
The hydraulic cylinder 𝐵𝐷 exerts on member 𝐴𝐵𝐶 a force 𝑷 directed along line 𝐵𝐷. Knowing that
𝑷 must have a 750 − 𝑁 component perpendicular to member 𝐴𝐵𝐶, determine (a) the magnitude
of the force 𝑷, (b) its component parallel to 𝐴𝐵𝐶.

∴ 𝑃 = 2192.8533 … 𝑁
30°
50° 𝑃𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠 20°
∴ 𝑃𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 2060.6080 … 𝑁
20°
30°
𝑃𝐴𝐵𝐶
750 𝑁
𝑷
The hydraulic cylinder 𝐵𝐷 exerts on member 𝐴𝐵𝐶 a force 𝑷 directed along line 𝐵𝐷. Knowing that
𝑷 must have a 750 − 𝑁 component perpendicular to member 𝐴𝐵𝐶, determine (a) the magnitude
of the force 𝑷, (b) its component parallel to 𝐴𝐵𝐶.

𝑃 = 2192.8533 … 𝑁
𝑃𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 2060.6080 … 𝑁
30°
50°

20°
30°
𝑃𝐴𝐵𝐶
750 𝑁
𝑷
Determine (a) the required tension in cable 𝐴𝐶, knowing that the resultant of the three forces
exerted at point 𝐶 of boom 𝐵𝐶 must be directed along 𝐵𝐶, (b) the corresponding magnitude of the
resultant.
Determine (a) the required tension in cable 𝐴𝐶, knowing that the resultant of the three forces
exerted at point 𝐶 of boom 𝐵𝐶 must be directed along 𝐵𝐶, (b) the corresponding magnitude of the
resultant.

65°
𝑇𝐴𝐶

𝑅𝐵𝐶 35°
Determine (a) the required tension in cable 𝐴𝐶, knowing that the resultant of the three forces
exerted at point 𝐶 of boom 𝐵𝐶 must be directed along 𝐵𝐶, (b) the corresponding magnitude of the
resultant.
2 2 2
𝑅𝐵𝐶 = 𝑅𝑥 + 𝑅𝑦
𝑅𝑥 = 75 𝑠𝑖𝑛 25° − 𝑇𝐴𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 65°
𝑅𝑦 = 𝑇𝐴𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 65° − 50 − 75 𝑐𝑜𝑠 25°

65° 𝑅𝑥
𝑇𝐴𝐶 tan 35 =
𝑅𝑦
75 𝑠𝑖𝑛 25° − 𝑇𝐴𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 65°
tan 35 =
𝑇𝐴𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 65° − 50 − 75 𝑐𝑜𝑠 25°

𝑅𝐵𝐶 35° 𝑇𝐴𝐶 sin 65° 75 sin 25°

25° 𝑇𝐴𝐶 cos 65° + = + 50 + 75 cos 25°
tan 35° tan 35
75 𝑙𝑏 75 sin 25°
+ 50 + 75 cos 25°
50 𝑙𝑏 tan 35
𝑇𝐴𝐶 =
sin 65°
cos 65° +
tan 35°
∴ 𝑇𝐴𝐶 = 95.0751 … 𝑙𝑏
Determine (a) the required tension in cable 𝐴𝐶, knowing that the resultant of the three forces
exerted at point 𝐶 of boom 𝐵𝐶 must be directed along 𝐵𝐶, (b) the corresponding magnitude of the
resultant.
2 2 2
𝑅𝐵𝐶 = 𝑅𝑥 + 𝑅𝑦
𝑅𝑥 = 75 𝑠𝑖𝑛 25° − 𝑇𝐴𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 65°
𝑅𝑦 = 𝑇𝐴𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 65° − 50 − 75 𝑐𝑜𝑠 25°

65° ∴ 𝑇𝐴𝐶 = 95.0751 … 𝑙𝑏

𝑇𝐴𝐶
𝑅𝑥 = 75 𝑠𝑖𝑛 25° − (95.0751 … )𝑠𝑖𝑛 65°
𝑅𝑥 = −54.4709 … 𝑙𝑏
∴ 𝑅𝑥 = 54.4709 … 𝑙𝑏, ←
𝑅𝐵𝐶 35° 25°

75 𝑙𝑏
50 𝑙𝑏
Determine (a) the required tension in cable 𝐴𝐶, knowing that the resultant of the three forces
exerted at point 𝐶 of boom 𝐵𝐶 must be directed along 𝐵𝐶, (b) the corresponding magnitude of the
resultant.
2 2 2
𝑅𝐵𝐶 = 𝑅𝑥 + 𝑅𝑦
𝑅𝑥 = 75 𝑠𝑖𝑛 25° − 𝑇𝐴𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 65°
𝑅𝑦 = 𝑇𝐴𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 65° − 50 − 75 𝑐𝑜𝑠 25°

65° ∴ 𝑇𝐴𝐶 = 95.0751 … 𝑙𝑏

𝑇𝐴𝐶 𝑅𝑥 = 54.4709 … 𝑙𝑏, ←

𝑅𝑦 = 95.0751 … 𝑐𝑜𝑠 65° − 50 − 75 𝑐𝑜𝑠 25°

𝑅𝑦 = −77.7925 … 𝑙𝑏
𝑅𝐵𝐶 35° ∴ 𝑅𝑦 = 77.7925 … 𝑙𝑏, ↓
25°

75 𝑙𝑏
50 𝑙𝑏
Determine (a) the required tension in cable 𝐴𝐶, knowing that the resultant of the three forces
exerted at point 𝐶 of boom 𝐵𝐶 must be directed along 𝐵𝐶, (b) the corresponding magnitude of the
resultant.
2 2 2
𝑅𝐵𝐶 = 𝑅𝑥 + 𝑅𝑦
𝑅𝑥 = 75 𝑠𝑖𝑛 25° − 𝑇𝐴𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 65°
𝑅𝑦 = 𝑇𝐴𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 65° − 50 − 75 𝑐𝑜𝑠 25°

65° ∴ 𝑇𝐴𝐶 = 95.0751 … 𝑙𝑏

𝑇𝐴𝐶 𝑅𝑥 = 54.4709 … 𝑙𝑏, ←
𝑅𝑦 = 77.7925 … 𝑙𝑏, ↓

2 2 2
𝑅𝐵𝐶 = 𝑅𝑥 + 𝑅𝑦
35° 25° 𝑅𝐵𝐶 2 = 54.4709 … 2 + 77.7925 … 2

75 𝑙𝑏 ∴ 𝑅𝐵𝐶 = 94.9672 … 𝑙𝑏
50 𝑙𝑏
Determine (a) the required tension in cable 𝐴𝐶, knowing that the resultant of the three forces
exerted at point 𝐶 of boom 𝐵𝐶 must be directed along 𝐵𝐶, (b) the corresponding magnitude of the
resultant.
2 2 2
𝑅𝐵𝐶 = 𝑅𝑥 + 𝑅𝑦
𝑅𝑥 = 75 𝑠𝑖𝑛 25° − 𝑇𝐴𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 65°
𝑅𝑦 = 𝑇𝐴𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 65° − 50 − 75 𝑐𝑜𝑠 25°

65° ∴ 𝑇𝐴𝐶 = 95.0751 … 𝑙𝑏

𝑇𝐴𝐶 ∴ 𝑅𝐵𝐶 = 94.9672 … 𝑙𝑏

35° 25°

75 𝑙𝑏
50 𝑙𝑏
Determine (a) the required tension in cable 𝐴𝐶, knowing that the resultant of the three forces
exerted at point 𝐶 of boom 𝐵𝐶 must be directed along 𝐵𝐶, (b) the corresponding magnitude of the
resultant.
𝑇𝐴𝐶 = 95.0751 … 𝑙𝑏
𝑅𝐵𝐶 = 94.9672 … 𝑙𝑏

65°
𝑇𝐴𝐶

𝑅𝐵𝐶 35° 25°

75 𝑙𝑏
50 𝑙𝑏
If we represent vectors in Cartesian form, the calculations involved in vector
algebra become much simpler when dealing with three-dimensional problems.
If we represent vectors in Cartesian form, the calculations involved in vector
algebra become much simpler when dealing with three-dimensional problems.

𝑨 = 𝑨′ + 𝑨𝑧
𝑨′ = 𝑨𝑥 + 𝑨𝑦

∴ 𝑨 = 𝑨𝑥 + 𝑨𝑦 + 𝑨𝑧

𝑨 = 𝐴𝑥 𝒊 + 𝐴𝑦 𝒋 + 𝐴𝑧 𝒌
If we represent vectors in Cartesian form, the calculations involved in vector
algebra become much simpler when dealing with three-dimensional problems.

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝑨 = 𝑨𝑥 + 𝑨𝑦 + 𝑨𝑧
𝟐
𝑨= 𝑨𝑥 𝟐 + 𝑨𝑦 + 𝑨𝑧 𝟐
If we represent vectors in Cartesian form, the calculations involved in vector
algebra become much simpler when dealing with three-dimensional problems.

𝐴𝑥
cos 𝛼 = ;
𝐴

𝐴𝑦
cos 𝛽 = ;
𝐴

𝐴𝑧
cos 𝛾 =
𝐴
 If we represent vectors in Cartesian form, the calculations involved in vector
algebra become much simpler when dealing with three-dimensional problems.

𝑨 𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧
𝒖𝐴 = = 𝒊+ 𝒋+ 𝒌
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴

𝒖𝐴 = cos 𝛼 𝒊 + cos 𝛽 𝒋 + cos 𝛾 𝒌

2
cos 𝛼 + 2
cos 𝛽 + 2
cos 𝛾 =1

𝑨 = 𝐴 𝑥 𝒊 + 𝐴𝑦 𝒋 + 𝐴𝑧 𝒌
Sometimes, the direction of A can be specified using a horizontal angle 𝜃 and a
vertical angle 𝜙.

𝐴𝑧 = 𝐴 cos 𝜙
𝐴′ = 𝐴 sin 𝜙
𝐴𝑥 = 𝐴′ cos 𝜃 = 𝐴 sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃
𝐴𝑦 = 𝐴′ sin 𝜃 = 𝐴 sin 𝜙 sin 𝜃

∴ 𝐴 = 𝐴 sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃 𝒊 + 𝐴 sin 𝜙 sin 𝜃 𝒋 + 𝐴 cos 𝜙 𝒌

Sometimes, the direction of A can be specified using a horizontal angle 𝜃 and a
vertical angle 𝜙.

𝑹 = 𝑨 + 𝑩 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 𝒊 + 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦 𝒋 + 𝐴𝑧 + 𝐵𝑧 𝒌

𝑭𝑅 = Σ𝑭 = Σ𝐹𝑥 𝒊 + Σ𝐹𝑦 𝒋 + Σ𝐹𝑧 𝒌

A position vector r is defined as a fixed vector which locates a point in space relative
to another point. For example, if r extends from the origin of coordinates, O, to point
P(x, y, z) then r can be expressed in Cartesian vector form as

𝒓 = 𝑥𝒊 + 𝑦𝒌 + 𝑧𝒌
A position vector r is defined as a fixed vector which locates a point in space relative
to another point. For example, if r extends from the origin of coordinates, O, to point
P(x, y, z) then r can be expressed in Cartesian vector form as

𝒓 = (𝑥𝐵 − 𝑥𝐴 )𝒊 + (𝑦𝐵 − 𝑦𝐴 )𝒌 + (𝑧𝐵 − 𝑧𝐴 )𝒌

 𝒓 (𝑥𝐵 − 𝑥𝐴 )𝒊 + (𝑦𝐵 − 𝑦𝐴 )𝒌 + (𝑧𝐵 − 𝑧𝐴 )𝒌
𝑭 = 𝐹𝒖 = 𝐹 =𝐹
𝑟 𝑥𝐵 − 𝑥𝐴 2 + 𝑦𝐵 − 𝑦𝐴 2 + 𝑧𝐵 − 𝑧𝐴 2
Express the force F shown as a Cartesian vector.
Express the force F shown as a Cartesian vector.

𝑭 = 𝐹𝑥 𝒊 + 𝐹𝑦 𝒋 + 𝐹𝑧 𝒌

𝐹𝑧 = 𝐹 sin 60
𝐹𝑧 = 100 sin 60
𝐹𝑧 = 50 3 𝑁
∴ 𝐹𝑧 = 86.6025 … 𝑁 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 ′ cos 45 = 25 2
∴ 𝐹𝑥 = 35.3553 … 𝑁
𝐹𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑦 ,
𝐹 ′ = 𝐹𝑥 + 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹 ′ sin 45 = 25 2
𝐹 ′ = 100 cos 60 ∴ 𝐹𝑦 = 35.3553 … 𝑁
𝐹 ′ = 50 𝑁
∴ 𝑭 = 35.3553 … 𝒊 + 35.3553 … 𝒋 + 86.6025 … 𝒌
Express the force F shown as a Cartesian vector.
𝑭 = 35.3553 … 𝒊 + 35.3553 … 𝒋 + 86.6025 … 𝒌

𝑭 35.3553 35.3553 86.6025

𝒖= = 𝒊− 𝒋+ 𝒌
𝐹 100 100 100

𝒖 = 0.3536𝒊 − 0.3536𝒋 + 0.8660𝒌

cos 𝛼 = 0.3536 ∴ 𝜶 = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟏 … °

cos 𝛽 = −0.3536 ∴ 𝜷 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟒𝟖 … °
cos 𝛾 = 0.8660 ∴ 𝜸 = 𝟑𝟎°
Two forces act on the hook shown. Specify the magnitude of 𝑭2 and its coordinate direction
angles so that the resultant force 𝑭𝑅 acts along the positive y axis and has a magnitude of 800 N.

𝑭2 if 𝑭𝑅 = 800𝒋

𝑭𝑅 = 𝑭1 + 𝑭2
𝐹1 = 𝐹1𝑥 𝒊 + 𝐹1𝑦 𝒋 + 𝐹1𝑧 𝒌
𝐹1 = 𝐹1 cos 𝛼1 𝒊 + 𝐹1 cos 𝛽1 𝒋 + 𝐹1 cos 𝛾1 𝒌
𝛼1 = 45°; 𝛽1 = 60°; 𝛾1 = 120°; 𝐹1 = 300𝑁

𝐹1 = 300 cos 45 𝒊 + 300 cos 60 𝒋 + 300 cos 120 𝒌

𝐹2 = 𝐹2𝑥 𝒊 + 𝐹2𝑦 𝒋 + 𝐹2𝑧 𝒌

Two forces act on the hook shown. Specify the magnitude of 𝑭2 and its coordinate direction
angles so that the resultant force 𝑭𝑅 acts along the positive y axis and has a magnitude of 800 N.

𝑭2 if 𝑭𝑅 = 800𝒋

𝑭𝑅 = 𝑭1 + 𝑭2

𝐹1 = 300 cos 45 𝒊 + 300 cos 60 𝒋 + 300 cos 120 𝒌

𝐹2 = 𝐹2𝑥 𝒊 + 𝐹2𝑦 𝒋 + 𝐹2𝑧 𝒌

0𝒊 = 300 cos 45 + 𝐹2𝑥 𝒊

800𝒋 = 300 cos 60 + 𝐹2𝑦 𝒋
0𝒌 = 300 cos 12 0 + 𝐹2𝑧 𝒌

𝑭2 = 0 − 300 cos 45 𝒊 + 800 − 300 cos 60 𝒋 + 0 − 300 cos 12 0 𝒌

∴ 𝑭2 = −212.1320 … 𝐢 + 650𝒋 + 150𝒌 𝑁
Two forces act on the hook shown. Specify the magnitude of 𝑭2 and its coordinate direction
angles so that the resultant force 𝑭𝑅 acts along the positive y axis and has a magnitude of 800 N.

𝑭2 = −212.1320 … 𝐢 + 650𝒋 + 150𝒌 𝑁

𝐹2 = −212.1320 … 2 + 650 2 + 150 2

∴ 𝐹2 = 700 𝑁

𝛼2 , 𝛽2 , 𝛾2 ,
𝐹2𝑥 −212.1320 …
cos 𝛼2 = = ∴ 𝜶𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟕. 𝟔𝟒𝟎𝟔 … °
𝐹 700
𝐹2𝑦 650
cos 𝛽2 = = ∴ 𝜷𝟐 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟕 … °
𝐹 700
𝐹2𝑧 150
cos 𝛾2 = = ∴ 𝜸𝟐 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟔𝟐𝟔𝟑 … °
𝐹2 700
Two forces act on the hook shown. Specify the magnitude of 𝑭2 and its coordinate direction
angles so that the resultant force 𝑭𝑅 acts along the positive y axis and has a magnitude of 800 N.
The man shown in pulls on the cord with a force of 350 N. Represent this force acting on the support A
as a Cartesian vector and determine its direction.
𝒓
𝑭 = 𝐹𝒖 = 𝐹
𝑟
(𝑥𝐴 )𝒊 + 𝑦𝐴 𝒋 + (𝑧𝐴 )𝒌
𝑭=𝐹
𝑥𝐴 2 + 𝑦𝐴 2 + 𝑧𝐴 2

𝒓 = 3𝒊 − 2𝒋 − 7.5 − 1.5 𝒌
𝒓 = 3𝒊 − 2𝒋 − 6𝒌

𝑟 = 3 2 + −2 2 + −6 2

𝑟 = 49 = 7

3𝒊 − 2𝒋 − 6𝒌
𝑭 = 350
7
𝑭 = 150𝒊 − 100𝒋 − 300𝒌 𝑁
The man shown in pulls on the cord with a force of 350 N. Represent this force acting on the
support A as a Cartesian vector and determine its direction.
𝑭 = 150𝒊 − 100𝒋 − 300𝒌 𝑁
cos 𝛼 = 150/350 ∴ 𝜶 = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟔𝟐𝟑𝟎 … °
cos 𝛽 = −100/350 ∴ 𝜷 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔. 𝟔𝟎𝟏𝟓 … °
cos 𝛾 = −300/350 ∴ 𝜸 = 𝟏𝟒𝟖. 𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟐 … °
The roof is supported by two cables as shown in the photo. If the cables exert forces 𝐹𝐴𝐵 =
100 𝑁 and 𝐹𝐴𝐶 = 120 𝑁 on the wall hook at A as shown, determine the resultant force acting at
A. Express the result as a Cartesian vector.
𝒓𝑨𝑩 = 4𝒊 + 0𝒋 − 4𝒌 𝑚
𝑟𝐴𝐵 = 4 2 + 0 2 + −4 2 =4 2𝑚
𝒓𝑨𝑪 = 4𝒊 + 2𝒋 − 4𝒌 𝑚
𝑟𝐴𝐶 = 4 2 + 2 2 + −4 2 =6𝑚

𝒓𝑨𝑩 4 0 4
𝑭𝑨𝑩 = 𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 100 𝒊+ 𝒋− 𝒌
𝑟𝐴𝐵 4 2 4 2 4 2
∴ 𝑭𝑨𝑩 = 50 2𝒊 − 50 2𝒌 𝑁

𝒓𝑨𝑪 4 2 4
𝑭𝑨𝑪 = 𝐹𝐴𝐶 = 120 𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝒌
𝑟𝐴𝐶 6 6 6
∴ 𝑭𝑨𝑪 = 80𝒊 + 40𝒋 − 80𝒌 𝑁
The roof is supported by two cables as shown in the photo. If the cables exert forces 𝐹𝐴𝐵 =
100 𝑁 and 𝐹𝐴𝐶 = 120 𝑁 on the wall hook at A as shown, determine the resultant force acting at
A. Express the result as a Cartesian vector.
∴ 𝑭𝑨𝑩 = 50 2𝒊 − 50 2𝒌 𝑁
∴ 𝑭𝑨𝑪 = 80𝒊 + 40𝒋 − 80𝒌 𝑁

𝑭𝑹 = 𝑭𝑨𝑩 + 𝑭𝑨𝑪
𝑭𝑹 = 50 2 + 80 𝒊 + 40𝒋 + −50 2 − 80 𝒌
∴ 𝑭𝑹 = 150.7107𝒊 + 40𝒋 − 150.7107𝒌 𝑁
The force in the figure acts on the hook. Express it as a Cartesian vector.
𝑭𝑩 = 𝐹𝐵 𝒖𝐵
𝒓𝐵
𝒖𝑩 =
𝑟𝐵

𝐴 2 𝑚, 0, 2𝑚
4 4 3
𝐵 − 5 sin 30° 𝑚, 5 cos 30° 𝑚, 5 𝑚
5 5 5
∴ 𝐵 −2 𝑚, 4 cos 30° 𝑚, 3 𝑚

𝒓𝐵 = −4𝒊 + 4 cos 30° 𝒋 + 1𝒌 𝑚

𝑟𝐵 = −4 𝑚 2 + 4 cos 30° 𝑚 2 + 1𝑚 2
The force in the figure acts on the hook. Express it as a Cartesian vector.
𝑭𝑩 = 𝐹𝐵 𝒖𝐵
𝒓𝐵
𝒖𝑩 =
𝑟𝐵

𝒓𝐵 = −4𝒊 + 4 cos 30° 𝒋 + 1𝒌 𝑚

𝑟𝐵 = −4 𝑚 2 + 4 cos 30° 𝑚 2 + 1𝑚 2

𝒓𝐵 −4𝒊 + 4 cos 30° 𝒋 + 1𝒌

𝒖𝑩 = =
𝑟𝐵 −4 𝑚 2 + 4 cos 30° 𝑚 2 + 1𝑚 2
𝒖𝑩 = −0.7427 … 𝒊 + 0.6432 … 𝒋 + 0.1859 … 𝒌

𝑭𝑩 = 750 𝑁 −0.7427 … 𝒊 + 0.6432 … 𝒋 + 0.1859 … 𝒌

∴ 𝑭𝑩 = −557.0860 … 𝒊 + 482.4506 … 𝒋 + 139.2715 … 𝒌 𝑁
The dot product of vectors 𝑨 and 𝑩, written Laws of Operation
as 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 (read as 𝑨 𝑑𝑜𝑡 𝑩), is defined as the 1. Commutative Law
product of the magnitudes of 𝑨 and 𝑩 and the 𝑨∙𝑩=𝑩∙𝑨
cosine of the angle 𝜃 between their tails. 2. Multiplication by a Scalar
𝑎 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = 𝑎𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = 𝑨 ∙ (𝑎𝑩)
𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = 𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃 3. Distributive Law
𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 + 𝑫 = 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 + (𝑨 ∙ 𝑫)
where 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180° . The dot product is
often referred to as the scalar product of
vectors since the result is a scalar and not a
vector.
Cartesian Vector Formulation
Note:
𝒊∙𝒊= 1 1 cos 0° = 1
𝒋∙𝒋= 1 1 cos 0° = 1
𝒌∙𝒌= 1 1 cos 0° = 1
𝒊∙𝒋= 1 1 cos 90° = 0
𝒊∙𝒌= 1 1 cos 90° = 0
𝒋∙𝒌= 1 1 cos 90° = 0

𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = 𝐴𝑥 𝒊 + 𝐴𝑦 𝒋 + 𝐴𝑧 𝒌 ∙ 𝐵𝑥 𝒊 + 𝐵𝑦 𝒋 + 𝐵𝑧 𝒌
𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 𝒊 ∙ 𝒊 + 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝒊 ∙ 𝒋 + 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑧 𝒊 ∙ 𝒌 + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑥 𝒋 ∙ 𝒊
+𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 𝒋 ∙ 𝒋 + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑧 𝒋 ∙ 𝒌 + 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑥 𝒌 ∙ 𝒊 + 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑦 𝒌 ∙ 𝒋 + 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧 𝒌 ∙ 𝒌
∴ 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧
Finding the Angle Between Two Vectors
The angle 𝜃 between the tails of vectors
𝐴 and 𝐵 can be determined as
𝑨∙𝑩 𝑨 𝑩
cos 𝜃 = = ∙
𝐴𝐵 𝐴 𝐵
𝑨 ∙ 𝑩
𝜃 = cos −1
𝐴𝐵

𝑨 𝑩
Letting 𝝀𝑨 = and 𝝀𝑩 = ,
be the unit
𝐴 𝐵
vectors that have the same directions as
A and B…
cos 𝜃 = 𝝀𝑨 ∙ 𝝀𝑩
Determining the Orthogonal Component of a
Vector in a Given Direction
Projecting 𝑩 onto 𝑨, the projected length
𝐵 cos 𝜃 is called the orthogonal component of
𝑩 in the direction of 𝑨. From the definition of
the dot product…

𝑨∙𝑩 𝑨
𝐵 cos 𝜃 = =𝑩∙
𝐴 𝐴
𝐵 cos 𝜃 = 𝑩 ∙ 𝝀𝐴
Determine the angle 𝜃 between the force and the line 𝐴𝑂.
𝑭𝑨
cos 𝜃 = ∙ 𝒖𝑩
𝐹𝐴
𝑭𝑨 = −6𝒊 + 9𝒋 + 3𝒌 𝑘𝑁
𝐹𝐴 = −6 2 + 9 2 + 3 2 = 3 14

𝒓𝑩
𝒖𝐵 =
𝑟𝐵
𝒓𝑩 = −1𝒊 + 2𝒋 − 2𝒌
𝑟𝐵 = −1 2 + 2 2 + −2 2 =3
1 2 2
∴ 𝒖𝐵 = − 𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝒌
3 3 3
Determine the angle 𝜃 between the force and the line 𝐴𝑂.
𝑭𝑨
cos 𝜃 = ∙ 𝒖𝑩
𝐹𝐴
𝑭𝑨 = −6𝒊 + 9𝒋 + 3𝒌 𝑘𝑁
𝐹𝐴 = −6 2 + 9 2 + 3 2 = 3 14
1 2 2
∴ 𝒖𝐵 = − 𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝒌
3 3 3
1 2 2
−6𝒊 + 9𝒋 + 3𝒌 ∙ − 𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝒌
cos 𝜃 = 3 3 3
3 14
1 2 2
−6 − + 9 + 3 − 6 2 14 14
cos 𝜃 = 3 3 3 = = =
3 14 3 14 14 7
−1
14
𝜃 = cos
7
∴ 𝜃 = 57.6884 … °
Determine the angle 𝜃 between the force and the line 𝐴𝐵.
𝑭𝑨
cos 𝜃 = ∙ 𝒖𝑩
𝐹𝐴

𝐹𝐴 = 600 𝑁
𝒓𝑨
𝑭𝑨 = 600
𝑟𝐴
𝒓𝑨 = 4𝒊 − 3𝒋 + 0𝒌
𝑟𝐴 = 4 2 + 3 2 + 0 2 = 5
4 3 0
𝑭𝑨 = 600 𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝒌 = 480𝒊 − 360𝒋
5 5 5
Determine the angle 𝜃 between the force and the line 𝐴𝐵.
𝑭𝑨
cos 𝜃 = ∙ 𝒖𝑩
𝐹𝐴

𝐹𝐴 = 600 𝑁
4 3 0
𝑭𝑨 = 600 𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝒌 = 480𝒊 − 360𝒋
5 5 5

𝒓𝑩
𝒖𝑩 =
𝑟𝐵
𝒓𝑩 = 0𝒊 − 3𝒋 + 4𝒌
𝑟𝐵 = 0 2 + −3 2 + 4 2 =5
3 4
𝒖𝐵 = − 𝒋 + 𝒌
5 5
Determine the angle 𝜃 between the force and the line 𝐴𝐵.
𝑭𝑨
cos 𝜃 = ∙ 𝒖𝑩
𝐹𝐴

𝐹𝐴 = 600 𝑁
4 3 0
𝑭𝑨 = 600 𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝒌 = 480𝒊 − 360𝒋
5 5 5
3 4
𝒖𝐵 = − 𝒋 + 𝒌
5 5
3 4 3 4
480𝒊 − 360𝒋 ∙ − 𝒋 + 𝒌 480 0 + −360 − + 0
cos 𝜃 = 5 5 = 5 5 = 216
600 600 600
216
𝜃 = cos1
600
∴ 𝜽 = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟖𝟗𝟗𝟖 … °
Determine the magnitudes of the projections of the force 𝑭 onto the 𝑢 and 𝑣 axes.
Determine the magnitudes of the projections of the force 𝑭 onto the 𝑢 and 𝑣 axes.
(𝐹𝑢 )𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗 = 100 𝑁 cos 45°
= 50 2
∴ (𝐹𝑢 )𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗 = 70.7106 … 𝑁

(𝐹𝑣 )𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗 = 100 cos 15°

∴ (𝐹𝑣 )𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗 = 96.5925 … 𝑁
The frame shown is subjected to a horizontal force 𝑭 = 300𝒋 𝑁. Determine the magnitudes
of the components of this force parallel and perpendicular to member 𝐴𝐵.
The frame shown is subjected to a horizontal force 𝑭 = 300𝒋 𝑁. Determine the magnitudes
of the components of this force parallel and perpendicular to member 𝐴𝐵.
The frame shown is subjected to a horizontal force 𝑭 = 300𝒋 𝑁. Determine the magnitudes
of the components of this force parallel and perpendicular to member 𝐴𝐵.
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃 = 𝑭 ∙ 𝒖𝑩
𝒓𝑩 2𝒊 + 6𝒋 + 3𝒌
𝒖𝑩 = =
𝑟𝐵 2 2+ 6 2+ 3 2
= 0.2857 … 𝒊 + 0.8571 … 𝒋 + 0.4285 … 𝒌

𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 300𝒋 0.2857 … 𝒊 + 0.8571 … 𝒋 + 0.4285 … 𝒌

𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 0 0.2857 … + 300 0.8571 … + 0 0.4285 …
∴ 𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 257.1428 … 𝑁

𝐹⊥ = 𝐹 2 − 𝐹𝐴𝐵 2
= 300 2 − 257.1428 … 2

∴ 𝐹⊥ = 154.5236 … 𝑁
The cross product 𝑪 of two vectors 𝑨 and 𝑩,
denoted by
𝑪=𝑨×𝑩

The magnitude of 𝑪 is
𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

where 𝜃 (0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180°) is the angle

between the positive directions of 𝑨 and 𝑩.
(Note that 𝐶 is always a positive number).

𝑪 is perpendicular to both 𝑨 and 𝑩.

The sense of 𝑪 is determined by the right-
hand rule, which state that when the fingers
of your right hand are curled in the direction
of the angle 𝜃 (directed from 𝑨 toward 𝑩),
your thumb points in the direction of 𝑪.

The cross product of two vectors is called

their vector product.
It can be shown that the cross product is distributive;
that is,
𝑨 × 𝑩 + 𝑪 = 𝑨 × 𝑩 + (𝑨 × 𝑪)

However, the cross product is neither associative nor

commutative.
𝑨× 𝑩×𝑪 ≠ 𝑨×𝑩 ×𝑪
𝑨×𝑩≠𝑩×𝑨
But,
𝑨 × 𝑩 = −𝑩 × 𝑨

From the definition

𝑪=𝑨×𝑩
𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

if 𝑨 and 𝑩 are perpendicular (𝜃 = 90°), then 𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵

if 𝑨 and 𝑩 are parallel (𝜃 = 0° 𝑜𝑟 180°), then 𝐶 = 0
From the properties of the cross product…
𝒊×𝒊=𝟎 𝒋×𝒋=𝟎 𝒌×𝒌=𝟎
𝒊×𝒋=𝒌 𝒊×𝒌=𝒋 𝒋×𝒌=𝒊

where the equations in the bottom row are valid in a right-handed coordinate system.
When 𝑨 and 𝑩 are expressed in the rectangular form, their cross product becomes
𝑨 × 𝑩 = 𝐴𝑥 𝒊 + 𝐴𝑦 𝒋 + 𝐴𝑧 𝒌 × 𝐵𝑥 𝒊 + 𝐵𝑦 𝒋 + 𝐵𝑧 𝒌

Using the distributive property of the cross product

𝑨 × 𝑩 = 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑧 − 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑦 𝒊 − 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑧 − 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑥 𝒋 + 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑦 − 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑥 𝒌

𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
𝑨 × 𝑩 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧
𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧
The scalar triple product arises when the cross product of two vectors is dotted with a third
vector.
Example
𝑨×𝑩∙𝑪

Note the cross product must be performed first.

𝑨 × 𝑩 ∙ 𝑪 = 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑧 − 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑦 𝒊 − 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑧 − 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑥 𝒋 + 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑦 − 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑥 𝒌 ∙ 𝐶𝑥 𝒊 + 𝐶𝑦 𝒋 + 𝐶𝑧 𝒌
𝑨 × 𝑩 ∙ 𝑪 = 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑧 − 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑦 𝐶𝑥 − 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑧 − 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑥 𝐶𝑦 + 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑦 − 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑥 𝐶𝑧
𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧
𝑨 × 𝑩 ∙ 𝑪 = 𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧
𝐶𝑥 𝐶𝑦 𝐶𝑧
Note that…
𝑨×𝑩∙𝑪=𝑨∙𝑩×𝑪=𝑩∙𝑪×𝑨=𝑪∙𝑨×𝑩
Given the vectors.
𝑨 = 8𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 2𝒌 𝑁
𝑩 = 2𝒋 + 6𝒌 𝑚
𝑪 = 3𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 4𝒌 𝑚

Calculate the following:

a. 𝐀 ∙ 𝐁;
b. the orthogonal component of B in the direction of C;
c. the angle between A and C;
d. 𝐀 × 𝐁;
e. a unit vector λ that is perpendicular to both A and B; and
f. 𝐀 × 𝐁 ∙ 𝐂
Given the vectors.
𝑨 = 8𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 2𝒌 𝑁
𝑩 = 2𝒋 + 6𝒌 𝑚
𝑪 = 3𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 4𝒌 𝑚

Calculate the following:

a. 𝐀 ∙ 𝐁;
𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧
= 8 0 + 4 2 + −2 6
∴ 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = −4 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
Given the vectors.
𝑨 = 8𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 2𝒌 𝑁
𝑩 = 2𝒋 + 6𝒌 𝑚
𝑪 = 3𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 4𝒌 𝑚

Calculate the following:

a. 𝐀 ∙ 𝐁;
∴ 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = −4 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
b. the orthogonal component of B in the direction of C;
𝑪
𝐵 cos 𝜃 = 𝑩 ∙
𝐶
2𝒋 + 6𝒌 ∙ 3𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 4𝒌
=
3 2 + −2 2 + 4 2
0 3 + 2 −2 + 6 4 20 29
= =
29 29
∴ 𝐵 cos 𝜃 = 3.7139 … 𝑚
Given the vectors.
𝑨 = 8𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 2𝒌 𝑁
𝑩 = 2𝒋 + 6𝒌 𝑚
𝑪 = 3𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 4𝒌 𝑚

Calculate the following:

a. 𝐀 ∙ 𝐁;
∴ 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = −4 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
b. the orthogonal component of B in the direction of C;
∴ 𝐵 cos 𝜃 = 3.7139 … 𝑚
c. the angle between A and C; 8 3 + 4 −2 + (−2)(4)
𝑨∙𝑪 =
cos 𝜃 = 2 21 29
𝐴𝐶
8𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 2𝒌 ∙ 3𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 4𝒌 8
= 𝜃 = cos −1
8 2 + 4 2 + −2 2 3 2 + −2 2 + 4 2 2 609
∴ 𝜃 = 80.6718 … °
Given the vectors.
𝑨 = 8𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 2𝒌 𝑁 4 −2 8 −2 8 4
=𝒊 −𝒋 +𝒌
𝑩 = 2𝒋 + 6𝒌 𝑚 2 6 0 6 0 2
𝑪 = 3𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 4𝒌 𝑚 = 𝒊 4 6 − (2)(−2) − 𝒋( 8 6) − 0 −2 +𝒌 8 2 − 0 4
∴ 𝑨 × 𝑩 = 28𝒊 − 48𝒋 + 16𝒌 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

Calculate the following:

a. 𝐀 ∙ 𝐁;
∴ 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = −4 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
b. the orthogonal component of B in the direction of C;
∴ 𝐵 cos 𝜃 = 3.7139 … 𝑚
c. the angle between A and C;
∴ 𝜃 = 80.6718 … °
d. 𝐀 × 𝐁;
𝒊 𝒋 𝒌 𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
𝑨 × 𝑩 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧 = 8 4 −2
𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧 0 2 6
Given the vectors.
𝑨 = 8𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 2𝒌 𝑁 𝑨×𝑩 28𝒊 − 48𝒋 + 16𝒌
𝑩 = 2𝒋 + 6𝒌 𝑚 𝜆= =
𝑨×𝑩 28 2 + −48 2 + 16 2
𝑪 = 3𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 4𝒌 𝑚 28𝒊 − 48𝒋 + 16𝒌
=
4 209
Calculate the following: 𝜆 = 0.4842 … 𝒊 − 0.8300 … 𝒋 + 0.2766 … 𝒌
a. 𝐀 ∙ 𝐁; ∴ 𝜆 = ± 0.4842 … 𝒊 − 0.8300 … 𝒋 + 0.2766 … 𝒌
∴ 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = −4 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
b. the orthogonal component of B in the direction of C;
∴ 𝐵 cos 𝜃 = 3.7139 … 𝑚
c. the angle between A and C;
∴ 𝜃 = 80.6718 … °
d. 𝐀 × 𝐁;
∴ 𝑨 × 𝑩 = 28𝒊 − 48𝒋 + 16𝒌 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
e. a unit vector λ that is perpendicular to both A and B;
Given the vectors.
𝑨 = 8𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 2𝒌 𝑁 ∴ 𝜆 = ± 0.4842 … 𝒊 − 0.8300 … 𝒋 + 0.2766 … 𝒌
𝑩 = 2𝒋 + 6𝒌 𝑚
𝑪 = 3𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 4𝒌 𝑚 f. 𝐀 × 𝐁 ∙ 𝐂
𝒊 𝒋 𝒌 𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
𝑨 × 𝑩 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧 = 8 4 −2
Calculate the following:
𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧 0 2 6
a. 𝐀 ∙ 𝐁; 4 −2 8 −2 8 4
∴ 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = −4 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 =𝒊 −𝒋 +𝒌
2 6 0 6 0 2
b. the orthogonal component of B in the direction of C;
∴ 𝐵 cos 𝜃 = 3.7139 … 𝑚
c. the angle between A and C; = 𝒊 4 6 − (2)(−2) − 𝒋( 8 6) − 0 −2
∴ 𝜃 = 80.6718 … ° +𝒌 8 2 − 0 4
d. 𝐀 × 𝐁;
∴ 𝑨 × 𝑩 = 28𝒊 − 48𝒋 + 16𝒌 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 𝑨 × 𝑩 = 28𝒊 − 48𝒋 + 16𝒌 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
e. a unit vector λ that is perpendicular to both A and B;
Given the vectors.
𝑨 = 8𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 2𝒌 𝑁 ∴ 𝜆 = ± 0.4842 … 𝒊 − 0.8300 … 𝒋 + 0.2766 … 𝒌
𝑩 = 2𝒋 + 6𝒌 𝑚
𝑪 = 3𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 4𝒌 𝑚 f. 𝐀 × 𝐁 ∙ 𝐂
𝑨 × 𝑩 = 28𝒊 − 48𝒋 + 16𝒌 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
Calculate the following: 𝑨 × 𝑩 ∙ 𝑪 = 28𝒊 − 48𝒋 + 16𝒌 ∙ (3𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 4𝒌)
a. 𝐀 ∙ 𝐁; 𝑨 × 𝑩 ∙ 𝑪 = 28 3 + −48 −2 + 16 4
2
∴ 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = −4 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 𝑨 × 𝑩 ∙ 𝑪 = 244 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
b. the orthogonal component of B in the direction of C;
∴ 𝐵 cos 𝜃 = 3.7139 … 𝑚
c. the angle between A and C;
∴ 𝜃 = 80.6718 … °
d. 𝐀 × 𝐁;
∴ 𝑨 × 𝑩 = 28𝒊 − 48𝒋 + 16𝒌 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
e. a unit vector λ that is perpendicular to both A and B;
Given the vectors.
𝑨 = 8𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 2𝒌 𝑁 ∴ 𝜆 = ± 0.4842 … 𝒊 − 0.8300 … 𝒋 + 0.2766 … 𝒌
𝑩 = 2𝒋 + 6𝒌 𝑚
𝑪 = 3𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 4𝒌 𝑚 f. 𝐀 × 𝐁 ∙ 𝐂
𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧
𝑨 × 𝑩 ∙ 𝑪 = 𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧
Calculate the following:
𝐶𝑥 𝐶𝑦 𝐶𝑧
a. 𝐀 ∙ 𝐁; 8 4 −2
∴ 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = −4 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 𝑨×𝑩∙𝑪= 0 2 6
b. the orthogonal component of B in the direction of C; 3 −2 4
∴ 𝐵 cos 𝜃 = 3.7139 … 𝑚 2 6 0 6 0 2
𝑨×𝑩∙𝑪=8 −4 + (−2)
c. the angle between A and C; −2 4 3 4 3 −2
𝑨×𝑩∙𝑪
∴ 𝜃 = 80.6718 … ° = 8 2 4 − −2 6 −4 0 4 − 3 6
d. 𝐀 × 𝐁; − 2 0 −2 − 3 2
∴ 𝑨 × 𝑩 = 28𝒊 − 48𝒋 + 16𝒌 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
e. a unit vector λ that is perpendicular to both A and B; 𝑨 × 𝑩 ∙ 𝑪 = 244 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2