PERFORMING

MENSURATION AND
CALCULATION
Prepared by: Mr. Glenn F.
Madrid Jr.
OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify the different instruments to be
measured
2. Demonstrate how to measure and calculate
the instrument that needs to be measured
3. Ensure proper handling of measuring
instruments
SELECT MEASURING
INSTRUMENTS
Lesson 1
SELECT MEASURING
INSTRUMENTS
Memory is used most often to identify fast,
temporary forms of storage. When the
information is kept in memory, the CPU can
access it much more quickly. Most forms of
memory are intended to store data
temporarily.
READ-ONLY MEMORY (ROM)
Read-only memory (ROM) chips are
located in the motherboard. ROM
chips contain instructions that can
be directly accessed by the CPU.
Basic instructions for booting the
computer and loading the operating
systems are stored in ROM. ROM
chips retain their contents even
when the computer is powered
down. The contents cannot be
erased or changed by normal
means.
 RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)
Random Access Memory (RAM) is the temporary
storage for data and programs that are being accessed
by the CPU.
RAM is volatile memory, which means that the contents
are erased when the computer is powered off. The more
RAM in a computer, the more capacity the computer
has to hold and process large programs and files, as
well as enhance system performance.
Early computers had RAM installed in the motherboard
as individual chips. The individual memory chips, called
Dual Inline Package (DIP) chips, was difficult to install
and often became loose on the motherboard. To solve
this problem, designers soldered the memory chips on a
special circuit board called a memory module.
 SIMMS AND DIMMS
SIMMs (Single Inline Memory Module) have
30-pin and 72-pin configurations.
DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module) is a
circuit board that holds SDRAM, DDR
SDRAM and DDR2 SDRAM.
DDR (Double Data Rate) technology
doubles the maximum bandwidth of
SDRAM, DDR2 offers faster performance
while using less technology. DDR3 operates
at even higher speeds than DDR2; however,
none of these DDR technologies are
backward- or forward- compatible.
 CACHES AND REGISTERS
Caches are designed to alleviate this
bottleneck by making the data used
most often by the CPU instantly
available.
Registers are memory cells built right
into the CPU that contain specific data
needed by the CPU, particularly the
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU). An
integral part of the CPU itself, they are
controlled directly by the compiler that
sends information for the CPU to process.
STORAGE DRIVES
Storage drives read or write information on magnetic or optical
storage media. The drive can be used to store data
permanently or to retrieve information from a media disk.
Storage drives can be installed inside the computer case, such
as a hard drive. For portability, some storage drives can connect
to the computer using a USB port, a FireWire port, or a SCSI
port.
These portable storage drives are sometimes referred to as
removable drives and can be used on multiple computers.
 HARD DRIVE
A hard drive, or hard disk drive, is a magnetic storage
device that is installed inside the computer. The hard
drive is used as permanent storage for data. In a
Windows computer, the hard drive is usually
configured as the C: drive and contains the operating
system and applications. The hard drive is often
configured as the first drive in the boot sequence.
The storage capacity of a hard drive is measured in
billions of bytes, or gigabytes (GB). The speed of a
hard drive is measured in revolutions per minute
(RPM). Multiple hard drives can be added to increase
storage capacity. Traditional hard drives are
magnetic.
 HARD DRIVE
Magnetic hard drives have drive motors designed
to spin magnetic platters and the drive heads. In
contrast, the newer solid state drives (SSDs) do
not have moving parts. Because there are no
drive motors and moving parts, the SSD uses far
less energy than the magnetic hard drive. Non-
volatile flash memory chips manage all storage
on an SSD, which results in faster access to
data, higher reliability, and reduced power
usage. SSDs have the same form factor as
magnetic hard drives and use ATA or SATA
interfaces. SSDs can be installed as a
replacement for magnetic drives.
OPTICAL DRIVE
An optical drive is a storage device
that uses lasers to read data on the
optical media. There are three
types of optical drives: Compact
Disc (CD), Digital Versatile Disc
(DVD) and Blu-ray Disc (BD). CD,
DVD, and BD media can be pre-
recorded (read-only), recordable
(write once), or re-writable (read
and write multiple times).
 EXTERNAL FLASH DRIVE
An external flash drive, also known
as a thumb drive, is a removable
storage device that connects to a
USB port. An external flash drive
uses the same type of non-volatile
memory chips as solid state drives
and does not require power to
maintain the data. These drives can
be accessed by the operating
system in the same way that other
types of drives are accessed.
TYPES OF DRIVE INTERFACES
Hard drives and optical drives are manufactured
with different interfaces that are used to
connect the drive to the computer. To install a
storage drive in a computer, the connection
interface on the drive must be the same as the
controller on the motherboard.
 HERE ARE SOME COMMON DRIVE
INTERFACES:
IDE – Integrated Drive Electronics, also called Advanced
Technology Attachment (ATA) is an early drive controller
interface that connects computers and hard disk drives. An
IDE interface uses a 40-pin connector.
SATA – Serial ATA refers to the serial version of the ATA drive
controller interface. A SATA interface uses a 7-pin data
connector.
SCSI – Small Computer System Interface is a drive controller
interface that can connect up to 15 drives. SCSI can connect
both internal and external drives. A SCSI interface uses a 50-
pin, 68-pin, or 80-pin connector.
CARRY OUT
MEASUREMENTS
AND CALCULATIONS
Lesson 2
DIGITAL REPRESENTATION
Information is represented and stored in a digital
binary format within a computer. The term bit is an
abbreviation of binary digit and represents the
smallest piece of data.
A bit can have only two possible values, a one digit (1)
or a zero digit (0). A bit can be used to represent the
state of something that has two states.
CONVERT DECIMAL NUMBERS TO
BINARY
To convert a decimal number to binary, all you
have to do is to divide the number by 2. Get the
quotient and the remainder. Bring down the
quotient, divide it by 2, and get the quotient and
remainder again. Do it repeatedly until the
quotient results to 0. Copy the remainder from
bottom to top, and that is the binary equivalent.
 CALCULATING DATA STORAGE
While a bit is the smallest representation of data, the most basic unit of digital storage is the byte. A byte
has 8 bits and is the smallest unit of measure (UOM) used to represent data storage capacity. When
referring to storage space, we use the terms bytes (B), kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB),
and terabytes (TB).
One kilobyte is a little more than one thousand bytes, specifically 1,024. A megabyte represents more
than a million bytes or 1,048,576. A gigabyte is 1,073,741,824 bytes. A terabyte is 1,099,511,627,776.
Here is another conversion:
1 byte = 8bits
1kilobyte = 1,024 bytes
1 megabyte = 1,024 kilobytes
1 gigabyte = 1,024 megabyte
1terabyte = 1,024 gigabyte
 CALCULATING DATA STORAGE
When something is represented digitally, the greater the detail, the
greater the number of bits needed to represent it. A low-resolution
picture from a digital camera will use around 360KB, and a high-
resolution picture could use 2 MB or more.
Examples of components and devices that use byte storage include:
random access memory (RAM), hard disk drive space, CDs, DVDs,
and MP3 players. CDs have a data storage capacity of approximately
700 MB. DVDs have a data storage capacity of approximately 4.3 GB
on a single-layer disc, and approximately 8.5 GB on a dual-layer disc.
BDs have a storage capacity of 25 GB on a single-layer disc, and 50
GB on a dual-layer disc. Once we know the size of a file or folder, it is
possible to determine the number of bytes being used.
 EXAMPLE:
A file is 25KB in size
1KB = 1,024Bytes
25 x 1,024 = 25,600Bytes in a 25KB file
If this 25KB file is stored in a 1MB folder, how many files can be
stored in that folder?
1Mb = 1,024Kb
1,024Kb/25Kb = 40.96
41 files can be stored in a 1Mb folder
MAINTAIN MEASURING
INSTRUMENTS
Lesson 3
MEMORY
The gold contacts at the bottom of your RAM must be clean and free
of debris to maintain a solid connection. If your RAM sticks are dirty,
your computer might not recognize that they’re installed and may
sometimes show a blue screen. Normally, dusting out the inside of
your computer on a monthly basis (more if the environment is
unusually dusty) is sufficient to keep RAM modules clean.
Holding a RAM without caution and proper anti-static protection
could break your precious memory module. Although this piece is
sensitive and delicate, it will not break if you handle the device
correctly and properly.
SOME SAFETY MEASURES IN
HANDLING A RAM:
• Use anti-static wrist straps or anti-static clips to drain all the static
electricity that is present in your body and which you could acquire if you
have a carpeted floor.
• After taking the RAM out of your computer, do not place it anywhere
because it could be exposed to other elements (especially water or
anything moist) and it is better that you put it in an anti-static plastic
container first before placing the RAM in a safe location.
• If possible, wear thin rubber gloves when holding the RAM. Place your
fingers on the edge of its corners (the green plated part of the module
with plastic coating) to avoid the chances of damaging the sensitive
parts of the RAM.
HARD DISK DRIVE
Hard disk drive (HDD) can last for years when properly maintained. Neglect can
lead an HDD to fail sooner than it normally would and the potential loss of
valuable data.
Common causes for a drive failure include:
• Water damage
• Overheating
• Electrical faults
• Firmware corruption
• Damaged boot sector
• Mechanical failure
BE CAREFUL ABOUT DOWNLOADING
AND INSTALLING SOFTWARE
One of the most common reasons clients
need hard drive recovery services is
because malware has infected the drive
and destroyed its ability to boot.
KEEP THE COMPUTER’S
COMPONENTS FREE OF DUST
Air circulation causes dust to collect inside
the computer’s case, so it’s important to
periodically remove dust and debris to
prevent electrical faults or overheating.
UPDATE THE COMPUTER’S OPERATING
SYSTEM WITH CRITICAL PATCHES

By keeping the computer’s OS up to date

with the latest patches, it’ll be less likely to
become infected with malicious software
that can damage data on its HDD.
DEFRAGMENT THE DRIVE
REGULARLY
Large files can become scattered across the
drive’s platter, which slows the process of reading
them and impacts a computer’s performance.
Defragmentation reorganizes all the software and
data into an optimal arrangement.
DELETE UNUSED SOFTWARE AND
FILES PERIODICALLY
It’s important to maintain free space on a
drive that the computer can use for
temporary storage. When its drive becomes
too full, a computer can slow to a crawl as it
attempts to use the little free space left to
juggle data.
 REMOVABLE STORAGE DEVICES
Flash drives or thumb drives are also highly important mainly because they
contain files that you use in school or personal life. Failure to properly take
care of these devices and disks could result in irreversible loss of essential
data.
Avoid placing your removable disks on top of other electronic devices. If you
place your USB or other disk on top of your TV set, computer, gaming
platform, for a long period of time, this can lead to data damage.
Make it a point to eject your drive properly. Make sure you always “safely
remove” your removable device from your PC whenever you are about to
detach it. This prevents sudden data loss and damage to the drive. Pulling
your flash drive or memory card away from its PC socket without doing the
“safely remove” action can lead to total disk damage.
 REMOVABLE STORAGE DEVICES
Maintain the integrity of your files. Monitor what goes in and out
of the drive. Accessing peer to peer software, adult sites, and
sites with known malware and spyware issues, can all cause
viruses to creep into your PC storage items and compromise the
integrity of your files.
Keep it all safe. Sometimes, no matter how hard you try in
protecting your disks, they are subjected to wear, tear, and other
unforeseen factors. To make sure that you do not instantly lose
important data, backup your files in multiple locations.
OPTICAL MEDIA

CDs and DVDs are extremely delicate data

storage media and any type of mishandling
can damage the CD or DVD thereby resulting
in data loss. Therefore, it is important for you
to exert caution while using these optical
media.
 DO:
1. Handle discs by the outer edge or the center hole.
2. Keep dirt or other foreign matter from the disc.
3. Store discs upright (book style) in plastic cases specified for CDs
and DVDs.
4. Store discs in a cool, dry, dark environment in which the air is
clean.
5. Remove dirt, foreign material, fingerprints, smudges, and liquids
by wiping with a clean cotton fabric in a straight line from the
center of the disc toward the outer edge.
DO NOT:
1. Touch the surface of the disc.
2. Bend the disc.
3. Store discs horizontally for a long time (years).
4. Expose discs to extreme heat or high humidity.
5. Write or mark in the data area of the disc (the area the laser “reads”).
6. Clean by wiping in a direction going around the disc.
7. Scratch the label side of the disc.
8. Use a pen, pencil, or fine-tip marker to write on the disc.
9. Write on the disc with markers that contain solvents.

10. Try to peel off or reposition a label.