Basic Civil and Mechanical 3 - 26 Surveying and evellino

Engineering

Magnetic True North TN MN

-True bearing -Declination (East)
North
B True bearing
Declination -Magnetic bearing
B
(West)
Magnetic
bearing

Fig, 3.6.11 Magnetic declination

minutes i
3.6.8.1 Isogonic and Agonic Lines " The amount of variation is about 1 to 2
Isogonic lines year.
"Lines passing through points of equal magnetic C) Diurnal Variation
declination are known as "Isogonic lines". " The variation in magnetic declination due to rotation of
the earth about its own axis in 24 hours called diumal
Agonic ine
variation.
" The line passing through points of zero magnetic
declination is known as "Agonic line". " The amount of variation is about 3-12 minutes.
" Fig 3.6.12 shows isogonic lines and agonic line. " Magnetic declination variation varies with location, time
and season.

5°W " MD variation is more at pole and less- at equator.

3°W " MD variation is more in summer than winter.
lsogonic -Agonic line
" MD variation is more in day than night.
lines

3°E D) Irregular Variation

5°E " Sudden variation in magnetic declination due some
natural hazards such as earthquakes, magnetic storms,
volcanic erruptions etc. called as irregular variation.
Fig. 3.6.12 Isogonic lines and agonic line " The magnitude of variation is not fixed (about 1-2
3.6.8.2 Variation in Magnetic Declination degrees)
" The magnetic declination at a place is not a constant and 3.6.9 Local Attraction (L.A.)
varies with time or due to following reasons
" When magnetic needle is freely suspended and not
A) Secular Variation influenced by any magnetic substance like iron ore, steel
" Magnetic meridian moves from East to West and structures, electric cables conveying current etc, then it
vice-versa after long time period (100 to 150 years). i.e shows the magnetic direction.
magnetic meridian swings like simple pendulum about ," But if the needle comes near the magnetic substances,
the center of earth.
then it is found to be deflected from its true direction
. It follows sine curve path. and does not show actual north.
B) Annual Variation " This disturbing magnetic influence is called as Local
" The magnetic declination varies due to rotation of the attraction.
earth, with its axis inclined in an eliptical path around " In other words, the attraction on the magnetic needle of
the sun in a year called annual variation. compass due to presence of an iron or magnetic object
such as workshop, electric wires carrying curent

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 Basic Civil and Mechanical Engineering 3-27 Surveying and Levelling

transformer, similar structures, in the vicinity of 3.6.9.3| Removal of L.A/Corrections to Stations

instrument station is called as Local attraction. Affected by LA
" The stations affected by local attractions (i.e. B.B t F.B
3.6.9.1|Causes of Local Attraction # 180), can be corrected by following two methods.
.Local attraction ie deflection of magnetic needle is a) Interior angle method
caused due to presence influencing substances or objects
b) Applying correction locally
ie iron ores, steel structures, electric wires carrying
curent, electric stations or similar structures. a) Interior angle method
" In this method, the interior angles of a traverse are
3.6.9.2| Detectlon of Local Attraclon calculated from the observed bearings.
.The local attraction can be detected by observing " Then the check for interior angles is applied. The sum of
bearings of both ends of lines. ie fore bearing and back all the interior angles should be equal to (2n -4) x 90,
bearing of line (F.B and B.B of line). where, n is the number of sides of the traverse.
" When needle is not affected by local attraction i.e. no " If it is not so, then the total eror is distributed equally
observational and instrumental errors, the difference in in all angles of the traveTse.
FB and B.B of every line in the compass survey should "Then starting from the unaffected line i.e difference
be exactly 180° for WCB system (or same value of angle between FB and BB is exactly 180°.
with opposite quadrant in QB system).
."Find the corrected bearings of lines from bearings of
"If the diference of FB and BB of any line is not 180° unaffected line and interior angles, in any one direction
then the needle is said to be affected by local attraction, (clockwise or anit-clockwise) of the traverse.
provided there is no instrumental error.
The starting value of the bearing must be the same after
" When stations are affected by LA then the observed correcting for selected unaffected line.
bearings of the ine are not correct.
This method is very laborious and not generally
"But when F.B and B.B of the line are exactly differing
employed.
by 180°, then those stations are not affected by L.A (or
b) Applying corrections locally
effect is same).
line " This method can be used when there is no observational
" In Fig. 3.6.13, the difference between FB and BB of error in observations/readings i.e. sum of interior angles
AB is 180°. Therefore angles at the stations remains is equal to (2n -4) >x 90.
Same.
" In this method, interior angles are not calculated.
Affected M.M.
(shown by compass) " The stations unaffected by local attraction gives the
correct values of FB and BB.of the line measured from
Correct
M.M.
that stations. i.e. in traverse ABCDA (Fig. 3.6.14) if the
Affected M.M. L.A difference between the FB and BB of line CD is 180º
(shown by compass) then FB of CD and B.B of BC (both taken from C) and
Correct
FB of DA and B.B of CD (both taken from D) are
M.M. ! B
correct values of that line.
Measured F.B.
"Starting from the unaffected line, the bearings of the
other affected lines are corrected by finding the amount
of correction at each station.
Measured B.B.
"This method is an easy method, generally adopted.

Angles are not affected by L.A.

(Difference between bearings rermains the same)

Fig. 3.6.13 Stations not affected by LA.

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T
Basic Civil and Mechanical
Engineering 3 -28
Surveying and Levelling
Note
"If all the lines are affected by L.A., then the line with minimum error is identified. The erTor in bearings ie
distributed equally in FB and BB of lines. Starting from that line, the bearings of other lines are corrected.
3.6.9.4 Solved Numericals
EL 3.6.1:Following table shows bearings observed for a closed traverse. Find
Lines FB
all corrected interior angles and corrected bearings of all lines. Also, state the B.B
stations affected by L.A. AB 75° 30' 260° 00
Sol. : Starting from station A, plot the traverse roughly as shown. This traverse BC 191° 45" 70 15'
is clockwise.
CD 289° 30 109 30
Interior angle, ZA = BB of DA FB of AB
DA 359° 00 176° 00
= 176° 00 - 75° 30'

= 100°30

2B = 260° 00' - 191° 45' = 68° 15'

2C = 360°- (289° 30 - 10° 15)

= 80° 4s'

2D 360°- (359° 00 - 109° 30")

= |10° 30 Fig. 3.6.14
Sum of observed interior angles = 100° 30' + 68° 15' + 80° 45' + 110° 30 360° 00
Observed angles are correct.
Therefore, no correction is required.
Method -I: Interior angles method
Correct F.B. of CD = 289 30°

(Substract 180°) = - 180º

Correct B.B. of CD = 109° 30

Add Exterior angle D = + 249 30

Exterior angie D = 360 110° 30' = 249° 30

(360° - Interior angle D)

359 00

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 Basic Clvil and Mechanical Engineering 3-29 Surveying and Levellng
Subtract 180° -180°
F.B of DA 359° 00'
As, F.B of line DA 359 00'
Correct B.B. of DA 179° 00 B.B of line DA 359° 00-180°
Subtract angle A = - 100° 30' (-180° as F.B of DA > 180)
179° 00

Correct F.B. of AB = 78°30 But observed B.B. of DA = 176° 00

Add 180 = +180° 00 Error in bearing of DA at A = 176° 00' - 179° 00
= -3° 00'

258° 30 Correction in bearing of DA at A = +30 00

Subtract ZB = - 68° 15' Now,
Corrected F.Bof line AB = 75° 30' + 3° 00'
= 78° 30'
Correct F.B. of BC = 190° 15'
Corrected B.B of line AB = 78° 30 + 180°
Subtract 180° = - 180°
(+180° as F.B of AB < 180)
= 258° 30
Corect B.B. of BC = 10° 15' But observed B.B of AB = 260° 00'

Add exterior ZC = +279o 15' Error in bearing of AB at B = 260° 00'- 258° 30'
= +1°30
(360° interior )
.. Correction in bearing of AB at B =- 1° 30
Now, Corected F.B. of line BC =191° 45' - 1° 30
Correct F.B of CD = 289° 30
= +190° 15
as starting and end value of bearing is same Corrected B.B of line BC = 190° 15' - 180°
.Check is ok. (-180° as F.B of BC > 180°)
= 10° 15'
Method -I:Applying corrections locally .:.Check is ok
From given data,
The result is tabulated as follows
It is observed that the difference of B.B. and F.B. of line Table 3.6.1 For correctlon
CD is exactly 180° It means station Cand D are free
from L.A. and observations taken fromC (B.B. of BC and Observed Corrected
Line Corrections Renark
F.B. of CD) and from D (B.B. of CD and F.B. of DA) are F.B BR FB B3
correct.
AP 75° 30 260° 00+3°at A 78° 30 258° 30
Corect values -
BC 191° 45' 10° 15' -1° 30 190° 15' 10° 15' Station
B.B of BC = 10° 15'
at B Cand D
is from
CD 289g 30 109 30 0° at C 28930 109° 30' LA.
F.B of CD = 2890 30
DA 359° 00 176° 00 0 at D 359° 00 179° 00
B.B of CD = 109° 30

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 where lnes EL Basic
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15 45
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orTors2)
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level a A
entirely. beThe The
(RL) wrong effect carth wTODg perfect. Theperfect. The Civil
areMethods effect due
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of
the focussing graduation internal and
may to point
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high taken. affectofdistance
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B.MRL
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point. two reading. refraction at of not may arragement
|B.S. Calculating winds the the be the of may
instrument
(HI.) methods staffthe causes
reading, of
beparallax
eye of
+ = perperly not Engineertng
B.S. RL Height of and
sight
time statt made picce the
of Line - may of
on
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in may perfectly.andlevelled
leveling
thc
TECHNICAL
B.M.
collimation
the shining cause long, and
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curvature FSextended. beglass
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ICATIONS 3.7.18 .S. Løvel and may
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for
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knowledge the and height RL RL beight levelbeight BS Themethod
(HI). The
reading height
instrument
RL
New of levels. (which the RL beight reduced
line Rise
Fig. of of HI is Ime
of a at intermediate of
change back-sight of is of by of taken,
reading of
C.P. BS the = of
3.7.18. was then the level and of
+ readingchange
Two
instrument the deductingintermediate RL instrument collmaton
8.S. point= calculated instrument. collimation
Fall
shifted of to of
adjacent lne BM the
- the mehod
New FS. from pomt point reading t he
is HI of for or RL is mehodH line
RL
bO
HI.
the planesbyduierent -FS. in
= colimation respectuve pont CP calculated of mehodHeight
HI the to the the
of
F.S.
-
next an - frst the next +
and BS BMcollimation
FS
seting of m IS RL set method Surveying
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collimations are
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of
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on he instrument
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setups change CP whicb
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by s the
 Following " Basic
Arithmetical
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of The B.M.
X of
Civil
fore
difference B.S- various and
B.S.
sights >F.S table
Mechanical

must Table point.format

between
=
Leveling
be Last
staff F.S Engineering
3.7.1
used to
is
equal the RL
sum -
(Collimation
plane
leveD -
HI
B.,MRL
.of to First method
the of determinethe
>B.s. back RL
difference RL
TECHNICAL
-Datum sights
Fig. Dumpy
level B.M.
Remark
KIRise(+) C.P2 CP1 H.I.
PUBLICATIONS 3.7.19 between and
and
B.M.RL
of
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and = thisIn" B)
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rLine
sight of Refer " (-ve) getpreceding
The If RLve)Rise immediately
occured.
(+ point immediately
preceding consecutive byintermediate
forward
point.comparing Rise Limitationcalculation
point.
Fall +of RL Fall the of the last
thrust RL
point the fall
the of = RL forwardforward = to and
method of staff method, RL
for
B.M. A Immediate
forward is Immediate get The forword Fall
Fig. of of
knowledge of staff
substraced the preceding points points and
rise reading HI the
J= Fal(-l) 3.7.19. the
reading. reading point RL method
the the
(tise= point forward is staff i.e met
. h od RL
RL RL preceding preceding of is first
=
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withcach IS. of
point point of It is reading determined : the
RL point. forward No RIL"
B.M)-A
of
of e greater of
thmeans reading
reading
to
the HI
reading preceding the check
- B preceding RL of This
and Surveying
fal point. RL a is staft Levelngand
there than level
fall of - rise
stnalle theon that check
-
Forward preceding has the Forward + of
is
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the
immediately
point readine precedine tothan change
point reading point at of
a bo A. t the he
fall h
t

" Rasic
Clviland
3.7.13.1 followingThe
3.7.13.2 NoSr.
6) 5) 4) 3) 2) Arithmetical
check "
Difference Advantage
. " Mechanical
Less The In backsights
[Sumof Statiop
Staff
4) 3) 2) Following
1) Points there This Less There Thereaccurate
Less
this table
tedious, calculation B.M.
Theforward A The
If readings method number are is method S A
apage to are Height format
Engjneering
FS page first be more a two
no between B.S-F.S of
are check more rise
and to always reading Remembered is of checks is
finishes in the suitable
calculations of work the
BS
the the
points
number on rapidInstrument the arithmetical and B.S. used
next starts IS on the is fall
of of
offor
and HIl
and more = Sum to
any page with column.remembered
the RL
any methodRise- of determine
with whileintermediate
longitudinal are accuracy of simple R
change
by IS a
an set required intermediate
(HI) and this in check fore Table
enterlng method method : sights]
TECHNICAL entering
point
reading, BS up
of F
Method method, can Fall 3.72
the
reading is levelling RL RL
entered during the
sights.
be
calculation points = = Rlso of 3-49
PUBL are it the
in and entering Level where
but taken Last (Sun variou
and
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finishes the Book is on tall
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acwate
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BS intermediate Tbis More There There method
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entered with coumn, by
up
horizontal
thrust same line. IS method
calulaicns are is
a
teious imtermediate
method RLSum - Pa Rise
columns. on into three check
for in FS the sihts. is and of and
knOwledge the the checks all
suitable on required Rise rather
reading,. last level are fall] Fall
S the points. RL
required and
and reading book: on RL than method
for more =
he FaD [Last
FS ly of the
accuacy
intermediate time Metbod
column in levelling Hl. Remsrk
RL
the for
BM. Surveying
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method -
FS of calculation First
on where RLpoints
that column calculation RLJ
there
page
and are
and no
the
brought
other
 Levelcolumn. Step Sol. frst andfourth0.235, Ex. 6) 5) Basic
Staton is
entered 1.025 the
level 3.7.1 3.7.13.Bench-marks
3
B.M. Staff
6 2 entered
Page
instrument
m 1 Thereading :
calculate horizontal The
described entered. Civil
in and : amd2.135, RL and
0.235 1.825 0.975 (m) RS The above 0.975, Numericals
:
- in
foresight was seventh TheMethodFall Mechanical
of
1 the 0.785 RL1.225, in
2.135 readings
was line line
1.225 1.355 1.465 1.225 (m)
BS problem taken following
I.225, the
and
m)
shifted of
reading, remark in of
colums 3.160 on
3.160 101.225
0.785 1.025 (m) FS. and that are onall 1.465, HI change which
collimation Engineering
is points
101.775 100.975
last means after
(FS) entered soved B.M Enter consecutive the Method coumn.
the
reading 4 100.0 instrument1.025, points
further, these th in by anybythe and
and coresponding is
TECHNICAL 98.065 100.00 99.09 100.99 100.42 99.75 100.000 isreadings a H m.
data I.825,
reading Ris e should entered
99.95 99.51 (m) R.L 7tn level method. one
entered the was
and
first readings. book method shifted in 1.355, in
level were be
PUBLICATIONS-
CP.1
Remark are BS the
BM. reading
in clearly
F.S. to page, ifbook qfter 0.785,taken was same
be (i.e the
3-50

An
up Correct. The R.L RL R.L Change
point 2, R.L RL Change
point 1, R.L R.L
Step R.L. B.MRL
.of
thrust
arithmetic 3.035 of
Step
3: of of of of of of of
for -B.S-F.S 8"station 2
1.935 7th 6th New sth 4h 3ra 2nd 1s :
knowledge Aritbmetic New
4.97
- station station station station station station= station HJ S
check m H.I H.I HI is B.S
= = = = = = =
is 98.065- Last check 101.225101.225101.225 100.99
= m =
100.42 = = = = = = calculated
= =
100.99101.775
m 101.775 99.95 99.95 m
100.975 99.51100.975
m1.465 - HI99.75 m HI0.975
satisfied. 1.935 - - 3.035
RL + IS IS +
m
100.000
First
- - - -
3.160 1.225 2.135 0.235
+
0.785 1.355
1.825 - =
100.000 m,FS=
by
adding
So 1.025 100.975
the = =
RL = = = 101.775 = Surveying
Levellnaand
calculated 98.065 100 99.09101.225 m the
1.225100.975
4.97
m B.S.
m m m m
RLs reading
m

are
to

Sol. : 3.7.2
Ex. Level Basic

Assume Distance(m) page Civil

Step Step always
increasing
change but The Step and
210 180 150 120 90 60 30 -
if field Following Find Mechanical
3 2: 1Also 0.455
readings 2
: the enteredpoint the :
Calculation HI R.L The find and
upto
readings m,the
Change is (C.P), are level
of in 2.760 problem the gradient
1.110
consecutive Station
Staff Engineering
calculated
R.L. B.M FS entered gradient
R.L R.L
point
R.L. book.
m,
7 S 3 2 1 B.
M
of similarly
column are
of of is and is joining
of of RL observed, Calculate 1.875
4tn 3rd 1, 2nd by100.00 solved
in
of
1st then readings
New adding and at a ground
)B.S level m,
TECHNICALstation station station station there by
first 0.305 0455 B.S.
(m)
m the 2.57 1370
H.I HI 1 which th e
the reading is book jotining
reading H.l and were
= = = = = = = RLm,
PUBLICATIONS-99.065 99.065 B.S. an method.
101.370-2.760=
98.61 101.370 100.000 2.13 are page. 0.305 lasttaken
of
reading into abrupt of frst
intermediate 0.995 1.875 1.110 2.055 (m)1.3.
+ m th e point
- - the 2.57, Here
and m, on 3-51
1.875 1.110 0.45S
+
2.055 1.370 change staff 0.995(using
to FS BS so contimuously
An in last
up = = = RL readings ()
S.
= =
cohumn. the this
point.point m, 1.685 2.570 2.760
thrust97.190 97.955 99.065 =
7.015 in
98.610 99.315 101.370 of 3
2.57 staffproblem, 1.685 M
for B.M. using
knowledge m m m m m is
reading. on leveling sloping
m, 101370 (m)
H.I
second contiuous no HI 96.80 99.065
Enter
change method. stat) ground
change After the
sloping point
2.760 above1.370 at RLL(m)
95.115 95.805 96.495 97.190 97955 98.61 99315 100.00
point. regula
m is
ground.stated readings m,
Thewhich 2.055
iterval
Surveying
Levellingand
last
indicates They or in m, C.P2 CP.l
Remark
B.M
reading mentioned a
2.760 of
page
go 3O
the on of m.
is
 Level
SoL Basic
Step5:
Page
Step 4 Civi
All Step 3 Step :2
missing
9
Step and
Arithmetic
check (a)
1: Mecharical
values The
3 2 1 B.M station
Staff are Missing Iheproblem Engineering
B.S-FS The Rise
calculated IS Fall RL RL fall B.S at is
TECHNICAL X 3.015 0.965 2.100 B.S at at at at
Rise RS at at the solved
atstation station station station station
B.S fil B.M station station
CATIONS- = = = 1550 into by
1 2 1 2
6.080 2.540, 6.080, TK = = = =
3 3 4using
the = = = =
LS FS RL RL RL B.S =
at 464.425-
1.025 1.400 3.655
>F.S FS respective at at
Rise RLRise
6.080 at at at
Fall 1station [ B.M station at of and
An
= = 1.990 station station station station station 3
up = (+) Rise 462.32 Fall -60
thrust 0 2.540 6.080, position 2-
Rise
t
3
2
for 0435 2.105 + Fall =
-
-
4 meth0d.
4
RL Fall + -
knowledge Fall Rise F.S
at2.105
and of FS RL
atstation
463.875 461.885 ofstation at at at of
462.320 complete station
464.425 463.875
RL 1
(Fall) station station station station
station l=
2 2 3= 3
the
= 463.875 = 4 3=
3.655 =
B.M.1 C.P.2 C.P.1 Remak table.
= 461.885 0.965 1.99463.875
B.M 1.55
- + - +
+ 2.105 0.55 +
0.55 1400=-0.435 1.025 -
= =0.435 461.=885
= 1.55 464.425
2.100 = 3.015 Surveying
Levellineand
m 462.32 =
m m m 1.99
m
m m

the
SIgnted. of
t angies Theodolite
accurate
Theodolite 3.7.15 banks.
both two level The two Principle The
"
3) 2) 1)and The the Inonposite upBut e |HI. INote satisfied.
horizontal consist the reciprocal automatically eliminated. tomidwayto
ng 3.7.14 solve
Check isLast
sets
reciprocal apparent tue atmosphere. theof
VariationsCombined Errorreciprocal to both this the ininclined determine Reciprocal DuriLeveling E Baalc
instrument. up
The measurement
is
of set difference eliminate levelling, case
cal
metbyhod Every cul :ated al
of RL Civl Rise
of to banks instruument
banks between the - -
telescope
planetelescope a 10" the
is up
staff ditferences
instrument
in
levelling of
collimation another First
and
on in effect levelling of the levelling or 2.5Fal
40l =
Mecharial
readings levelling
or the the levelling
intricate both the the the of rise RL0
and 20" of ive difference two answers.
method and
of average following river
of reading river.
ismidway missing -
other has by banks level
adopted. and
depending
horizontal is of adjustment.
earth's must or lne, points work, 463.875 Engineering
two which are problem
is instrument the level. is or Invalley, fall -
tdistinct
he taken of equal refraction. be
valley. on between curvatre ofand the verify
vaues 2.5400
levelling
the curvature used
such level. method.
-
vertical distant upon as by
staff it staff level can are 463.875
river to is the
TECHNICAL used to is cases,
Then be
motions,objects the well holding the not and reading is correct.
plane. in mean and obtain observed two So
solved
possible refraction the placed
least mainlyas
valleyandwhich students
refraction methpoints
PUBLICATIONS one can verical staff accuracy errors are by
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od to
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3-61
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An
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Tubular
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about theodollte
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micrometer measure bubble
Plate theodolite
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for scale. scales.
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mirror transit
telescope theodolite mecans
knowledge lndexbar
is nonzontal
to
revolution
the a theodolíte
horizontal Types
on
Fig, are of
theodolites anglecertain of is
is
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he of a
theodolite 3.7.20 moved angje
Verical
drce
classified revoBved called Theodolite
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of into
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it
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 3.8.2Mid
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Let CBvil
Hence, added
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Step between where 4) 3) 2) 1) arca arca Step This Area | and
hj, to 2 is is Mechanúcal
obtain the :
a 1 is from
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Consider and
b In:
h, the Arca b are inFleld
Total total
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cross-stafl
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of
Area Area
h4
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Fig.
paralel Area Area
Arca
Area follows. some steps Notes
...hn-1 3.8.1. of
of
of of all
X1 Oj trapezium of of
of survey, :
triangle geometrical
ECHNICAL
plot
plot field pairs portion , The side, square rectangle
Intervald= l= area X2 O the
= = ordinates
= Mid = = = of d
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CATIONS Interval dx(h1 hx LengthOrdinates Area Area ordinates = = - arca
chainages ordinates the figures,
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2 a
along a, of
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of of
are
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ABCD+geometric the where such
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equal
at
calculated
x
(x b)xd a can 3-64
An
up
Sum
x d+h3 line Xj)
- boundaries is a where as
be
thust
intervals Area figure distance the
side
andb
b triangles,directly
lor of x distance and are
nowledge mid dt..n-j of + is of base,
ordinates ABFEABoundary square. sides.
the
h
=
roctanglcalcs,culated
between
X altitude
d
ordinates
area squares from
-
X E and
field
3.Fi8g.1.
trapeziums, notcs in
Surveying
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the
and
then
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T Simpson'3.Rul8s.5e Trapezoldal
3.8Rul.4e Rasic
3.8.3
Let " " "Rule CIvil
ofThis ThicOmmon
s To boundary ThusordinatesWhile
Let i.e.
Average and
ordinates rule the Fig. h.
rule the Mecharical
sum applying 3.8.2
is distance.
can line areas are
are also of Ordinate
Let
assumed called
be Oj, are assuned
enclosed
Area
applied Then first
O2,considered this Oj,O;,O3,..., Engineertng
by
as and
O3, torule, Rule
mid-ordinate
to
parabolic for half last between be Areaplotof
form any of Total ... asstraight.
the
ordinates,
TECHNNCAL
d
a
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trapezoids.
On the
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= product =
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= = base I
PUBUCATIONS Common
Consecutive
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(0, CommonOrdinates line betwecn
ordinates
Number of
Sum
Number Number Length IntervalOrdinates
the
divisions.required is the
boundaries +O,) and of
distance/internal
An
sum [1distanceinternal
equal
at the ordinatesxLength
the divisionsordinates
of of of
lengthcommon
base at
up area ordinate-+
of+2(0, regular
equal
ends line
hnst between ordinates intervals. intervnls.
tor
last
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knowedge the -
distance
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added Fg d Ares
of
Fig,
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and 2x by
3.8.5 total (sum Area verge
Area sum of by
other trapezoidal ordimate
by is
simpson's multipied ordinate)] Surveyi
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rule
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the
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3.8.7 |3.8.6|
T Civil
"In suits Co-ordinate
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reference
3.8.6)
(Fig. and ordinates.Trapezoidal
applied Note :
ltordinatesand This straightbeThe
Difference Note Thirequired s area.the odd
all
this
to Trapezoidaland
gives
boundary Numbering
: rule ordinates
the =1 Mechanical
rule sum 3
method, be for an
to
other best. In can between applicable
the i-regular and Method
this
approximate
be between are firstof Erngineering
origin.points frst applied Trapezoidal
Rule to added
caseSimpson's Simpson'rularse Trapezoidal
first
only and ordinate
point of ordinate
intervals Finding result
for
the and last
are co-ordinate for Total
area =
is
rule
any ordinates
even this
ordinate, last +
TECHNICAL arranged taken starts
of Area number
and number
total ordinate
as offsetscannot is from
method applicable considered Simpson's sum four
of
with origin
4(sum I(O,
PUBLICATIONS
divisions for 1 istimes +
or be of
intervals/divisions multiplied
all
of +O,)
only 3-66
to above the
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sum
4(0, +
An
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up (0,0 ltdivisions This beThe by
thrust gives an the of ordinate
for
Yo intervals
a
rule boundary
arc common
even +O4
knowlodge Fig. i.e. i.e.
more
odd
can
parabola
of
ordinates +2x t.+.
3.8.6 i.e. be between odd
common
accurate number Simpson'Rulse distance. (sum
Co-ordinate
applied number and 2(03
result the
of
distance
of
ordinates for ordinates of One twice remaining +O5
only ordinates.
method between
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even is ofsum odd
considered Surveying
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number this ofordinate))
ordinates
product
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i

line area are ine Bz. |3.8.8 Sum "

Sumfollows. The
" Basic
0.0, to 3.8.1l Required
area = Civil
and of co-ordinates
between of arrangedTaking
as
Numerlcalss
an product
product (Refer and
the 2.50, : Points
irregular The Mechardcal
end 2Q ZP d
'g
the 3.50, along
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5.00.
boundary onEP-LQ (y1 the (y0X1 onngin Engineertng
byline 2
the arranged
4,60, ofsets Area tx1y2 dotted X3
XA X 0
0 : 1.6
+y1X2ty2x3 solid Co-ordinates
and line g(0,0),
3.20, Calculatlon line line
xFy3 +
were in
the at determinant all
irregular 0.0 an taken t..+0.yo) y4 Y2
other
TECHNICAL interval
m.
from
t....+0.0)
Compute points
PUBLICATIONS boundary of a form
10chain are 3.8.7
Fig, 3-67
the m as

-
An a) Ordinates
The Interval=d= 10
m Sol. Simpson'rules d) c) b) o)
up By The The The
thru_t mid : 10
m
mid Given trapeoidalaverage mid
for ordinates Fig,
lonowledge ordinate = 250 ordinate
0.0, :
h h ordinate
he h h 2.50, 3.88
le
e 350 rule
= 4.60+
3.20 4.5.600 + 2.50+
350 0+250
rule
3.50,
Ordinates
320+0 2 +5.3.050 rule
2 2 2 2
5.00, 5.00
= at
- = = 125 m 4.60,
1.60 =
3.90 m 4.80 m 4.25 m 3.00 m 10
Surveying
Levellingand
m
m 3.20, interval 60

0.0
3.20
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