TECHNICAL

PERFORMANCE
REQUIREMENTS FOR
CONNECTION OF LARGE
SCALE EMBEDDED
GENERATORS TO THE
EVOENERGY NETWORK

OUTLINE OF AUTOMATIC, MINIMUM AND NEGOTIABLE

ACCESS STANDARDS FOR CONNECTION OF
REGISTERED PROPONENTS

YEAR • DOC NUMBER • VERSION

2020 • PO07391 • V1.0 1

Disclaimer
Whilst this document contains material relevant to the electricity industry legislation, codes of practice and
standards, it is not intended to provide legal advice on how electrical contractors can meet their own
statutory obligations or comply with legislation, codes of practice or industry standards such as AS/NZS 3000
(Wiring Rules). Whilst care has been taken in the preparation of this document, Evoenergy does not
guarantee that the information contained in this document is accurate, complete or up to date at time of
publication. To the extent permitted by the relevant legislation Evoenergy will not be responsible for any loss,
damage, cost or expense incurred as a result of any error, omission or misrepresentation in relation to the
information contained in this document.
Note
Printed versions of this document are “uncontrolled copies” - the latest version is available on the Evoenergy
website.

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CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 4 5.5 Response to Disturbances Following

Contingency Events 13
1.1 Purpose 4
5.6 Quality of Electricity Generated and
1.2 Scope 4 Continuous Uninterrupted Operation 15
1.3 Background 4 5.7 Partial Load Rejection 15
1.4 Disclaimer 4 5.8 Protection of Generating Systems from
2. NETWORK TECHNICAL STUDY (NTS) 5 Power System Disturbances 15
5.9 Protection System that Impact on Power
3. APPLICABILITY OF NATIONAL System Security 16
ELECTRICITY RULES (NER) - CHAPTER 5 5
5.10 Protection to Trip Plant for Unstable
3.1 Conditions for Connection of Embedded Operation 17
Generators 5 5.11 Frequency Control 17
3.2 Technical Requirements 5 5.12 Impact on Network Capability 18
3.3 Operating Protocol 5 5.13 Voltage and Reactive Power Control 18
3.4 Maintenance 6 5.14 Active Power Control 20
4. ACCESS STANDARDS 6 5.15 Remote Monitoring and Control 21
5.16 Communication Equipment 21
4.1 Automatic Access Standard 6
5.17 Power Station Auxiliary Supplies 21
4.2 Minimum Access Standard 6
5.18 Fault Current 21
4.3 Negotiated Access Standard 6
4.4 Performance Standard 7 DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT 23
5. EXPLANATION OF THE NER AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS 23
RELATED TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 7
VERSION CONTROL 24
5.1 Reactive Power Capability 7
5.2 Quality of Electricity Generated 8 DOCUMENT CONTROL 24
5.3 Response to Frequency Disturbances 9
5.4 Response to Voltage Disturbances 11

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose
The purpose of this document is to outline Evoenergy’s technical requirements for the connection to, and
parallel operation with, Evoenergy’s high voltage (HV) and sub-transmission networks to the proponents of
large scale embedded generation systems.

1.2 Scope
This document applies to any Registered Generator which operate in parallel with the Evoenergy network for
more than 400 milliseconds (ms). It also covers any customer choosing to comply with Part A of National
Electricity Rules (NER) Chapter 5 in developing a Generator Connection Agreement.
This document provides guidance on the interpretation of NER technical requirements in the context of
Evoenergy’s network. This document does not address connection process details. Proponents should refer
to Evoenergy’s embedded generation requirement documents available at the Evoenergy website for
information on the connection process and Network Technical Study (NTS).

1.3 Background
Evoenergy has conducted a review of several key documents that describe the technical requirements for
large scale embedded generator connections to a distribution network, and has formulated a grid code which
outlines the requirements for connection of large scale embedded generators to Evoenergy’s network. The
following process was considered during the formation of the Grid Code.
1. Review, analysis and production of a summarised version of Chapter 5 of the NER 1 requirements;
2. Determination of the applicability of schedules S5.2.5.1 to S5.2.8 of the NER; fault ride through,
frequency and voltage stabilisation, power quality and reactive power control aspects as required by
Evoenergy;
3. Determination of other requirements of that may be applicable;
4. Determination of requirements of other applicable Australian and overseas standards;
5. Requirements for connection;
6. Determination of network support that can be provided by such installation and risks associated with
providing this support; and
7. Determination of impact to the network and how these impacts can be managed.

1.4 Disclaimer
This document has been developed to assist Generators with understanding technical requirements. It is not
possible to maintain and update this document each time the NER changes, it is therefore a guide only and
must not be relied upon to be current at all times. This document cannot be controlled when printed and
users should ensure they are using the most recent version from the Evoenergy website.
It is the document user’s responsibility to satisfy themselves of compliance with the NER. If there is any
inconsistency between this document and NER requirements, the NER will prevail. This document must not
be used as a substitute to the NER.

1 National Electricity Rules (NER) AEMO Guidelines for Assessment of Generator Proposed Performance Standards
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Evoenergy does not make any representations as to the accuracy or currency of this document. Evoenergy
will not accept liability for any loss or damage arising from reliance on this document. Proponents should
seek their own professional and technical advice in respect of their compliance with the NER requirements
and the otherwise in relation to the subject matter of this document.

2. NETWORK TECHNICAL STUDY (NTS)

To facilitate Evoenergy’s prime directives for the connection of large scale embedded generators to
Evoenergy’s network, the proponent is required to carry out a Network Technical Study (NTS), which
addresses and shows compliance with the access standards as outlined in Chapter 5. In addition to
complying with the access standards the proponent is also required to provide information as outlined in
Evoenergy’s Embedded Generation Requirements documents.

3. APPLICABILITY OF NATIONAL ELECTRICITY RULES (NER) -

CHAPTER 5

3.1 Conditions for Connection of Embedded Generators

Evoenergy’s interpretation of the NER technical requirements as described in clause S5.2.5 and why they
are required for a proponent to connect a large scale generator to Evoenergy’s network is outlined in this
chapter.

3.2 Technical Requirements

Schedule S5.2.5 outlines the technical requirements for the connection of generators to a Network Service
Provider’s (NSP) network. The technical requirements are referred to as access standards, namely,
automatic, minimum and negotiated access standards. The access standards define the acceptable level of
performance which a Generator must achieve for connection to a NSPs’ network.
Any proposed performance standard less than automatic must be reviewed and if appropriate, agreed by the
NSP and by Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO).
The Embedded Generation system shall be operated and maintained to ensure compliance with the
connection agreement, applicable legislation, codes and other regulatory instruments at all times. The
generator shall be responsible for developing and adhering to a maintenance plan and shall provide
operation and maintenance reports to Evoenergy on an annual basis. Evoenergy may inspect a system at
any time to confirm compliance to the connection agreement.

3.3 Operating Protocol

The Embedded Generator connection will require a joint operating protocol. This will be identified during the
connection process by Evoenergy and communicated to the proponent. Evoenergy and the proponent shall
work together to produce an operating protocol that will be approved by both parties and contain the
following information:
Planned and unplanned outage procedures including notification periods
Standard switching procedures
Inter-tripping protection philosophy
Interlocking procedures and philosophy
Designated points of contact for Evoenergy and the generator

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 System monitoring responsibilities
Fault identification and rectification procedures
Site access procedures
In addition to operating protocol, the proponent shall adhere to the requirements of the Utilities Technical
Regulation Team regarding operating certificates in accordance with the Utilities (Technical Regulation) Act
2014 and Utilities Act 2000.

3.4 Maintenance
To ensure the electrical installation is maintained in a safe condition, the proponent shall develop a
maintenance plan that specifies the maintenance schedule for all equipment and details the frequency and
types of maintenance. The generator shall ensure the following maintenance requirements are met:
Records of all maintenance activities are retained for all equipment.
Changes to the electrical installation are performed by suitably qualified personnel and the generator
holds a certificate of compliance issued in respect of any of the changes.
Approval is obtained from Evoenergy prior to altering the connection for any addition, upgrade,
extension, expansion, augmentation or any other kind of alteration, including changing inverter
settings.
Protection systems are to be tested by suitably qualified personnel at an interval no greater than five
years after commissioning.
In the event a system is deemed to be non-compliant, Evoenergy will contact the generator to request that
the system is rectified within a specified timeframe. If the generator fails to adequately address the non-
compliance within the timeframe, Evoenergy will take steps to have the system disconnected from the
network to ensure its obligations regarding the safe and reliable operation of the distribution network are met.
This process may vary depending on the severity of the risk posed by the system.

4. ACCESS STANDARDS

4.1 Automatic Access Standard

A plant that meets the automatic access standard will not be denied access to the network because of the
technical requirement of this standard. A Generator that demonstrates this standard has shown sufficient
capability for connection.

4.2 Minimum Access Standard

The minimum access standard is the minimum technical level of performance that the NSP will consider for
connection to the NSP’s network. A plant that does not meet the minimum access standard will be denied
access to the network. All access standards as outlined in S5.2.5.1 to S5.2.8 have a minimum access
standard.

4.3 Negotiated Access Standard

A negotiated access standard falls between the automatic and minimum access standards. It is an agreed 2
standard of performance for the relevant technical requirement that the NSP will accept for access to the
network. This standard should be as close as possible to the automatic standard.

2 Between the proponent and the NSP with advice from AEMO if it is an AEMO related matter
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4.4 Performance Standard
A performance standard is an access standard that forms part of the terms and conditions of a Generator
Connection Agreement. Where a Generator proposes a performance standard it will be referred to as a
proposed performance standard until such time as both Evoenergy and AEMO have reviewed and accepted
it, it will then become an agreed performance standard.
The agreed performance standards become part of the terms and conditions of a Generator Connection
Agreement with the Generator and Evoenergy. If the Generator is applying to become a registered
participant, a copy of the Generator Connection Agreement (with the commercial terms removed) can be
submitted to AEMO.

5. EXPLANATION OF THE NER AND RELATED TECHNICAL

REQUIREMENTS
In the context of Evoenergy’s electricity network, Evoenergy has the following requirements which are an
interpretation of the NER access standards:

5.1 Reactive Power Capability

Clause S5.2.5.1 of the NER describes the requirements of a Generator to provide reactive power at the point
of connection over a range of power system conditions.
Automatic: The Generator must be capable of supplying and absorbing continuously at the connection point
reactive power equal to 0.395 x rated active power of the plant at any level of active power and at any
voltage range of 90 to 110 per cent.
Minimum: No reactive power capability required.
Negotiated: Reactive power capability as close as possible to the automatic standard.
In order to determine the reactive power capability, the proponent needs to conduct steady state load flow
studies at the connection point over a range of power system conditions. Typical operating voltage at the
connection point and at the generation terminals and the tapping range of the transformers must be included
in the studies.
The studies need to demonstrate that the Generator can provide the reactive power range over the range of
the connection point voltage of 90 to 110 per cent of nominal voltage. This could be demonstrated by a
reactive power capability diagram which shows reactive capability from zero to 100 per cent power output
over a generation terminal voltage range of 90 to 110 per cent of nominal voltage.

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FIGURE 1. REACTIVE POWER CAPABILITY DIAGRAM (EXAMPLE ONLY) – NOTE THAT THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF A NEGOTIATED
STANDARD AS IT’S NOT CAPABLE OF Q= 0.395 x P FOR ALL LEVELS OF ACTIVE POWER.

Evoenergy may consider a negotiated standard in cases where the connection point is in a lightly loaded
area and compliance with voltage standards will be achieved; or where the active power output may improve
reactive power margins on the network without additional reactive power capability. Any such negotiation is
dependent on the network at the connection point.
If the generating system is used to provide support to the network Evoenergy may require the Generator to
provide additional reactive power capability but this will depend on the circumstances of each connection.
The Generator, NSP and AEMO may negotiate a range of reactive power absorption and supply for the point
of connection within which the plant must operate or a negotiate a limit which describes how the reactive
power capability will vary depending on the active power output based on the plant’s design characteristic.
In the case that the generating system is not able to perform at the level established, under reasonable
circumstances the Generator must provide for the deficit of reactive power (supply and absorption) in one or
more of the following ways:
Pay the NSP a compensation to provide for the deficit;
Install additional equipment connecting at the generating system’s point of connection or at another
location, such equipment is classified to be part of the generating system;
Reach a commercial arrangement with a Registered Participant;
If there are specific operating conditions under which the performance level cannot be met, the Generator
may document this as a constituent of the negotiated access standard and agree to operational
arrangements which allow the plant to meet the agreed performance levels in those specific conditions.
General – The agreed rated active power must be recorded in a performance standard and if deemed
relevant also it’s associated method of calculation. When the Generator is not supplying or absorbing
reactive power, the performance standard for consumption of energy under an ancillary services
arrangement must be established under NER’s clause S5.3.5 in which the Generator shall be treated as a
Market Customer.

5.2 Quality of Electricity Generated

Clause S5.2.5.2 of the NER requires the quality of the electricity generated by a Generator at the connection
point to not have any detrimental effects on other customers. The Generator must not produce at the

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connection point voltage fluctuation, harmonic voltage distortion and voltage unbalance greater than the
limits specified in the clause. The plant standards for harmonic voltage distribution are outlined in AS
1359.101 and IEC 60034-1 for a synchronous generating unit.
Automatic – Generating system does not produce amounts of voltage fluctuation and harmonics greater
than the limits allocated to the Generator by the NSP. The voltage unbalance factor must not exceed the
limits specified by the NSP.
Minimum – Generating system does not produce amounts of voltage fluctuation and harmonics greater than
the limits (less onerous than for automatic access) allocated to the Generator by the NSP. The voltage
unbalance factor must not exceed the limits specified in Table S5.1a.1 of the NER.
Negotiated – Limits to ensure the Evoenergy can meet its contractual obligations to existing users.
NER requires under a normal power system condition that the voltage at the connection point must not vary
by more than ±10 per cent of its normal voltage, provided that the reactive power flow and the power factor
(pf) at the connection point is within the limits as specified in the Generator Connection Agreement.
However, as a result of a contingency event the voltage at the connection point must comply with Figure
S5.1a.1. of the NER.
Voltage fluctuation (flicker, rapid voltage change) and harmonic voltage distortion limits are specified in AS
61000.3.7 (and AS 6100. 3.6). These are system compatibility and planning limits that the NSP uses to
derive limits for a specific connection using calculation and allocation methodology recommended in these
standards.
It should be acknowledged that the voltage flicker coefficients nominated by Evoenergy represent the
minimum values emission limits that can be assigned by the NSP. Compliance is based on the procedure for
assessing emission levels is in accordance with TR IEC 61000.3.7 2012 Section 4.2.2 "Assessment
procedure for evaluation against planning levels".

Actual Flicker levels are compared to the following indices:

The 95% probability weekly value of Pst; and
The 95% probability weekly value of Plt.

Study results will need to assume power factor control of generation reactive dispatch, the facility will need to
comply with voltage flicker thresholds assigned by Evoenergy.

If Evoenergy accepts a negotiated access standard the Generator may be required to upgrade to the
automatic access standard where Evoenergy connects new customers to its network. This is required for
Evoenergy to comply with the access standards defined in the NER.

5.3 Response to Frequency Disturbances

Clause S5.2.5.3 requires the generating system to ride through frequency disturbances at the connection
point and remain connected for the range of frequencies as outlined in this clause.
For any conditions (incl. “island” conditions) in the frequency operating standards relevant to the generating
unit’s location:
The widest range specified for the terms are referenced by the normal operating frequency band,
operational frequency tolerance band, or extreme frequency excursion tolerance limits;
The longest allowable time for power system’s frequency to remain outside the operational frequency
tolerance band and normal operating frequency band define the stabilisation time and recovery time
respectively;

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 Transient Frequency limit is 47.5 Hz and transient frequency time is 9 seconds, or such other value which
may be determined by the Reliability Panel.
Automatic – The Generator must be capable of continuous uninterrupted operation within the given ranges
as per Figure 2 below, unless the rate of change of frequency is outside the range of -4Hz to 4 Hz per
second for more than 0.25 seconds, -3Hz to 3Hz per second for more than one second, or such a range as
determined time to time by the Reliability Panel.

FIGURE 2. FREQUENCY DISTURBANCE RESPONSE AUTOMATIC ACCESS STANDARD

Minimum – Continuous uninterrupted operation within the given ranges with reduced timing and
performance, as per Figure 3, unless the rate of change of frequency is outside the range of -2Hz to 2 Hz per
second for more than 0.25 seconds, -1Hz to 1Hz per second for more than one second, or such a range as
determined time to time by the Reliability Panel.

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FIGURE 3. FREQUENCY DISTURBANCE RESPONSE MINIMUM ACCESS STANDARDDSDA

Negotiated – Operation as close to the Automatic requirement without impacting on quality of supply.
The Generator must provide details of the over and under frequency protection, steady state frequency
range operating capability and maximum rate of change of frequency operating capability.

5.4 Response to Voltage Disturbances

Clause S5.2.5.4 requires the Generator to ride through and remain connected for voltage disturbances at the
connection point.
Automatic – Continuous uninterrupted operation within the given ranges as per Figures 4, 5.

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FIGURE 4. RESPONSE TO VOLTAGE DISTURBANCES OVER 110 PERCENT, AUTOMATIC ACCESS STANDARD

FIGURE 5. RESPONSE TO VOLTAGE DISTURBANCES UNDER 110 PERCENT, AUTOMATIC ACCESS STANDARD

The ranges detailed above are also subject to the requirement that the Generator does not cause nearby LV
networks to be outside the range of ±6 per cent.
Minimum – Continuous uninterrupted operation within a range of ±10 per cent of normal voltage provided
the voltage to frequency ratio is above specified limits.

FIGURE 6. RESPONSE TO VOLTAGE DISTURBANCES OVER 110 PERCENT, MINIMUM ACCESS STANDARD

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FIGURE 7. RESPONSE TO VOLTAGE DISTURBANCES UNDER 110 PERCENT, MINIMUM ACCESS STANDARD

Negotiated – Operation as close to the Automatic requirement without impacting on plant safety, loss of
generated power not greater than 100MW if the automatic access standard were applied, and no adverse
impact on the quality of supply or power system security.
The Generator must provide:
Details of over and under voltage protection and their settings/limits; a curve (similar to Figure S5.1a.1
of the NER) which shows the range of voltages the Generator can ride through and remain connected
for that range; and
Details of the Generator’s voltage operating capability. The generating units must be capable of
continuous uninterrupted operation for the range of voltages specified in the automatic access
standard, except where AEMO and the Network Service Provider agree that the total reduction of
generation in the power system as a result of any voltage excursion within levels specified by the
automatic access standard would not exceed 100 MW, or a greater limit based on what AEMO and the
Network Service Provider both consider to be reasonable in the circumstances.
Evoenergy requires protection in place to trip the generating system where all three line to line voltages are
below 0.85 pu and the plant is absorbing inductive reactive power. This is to prevent the Generator from
impeding network voltage recovery after a fault.

5.5 Response to Disturbances Following Contingency Events

Clause S5.2.5.5 of NER requires the Generator to remain in continuous uninterrupted operation through
credible contingency events and network faults described below.
In this clause S5.2.5.5 a fault includes:
A fault of the relevant type having a metallic conducting path; and
A fault of the relevant type resulting from re-closure onto a fault by the operation of automatic reclose
equipment.
Each generating unit must remain in continuous uninterrupted operation for the disturbance caused by an
event that is:
I. A credible contingency event

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II. A three phase fault in a transmission system cleared by all relevant primary protection systems
III. A two phase to ground, phase to phase or phase to ground fault in a transmission system cleared in:
a) The longest time expected to be taken for all relevant primary protection systems to clear the
fault; or
b) If a protection system referred to above in (a) is not installed, the greater of the time specified in
column 4 of Table S5.1a.2 (or if none is specified, 430 milliseconds) and the longest time expected
to be taken for all relevant primary protection systems to clear the fault
IV. A three phase, two phase to ground, phase to phase or phase to ground fault in a distribution network
cleared in:
a) The longest time expected to be taken for all relevant primary protection systems to clear the
fault; or
b) If a protection system referred to in subparagraph (a) is not installed, the greater of the time
specified in column 4 of Table S5.1a.2 (or if none is specified, 430 milliseconds) and the longest
time expected to be taken for all relevant primary protection systems to clear the fault; provided
that the event is not one that would disconnect the generating unit from the power system by
removing network elements from service.
Subject to any changed power system conditions or energy source availability beyond the Generator’s
reasonable control, a generating system and each of its generating units, in respect of the types of fault
described above will supply to or absorb from the network:
To assist the maintenance of power system voltages during the application of the fault, capacitive
reactive current of at least the greater of its pre-disturbance reactive;
After disconnection of the faulted element, reactive power sufficient to ensure that the connection point
voltage is within the range for continuous uninterrupted operation under clause S5.2.5.4; and
From 100 milliseconds after disconnection of the faulted element, active power of at least 95% of the
level existing just prior to the fault.
Automatic – For faults on a transmission network, three phase fault cleared by primary protection, phase to
phase, two and single phase to ground faults as per the limits. For faults on a distribution network all faults
cleared as per the limits. However, the event itself may disconnect the Generator from the network by
removing the connection elements from service, otherwise the generating system must stay connected. The
Generator is also required to provide a specified level of reactive power support during the fault and
sufficient reactive power to maintain connection point voltage within a specified range with no significant
reduction in active power after the fault.
Minimum – For a transmission or distribution network phase to phase, two and single phase to ground faults
cleared by the longest relevant primary protection (ensuring there is no adverse impact on network security
and generation loss limited to 100MW are not exceeded). However, the event itself may disconnect the
Generator from the network by removing other network elements from service. The Generator is also
required to provide sufficient reactive power to maintain connection point voltage within a specified range
with no significant reduction in active power after the fault.
Negotiated – As agreed with NSP and AEMO in consideration of existing network constraints. The plant
must not trip other connected loads and Generators as a result of an event for which they would otherwise
not have tripped.
The proponent must conduct time domain dynamic studies showing the Generator’s capability to remain
connected for the range of faults described in this clause. The studies should cover a range of operating
conditions such as but not limited to the following:
Maximum power generation at various levels of operating power factor conditions;
Light, medium and high regional demands; and

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 High and low level of interconnector transfer conditions.
Fault simulation studies should also demonstrate the following:
For each drop of 1 per cent of the voltage at the connection point the Generator should supply a reactive
current equal to 4 per cent of the maximum continuous current; and
95 per cent of the pre-fault active output is achieved within 100 metres of fault clearance.
Operational arrangements such as control settings for the generating system’s terminal voltage or
transformer tap changers must meet the agreed level of performance.

5.6 Quality of Electricity Generated and Continuous Uninterrupted

Operation
Clause S5.2.5.6 of the NER requires the Generator to remain connected for the specified values of voltage
fluctuation, harmonic voltage distortion and voltage unbalance at the connection point.
Minimum - Plant must not disconnect from the network due to voltage fluctuation, harmonic voltage
distortion and voltage unbalance conditions within their specified limits defined by the Access Standards set
out in the clauses S5.1a.5, S5.1a.6 and S5.1a.7 of the NER. The proponent must provide documentary
evidence to support this requirement.

5.7 Partial Load Rejection

Clause S5.2.5.7 only applies to synchronous generating systems and requires the Generator to remain
connected during and following a power system load reduction.
Automatic - The Generator must remain connected during and following a load reduction of 30 per cent
from its pre-disturbance level or equivalent impact from separation of part of the power system in less than
10 seconds, provided that the loading level remains above minimum load.
Minimum - The Generator must remain connected during and following a load reduction of 5 per cent from
its pre-disturbance level or equivalent impact from separation of part of the power system in less than 10
seconds, provided that the loading level remains above minimum load.
General – Agreed partial load rejection performance has to be recorded in the Performance Standards.

5.8 Protection of Generating Systems from Power System Disturbances

Clause S5.2.5.8 of the NER states the generating system must have sufficient operational protection
systems that disconnect and prevent damage to the Generator or Evoenergy’s network from a power system
disturbance. More information can be found in Evoenergy’s Embedded Generation Guidelines.
Minimum - Plant protection and control system must keep the generating system connected under abnormal
conditions as required by the relevant clauses of NER unless it is required to trip to (i) disconnect any faulted
element in its system (S5.2.5.9) or (ii) to prevent a condition that would lead to unstable operation
(S5.2.5.10). For a generating system of 30MW or greater connected to a transmission system, facilities are
required to reduce its output or disconnect automatically under certain over frequency conditions nominated
by AEMO.
Any generating units are required by a Generator or Network Service Provider to be automatically
disconnected from the power system in response to abnormal conditions arising from the power system, the
relevant protection system or control system will not disconnect the generating system for:

(i.) conditions for which it will remain in continuous uninterrupted operation; or

(ii.) conditions it will withstand under the Rules; and General requirements:

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 a. AEMO or the Network Service Provider may require that an access standard include a requirement
for the generating system to be automatically disconnected by a local or remote control scheme
whenever the part of the network to which it is connected has been disconnected from the national
grid, forming an island that supplies a Customer.
b. The access standard will include specification of conditions for which the generating unit or generating
system will trip and will not trip.
c. Notwithstanding clauses S52.5.3, S5.2.5.4, S5.2.5.5, S5.2.5.6 and S5.2.5.7, a generating system may
be automatically disconnected from the power system under any of the following conditions:
d. The Network Service Provider is not liable for any loss or damage incurred by the Generator or any
other person as a consequence of a fault on either the power system, or within the Generator’s facility.
1. in accordance with an ancillary services agreement between the Generator and AEMO;
2. where a load that is not part of the generating system has the same connection point as the
generating system and AEMO and the Network Service Provider agree that the disconnection
would in effect be under-frequency load shedding;
3. where the generating system is automatically disconnected under paragraph (a) or clause
S5.2.5.9;
4. where the generating system is automatically disconnected under clause S5.2.5.10 due to a
failure of the generating plant; or
5. in accordance with an agreement between the Generator and a Network Service Provider
(including an agreement in relation to an emergency control scheme under clause S5.1.8) to
provide a service that AEMO agrees is necessary to maintain or restore power system security
in the event of a specified contingency event.
e. The Network Service Provider is not liable for any loss or damage incurred by the Generator or any
other person as a consequence of a fault on either the power system, or within the Generator’s facility.
Negotiated - AEMO to advise.
General - Anti-islanding protection may also be specified as an additional requirement by the NSP.
Conditions of trip and other performance conditions must be specified in the Generator Connection
Agreement. The NSP is not liable for loss or damage incurred by the Generator as a result of the fault on
either the power system or the Generator’s facility.
The minimum protection and SCADA requirements are outlined in Evoenergy’s Guidelines for embedded
Generator connection to Evoenergy’s low voltage (LV) network (see link below). Although the guidelines
refer to low voltage connections, protection and SCADA requirements as contained in the guidelines can
also be applied to connection to the high voltage (HV) network. If additional protection and SCADA schemes
are required, Evoenergy will notify the proponent after conducting the review of the NTS.
The proponent must provide the following:
Protection single line diagram showing all the protection schemes including AC and DC circuits and
circuit breaker tripping logic; and
A report showing proper interface and coordination between the Generator and Evoenergy’s network
and confirmation that fault clearance times are as specified in Table S5.1a.2 of NER.

5.9 Protection Systems that Impact on Power System Security

Clause S5.2.5.9 of the NER requires adequate levels of protection that prevent a fault in the Generator from
compromising Evoenergy’s power system security. More information can be found in Evoenergy’s
Embedded Generation Guidelines.
Automatic – Generating system must have primary protection systems to disconnect the faulted element
from the power system within the applicable fault clearance times given in the NER for any fault in the
generating system and in protection zones that include the connection point. The protection systems must
also have sufficient redundancy to make sure faulted elements within the protection zone are disconnected.

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When circuit breakers cannot clear faults, breaker fail protection systems must be controlled by the primary
protection system to clear the fault within the applicable fault clearance time.
Minimum – Must have sufficient protection to give fault clearance times to prevent unstable operation under
normal power flow conditions. Where the fault clearance time is less than 10 seconds then breaker fail
protection must be provided clear any faults within the applicable fault clearance time as per the NER.
Negotiated – AEMO to advise.
General – Interfacing and coordination required between the Generator and the NSP.
Under the NER the Generator must provide primary, backup and breaker fail protection for Automatic Access
at the connection point. This is to ensure the protection system is robust and reliable with as little impact on
the rest of the power system as possible. The generator must also coordinate on use of current and voltage
transformer secondary circuits, including tripping one party’s circuit breakers by protection systems of other
party. Inter-operation between protection system settings must be coordinated.

5.10 Protection to Trip Plant for Unstable Operation

Clause S5.2.5.10 of the NER requires disconnection of the Generator for unstable conditions such as active
power, reactive power or voltage instability at the connection point. More information can be found in
Evoenergy’s Embedded Generation Guidelines.
Automatic – The protection must trip when active power, reactive power or voltage at the connection point
becomes unstable as specified.
For synchronous generating units the protection system must include disconnection under pole slipping
conditions. Both synchronous and asynchronous generating units must provide a protection system which
includes disconnection under conditions including active power, reactive power or those in which generating
unit causes voltage at connection point to become unstable.
Minimum – Generating system must not cause a voltage disturbance at the connection point due to
sustained unstable behaviour of the network of more than the maximum level per Table 6 of
AS6100.3.7:2012.
Negotiated – Unstable plant must be tripped where NSP and or AEMO considers it necessary.
The type of protection required is covered in the preceding section. The proponent must provide information
as detailed in the preceding section.

5.11 Frequency Control

Subject to the generating system output definition, in regards to scheduled, semi-scheduled or non-
scheduled, clause S5.2.5.11 of NER reviews the power response of the generating system to an increase or
decrease in network frequency.
Automatic – The generating system must not increase or decrease its power transfer for a rise or fall in the
system frequency respectively. The generating system must be able to reduce or increase its power output
for the specified system frequencies levels.
Minimum – The generating system power transfer must not increase due to a rise in system frequency, nor
decrease by the specified value (2 per cent per Hertz [Hz]) for a fall in the system frequency.
General – Control system must be adequately damped. The proponent must provide the following:
Details of the control system to be supplied such as operating modes, topology, control system time
constants, droop settings and operating dead bands; and

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 Time domain dynamic studies showing the active power response to an increase or decrease in network
frequency.

5.12 Impact on Network Capability

Clause S5.2.5.12 discusses the impact on inter-regional and intra-regional power transfer.
Automatic – No reduction in inter-regional and intra-regional transfer capability.
Minimum – No reduction in the ability of the network to supply a customer or any power transfer capability
into a region by more than the generating system.
Negotiated – As agreed with AEMO and Evoenergy where the generating system minimises any reduction
in power transfer and the minimum standard is maintained.
General – As agreed with Evoenergy for the inclusion of more control system facilities.
The impact on the network capability is ascertained by what happens to the local network when the
generating system is connected. This is defined in a number of ways.
Generator stability: The proponent needs to carry out a time domain dynamic study on the generating
system’s response to a frequency or voltage disturbance on the network. The study will include the response
of the generating system to various network faults or conditions.
Network stability: The study needs to show the dynamic response of the network to a Generator trip (fault).
For a prescribed trip (say instantaneous trip of the generating system) the network voltages must not exceed
voltage change limits and absolute limits. If they do then remediation measures need to be provided by the
Generator as the generating system will cause the network to operate outside its prescribed boundaries, or a
limitation on generation operation may be applied.
Network rating: The thermal response of the network feeders and equipment is included in the studies.
Under worst case scenarios such as Summer-High and Summer-Low the thermal loading of transformers,
circuit breakers and feeders need to be shown with and without the connection of the Generator. This will
show if the Generator will have any impact on the network.
Inter-regional flow: The inter-regional feeders are assessed by comparing their transient stability responses
prior to the Generator connection and after the connection. For both cases the network has the same fault
applied and the transient response waveforms are overlayed to show the impact. If they are identical then
this will show no significant change/impact.

5.13 Voltage and Reactive Power Control

Clause S5.2.5.13 of the NER refers to the control of the voltage at the connection point. It considers the
performance of the voltage control system and the ability of the Generator to increase or decrease its
reactive power output due to a power system incident.
The NER has a number of detailed clauses surrounding the capability of the control system on the level of
settling times, rise times and various other responses to control signals received or the control strategy
employed. While proponents must address these, they have not been reproduced in this guide.
Reasonable approaches for voltage and reactive power control
For Generator connections less than 100kV and less than 30MW, the following sections offer the basis for a
reasonable approach to addressing some of the requirements of S5.2.5.13.
Evoenergy does not guarantee these sections are exhaustive, nor does Evoenergy guarantee it will accept
this level for all locations in the Evoenergy network, it is provided as a guide only. Additional to Evoenergy’s

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requirements, any proposed negotiated or minimum standard, including standards based off this template,
requires input from AEMO.
Voltage control strategy
Every generator connected to the Evoenergy network must have a voltage control system. This must be in
the form of constant power factor, constant reactive power or constant voltage (similar to an AVR).
Evoenergy generally considers the following voltage control strategies to be reasonable:
Q = constant
V = constant
Cos ɸ = constant
Cos ɸ = f(P)
Q = f(V)
Cos ɸ = f(V)
Note that the proposed voltage control strategy must not prevent Evoenergy as the NSP from achieving the
requirements of clauses S5.1a.3 and S5.1a.4, this must be determined through the NTS.
Proponents should seek a control strategy with a dynamic response as close as possible to the automatic
access standard in the NER.
Control system
NER S5.2.5.13 (b) (2) (i) (ii) requires facilities for both monitoring of key variables and for testing its
operational characteristics. The key variables that Evoenergy requires are listed in Appendix A.
A fault recorder which logs events such as voltage disturbances, changes in set point, etc. to log and report
on the control system’s dynamic response to operational events is considered mandatory.
Evoenergy requires proponents to provide details of how their testing facilities will prove its dynamic
operating characteristics.

Control system damping

The generating system must have a voltage control system that ensures any oscillations are adequately
damped with no degradation of critical oscillatory modes and with no instabilities such as hunting.
Control system testing
The control system must include a way, means or method to test its performance. Facilities for testing and
their needs are to be agreed with Evoenergy on the specified limits and requirements. One or more of the
following methods may form the basis of a reasonable approach to control system testing.
Simulating inputs with software
Test links
Primary injection points
The above list is not intended to be exhaustive: other methods may be proposed by the proponent.
Power system stabiliser
Control system must not detract from the performance of any power system stabilizer and will be co-
ordinated and as agreed by Evoenergy.

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Evoenergy NTS requirements
The NTS will include dynamic modelling which includes a model of the control system of the machine. These
are often available from the manufacturer. This modelling needs to address all of the dynamic responses of
the proposed access standard.
The time domain dynamic studies need to capture factors such as network constraints and performance,
along with the Generator’s performance ability. It should also demonstrate the adequacy of the voltage and
reactive control system and be consistent with typical commissioning tests and frequency domain (small-
signal) studies.
Minimum – The generator will have plant capabilities and control systems sufficient to ensure that:
(i) Power system oscillations, for the frequencies of oscillation of the generating unit against any other
generating unit, are adequately damped;
(ii) Operation of the generating system does not degrade:
1. any mode of oscillation that is within 0.3 nepers per second of being unstable, by more than 0.01
neper per second; and
2. Any other mode of oscillation to within 0.29 nepers per second of being unstable
(iii) Operation of the generating system does not cause instability (including hunting of tap-changing
transformer control systems) that would adversely impact other Registered Participants.

The generating unit or generating system will have facilities to regulate voltage or reactive power or power
factor in a manner that does not prevent the Network Service Provider from achieving the requirements of
clause S5.1a.3 and S5.1a.4; and sufficient to achieve the performance of agreed in respect of clauses
S5.2.51, S5.2.5.2, S5.2.5.3, S5.2.5.4, S5.2.5.5, S5.2.5.6 and S5.2.5.12.

5.14 Active Power Control

Clause S5.2.5.14 of the NER deals with the control of the output active power and the ability of the
Generator to increase or decrease its active power transfer when required by AEMO.
Automatic – A scheduled generating system must be able to maintain and change its active power output
as specified including dispatch instructions, able to ramp its active power linearly from one level of dispatch
to another, and able to receive and automatically respond to signals from automatic generation control
system as updated at a rate of once every 4 seconds (or such a period as per AEMO).
A non-scheduled generating system must be able to automatically change its active power output within 5
minutes as specified including dispatch instructions, and able to automatically limit its active power output.
A semi-scheduled generating system must be able to automatically change its active power output within 5
minutes as specified including dispatch instructions, able to automatically limit its active power output, able to
ramp its active power output linearly from one dispatch level to another and able to receive and automatically
respond to signals delivered from automatic generation control system as updated at a rate of once every 4
seconds (or such a period as per AEMO).
Minimum – Scheduled and semi-scheduled Generators maintaining active power output in accordance with
the dispatch instructions. For non-scheduled Generators, managing its active power output as specified.
Negotiated – AEMO to agree and advice on the requirements of negotiated standard and any information
and upgrades required.
General – Systems must be adequately damped.
Information supplied by the proponent must include details of the active power control system via drawings
and a description detailing how the Generator will respond to AEMO’s dispatch targets.

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The generating system active power output must be reduced or disconnected in response to control request
signals as agreed with Evoenergy. This includes events where danger, overload, islanding, network stability,
safety and management are critical. The active power output needs to be capable of being reduced in 10 per
cent steps and the target output must be realised with one minute of receipt of the signal from Evoenergy.

5.15 Remote Monitoring and Control

Clause S5.2.6.1 of the NER deals with remote monitoring of generating system by AEMO and Evoenergy
control centres to monitor the performance of the Generator.
Automatic – Subject to scheduling and size (as per the NER), the generating system must have remote
monitoring equipment to transmit to AEMO the specified quantities required for AEMO to discharge its duties.
Minimum – Subject to scheduling and size (as per the NER), the generating system must have remote
monitoring equipment to provide AEMO with the following quantities. Active power output and reactive power
output (if connected to a transmission system).
Negotiated – As agreed with AEMO and documented in the agreed performance standard.
Evoenergy will also require SCADA as detailed in the preceding sections.

5.16 Communication Equipment

Clause S5.2.6.2 of the NER deals with the basic communications required between AEMO and Evoenergy
control centres and the electrical supply to the remote monitoring and control equipment.
Automatic – Two separate telephone facilities to be provided. Back-up power supply for remote
communication and control facilities for three hours following on from a loss of supply.
Minimum – Provision of a telephone facility and one hour back up supply.
Negotiated – Agreed communication facilities between AEMO, Evoenergy and the Generator subject to the
specified limits.

5.17 Power Station Auxiliary Supplies

Clause S5.2.7 of the NER requires auxiliary supply from a different connection point. In this case the
auxiliary supply will be treated as a new customer load.

5.18 Fault Current

Clause S5.2.8 of the NER deals with fault current contribution to Evoenergy’s network and the fault current
withstand of the Generator and associated circuit breakers required to isolate it from the network.
Automatic – The generating system does not produce fault currents in which the contribution exceeds the
operational limits of the existing network lines and equipment. The generating systems connecting
equipment must be rated to the levels specified by the NSP and could be the ultimate fault level of the
network.
Minimum – The generating system does not need to limit fault contribution. The generating systems
connecting equipment is rated and can operate as specified by Evoenergy.
Negotiated – As agreed with Evoenergy and documented in the Generator Connection Agreement.
The proponent must carry out fault level studies that include:
Maximum fault levels at both the point of connection and in the wider network;
Equipment sufficiently rated to withstand the fault levels required; and

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 The fault level contribution will not result in the fault withstand capability of the surrounding network
equipment.
For Generators with inverters the fault current contribution must not exceed the rated current of the
inverter(s). If this occurs then the use of short circuit current limiters must be used in agreement with the
Network Operator.

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DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT

GLOSSARY OF TERMS
TERM DEFINITION
AEMO The Australian Energy Market Operator.

DNSP The Distribution Network Service Provider.

Generator: The person or legal entity seeking to connect, own or operate a

generating system. The terms Proponent and Generator are used
interchangeably in this document.

Registered Generator A person or legal entity registered with the AEMO as a Registered
Participant as per Chapter 5 of the NER.

Generating system The plant and equipment used for generating electricity.

NER: The National Electricity Rules.

NSP: See DNSP.

NTS: Network Technical Study. The connection of an embedded generator

installation to a distribution network will inevitably result in some local
changes to the characteristics of the network. To evaluate the possible
consequences of these changes Evoenergy will carry out a network
study with the installation included in the network model. This involves
the use of detailed databases describing the electrical characteristics of
the network and can be used to analyse how the network will behave
under different loading conditions or in the event of particular faults.

Proponent: The person or legal entity seeking to connect, own or operate a

generating system. The terms Proponent and Generator are used
interchangeably in this document.

Other Capitalised words used in this document have the same meaning as given to them in the NER.

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VERSION CONTROL
VERSION DETAILS AUTHOR APPROVED
0.1 Initial Draft Shikhar Vaid Ravi Anegondy

0.2 Initial Feedback and edit to Shikhar Vaid Richard Pozza

Section 5.2, 5.4

0.3 Minor Adjustments Shikhar Vaid Gavin Morrison

0.4 Template Change Shikhar Vaid Alison Davis

0.5 Updated Draft Shikhar Vaid Michael Lloyd

1.0 Initial Document Shikhar Vaid Michael Lloyd – Customer

Technical Services Manager

DOCUMENT CONTROL

DOCUMENT OWNER PUBLISH DATE REVIEW DATE

Group Manager 10/05/2020 10/05/2022

Customer Delivery

2020 • PO07391 • V1.0 24