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Advanced Structured Materials

Bilen Emek Abali

Ivan Giorgio Editors

Developments and
Novel Approaches
in Biomechanics
and Metamaterials
Advanced Structured Materials

Volume 132

Series Editors
Andreas Öchsner, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Esslingen University of
Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany
Lucas F. M. da Silva, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Holm Altenbach , Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Otto von Guericke
University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany
Common engineering materials reach in many applications their limits and new
developments are required to fulfil increasing demands on engineering materials.
The performance of materials can be increased by combining different materials to
achieve better properties than a single constituent or by shaping the material or
constituents in a specific structure. The interaction between material and structure
may arise on different length scales, such as micro-, meso- or macroscale, and offers
possible applications in quite diverse fields.
This book series addresses the fundamental relationship between materials and their
structure on the overall properties (e.g. mechanical, thermal, chemical or magnetic
etc.) and applications.
The topics of Advanced Structured Materials include but are not limited to
• classical fibre-reinforced composites (e.g. glass, carbon or Aramid reinforced
plastics)
• metal matrix composites (MMCs)
• micro porous composites
• micro channel materials
• multilayered materials
• cellular materials (e.g., metallic or polymer foams, sponges, hollow sphere
structures)
• porous materials
• truss structures
• nanocomposite materials
• biomaterials
• nanoporous metals
• concrete
• coated materials
• smart materials
Advanced Structured Materials is indexed in Google Scholar and Scopus.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8611

Bilen Emek Abali Ivan Giorgio
•

Editors

Developments and Novel

Approaches in Biomechanics
and Metamaterials

123
Editors
Bilen Emek Abali Ivan Giorgio
Institute of Mechanics Department of Mechanical
Technische Universität Berlin and Aerospace Engineering
Berlin, Germany University of Rome La Sapienza
Latina, Italy

ISSN 1869-8433 ISSN 1869-8441 (electronic)

Advanced Structured Materials
ISBN 978-3-030-50463-2 ISBN 978-3-030-50464-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50464-9
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
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The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

The ICoNSOM 2019, International Conference on Nonlinear Solid Mechanics, took

place at Palazzo Argiletum, Rome, Italy, from June 16 to June 19, 2019. Over 200
participation from the whole globe, the urge of this proceedings became clear. With
the aid of the organizers, Marco Amabili, Francesco dell’Isola, Ivan Giorgio, Nicola
Rizzi, and Luca Placidi, the scientific community did show a great interest allowing
us to bring together this proceedings collected in two volumes:
• Developments and Novel Approaches in Nonlinear Solid Body Mechanics
• Developments and Novel Approaches in Biomechanics and Metamaterials
ICoNSoM 2019 Conference has been intended to provide an international oppor-
tunity for communicating recent developments in various areas of nonlinear solid
mechanics. This monograph consists theory, experiments, and applications in me-
chanics, thermodynamics, and multiphysics simulation in many length scales.
As editors, we intend to thank all authors for their crucial contributions as well
as all reviewers for their invaluable time and effort. We delightedly acknowledge Dr.
Christoph Baumann (Springer Publisher) for initiating the book project. In addition,
we have to thank Dr. Mayra Castro (Senior Editor Applied Sciences; Materials Sci-
ence; Materials Engineering; Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine) and Mr. Ashok
Arumairaj (Production Administrator) giving their support in the process of publi-
cation.

Brussels, Rome Bilen Emek Abali

May 2020 Ivan Giorgio

v
Contents

1 Perspectives in Generalized Continua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Marco Laudato & Alessandro Ciallella
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Perspectives in Generalized Continua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 J-, M -, and L-integrals: from Micromechanics of
Dislocations to Body Charges and Forces - Eleni
Agiasofitou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Non-conventional Behavior of Highly Contrasted Plates
- Theory and Experiments - Claude Boutin . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.3 Pantographic Metamaterials - Francesco dell’Isola . . . . . . 4
1.2.4 Convected Stress and Balance Equations - Salvatore
Federico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.5 Singularity-free Point of Defects: Gradient Elasticity of
Bi-Helmholtz Type - Markus Lazar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.6 Influence of Randomness in Topology and Geometry
on the Stiffness of Different Networks Generated from
the Same Graph - Uwe Mühlich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.7 Homogenization of Metamaterials with Strain Gradient
Effects Based on Asymptotic Analysis - Hua Yang . . . . . . 6
1.2.8 Experiments Performed on Additively Manufactured
Pantographic Structures, Validated by Digital Image
Correlation - Gregor Ganzosch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.9 Dynamics of 2D Pantographic Metamaterial: Numerical
and Experimental Results - Marco Laudato . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.10 Pivots Damage Mechanism in Metallic Pantographic
Structures: An Overview - Mario Spagnuolo . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Part I Biomechanics

vii
viii Contents

2 Failure Prediction of Tumoral Bone with Osteolytic Lesion in Mice . . 17

Benjamin Delpuech, Stéphane Nicolle, Cyrille B. Confavreux, Lamia
Bouazza, Philippe Clezardin, David Mitton, and Hélène Follet
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2 Material and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.1 Tumorigenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.2 Rheological Tests on Tumor and Soft Tissues . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.3 Intra-tibial Bone Metastases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2.4 Imaging: μCT Acquisition and Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2.5 Compression Tests on Tibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.6 FE Model Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.7 FEA Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.8 Mesh Element Size Convergence Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.9 Failure Criterion Parameters Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2.10 Regions of Interest for Failure Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2.11 Statistical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3.1 Rheological Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3.2 Sham and Control Limbs Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3.3 Mesh Element Size Convergence Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3.4 Results for Heterogeneous Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3.5 Specific Model Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3.6 Global and Local Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3 Automatic Classification of Intramuscular EMG to Recognize
Pathologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Alban Gallard, Konstantin Akhmadeev, Eric Le Carpentier, Raphaël
Gross, Yann Péréon, and Yannick Aoustin
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.2 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.2.1 Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.2.1.1 Preprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.2.1.2 Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2.2 Motor unit (MU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.2.3 Pathologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.2.4 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2.5 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.2.5.1 Linear SVM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2.5.2 Bagging Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Contents ix

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4 Algorithmic Formulation of Bone Fabric Evolution Based on the
Dissipation Principle: A 2D Finite-Element Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Madge Martin, Peter Pivonka, Guillaume Haïat, Thibault Lemaire, and
Vittorio Sansalone
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.2 Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.2.1 Kinematics and Remodeling Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.2.2 Numerical Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
FE Mesh and Remodeling Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Boundary Value Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Updating Micro-Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Exit Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.3.1 Meshing Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.3.2 Quadrature of Micro-Rotation Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.3.3 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.3.4 Material Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5 Data-Driven Simulation for Augmented Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Andrea Mendizabal, Eleonora Tagliabue, Tristan Hoellinger,
Jean-Nicolas Brunet, Sergei Nikolaev, and Stéphane Cotin
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.2 Numerical Simulation of Hyperelasticity Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.2.1 Hyperelasticity of Soft Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.2.2 Finite Element Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.3 Stochastic Identification of Patient-Specific Properties . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.3.1 ROUKF: Overview of the Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.3.2 Estimation of the Young’s Modulus Using Kalman Filters 78
5.3.3 Estimation of Boundary Conditions Using Kalman
Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.4 Deep Neural Networks for Data-Driven Simulations of a Liver . . . 81
5.4.1 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.4.1.1 The U-Mesh Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.4.1.2 Synthetic Data Generation for U-Net Training . 83
5.4.1.3 Validation Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.4.2 Predicting the Deformation of the Liver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.4.2.1 U-Mesh on a Synthetic Liver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.4.2.2 U-Mesh for Augmented Hepatic Surgery . . . . . 86
5.5 Updating the Trained Model Through Transfer Learning . . . . . . . . . 88
5.5.1 Beam with Hidden Fixed Dirichlet BCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.5.2 New Boundary Conditions and Sparse Data . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
x Contents

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6 New Aspects of the Trabecular Bone Remodeling Regulatory
Model—Two Postulates Based on Shape Optimization Studies . . . . . . 97
Michał Nowak
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6.2 The Stiffest Design Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.3 The Modification of the Structural Surface Position—Mimicking
the Remodeling Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.4 The Problem of Multiple-Load Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7 Bone Mechanics and Cell Populations: Mathematical Description
and Parametric Study of the Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Alessio Ciro Rapisarda, Matin Almasi, Naser Almasi, Emilio Barchiesi,
Alessandro Della Corte, and Daria Scerrato
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
7.2 The Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
7.2.1 The Stimulus Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
7.2.2 The Mechanical Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
7.3 Estimate of the Model’s Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
7.3.1 Estimate of Initial Data and Removal/Production Rates
of the Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
7.3.2 Estimate of the Differentiation Rates and Coupling
Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.4 Numerical Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
7.5 Summary of the Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
7.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
8 Non-Linear or Quasi-Linear Viscoelastic Property of Blood for
Hemodynamic Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Ernesto Romano, Luísa C. Sousa, Carlos C. António, Catarina F. Castro,
and Sónia Isabel Silva Pinto
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
8.2 Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
8.2.1 Mathematical Models for Blood Rheology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
8.2.2 Implementation of the Viscoelastic Models . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
8.2.3 3D Geometry and Computational Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
8.2.4 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
8.2.5 Numerical Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
8.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
8.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Contents xi

9 WSS Descriptors in a Patient RCA Taking into Account the

Non-linear Viscoelasticity of Blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Ernesto Romano, Luísa C. Sousa, Carlos C. António, Catarina F. Castro,
and Sónia Isabel Silva Pinto
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
9.2 Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
9.2.1 Study Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
9.2.2 Geometry Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
9.2.3 Mesh Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
9.2.4 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
9.2.5 Blood Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
9.2.6 Numerical Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
9.2.7 WSS Hemodynamic Descriptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
9.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
9.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
10 A Method for the Quantification of Architectural Anisotropy in
Cancellous Bone Samples Using CT Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Nicolas Rogalski, Christophe Cluzel, and Sébastien Laporte
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
10.2 Material and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
10.2.1 Trabecular Bone Image Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
10.2.2 The Projector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
10.2.3 Samples of Cancellous Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
10.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
10.3.1 Influence of Projector Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
10.3.2 Use of the Projector on Bone Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
10.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
11 A Model of Integrin and VEGF Receptors Recruitment on
Endothelial Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Mattia Serpelloni, Matteo Arricca, Valentina Damioli, Cosetta Ravelli,
Elisabetta Grillo, Stefania Mitola, and Alberto Salvadori
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
11.2 Modeling VEGFR-2 and Integrin Motion Driven by Their
Specific Ligands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
11.2.1 Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
11.2.2 Mass Balance Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
11.2.3 Surrogated Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
11.2.4 Constitutive Assumptions and Chemical Kinetics . . . . . . . 170
11.2.5 Governing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
11.2.5.1 Dimensionless Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
11.3 Weak Formulation and Finite Elements Discretization . . . . . . . . . . . 173
11.4 Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
xii Contents

11.4.1 Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

11.5 Remarks on Surrogated Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
11.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
11.7 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
12 Designing Optimal Scaffold Topographies to Promote Nucleus-
Guided Mechanosensitive Cell Migration Using in Silico
Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Maxime Vassaux, Laurent Pieuchot, Karine Anselme, Maxence
Bigerelle, and Jean-Louis Milan
12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
12.1.1 Intertwined Computational-Experimental Protocols . . . . . 200
12.1.2 Biomaterials Design for Tissue Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . 200
12.1.3 The Example of MAPS: Could Topography Cause
Invasion? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
12.2 Understanding Cell Migration in Interaction with Extracellular
Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
12.2.1 Current Theories and in Silico Models Used to Explore
Them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
12.2.2 How Conceptually Mechanical in Silico Cell Models
Can Be Used at the Interface Between Materials
Science and Cell Biophysics for Scaffold Design? . . . . . . 203
12.3 Going Deeper in the Understanding of Cell Migration with an in
Silico Cell Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
12.3.1 Description of the Mechanical in Silico Cell Model . . . . . 203
12.3.2 Cell-Scale Curvatures Optimize Migration Rates and
Persistence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
12.3.3 Pieces of Evidence of a Will of the Cell to Relax . . . . . . . 208
12.3.4 Topography as a Parameter of Scaffold Design . . . . . . . . . 209
12.4 Design of a New Generation of Biomaterials of Dynamic
Topography Aided by Silico Cell Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
13 Viscoelastic Characterization of Dacron Graft and Aortic Tissue . . . . 217
Christopher Zikry, Stewart McLennan, Gilles Soulez, Raymond Cartier,
and Rosaire Mongrain
13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
13.2 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
13.2.1 Smooth Muscle Cell Content and Energy Loss
Investigation of Aortic Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
13.2.2 Hyperelastic Characterization of Dacron Graft and
Aortic Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
13.2.3 Viscoelastic Characterization of Dacron Graft and
Aortic Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
13.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Contents xiii

13.3.1 Smooth Muscle Cell Content and Energy Loss

Investigation of Aortic Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
13.3.2 Hyperelastic and Viscoelastic Characterization of
Dacron Graft and Aortic Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
13.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
13.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Part II Metamaterials

14 Plane Waves Transmission and Reflection at the Interface between

Thermoelastic Continua in Absence of Dissipation: The Influence of
Magnetic Field and Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Abdelmoody M. Abd-Alla, Said M. Abo-Dahab, Abo-el-nour N.
Abd-alla, and Mohamed Elsagheer
14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
14.2 Formulation of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
14.3 Reflection and Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
14.4 Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
14.4.1 Case 1. Normal Stiffness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
14.4.2 Case 2. Transversal Stiffness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
14.4.3 Case 3. Thermal Contact Conductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
14.4.4 Case 4. Welded Contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
14.4.5 Case 5. Slip Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
14.4.6 Special Case: Stress-Free Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
14.5 Deductions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
14.6 Particular Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
14.7 Numerical Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
14.8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
15 Casimir Effect on Amplitude-Frequency Response of Parametric
Resonance of Electrostatically Actuated NEMS Cantilever
Resonators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Dumitru I. Caruntu & Christian A. Reyes
15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
15.2 System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
15.3 Partial-Differential Equation of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
15.4 Method of Multiple Scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
15.5 Reduced Order Model of Uniform NEMS Cantilevers . . . . . . . . . . . 275
15.6 Numerical Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
15.7 Discussion and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
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16 Scintillating Crystals as Continua with Microstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Fabrizio Daví
16.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
16.2 Excitation Carriers Density and Scintillation Self-Power . . . . . . . . . 293
16.3 Balance Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
16.4 Thermodynamics. Constitutive Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
16.5 Reaction-Diffusion-Drift Equations for Scintillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
16.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
17 Modeling of Pyramidal Lattice Structures Compared to
Tomographic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Valentin Hassaine-Daouadji, Rui-Pedro Carreira, Jean-François Witz,
and Mathias Brieu
17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
17.2 Materials and Prints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
17.3 Mesoscopic Testings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
17.3.1 Tomographic Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
17.3.2 Compression Tests Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
17.3.3 3D Images Reconstruction Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
17.3.4 3D Images Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
17.3.5 3D Images Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
17.3.5.1 Beams Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
17.3.5.2 Matter Caking at the Vertices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
17.3.5.3 3D Images Analysis Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
17.3.5.4 Vertices Displacements: Kinematic Reference . 313
17.3.5.5 Macroscopic Efforts Signals: Static Reference 314
17.4 Simple Finite Elements Modelings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
17.4.1 Simple Modelings Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
17.4.2 Simple Modelings Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
17.5 Improved Finite Elements Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
17.5.1 Improved Modelings Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
17.5.2 Improved Modelings Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
17.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

18 Derivation of Imperfect Interface Laws for Multi-Physic Composites

by a Multiscale Approach: Theoretical and Numerical Studies . . . . . . 323
Serge Dumont, Frederic Lebon, Raffaella Rizzoni, and Michele Serpilli
18.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
18.2 Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
18.3 Method of Asymptotic Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
18.4 Multi-Physic Interface Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
18.4.1 The Soft Multi-Physic Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
18.4.2 The Hard Multi-Physic Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
18.4.3 The Rigid Multi-Physic Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Contents xv

18.4.4 The General Multi-Physic Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

18.5 Finite Element Implementation and Numerical Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
18.6 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
19 Modeling the Mechanical Response of Rubberised Concrete . . . . . . . . 341
Amedeo Gregori, Chiara Castoro, Micaela Mercuri, and Michele
Angiolilli
19.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
19.2 Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
19.2.1 The Numerical Simulation Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
19.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
19.3.1 Numerical Prediction of the Compressive Strength . . . . . . 347
19.3.2 Numerical Prediction of SRF at Varying the Reference
Concrete Compressive Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
19.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
20 Linear Dynamics of 2D Pantographic Metamaterials: Numerical
and Experimental Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Marco Laudato & Luca Manzari
20.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
20.2 2D Pantographic Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
20.3 An Approach to the Analysis of LTI Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
20.4 Linear Model for 2D Pantographic Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
20.4.1 Kinematics and Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
20.4.2 Rayleigh Dissipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
20.5 Experimental Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
20.5.1 Mounting of the Specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
20.5.2 Imaging Techniques, DIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
20.5.3 Measurement Routine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
20.6 Results: Time-invariant Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
20.6.1 Distribution of the Frequency Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
20.6.2 Distribution of the Amplitude Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
20.7 Conclusions and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
21 Nonlinear Dispersion Properties of Acoustic Waveguides with Cubic
Local Resonators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Marco Lepidi & Andrea Bacigalupo
21.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
21.2 One–Dimensional Diatomic Lattice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
21.3 Asymptotic Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
21.3.1 Linear Dispersion Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
21.3.2 Nonlinear Dispersion Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
21.3.3 Parametric Analyses and Numerical Validation . . . . . . . . . 388
xvi Contents

21.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
22 Deformation and Failure Onset of Random Elastic Beam Networks
Generated From the Same Type of Random Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Uwe Mühlich
22.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
22.2 Graph Construction and Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
22.3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
22.3.1 Deformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
22.3.2 Failure Onset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
22.3.3 Testing Selected General Descriptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
22.4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
22.4.1 Deformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
22.4.2 Failure Onset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
22.5 Summary and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
23 Mechanical Behavior Investigation of 3D Printed Pantographic Unit
Cells via Tension and Compression Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Nima Nejadsadeghi, Marco Laudato, Michele De Angelo, and Anil
Misra
23.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
23.2 Fabrication and Experimental Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
23.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
23.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

24 DIC Measurements on Single Struts of Ni/PU Hybrid

Foams—Damage Behaviour During Three-Point Bending . . . . . . . . . . 423
Martin Reis, Stefan Diebels, and Anne Jung
24.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
24.2 Experiments and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
24.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
25 Apparent Bending and Tensile Stiffness of Lattice Beams with
Triangular and Diamond Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Yury Solyaev, Sergey Lurie, and Anastasia Ustenko
25.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
25.2 Finite Element Models of the Lattice Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
25.3 Strain Gradient Beam Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
25.4 Size-Dependent Mechanical Behavior of the Lattice Beams . . . . . . 438
25.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Contents xvii

26 On the Relations between Direct and Energy Based Homogenization

Approaches in Second Gradient Elasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Yury Solyaev, Sergey Lurie, and Anastasia Ustenko
26.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
26.2 Second Gradient Elasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
26.3 Eshelby Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
26.4 Relations between Direct and Energy Based Homogenization in
SGET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
26.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
27 The Mechanical Diode: On the Tracks of James Maxwell Employing
Mechanical–Electrical Analogies in the Design of Metamaterials . . . . 459
Mario Spagnuolo & Daria Scerrato
27.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
27.2 Experimental Observations: A Mechanical Diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
27.3 Modeling Metamaterials: Deformation Energy of Pantographic
Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
27.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
28 Tailoring 3D Buckling and Post Contact in Microlattice
Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Zacharias Vangelatos, Kyriakos Komvopoulos, and Costas P.
Grigoropoulos
28.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
28.2 Design of Intertwinned Microlattice Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
28.3 Design of of Architected Vacancies in Metamaterial Structures . . . 477
28.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
List of Contributors

A. M. Abd-Alla
Math. Dept., Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Egypt. - Math. Dept., Faculty of
Science, Taif University, Saudi Arabia.
e-mail: [email protected]
A. N. Abd-alla
Math. Dept., Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Egypt
e-mail: [email protected]
S. M. Abo-Dahab
Math. Dept., Faculty of Science, Taif University, Saudi Arabia. - Math. Dept.,
Faculty of Science, SVU, Qena, Egypt.
e-mail: [email protected]
K. Akhmadeev
Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes, UMR CNRS 6004
1 rue de la Noë, BP 92101 F-44321 Nantes Cedex 3, France
Ecole Centrale de Nantes, Université de Nantes
e-mail: [email protected]
M. Almasi
Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Iran
e-mail: [email protected]
N. Almasi
Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering,
Medical Laboratory of Isfahan Shariati Hospital (Director), Iran
e-mail: [email protected]
M. Angiolilli
University of L’Aquila DICEAA, Via G. Gronchi 18, 67100, L’Aquila, Italy
e-mail: [email protected]

xix
xx List of Contributors

K. Anselme
Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M, UMR 7361, Mulhouse, France
Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
e-mail: [email protected]
C. C. António
Engineering Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
(LAETA-INEGI), Porto, Portugal
e-mail: [email protected]
Y. Aoustin
Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes, UMR CNRS 6004
1 rue de la Noë, BP 92101 F-44321 Nantes Cedex 3, France
Ecole Centrale de Nantes, Université de Nantes
e-mail: [email protected]
M. Arricca
Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (DIMI)
e-mail: [email protected]
A. Bacigalupo
IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Piazza S. Francesco 19, 55100 Lucca,
Italy
e-mail: [email protected]
E. Barchiesi
Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
e-mail: [email protected]
M. Bigerelle
Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut Cambrésis, Laboratoire d’Automatique,
de Mécanique et d’Informatique industrielle et Humaine (LAMIH), UMR-CNRS
8201, Le Mont Houy, Valenciennes, France
e-mail: [email protected]
L. Bouazza
Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, LYOS UMR 1033, 69008
Lyon, France
e-mail: [email protected]
M. Brieu
California State University, Los Angeles, ECST College, Dept. Mechanical
Engineering, United States
e-mail: [email protected]
J-N. Brunet
Inria, Strasbourg, France e-mail: [email protected]
List of Contributors xxi

D. I. Caruntu
University of Texas Rio Grande Valley,
Mechanical Engineering Department, Edinburg, Texas 78539, U.S.A.
e-mail: [email protected]
E. Le Carpentier
Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes, UMR CNRS 6004
1 rue de la Noë, BP 92101 F-44321 Nantes Cedex 3, France
Ecole Centrale de Nantes, Université de Nantes
e-mail: [email protected]
R. P. Carreira
DECATHLON Technical Office, DECATHLON SA, Lille, France
e-mail: [email protected]
R. Cartier
Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
e-mail: [email protected]
C. Castoro
University of L’Aquila DICEAA, Via G. Gronchi 18, 67100, L’Aquila, Italy
e-mail: [email protected]
C. F. Castro
Engineering Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
(LAETA-INEGI), Porto, Portugal
e-mail: [email protected]
A. Ciallella
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile-Architettura e Ambientale, Università
degli Studi dell’Aquila. Via Giovanni Gronchi n. 18, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
e-mail: [email protected]
P. Clezardin
Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, LYOS UMR 1033, 69008
Lyon, France
e-mail: [email protected]
C. Cluzel
Laboratoire de Mécanique et Technologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris Saclay,
Cachan, France
Département Science et Genie des Materiaux, Institut Universitaire de Technologie
d’Evry Vald’Essonne, Every, France
e-mail: [email protected]
xxii List of Contributors

C. B. Confavreux
Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, LYOS UMR 1033, 69008
Lyon, France
CEMOS, Service de Rhumatologie, Centre hospitalier Lyon Sud, Institut de
Cancérologie des Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
e-mail: [email protected]
S. Cotin
Inria, Strasbourg, France e-mail: [email protected]
V. Damioli
SISSA - International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, 34136 Italy
mathLab
e-mail: [email protected]
F. Daví
DICEA & ICRYS, Universitá Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche,
Ancona, Italy
e-mail: [email protected]
M. De Angelo
Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering Department, The University of
Kansas, 1530 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045-7609, USA
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile-Architettura e Ambientale, Università
degli Studi dellAquila, Via Giovanni Gronchi 18 - Zona industriale di Pile, 67100
LAquila, Italy
e-mail: [email protected]
A. Della Corte
Mathematics Division, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Camerino,
Italy
e-mail: [email protected]
B. Delpuech
Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, LYOS UMR 1033, 69008
Lyon, France
Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ. Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR,
LBMC UMR_T 9406, F-69622, Lyon, France
e-mail: [email protected]
S. Diebels
Applied Mechanics, Saarland University, Campus A4.2, Saarbrücken, Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
S. Dumont
University of Nîmes, IMAG, CNRS UMR 5149 Pl. E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier
cedex 5, France
e-mail: [email protected]
List of Contributors xxiii

M. Elsagheer
Math. Dept., Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Egypt. - Math. Dept., Faculty of
Science, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia.
e-mail: [email protected]
H. Follet
Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, LYOS UMR 1033, 69008
Lyon, France
e-mail: [email protected]
A. Gallard
Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes, UMR CNRS 6004
1 rue de la Noë, BP 92101 F-44321 Nantes Cedex 3, France
Ecole Centrale de Nantes, Université de Nantes
e-mail: [email protected]
A. Gregori
University of L’Aquila DICEAA, Via G. Gronchi 18, 67100, L’Aquila, Italy
e-mail: [email protected]
C. P. Grigoropoulos
University of California, Berkeley, 2521 Hearst Ave, 94720-1740, Berkeley, CA,
USA
e-mail: [email protected]
E. Grillo
Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMMT)
Laboratory for Preventive and Personalized Medicine (MPP Lab)
e-mail: [email protected]
G. Haïat
CNRS, Univ Paris Est Creteil, Univ Gustave Eiffel, MSME UMR 8208, F-94010
Creteil, France
e-mail: [email protected]
V. Hassaine-Daouadji
Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, FRE 2016 - LaMcube - Laboratoire de mécanique
multiphysique multiéchelle, F-59000, Lille, France
e-mail: [email protected]
T. Hoellinger
Inria, Strasbourg, France e-mail: [email protected]
A. Jung
Applied Mechanics, Saarland University, Campus A4.2, Saarbrücken, Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
xxiv List of Contributors

K. Komvopoulos
University of California, Berkeley, 2521 Hearst Ave, 94720-1740, Berkeley, CA,
USA
e-mail: [email protected]
S. Laporte
Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, IBHGC -
Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, F-75013 Paris, France
e-mail: [email protected]
Marco Laudato
Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Scienze dell’Informazione e Matematica, Università
degli Studi dell’Aquila, Via Vetoio (Coppito 1), 67100 Coppito, L’Aquila, Italy.
e-mail: [email protected]
F. Lebon
Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, LMA Impasse Nikola Tesla
4, Marseille, France
e-mail: [email protected]
T. Lemaire
Univ Paris Est Creteil, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, MSME UMR 8208, F-94010
Creteil, France
e-mail: [email protected]
M. Lepidi
DICCA - Università di Genova, Via Montallegro 1, 16154 Genova, Italy
e-mail: [email protected]
S. Lurie
Institute of Applied Mechanics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leningradskiy
ave., 7, Moscow, Russia
Moscow Aviation Institute, Moscow, Russia
e-mail: [email protected]
Luca Manzari
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Marcus Wallenberg Laboratory for Sound and
Vibration Research, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
e-mail: [email protected]
M. Martin
Univ Paris Est Creteil, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, MSME UMR 8208, F-94010
Creteil, France
School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of
Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
e-mail: [email protected]
S. McLennan
Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec,
Canada
e-mail: [email protected]
List of Contributors xxv

A. Mendizabal
Inria and University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
e-mail: [email protected]
M. Mercuri
University of L’Aquila DICEAA, Via G. Gronchi 18, 67100, L’Aquila, Italy
e-mail: [email protected]
J.-L. Milan
Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France
e-mail: [email protected]
A. Misra
Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering Department, The University of
Kansas, 1530 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045-7609, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
S. Mitola
Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMMT)
Laboratory for Preventive and Personalized Medicine (MPP Lab)
e-mail: [email protected]
D. Mitton
Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ. Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR,
LBMC UMR_T 9406, F-69622, Lyon, France
e-mail: [email protected]
R. Mongrain
Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec,
Canada
e-mail: [email protected]
U. Mühlich
Universidad Austral de Chile, General Lagos 2086, Campus Miraflores, Valdivia,
Chile
e-mail: [email protected]
N. Nejadsadeghi
Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th Street,
Learned Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045-7609, USA.
e-mail: [email protected]
S. Nicolle
Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ. Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR,
LBMC UMR_T 9406, F-69622, Lyon, France
e-mail: [email protected]
S. Nikolaev
Inria, Strasbourg, France e-mail: [email protected]
xxvi List of Contributors

M. Nowak
Poznan University of Technology, Chair of Virtual Engineering, Poland, ul. Jana
Pawla II 24
60-965 Poznan, Poland
e-mail: [email protected]
L. Pieuchot
Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M, UMR 7361, Mulhouse, France
Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
e-mail: [email protected]
S. I. S. Pinto
Engineering Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
(LAETA-INEGI), Porto, Portugal
e-mail: [email protected]
P. Pivonka
School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University
of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
e-mail: [email protected]
C. Ravelli
Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMMT)
Laboratory for Preventive and Personalized Medicine (MPP Lab)
e-mail: [email protected]
M. Reis
Applied Mechanics, Saarland University, Campus A4.2, Saarbrücken, Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
C. A. Reyes
University of Texas Rio Grande Valley,
Mechanical Engineering Department, Edinburg, Texas 78539, U.S.A
e-mail: [email protected]
R. Rizzoni
Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122, Ferrara,
Italy
e-mail: raff[email protected]
N. Rogalski
Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, IBHGC -
Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, F-75013 Paris, France
e-mail: [email protected]
List of Contributors xxvii

E. Romano
Engineering Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
(LAETA-INEGI), Porto, Portugal
e-mail: [email protected]
A. Salvadori
Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (DIMI)
e-mail: [email protected]
V. Sansalone
Univ Paris Est Creteil, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, MSME UMR 8208, F-94010
Creteil, France
e-mail: [email protected]
D. Scerrato
International Research Center for the Matematics and Mechanics of Complex
Systems, M&MoCS, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy.
e-mail: [email protected]
M. Serpelloni
Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (DIMI)
e-mail: [email protected]
M. Serpilli
Department of Civil and Building Engineering, and Architecture, Università
Politecnica delle Marche, Via brecce bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
e-mail: [email protected]
Y. Solyaev
Institute of Applied Mechanics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leningradskiy
ave., 7, Moscow, Russia
Moscow Aviation Institute, Moscow, Russia
e-mail: [email protected]
G. Soulez
Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, University of Montreal, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada
e-mail: [email protected]
L. C. Sousa
Engineering Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
(LAETA-INEGI), Porto, Portugal
e-mail: [email protected]
xxviii List of Contributors

M. Spagnuolo
International Research Center for the Matematics and Mechanics of Complex
Systems, M&MoCS, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
e-mail: [email protected]
E. Tagliabue
Università degli Studi di Verona e-mail: [email protected]
A. Ustenko
Institute of Applied Mechanics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leningradskiy
ave., 7, Moscow, Russia
Moscow Aviation Institute, Moscow, Russia
e-mail: [email protected]
Z. Vangelatos
University of California, Berkeley, 2521 Hearst Ave, 94720-1740, Berkeley, CA,
USA
e-mail: [email protected]
M. Vassaux
Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France
e-mail: [email protected]
J. F. Witz
Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, FRE 2016 - LaMcube - Laboratoire de mécanique
multiphysique multiéchelle, F-59000, Lille, France
e-mail: [email protected]
C. Zikry
Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec,
Canada
e-mail: [email protected]
Chapter 1
Perspectives in Generalized Continua

Marco Laudato & Alessandro Ciallella

Abstract The International Conference on Nonlinear Solid Mechanics (ICoNSoM)

2019, held in Rome from 16th to 19th of June 2019, had as main goal to gather
together researchers in the field of nonlinear Solid Mechanics in a stimulating re-
search environment. This work is a rational report of activities of the mini-symposia
“Perspectives in Generalized Continua” held during the conference. The main aim
is to provide the interesting reader with the main topics treated during the confer-
ence and to furnish all the relevant bibliography. Additional information, such as
the abstracts of all the talks, can be found at the official web-site of the conference:
http://www.memocsevents.eu/iconsom2019/.

Keywords: Continuum mechanics · Metamaterials · Second gradient materials

1.1 Introduction

The multi-scale analysis of mechanical systems with a microstructure is one of the

most growing research fields in modern Solid Mechanics. The main reasons are the
efficient fast-prototyping techniques developed in the last decades on the one hand,
and the enhanced mathematical and numerical understanding of this kind of systems,
on the other hand. These results have been exploited by researchers to increase the
forecasting power of the mathematical models used to describe the behavior of

M. Laudato
Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Scienze dell’Informazione e Matematica, Università degli Studi
dell’Aquila. Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
e-mail: [email protected]
A. Ciallella
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile-Architettura e Ambientale, Università degli Studi
dell’Aquila. Via Giovanni Gronchi n. 18, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
e-mail: [email protected]

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 1

B. E. Abali and I. Giorgio (eds.), Developments and Novel Approaches
in Biomechanics and Metamaterials, Advanced Structured Materials 132,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50464-9_1
2 Laudato, Ciallella

continuous systems and even to tailor the features of the microstructure to obtain a
desired macroscopic behavior in the so-called mechanical metamaterials (Barchiesi
et al, 2019b; Del Vescovo and Giorgio, 2014; Milton, 2013; Milton et al, 2017).
Since a detailed mathematical model of the elements of the microstructure is often
very expensive from the numerical point of view, a customary approach is to define,
by means of a homogenization procedure, an analogous continuous system (Abdoul-
Anziz and Seppecher, 2018; Pideri and Seppecher, 1997; Boutin et al, 2017; Rahali
et al, 2015; dell’Isola et al, 2015a; Mandadapu et al, 2018). The dynamics of such
a system is defined in terms of an energy functional obtained from the kinematics
and dynamics of the microstructure via some limiting procedure (Carcaterra et al,
2015; Turco et al, 2020). When the resulting energy model cannot be framed under
the hypothesis of the classical theory of elasticity, the resulting continuous system is
called a generalized continuous system.
The impact that this idea is having on modern Solid Mechanics in the last years
has motivated the creation of a dedicated symposium on new perspectives in the
generalized continua framework within the International Conference on Nonlinear
Solid Mechanics 2019. Motivated by the need to create a stimulating forum of dis-
cussion on the main topics in nonlinear Solid Mechanics, the International Research
Center of Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems (M&MoCS) of L’Aquila
University, in collaboration with the McGill University of Montreal, the Laboratoire
International Associé Coss&Vita, and Roma Tre University have organized the In-
ternational Conference on Nonlinear Solid Mechanics 2019 (ICoNSoM 2019), held
in Rome from 16th to 19th of June 2019.
The topics of the conference have been divided into thematic symposia. In the
present work, we focus on the symposium Perspectives in Generalized Continua.
We present the content of the talks and, to introduce the interested reader into the
state-of-art of the treated topics, we furnish the relevant references.

1.2 Perspectives in Generalized Continua

In this section we briefly review the content of the talks presented in the mini sym-
posium Perspectives in Generalized Continua. The goal is to furnish the interested
reader with the main topics treated and with the relevant bibliography.
The symposium has been animated by ten contributions which have been clas-
sified in this work for their experimental or theoretical preeminent nature. We will
start by discussing the results in the theoretical framework and then we will conclude
by discussing the talks on the experimental results. In the first group we have in-
cluded the contributions by Eleni Agiasofitou on the J-, M -, and L-integrals, Claude
Boutin on highly contrasted plates, Francesco dell’Isola on pantographic metamate-
rials, Salvatore Federico on convected stress and balance equations, Markus Lazar
on singularity-free point of defects, Uwe Mühlich on the influence of randomness
on the stiffness of different networks, and Hua Yang on homogenization procedures.
In the second group, we have included the contributions by Gregor Ganzosch on
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
that your motive has fallen to the ground since the safe was opened.
There wasn’t a robbery here last night, after all.”
Roger was roaming restlessly about the room. At Alec’s last
words he paused in his stride and looked at his companion with
some irritation.
“Oh, don’t be childish, Alec,” he said sharply. “Money and jewels
aren’t the only things that can be robbed. The motive still holds
perfectly good if we’ve got to have a motive. It was robbery of
something else; that’s all. But why stick to robbery? Make it revenge,
hatred, self-protection, anything you like, but take it from me that
Stanworth was murdered. The evidence is not equally consistent
with suicide. Think it over for yourself and you’ll see; I can’t bother to
go through it all again. And if we can’t find the way the chap got out,
that’s because we’re a pair of idiots and can’t see what must be lying
under our noses, that’s all.” And he resumed his stride again.
“Humph!” said Alec incredulously.
“Door, window, window, window,” Roger muttered to himself. “It
must be one of those four. There’s simply no other way.”
He wandered impatiently from one to the other, trying desperately
to put himself in the place of the criminal. What would he have done?
With some ceremony Alec filled and lighted his pipe. When it was
in full blast he leaned back in his chair and allowed his eyes to rest
approvingly on the cool greens of the gardens outside.
“Life’s too short,” he remarked lazily. “If it really was a clear case
of murder, I’d be on the trail as strenuously as anyone. But really, old
man, when you come to consider—calmly and sanely, I mean—how
extraordinarily little you’ve got to go on and how you’re twisting the
most ordinary things, why I think even you will admit in a few weeks’
time that when all’s said and done we——”
“Alec!”
Something in Roger’s tone caused Alec to turn round in his chair
and look at him. He was leaning out of the lattice window, apparently
intent on the garden outside.
“Well?” said Alec tolerantly. “What is it now?”
“If you come here, Alec,” said Roger, very gently, “I’ll show you
how the murderer got away last night.”
 CHAPTER XIII.
Mr. Sheringham Investigates a
Footprint
“Show me what?” Alec exclaimed, bounding out of his chair.
“How the murderer escaped,” Roger repeated, turning and
smiling happily at his dumb-founded accomplice. “It’s extraordinarily
simple, really. That’s why we never spotted it. Have you ever noticed,
Alec, that it’s always the simple things of life—plans, inventions,
what you like—that are the most effective? Take, for instance——”
Alec seized his too voluble friend by the shoulder and shook him
violently.
“How did the chap escape?” he demanded.
Roger pointed to the window through which he had been leaning.
“There!” he said simply.
“Yes, but how do you know?” cried the exasperated Alec.
“Oh, is that what you meant? Come, friend Alec.” Roger took his
fellow-sleuth by the arm and pointed triumphantly to the window-sill.
On the surface of the white paint were a few faint scratches. “You
see those? Now look at that!” And he indicated something on the
flower bed beneath. “I said it must be lying under our noses all the
time,” he added complacently.
Alec leaned out of the window and looked at the bed. Just below
the window was an unmistakable footprint, the toe pointing towards
the window.
“You said escaped, didn’t you?” he asked, withdrawing his head.
“I did, Alexander.”
“Well, I’m sorry to disappoint you and all that,” said Alec, in a tone
that curiously belied his words, “but nobody escaped this way.
Someone got in. If you look again, carefully this time, you’ll see that
the toe is pointing towards the window; not the heel. That means that
somebody stepped from the ground to the window-ledge, not vice
versa.”
“Alec, you are on your day to-day, aren’t you?” said Roger
admiringly. “Precisely the same thought occurred to myself at a first
glance. Then, looking carefully, as you so kindly suggest, I noticed
that the indentation of the heel is very much deeper than that of the
toe, indicating that somebody stepped backwards from the window
to the ground, after thoughtfully closing the window behind him. If
he’d been stepping up, the toe would be deeper than the heel, as a
moment’s thought will show you, won’t it?”
“Oh!” said the crestfallen Alec.
“Sorry to have to score off you in that blatant Sherlockian way,”
Roger continued more kindly, “but you did ask for it, you know. No,
but seriously, Alec, this is most extraordinarily important. It clears up
the last difficulty about murder.”
“But how did he close the window behind him?” asked Alec, still
half incredulous.
“Oh! That’s the neatest thing of all. And delightfully simple,
although it took me a minute or two to discover it after I’d seen the
footprint. Look! You see this handle, the ordinary type for this sort of
window. It consists of an arm that fits into the lock and a heavy
handle set at right angles to it, the whole moving on a central pivot;
the weight of the handle end keeps the other end in position. Well,
watch!”
Carefully arranging the handle so that the heavy end was
balanced exactly above the pivot, Roger pushed the window sharply
back into its frame. Immediately the handle was dislodged by the jar,
and, with a little click, the fastener fell into place in its socket, the
weight of the falling handle driving it well home.
“Well, I’m dashed!” Alec said.
“Neat, isn’t it?” Roger said proudly. “He stood on the sill outside,
you see, and pulled it to behind him, having fixed the handle in
position before he got out. I suppose it’s a trick you could play with
any lattice window, though I’ve never come across it before.”
“That’s one to you, all right,” said the humbled Alec. “I take back
quite a lot of the unkind things I’ve said to you.”
 “Oh, don’t trouble to apologise,” Roger said magnanimously.
“Though I did warn you that I should turn out to be right in the end,
you remember. Well, I don’t think you’ll trouble to dispute the fact of
murder any more, will you?”
“Don’t rub it in,” Alec protested. “I did it for the best, like the
doctor in the poem. Well, what’s the next move?”
“Let’s go out and have a look at that footprint at close range, shall
we?” Roger suggested. “There might be some others, too.
Footprints! We are getting professional, aren’t we?”
On a more careful inspection the footprint fully bore out Roger’s
contention that it must have been made by a man stepping backward
from the sill. The heel end was nearly an inch and a half deep; the
toe scarcely half an inch. The edges were slightly blurred where the
earth had crumbled, but the mark was clearly that of a large foot.
“At least a ten boot,” Roger said, stooping over it. “Possibly
eleven. This may be very useful indeed, Alec.”
“It’s a bit of luck, certainly,” Alec agreed.
Roger straightened up and began to search among the plants
near the edge of the bed. After a moment he dropped on his knees
on the grass border.
“Look!” he exclaimed excitedly. “Here’s another!”
He parted two little shrubs and peered between them. Alec saw
another footprint, not so deep as the last, but quite plainly marked in
the dry earth. The toe of this one was also pointing towards the
window.
“Same fellow?” he asked, bending over it.
“Yes,” Roger replied, examining the print intently. “The other boot.
Let’s see, this is well over a yard from the last one, isn’t it? He must
have stepped back on to the path in two big strides.” He rose to his
feet and dusted the knees of his trousers. “It’s a pity we can’t track
him any farther,” he added disappointedly.
“Can you do anything more with these?” Alec asked with interest.
“I don’t know. We ought to take accurate measurements of them
some time, I suppose. Oh, and there’s something else I should very
much like to do.”
“What’s that?”
 “Get hold of a specimen boot from every male person in the
house and grounds and fit them into these prints,” Roger exclaimed,
raising his voice slightly in his excitement. “Yes, that’s what we ought
to do if we possibly can.”
Alec was pondering.
“But look here, wouldn’t you say that these footprints meant that
the fellow was someone outside the house? They show him getting
away from the place after Stanworth had been killed, don’t they? If
the chap had been someone inside the house, why should he have
troubled to get out so elaborately through the window, when all he’d
got to do was to walk out by the door? After all the other things he’d
done to make it look like suicide, it wouldn’t really be necessary to
leave the door locked on the inside, would it?”
“You mean we’re not likely to find a boot in the house to
correspond with these prints?”
“Not if the chap were someone from outside, no. What do you
think?”
“Oh, yes, I agree. I think in all probability it was someone not
belonging to the household. You’re quite right about the existence of
these footprints all pointing to that conclusion. But we don’t actually
know, do we? And I believe in eliminating all possibilities, however
remote. If we can get a chance to try everyone’s boots out and they
don’t fit, then we know quite definitely that everybody in this house is
free from suspicion of committing the crime itself; though not from
suspicion of other things, by the way.”
“What other things?” Alec asked interestedly.
“Being an accessory after the fact. After, certainly; and not
improbably before, as well, some of them. It seems to me, Alec,”
Roger added pathetically, “that three quarters of this household
seem to be accessories after the fact! It isn’t fair.”
“Humph!” said Alec. This was trespassing upon ground which he
had no wish to cover. He felt thankful that at any rate Barbara
Shannon’s mysterious behaviour had not come to Roger’s ears.
What would the latter have said had he heard of that? Accessory
after the fact seemed mild in comparison.
“Hullo! What’s up?” he asked, suddenly catching sight of Roger.
 That gentleman was listening intently, his head on one side. At
Alec’s words he held up his finger warningly.
“Thought I heard someone in the library!” he whispered. “You
creep up to the lattice window and look through. I’ll try the French
ones. Carefully!”
Enjoying himself thoroughly, he made his way stealthily to the
side of the French windows and peeped cautiously round them. He
had his reward. The library door was closing softly.
He hurried back to Alec. “Did you see?” he asked, in a voice thick
with suppressed excitement. “Did you see?”
Alec nodded. “Somebody was going out of the library,” he said.
“Yes, but did you see who it was, man?”
Alec shook his head. “No, I’m afraid I didn’t. Got here too late.”
The two looked at each other in silence.
“The question is, were we overheard?” Roger said at last.
“Good Lord!” Alec exclaimed in dismay. “Do you think we were?”
“Impossible to say. I hope to goodness we weren’t, though. It
would rather give things away, wouldn’t it?”
“Hopelessly!” said Alec with fervour.
Roger looked at him curiously. “Why, Alexander, you’re actually
getting quite keen on the chase at last!”
“It’s—it is rather exciting,” Alec confessed, almost apologetically.
“That’s the spirit. Well, come off that bed and let’s get farther
away from the house to discuss what’s to be done next. It’s not safe
to talk near these windows, evidently. Hullo, you’ve made rather a
mess of the bed. Steady! Don’t step on our two particular prints.”
Alec glanced ruefully at the bed, which was now embellished with
several extra footprints.
“I’d better smooth mine out,” he said hastily. “They look a bit
suspicious, all round that window, don’t they? Anyone can see that
we’ve been mucking about here.”
“Yes, do,” Roger said approvingly. “But hurry up, and for
goodness’ sake, don’t let anybody see you. That would be worse
still.”
“And now, Sherlock Sheringham,” said Alec, when they had
gained the security of the lawn, “what do you propose? Isn’t it time
you disguised yourself, or something? I’m sure the best detectives
always do that at about this stage of the proceedings.”
“Don’t be ribald, friend Alec,” Roger said reprovingly. “This is a
very serious business, and we’re getting along with it very nicely. I
think our next move is fairly clear, isn’t it? We embark on the quest of
the Mysterious Stranger.”
“What mysterious stranger?”
“I mean, we make some inquiries round about as to whether any
stranger was seen near the place last night. The lodge, the station,
the village, and the rest of it.”
“That seems a sound scheme.”
“Yes, but before we start there’s just one other thing I want to do.
You saw how productive the contents of the waste-paper basket
were. I should like to have a look at yesterday’s as well.”
“Haven’t they been destroyed?”
“No, I don’t think so. I made some inquiries while you were
otherwise engaged just now, saying that I had thrown away a letter I
meant to keep, and as far as I can make out the contents of all the
waste-paper baskets are emptied on to an ash pit at the back of the
house, where they lie till William sees fit to use them up in a bonfire.
I want to have a peep at that ash pit before we start. Not that I really
expect to find anything, but you never know.”
“How do we get there?”
“We’ll go round the front of the house; it’s somewhere on the
farther side, I think. We’d better get a move on; we’ve got no time to
waste.”
“I’m game,” said Alec, quite enthusiastically.
They set off.
In front of the house the car was standing, the chauffeur lounging
negligently at the wheel as if he had been there some time.
Roger whistled softly.
“Hullo, hullo, hul-lo!” he said softly. “What’s this?”
“It’s the car,” replied the ever literal Alec.
“I said you’d make a great detective one day, if you ever took it
up seriously, Alec. No, you goop! What’s the car doing here? Who’s
it waiting for?”
 “Better ask the chauffeur, I should think,” said Alec, quite
unruffled.
“I will.”
Alec slapped his pockets.
“Dash it all! I’ve left my pipe somewhere. In the library, I think. I’ll
run back for it while you’re speaking to the chauffeur; that’ll give you
a chance to dawdle. Won’t be a minute.”
He jog-trotted round the angle of the house, and Roger sauntered
towards the chauffeur.
When Alec reappeared, pipe in mouth, two or three minutes later,
Roger was waiting for him near the car. There was a look of mingled
apprehension and triumph on his face.
“Ah, here you are!” he exclaimed in a loud voice. “Well, we’d
better be off if we want anything like a decent long walk before tea.”
Alec opened his mouth to speak, but caught a warning look and
was silent. Roger took his arm and drew him at a rapid pace down
the drive. It was not till they had turned a corner and the house was
securely hidden from view that he spoke again.
“In here,” he observed briskly, and plunged into the thick bushes
which bordered the drive on either side.
In some bewilderment Alec followed. “What’s the idea?” he
asked, as he rejoined his companion.
“A little game of hide-and-seek. You heard what I fog-horned to
you just now? That was for the benefit of the chauffeur; so that just in
case anybody were to ask him what Messrs. Grierson and
Sheringham are up to this afternoon, he has his answer pat. Now I
want to see just how long it is after the disappearance of the two said
gentlemen that that car leaves its anchorage. You see, the chauffeur
told me that he is waiting to take Jefferson into Elchester, Alec.”
“I expect that’s right,” Alec replied intelligently. “Jefferson said
he’d got to go in, you remember.”
“He’s been waiting nearly half an hour, Alec.”
“Has he? Yes, probably he has. It must be getting on for that
since Jefferson came into the library.”
“Therefore Jefferson intended to go into Elchester half an hour
ago, Alec. And he didn’t go, Alec. And he’s been in the house all that
time instead, Alec. And somebody whom we couldn’t see came into
the library and went away very quietly indeed, Alec. And can you put
two and two together, Alec?”
“Do you mean that—that it was Jefferson who came into the
library that time?”
“Amazing!” observed Roger admiringly. “I can’t think how the man
does it. It must be something to do with wireless. Yes, Alec; you’re
quite right. I most certainly do think it was Jefferson who came into
the library that time. But don’t you see the other significance? Why
didn’t he go into Elchester half an hour ago? He was surely quite
ready when he came and told us. Was it because I somehow roused
his suspicions, asking him about priest-holes and things, and he
stayed behind to spy on us and find out what we were up to?”
“The Lord knows!” said Alec helplessly.
“Well, it looks like it, doesn’t it? It looks as if Jefferson is getting
suspicious. Uncommonly suspicious. I don’t like it. Things are going
to get awkward if they get wind of our little game. We shan’t be able
to investigate in peace any longer.”
“Dashed awkward,” Alec agreed feelingly.
“Hush!” Roger crouched down hastily behind a bush, and Alec
followed suit. As they did so, there came the noise of an approaching
car, and the big blue Sunbeam swept past them and down the drive.
Roger glanced at his watch.
“Humph! Started four minutes after we did. It all fits in, doesn’t it?
But there’s one thing that really is worrying me badly.”
“What’s that?”
They scrambled through the undergrowth and headed for the
house once more. Roger turned impressively to Alec.
“Did he or did he not hear what we were saying outside that
window? And if he did, how much?”
 CHAPTER XIV.
Dirty Work at the Ash Pit
The ash pit proved easy to locate. It lay among some outhouses
and was surrounded on three sides by mellow old red-brick walls,
the space within which was filled with a depressed-looking mass of
rotting vegetable matter, old paper, and tins. The smell that hung
heavily about it was not a nice one.
“Have we got to search that?” Alec asked, eyeing the view with
considerable disfavour.
“We have,” Roger returned, and plunged happily into the smell.
“Can’t expect to get through a job like ours without a certain amount
of dirty work, you know.”
“Personally, I prefer my dirty work at the crossroads,” Alec
murmured, following his intrepid leader with the greatest reluctance.
“They’re cleaner. Dirty work at the ash pit doesn’t seem to appeal to
me in the least.” He began gingerly to handle the cleanest pieces of
paper he could see, which happened to be old newspapers.
Roger was rooting contentedly among a heap of scraps and
shreds in the middle. “These on the top seem to be yesterday’s
collection all right,” he announced. “Yes, here’s the envelope from a
letter of mine that came by the first post. Hum! Nothing in this lot, as
far as I can see.”
“What exactly are we looking for?” Alec asked after a short
pause, glancing with some interest at the county cricket page of a
newspaper three weeks old.
“What am I looking for, you mean? Come on, you lazy blighter.
This is the waste-paper basket heap, over here. You won’t find
anything among those tins and newspapers. I don’t know what I’m
looking for.”
 “There won’t be anything here,” Alec urged earnestly. “Let’s
chuck it, and go off to make those inquiries.”
“I’m afraid you’re right,” said Roger reluctantly. “I’ve gone back
about a week here, and haven’t struck anything of the faintest
interest. Below this everything pretty well rotted away, too. Still, I’ll
just—— Hullo! What’s this?”
“What?”
Roger had straightened up abruptly and was scrutinising with
bent brows a grimy piece of paper he held in his hand. The next
moment he whistled softly.
“Here is something, though!” he exclaimed, and scrambled to dry
land. “Here, what do you make of this?”
He handed the paper to Alec, who studied it carefully. It was very
wet and limp, but a few traces of writing in pencil could still be made
out on its surface, while here and there an isolated word or phrase
stood out fairly legibly.
“It looks like a letter,” Alec said slowly. “Hullo, did you see this?
‘Frightened almost out of my . . .’ Out of my life, that must be.”
Roger nodded portentously. “That’s exactly what caught my eye.
The writing’s Stanworth’s; I can recognise that. But I shouldn’t say it
was a letter. He wouldn’t write a letter in pencil. It’s probably some
notes; or it may be the rough draft of a letter. Yes, that’s more likely.
Look, you can make that bit out—see? ‘Serious dang—’ Serious
danger, my boy! Alec, we’re on the track of something here.” He took
the paper from the other’s hands and studied it afresh.
“Can’t see who it’s addressed to, can you?” Alec asked excitedly.
“No, worse luck; the first line or two has absolutely gone. Wait a
minute, there’s something here. ‘This n-e-i-’ and the last two letters
look like o-d. A long word. What’s that?” He pointed with a quivering
finger.
“N-e-i-g, isn’t it?” said Alec. “And that’s an r. Neighbourhood!”
“By Jove, so it is! ‘This neighbourhood.’ And here’s something
else. ‘That br-u-t . . .’ ‘That brute——’ ”
“Prince!”
“Prince?”
“The next word. See? You can make it out quite distinctly.”
 “So it is! Good for you, Alec. ‘That brute Prince.’ Good Lord, do
you realise what this means?” Roger’s excitement was showing
signs of becoming uncontrollable; his eyes were sparkling and he
was breathing as if he had just run a hundred yards in eleven
seconds.
“It’s jolly important,” Alec concurred, beaming. “I mean, it shows
that——”
“Important!” Roger almost howled. “Don’t you see, man? It means
that we know the murderer’s name!”
“What?”
“It’s put the game right in our hands. Stanworth was murdered by
a man called Prince, whom he knew to be in the neighbourhood and
—— But let’s go somewhere rather more secluded and study this
document some more.”
The nearest outhouse offering a safe refuge, they withdrew
hastily and scrutinised their find more closely. After ten minutes’
concentrated effort they found themselves in possession of the
following:
“. . . that brute Prince . . . this neighbourhood . . . serious
danger . . . fright of my life this morning on chancing to . . . be locked
up . . .”
“I think that’s absolutely all that’s decipherable, without a
magnifying glass, at any rate,” Roger said at length, folding up the
precious paper and stowing it carefully away in his pocketbook. “But
it’s plain enough, isn’t it? So forward!” He marched out of the shed
and turned in the direction of the drive.
“Where to now?” asked the faithful Alec, hurrying after him.
“To find Master Prince,” Roger returned grimly.
“Ah! You think he’s still about here?”
“I think it’s quite probable. He’s been in communication with
Jefferson this morning, hasn’t he? At any rate, we can soon find out.”
“What exactly have you deduced then?”
“Well, there’s precious little deduction needed; the thing speaks
for itself. Stanworth, for some reason still unknown to us, had cause
to fear a man named Prince. To his surprise and terror he chanced to
encounter him unexpectedly one morning about a week ago in this
neighbourhood, and knew at once that he was in serious danger. He
comes home at once, makes a rough draft of a letter, and then writes
off to some other person telling him all about it and asking, probably,
for help; at the same time expressing his conviction that Prince ought
to be locked up.”
“It’s curious,” Alec mused.
“Fishy, you mean? Yes, but we’ve had a suspicion for some time
that there was something fishy going on behind the scenes in all this,
haven’t we? Not only with regard to the behaviour of the other
people in the house, but even possibly in connection with old
Stanworth himself. But we’re hot on the trail this time, I think.”
“What’s your plan of campaign?” Alec asked, as they turned into
the drive.
“Well, we must make a few discreet inquiries. In fact, our course
will be much the same as we contemplated before, except that our
field of action has luckily been narrowed down very considerably.
Instead of chasing about after some nebulous stranger, we’ve now
got a definite goal. We had a pretty good idea of what he looks like
before, but now we even know the blighter’s name. Oh, this is going
to be too easy.”
“How do you mean—we had a pretty good idea of what he looks
like?”
“Well, haven’t we? We know he must be strong, because of what
happened in the library; Stanworth was no weakling, remember.
Then the size of his footprints shows that he was a large man,
probably tall. I can’t tell you the colour of his hair or how many false
teeth he’s got; but we’ve got a good working idea of his appearance
for all that.”
“But what are you going to do, if you do succeed in finding him?
You can’t go up to him and say, ‘Good-afternoon, Mr. Prince. I
believe you murdered Mr. Stanworth at two o’clock this morning.’ It—
it isn’t done.”
“You leave all that to me,” Roger returned largely. “I’ll think of
something to say to him all right.”
“I’m sure you will,” Alec murmured with conviction.
“In the meantime, here’s the lodge. What about seeing if William’s
in? He lives here, doesn’t he? Or Mrs. William. They might have
opened the gates to this man Prince last night.”
 “Right-ho. But be discreet.”
“Really, Alec!” said Roger with dignity, as he tapped on the lodge
door.
William’s wife was a round-faced, apple-cheeked old lady with a
pair of twinkling blue eyes that looked as if they saw something
humorous in most of the things upon which they rested; as no doubt
they did, considering that they belonged to the wife of William.
“Good-afternoon, gentlemen,” she said, with a little old-fashioned
bob. “Would it be me you were wanting?”
“Good-afternoon,” Roger replied with a smile. “We were
wondering if William happened to be at home.”
“Me ’usband? Lor’, no, sir; he’s never at home at this time. He’s
got his work to do.”
“Oh, I suppose he’s about the garden somewhere, is he?”
“Yes, sir. Cuttin’ pea-sticks in the orchard, I think he is. Was it
anything important?”
“Oh, no; nothing important. I’ll call around and see him later on.”
“Shocking business this, sir; about the master,” Mrs. William
began volubly. “Shocking! Such a thing’s never been known at
Layton Court before, not in my time it ’asn’t; nor ever before that, so
far as I’ve ’eard tell. An’ did you see the corpse, sir? Shot hisself in
the ’ead, didn’t he?”
“Yes, shocking,” said Roger hastily. “Shocking! By the way, I was
expecting a friend last night rather late, but he never turned up. You
didn’t see anything of him here I suppose, did you?”
“About what time would that be, sir?”
“Oh, somewhere about eleven o’clock, I should think; or even
later.”
“No, sir; that I didn’t. William an’ me was both on us in bed and
asleep before half-past ten.”
“I see. And you close the gates when you lock up for the night,
don’t you?”
“That we do, sir. Unless there’s orders come down to the
contrary. They was shut near after ten o’clock last night, an’ not
opened till Halbert (that’s the showfure) came down early this
mornin’. Was your friend coming by motor car, sir?”
“I don’t know. It depended. Why?”
 “Because there’s always the little gate at the side left open, which
people on foot can come in by. All I can tell you, sir, is that nobody
came to my knowledge, which he naturally wouldn’t ’ave done if he
never came up to the house, would he? Not without he got lost in the
drive, which isn’t very likely in a manner of speaking.”
“No, I’m afraid he can’t have come at all. In any case, you say
that, up to the time you went to bed, no stranger at all came in?
Absolutely nobody?”
“No, sir. Nobody to my knowledge.”
“Oh, well; that quite settles it. By the way, only yesterday
afternoon poor Mr. Stanworth was asking me to do him a favour the
next time I went for a walk. It was to call in and see someone called
Prince for him, and——”
“Prince?” Mrs. William interrupted with unexpected energy. “Don’t
you go going anywhere near him, sir.”
“Why not?” Roger asked eagerly, flashing a look of triumph at
Alec.
Mrs. William hesitated. “You do mean Prince, sir? John?”
“Yes, John; that’s right. Why mustn’t I go anywhere near him?”
“Because he’s dangerous, sir,” said Mrs. William vehemently.
“Downright dangerous! In fact”—she lowered her voice significantly
—“it’s my opinion that he’s a little mad.”
“Mad?” Roger echoed in surprise. “Oh, come; I don’t think that
can be the case, can it?”
“Well, look how he went for Mr. Stanworth that time, sir. You know
about that, of course?”
Roger hurriedly checked a whistle. “I’ve heard something about
it,” he said glibly. “Er—attacked him, didn’t he?”
“That he did, sir. And all for no reason at all. In fact, if one of Mr.
Wetherby’s farm hands hadn’t luckily been by, he might ’ave done
Mr. Stanworth a power of harm. Of course they did their best to hush
it up; it gives the place a bad name if them things get about. But I
heard on it all right.”
“Indeed? I had no idea it was as bad as that. There was—how
shall I put it?—bad blood between them?”
“Well, you might call it that, sir. He seemed to take a dislike to Mr.
Stanworth the very first time ’e saw him, like.”
 “Rather a drastic way of showing it,” Roger laughed. “Perhaps he
has got a screw loose, as you say. He hasn’t been here long then?”
“Oh, no. Not more’n a matter of three weeks or so, sir.”
“Well, I think I shall risk it. What I wanted to ask you was the
quickest way of getting there.”
“To Mr. Wetherby’s? Why, you can’t go quicker than follow the
road through the village, sir; that takes you straight there. It’s about a
mile an’ a half from here, or maybe a trifle more.”
“Mr. Wetherby’s; yes. Let me see, that’s——?”
“Hillcrest Farm, sir. A very nice gentleman he is, too. Him an’ Mr.
Stanworth was getting quite friendly before—before——”
“Yes,” said Roger hurriedly. “Well, thank you very much. I’m so
sorry to have kept you all this time.”
“You’re welcome, sir, I’m sure,” rejoined Mrs. William smilingly.
“Good-afternoon, sir.”
“Good-afternoon.”
Mrs. William popped back into her lodge again, and the two
struck into the main road.
Roger’s pent-up emotions burst forth as soon as they were out of
earshot. “There!” he exclaimed. “What do you think of that, eh?”
“Extraordinary!” Alec ejaculated, hardly less excited.
“But what a bit of luck just to hit on possibly the one person who
would have been willing to give us all the information. Luck? It’s
positively uncanny. Well, I never guessed that detecting was as easy
as this.”
“We’re going straight after this man Prince, then?”
“You bet we are. We want to catch our bird before he flies.”
“You think he intends flying?”
“Most probably, I should say,” Roger replied, striding along the
dusty road at top speed. “He’s only been in the place three weeks,
you see, so he evidently came with the full intention of doing what he
has done; now the job’s accomplished there’s no need for him to
stay any longer. Oh, he’s a clever one, is Master Prince. But not
quite clever enough.”
“He attacked Stanworth once before apparently and in broad
daylight.”
 “Yes, didn’t she bring that out beautifully? I could have screamed
with excitement. It all fits together, doesn’t it? ‘Seemed to take a
dislike to him at first sight, like.’ Ah, Mrs. William, that wasn’t first
sight; not by a long chalk. I expect that happened after Stanworth
wrote his letter; otherwise he’d have mentioned it.”
“It may have been in one of the bits that have disappeared.”
“That’s true; there were some long gaps. Look here, I’ll tell you
what we’d better do—call in at the village pub on our way and see if
we can get any more information out of the landlord. He’s sure to
know everything that happens round here.”
“That seems a sound scheme,” Alec agreed readily.
“In the meantime, let’s marshal our facts—that’s the correct
phrase, isn’t it? This man Prince has managed to obtain employment
of some kind on the farm of a Mr. Wetherby, who appears to be a
gentleman farmer. That was a cunning move of his, by the way;
gives a reason for his presence in the neighbourhood, you see. He
came here for some definite purpose connected with Stanworth; I
don’t say murder necessarily, that may not have been intended at
first. The very first time he saw Stanworth his feelings were so much
for him that he went for the old man bald-headed. The affair was
hushed up, but there’s certain to have been some gossip about it.”
“Silly thing to do, that,” Alec commented.
“Yes, very; showed his hand too soon. Still, there you are; he did
it. And now let us devote all our energies to reaching this scorching
village. Time’s precious, and I want to ruminate a little.”
They walked rapidly down the winding white road into the village
and made for the local public-house. Time was, indeed, so precious
that no considerations of temperature could be allowed to interfere
with their expenditure of it.
 CHAPTER XV.
Mr. Sheringham Amuses an Ancient
Rustic
After the blazing sun and the dust, the cool bar of the old-
fashioned little village inn, with its sanded floor and its brasses
gleaming in the soft twilight, was remarkably welcome.
Roger buried his nose thankfully in his tankard before getting to
business.
“My word, that’s good!” he observed in heartfelt tones to the
landlord, setting the tankard down half empty on the polished
counter. “There’s nothing like beer for thirst, is there?”
“That’s true enough, sir,” replied the landlord heartily, both
because it was good for trade and because he thoroughly believed it.
“And you can’t have too much of it on a day like this, I’m thinking,” he
added, with an eye to the former consideration.
Roger looked about him appreciatively.
“Nice little place you’ve got here.”
“Not so bad, sir. There ain’t a better bar parlour within ten miles,
though I say it as shouldn’t. You two gentlemen come far to-day?”
“Elchester,” said Roger briefly. He did not wish to divulge the fact
that he was staying at Layton Court, having no desire to waste time
in parrying the stream of questions that would inevitably result from
this information.
“Ah, then, you would have a thirst on you and all,” the landlord
remarked approvingly.
“We have,” agreed Roger, finishing up the contents of his
tankard, “so you can fill these up again for us.”
The landlord replenished the tankards and leaned confidentially
over the counter.
 “You heard the noos? There ain’t half been goings on round
these parts this morning. Up at Layton Court. You’d pass it on the left
coming from Elchester; nigh on a mile back. Gentleman shot hisself
there, they say. The showver, ’e told me about it. Came in for a glass
o’ beer, ’e did, same as what you two gentlemen might be doing now,
an’ told me all about it. Wasn’t ’arf put out about it, ’e wasn’t. Wanted
the day off to-morrow, an’ now he can’t ask for it, what with having to
cart the police an’ everyone backwards and forwards an’ all.”
Roger hurriedly subdued the involuntary smile that had risen to
his lips on learning Albert’s personal view of the tragedy. It would
have made a striking epitaph, he felt. “Sacred to the memory of John
Brown, who died, greatly regretted by everybody, especially his
chauffeur, who wanted the day off.”
“Yes, I did hear something about it,” he replied carelessly.
“Shocking affair. And how do you find business round here?”
“Mustn’t complain, I suppose,” said the landlord guardedly; “this
bein’ the only public in the village, y’ see. An’ good drinkers they are
round these parts, too,” he added with enthusiasm.
“That’s fine. I like a man who can appreciate good beer when he
gets it. And I suppose you get quite a few strangers in here from time
to time as well?”
“No, none too many,” said the landlord regretfully. “We lie a bit off
the chief roads here, y’ see. Not but what a few walking gentlemen
such as yourselves don’t drop in now and then, for all that.”
“Yes, I suppose you get a walking gentleman now and then,”
Roger replied vaguely, wondering what exactly constituted a walking
gentleman, and whether he was the opposite to a running
gentleman. “How often would that be?”
“Well, sir, that depends, don’t it?” said the landlord cautiously,
evidently determined to be entrapped into no rash statements. “Yes,
that depends.”
“Does it? Well, take a special day. How many strangers came in
yesterday, for instance?”
“Lor’ bless you, sir, we don’t get ’em in like that; not so many in a
day. In a month, more like. Why, I don’t suppose there’s been a
stranger in this bar before you gents come in not for a matter o’
nearly a week.”
 “You don’t say!”
“I do, sir,” retorted the landlord with much earnestness. “I do an’
all.”
“Well, I should have thought you’d have got plenty in a cosy little
place like this. Anyhow, you can be sure that I shall warn all my
friends to come and pay you a visit if they happen to be in the
neighbourhood. Better beer I’ve never tasted anywhere.”
“It is good beer,” the landlord admitted, almost reluctantly. “Thank
you kindly, sir. And anything I can do in return for you and your
friends, I’m sure I’ll be most happy.”
“Well, you can do something now, as a matter of fact,” Roger
rejoined caressingly. “We’ve come over from Elchester to see Prince
—er John, you know. Up at Hillcrest Farm.”
The landlord nodded. “Aye; I know.”
“So if you could put us on the right road from here, we should be
very grateful.”
“Turn to the left when you get out of here and go straight on, sir,”
returned the landlord promptly. “You can’t miss it. First farm on the
right-’and side past the crossroads.”
“Thanks very much. Let me see, I’ve never actually met Prince
before, but he’s pretty easy to recognise, I understand. Big fellow,
isn’t he?”
“Aye, that ’e is. Matter o’ nigh on six feet from the top of his ’ead
down; when he ’olds ’is ’ead up, that is.”
“Ah, stoops a bit, does he?”
“Well, you might call it that, sir. ’Angs ’is ’ead, in a manner of
speakin’. You know ’ow they do.”
“Oh, yes; quite. Strong chap, too, isn’t he?”
“’E is, an’ all. It ’ud take all of six men to ’old him, if ’e did get
rampageous.”
“Pretty quiet usually, then, is he?”
“Oh, aye. ’E’s quiet enough.”
“But no fool, I gather. I mean, he’s pretty intelligent, isn’t he?”
The landlord chuckled hoarsely. “Lor’ bless you, no. Prince ain’t
no fool. ’E’s a clever devil, all right. Cunning, you might call ’im. Nor
you wouldn’t be far wrong, neither.”
“Oh? In what way?”
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