Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE

UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Bambang Campus

DEGREE PROGRAM BEEd / BTLEd COURSE NO. GEWORLD

SPECIALIZATION General COURSE TITLE Contemporary World

YEAR LEVEL 1 TIME FRAME 6 hrs. WK NO. 4-6 IM NO. 1

I. CHAPTER TITLE
Chapter 2: Socio-Cultural Systems

II. LESSON TITLE

Lesson 1. Dynamics of Global and Local Cultures

Lesson 2. Global Population
Lesson 3: Globalization of Religion

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

A sociocultural system is a collective term for the physical, structural, and

cultural components that make up the system. "Sociocultural system"
refers to a combination of three ideas: society, culture, and system. A
society is made up of several interconnected members of the same
species. Culture is made up of the commonly learned habits of a society's
members as well as the tangible results of those behaviors.

This Unit focuses on the cultural dynamics that shape society to

comprehend local, global, and hybridized cultural dynamics. It
encompasses the particular elements present on the global scene, such as
music, food, entertainment, technology, language, organizations, fads, and
crazes that influence and ultimately change the way people live. Moreover,
culture has a direct impact on the expanding world population. Population
growth is influenced by several variables, and significant developments and
trends help shape the realities of global migration. Religions and culture
are often linked, making them the foundational concepts of both. According
to experts, there is a direct connection between globalization and religion.
People are divided by their religious beliefs in today's world, not by their
familial ties, such as brothers, sisters, and siblings.

As a result, the culture, population, and religion of society interact. Future

cultural developments occasionally reject the tenets of the dominant
religions. Similarly, as the population grows, the majority's religion
strengthens, separating them from the minorities.

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the Unit, the students must have:

1. distinguished global, local, and glocal cultures;

2. assessed factors that influence changes in population; and
3. validated religious facts through interviews.

V. LESSON CONTENT
“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 Page 1 of 26
(081220)
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE
UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

LESSON 1: DYNAMICS OF GLOBAL AND LOCAL CULTURES

"We may have different religions, different languages, different colored skin, but we all
belong to one human race."
- Kofi Annan, Seventh Secretary-General of the United
Nations

Despite our differences, we are all part of one race and should be treated with
respect and dignity. In the context of socio-cultural systems, everyone should highlight the
importance of recognizing and celebrating cultural diversity while promoting equality and
human rights for all. It emphasizes the need to build inclusive societies that value and
respect differences among people.
Activity

K-W-L Chart: Fill in the K-W-L chart with the needed information

What I Know What I Want to Know What I Learned

Global Culture
1. 1. 1.

2. 2. 2.

3. 3. 3.

Local Culture
1. 1. 1.

2. 2. 2.

3. 3. 3.

Glocal Culture
1. 1. 1.

2. 2. 2.

3. 3. 3.

Analysis

1. How can you convince a local citizen to give up his or her culture to accept and integrate the
global culture?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 Page 2 of 26
(081220)
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE
UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

2. How can the government prepare the local citizens, who do not have the opportunity to
travel abroad or interact with foreigners, to adjust and accept global culture?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Abstraction

The events that have occurred surrounding meetings of some of the most significant global
organizations, such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade
Organization, have brought attention to the intensity of the global-local dynamic. These initiatives
aim to change the course of globalization by emphasizing cultural, institutional, and social diversity
in addition to the needs of surrounding people that are either "incorporated" further into world
organization without considering the negative effects of the changes needed or are simply left to
crumble underneath the weight of globalism. Armed conflict and non-violent opposition are both
practical alternatives. The proponents of globalization rely on the financial achievements of the
modern system that gave rise to it and promote it because it's the most, if not the only, feasible
option for progress, despite a growing understanding of the need for some reforms in international
law and governance. By characterizing globalization as colonization and the violent eradication of
regional values and traditions, certain local orders are opposing it. Nonetheless, more
contemporary voices in the field tend to favor different sequencing over either/or choices. (Firat,
2016).

 Global organizations like the World Bank, IMF, and WTO have sparked debates
about how global connections affect local communities. Some argue globalization
boosts economies but overlooks local cultures and needs. Others see it as a chance
for progress, despite calls for reforms. Critics say it erases local traditions, prompting
conflicts. Modern views suggest finding a balance instead of strict choices.

EXAMPLES:
1. Mining Operations in Mindanao:
A multinational mining company starts extracting minerals in a remote area in Mindanao. While
the project creates jobs and improves local infrastructure, such as roads and schools, it also
displaces indigenous communities. These communities have lived on the land for generations,
relying on farming and fishing for their livelihood. The mining activities damage the
environment, polluting rivers and destroying forests that hold cultural and spiritual significance
to the indigenous people.

The company is praised by some for boosting the economy, but others see it as a threat to both
the environment and the indigenous culture. Protests arise from local groups, who fear the
erosion of their ancestral land and cultural identity.

2. Tourism Development in Palawan:

A foreign investment group develops a luxury resort in Palawan, one of the most beautiful
islands in the Philippines. The resort creates many new jobs in the area, but it also leads to the
displacement of local fishermen, who can no longer access the beaches they once relied on.
The construction disrupts the natural environment, with some coral reefs damaged due to over-
tourism.
“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 Page 3 of 26
(081220)
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE
UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

While the resort boosts the local economy and attracts international tourists, some residents
feel that the development caters more to foreigners than to the local community. This causes
debates between those who welcome the
new opportunities and those who want to
preserve the island’s natural resources and
traditional livelihoods.

GLOCAL CULTURE

Globalization has created linkages

between different countries by enabling the flow
of people, goods, information, and capital. As a
result of exposure to many cultures and the
interactions formed, cultures have been shaped
and adapted to experiences. It sounds
wonderful. Nonetheless, there are benefits and drawbacks to accepting different cultural traditions.

‘
Figure 4. The world becomes close due to
globalization

Global culture is specifically understood as the culture that is shared by all peoples of the
world and is founded on Western values on consumption and attitudes toward the natural world. In
the age of globalization, such as clothing, music, movies, like music, movies, clothing, and phones
are created to entice a global user. Consequently, nations are now more related in many forms.
Global cultural examples were provided by Drew (2023):

Hollywood Film. Movies like those in the Marvel and DC film series help promote US ideals
and culture abroad. They advocate pushing forward the American ways in order to influence young
people all over the world to embrace Western practices. (Song, 2018).
 A Filipino watching Marvel movies might start following American fashion trends,
using English phrases, or valuing independence—ideas that are part of US culture.

English as the Lingua Franca in Business. A common language must be utilized when
communicating internationally, and because of American influence, English has taken the place of
all other languages in the commercial world. English has become the standard business language
for multinational corporations like Samsung, Microsoft in Beijing, and Renault in order to reach the
US market, recruit American capabilities, and efficiently connect with American-based
businessmen. (Barancicova & Zerzova, 2015).
 A Filipino outsourcing company (BPO) communicates with clients from the U.S.
using English. Even within the company, meetings and emails are conducted in
English to ensure clarity and efficiency when dealing with international partners or
expanding into global markets. This allows Filipino businesses to effectively connect
with American companies and other global markets.

Fast Food Restaurants. McDonald's and KFC are commonplace in both rich and
developing nations, demonstrating the extent of culinary globalization. The fast- food restaurant
format that the McDonald's franchise invented has become popular all across the world, even in
cultures without the chain. McDonald's, which began as a single eatery in the US, has expanded to
become one of the largest restaurant chains in the world, with more than 39,000 units spread over
more than 100 nations.
 McDonald's is a common sight in the Philippines, offering local menu items like
McSpaghetti and Chicken McDo, blending global fast food with local tastes. This
shows how a U.S. brand has adapted to different cultures while expanding its global
reach.

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 Page 4 of 26
(081220)
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE
UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
The Five Great Religions. In practically every multicultural nation, the major religions of the
world-Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism- have had a profound influence on
culture and development. They emphasize moral behavior and community and have similar beliefs,
including the notion that God created the universe. Holidays like Christmas and Ramadan
encourage generosity and sharing among Muslims and Christians everywhere.
 In the Philippines, Christianity (especially Catholicism) is dominant, influencing
cultural practices like celebrating Christmas with large family gatherings. Meanwhile,
Muslim Filipinos observe Ramadan, a holy month of fasting and reflection, which
strengthens their community bonds.

The United Nations. The UN was established in 1945 with 193 Member nations under the
direction of a founding charter. Its goals and guiding principles have changed to reflect the world's
accelerating change. With its Sustainable Development Goals, which demand action from all
nations to advance wealth while preserving the environment, the UN serves as a symbol of global
culture as nations come together to discuss and look for answers to shared issues.
 The Philippines is an active member of the UN and works on achieving the SDGs,
such as fighting poverty and improving access to quality education and healthcare
across the country.

International Fashion Trends. As a result of fashion media, there is now a universal

fashion that cuts across all boundaries and cultures. People all over the world don jeans, high-end
athletic dresses, shirts, shoes, and various fashion styles rip off one other. Social media and
celebrities both contribute to the global propagation of fashion trends.
 Many young Filipinos follow international fashion trends seen on social media
platforms like Instagram and TikTok. They often wear popular global brands like
Nike, Adidas, or Zara, and adapt styles inspired by celebrities and influencers from
the U.S., South Korea, and Europe. This reflects how fashion trends transcend
cultural boundaries.

Pop Music. Pop music is now more widely available than ever thanks to marketing and
distribution channels including radio, TV, and online streaming services. Around the world, people
frequently listen to music on their mobile phones, laptops, and in-car audio systems. Various music
awards, such the American Music Awards and MTV, unite brilliant musicians from around the world
(Rojek, 2011).
 Filipino listeners enjoy global pop music from artists like BTS, Taylor Swift, and Billie
Eilish through platforms like Spotify and YouTube. Local artists also collaborate with
international musicians, reflecting how pop music connects people across different
cultures.

Football. Nations compete in the World Cup every four years, and football clubs from
English cities also play in the English Premier League. Despite being English teams, they have a
worldwide fan base and players from various nations make up the clubs.


Online Identities. The emergence of niche identities that transcend national boundaries is
a result of globalization. Through the internet, young people may now connect with others from
around the globe who share their interests, passions, and hobbies, enabling them to identify with
like-minded individuals outside of their local communities. Gaming, Manga and Anime, YouTuber
and blogger cultures are a few examples.
 Gaming: Gamers from different countries connect through online games like Fortnite
or Minecraft, forming global communities and sharing strategies, tips, and
experiences.
 Manga and Anime: Fans of Japanese manga and anime join online forums and
social media groups to discuss their favorite series and characters, regardless of
where they live.
 YouTubers and Bloggers: Content creators and their followers build international
communities around topics like travel, cooking, or technology, sharing content and
ideas with people from various countries.

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 Page 5 of 26
(081220)
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE
UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
Business Etiquette. Global business etiquette, such as shaking hands, dressing in suits,
and dining with prospective partners, must be adapted by international enterprises.
 When a Filipino company hosts international clients, they might need to adjust their
business etiquette. They may adopt formal attire and learn about specific dining
practices, such as the importance of punctuality and appropriate conversation topics,
to make a positive impression.

Currency. Prior to 5000 years ago, the Greek and Roman empires helped the first
currency, the Mesopotamian shekel, become widely used. Every country relies on currency now,
demonstrating how wise concepts have persisted throughout history.
 Today, the Philippines uses the Philippine Peso (PHP) as its currency, just like many
other countries use their own forms of money. This illustrates how the basic idea of
currency, first seen in ancient Mesopotamia, has continued to be a crucial part of
trade and economy across different cultures and eras.

PROCESS OF EVOLVEMENT

Culture in both global and local contexts goes through the process of evolvement. Culture
does not stay the same as it continues to welcome changes over time. There are three
perspectives on global cultural flows (O'Reilly, 2023).

Cultural Differentialism. Because cultures are fundamentally distinct from one another and
are little affected by global trends, confrontations between them can be disastrous. This strategy is
best illustrated by Huntington's clash of civilizations theory, which contends that interactions
between various civilizations will result in violent conflicts. This hypothesis has drawn criticism for
its depiction of Muslims as being violent people. Major world faiths have adapted to global flows
during the more than 2,000-year history of religious globalization.

 It is the idea that cultures are fundamentally distinct and remain mostly unchanged,
even when global trends try to influence them. This perspective suggests that deep
cultural differences can lead to serious clashes between societies, rather than
merging or blending together.
 Huntington argued that the main source of global conflict would be cultural and
religious differences, especially between the West and non-Western civilizations,
such as Islam and Confucian cultures. He believed these interactions would often
lead to violent conflicts rather than peaceful coexistence.
 In summary, while cultural differentialism highlights the potential for conflict due to
fundamental differences, the history of religious globalization shows that cultures
and faiths can also adapt, evolve, and coexist peacefully.
 The Philippines is home to diverse cultural influences due to its history of
colonization and trade. While traditional Filipino culture remains strong, it has also
integrated elements from Spanish, American, and Chinese cultures. This blending
shows how cultures can adapt and interact positively rather than just clash.

Cultural Hybridization. Local and international cultures are combined through the creative
process of globalization to produce distinctive results. The strategy places a strong emphasis on
Arjun Appadurai's concepts of "glocalization" and "scapes" (global fluxes combining people,
technology, finance, political imagery, and media), which allude to the blending of local and global
cultures to produce cultural hybrids.
 In the Philippines, you'll find a blend of local and global influences in food, such as
the popular dish adobo with a fusion twist like adobo-flavored potato chips. Similarly,
local festivals like the Sinulog have incorporated global elements like international
music and dance styles, creating a unique cultural experience that reflects both
Filipino traditions and global influences.
 Bollywood movies increasingly incorporate Western film techniques and genres,
such as musicals and action scenes, while maintaining traditional Indian storytelling
and musical elements. Films like "Bride and Prejudice" adapt classic Bollywood
storytelling for a global audience.
 Language:
“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 Page 6 of 26
(081220)
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE
UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
Example: Spanglish, a blend of Spanish and English, is commonly spoken in parts of
the U.S. with large Latino populations. It combines elements of both languages,
reflecting the cultural hybridization of English-speaking and Spanish-speaking
communities.

Cultural Convergence. This strategy highlights homogeneity brought about by

globalization and examines cultural imperialism, in which one culture subjugates elements of
another. It is challenging to link culture to a particular origin because of deterritorialization.
McDonaldization is an illustration of rational, fast-food restaurant-based systems that have
expanded throughout the world.
Convergence refers to the process where different elements or entities come together to
become more similar or unified. In various contexts, it means the merging of distinct things into a
more cohesive whole.

 Fashion: Example: Global fashion brands like Zara and H&M have stores in many
countries, promoting similar clothing styles everywhere. This creates a convergence
in fashion trends, making people in different countries dress in similar styles.
 Technology: Example: The widespread use of smartphones and social media
platforms like Facebook and Instagram has led to similar communication styles and
social behaviors across the globe, regardless of local customs.
 Cultural Convergence: Different cultures blend together, resulting in a more
homogenized global culture. For example, global brands like McDonald's
standardize their offerings worldwide, leading to similar consumer experiences
across different countries.
 Technological Convergence: Different technologies come together into a single
device or system. For example, smartphones combine functions of a phone, camera,
GPS, and computer into one device.
 Media Convergence: Various forms of media (like TV, internet, and print) integrate
and overlap, allowing content to be accessed through multiple platforms. For
example, news can be consumed through TV, websites, and social media.

Local Culture

A nation's full set of customs, attitudes, and behaviors is referred to as its "local culture,"
which includes everything from what people eat and dress to how they behave and interact. When
starting a firm abroad, entrepreneurs must thoroughly research the local culture and adjust their
operational procedures accordingly. Additionally, local culture is anything we produce and spread
as a natural part of the existence of humans in the place where they stay and work. The culture of
the local community value peoples' skills in going about their everyday routines. Humans contribute
a repository of knowledge to their jobs, including information on where fresh meats can be
purchased, where to go for more convenient services, where to find entertainment in the locality,
where to locate places with rich local culture, and where to enrich their cultural beliefs and
practices. The knowledge that people learned daily is derived from shared information and life
encounters that have been inculcated in them by family members, acquaintances, workmates, and
neighborhoods. (Wisconsin of Teachers of Local Cultures, 2023).
 Local Culture refers to the unique set of customs, attitudes, and behaviors that
define a specific community. It includes everyday practices like what people eat, how
they dress, and how they interact with each other. When starting a business in a
new country, entrepreneurs need to understand and adapt to the local culture to be
successful.
Examples:

 Food Preferences: In the Philippines, regional dishes vary widely. In the Visayas,
you might find lechon (roast pig) being a popular dish at gatherings, while in
Mindanao, satti (skewered meat with a spicy sauce) is common. A food business
would need to adapt its menu to cater to these regional tastes.

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 Page 7 of 26
(081220)
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE
UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
 Dress Codes: In business settings, formal attire is generally expected in major
cities like Manila and Cebu. However, in more rural areas, business casual or
traditional clothing might be more common. For example, in some regions,
wearing a Barong Tagalog for men and Terno for women is traditional.

 Interaction Styles: Filipinos often use a friendly and warm approach in business
interactions, including casual greetings and small talk before diving into business
matters. Understanding this cultural norm can help foreign businesses build
stronger relationships with local clients and partners.

 Local Knowledge: Knowing local marketplaces and suppliers is crucial. For

example, in the bustling markets of Divisoria in Manila, you can find a variety of
goods at affordable prices. In contrast, in the provinces, local markets might offer
fresh produce and artisanal products that are unique to the region.

All areas of the curriculum have linkages to the local culture, including:

1. arts, music, and theater;

2. Geographical studies, historical studies, sociology, economics, political science,
psychology, anthropology, folklore;
3. composing, speaking, and listening,
4. foreign languages, second-language English speakers;
5. technology and the media, global education;
6. education on the environment and natural history; and
7. consumer and family education;

In particular, locations, whether urban or rural, we develop and share local culture as a part
of our existence. Place is the common element, however, the place is investigated differently by
each discipline. Local culture can be shown in how we interact with our environment and
landscapes, how we express ourselves
artistically and musically, how our community
has evolved and what its present social
issues are, and how our families have told
their stories.

GLOCALIZATION

The terminologies "globalization" and

"localization" are coined to come up with the
term "glocalization," which means developing
and offering services and goods in the local
arena and delivering them to international
users. Hayes (2022) defined glocalization as the adaptation of foreign and global goods into the
regional contexts in which they are utilized and promoted. This term refers, with respect to a
particular good or service, to the localization of goods and services with international marketing.
Sociologist Roland Robertson first used the phrase in the Harvard Business Review in 1980,
defining it as "the simultaneity the co-presence of both universalizing and particularizing
tendencies."
Figure 5. Glocal is a blend of “global” and “Local”

Globalization: Spreading products and ideas worldwide.

Localization: Adapting these products and ideas to fit local cultures and preferences.
Glocalization: Combining both by making global products fit local contexts.
“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 Page 8 of 26
(081220)
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE
UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

To satisfy local laws, customs, or client preferences, a universal good or service that
everyone needs and can adapt to may be modified. By definition, "glocalized" products are likely to
be far more interesting to the individual who will ultimately utilize them. This is due to the fact that,
despite being a product that anybody can use and has used, localization makes it more tailored to a
particular person, their context, and their needs. One such example is cars that are marketed all
around the world but are altered to meet local specifications, such as pollution regulations or which
side the steering wheel is on. It might also put more of an emphasis on cultural aspects, like a
global fast-food chain selling locally tailored menu items to suit local tastes (Roudometof, 2016).

Glocalization, according to Cardoza & De Maria (2021), can take many different shapes. For
instance, automakers are required to construct cars in the U.K. with the steering wheel on the right
rather than the left. Additionally, food is altered in many nations to suit regional preferences. Along
with the staple menu of hamburgers and chicken products, fast food restaurants like McDonald's
Corporation (MCD) and others frequently serve up regional cuisine. Additionally, local languages
are used in brand image and marketing campaigns, along with consideration for regional customs
and cultural cues. Glocalization can harm smaller, local firms because they find it difficult to
compete with the high manufacturing costs of giant multinational organizations, who typically use it
to drive down prices and capture a huge market share. As a result, there may be less competition,
which could raise prices (Ritzer, 2003).

Examples:
Cars:
Example: In the UK, cars have the steering wheel on the right side because they drive on
the left side of the road. This change ensures the car meets local driving regulations and is more
practical for UK drivers.

Fast Food:
Example: McDonald’s offers local menu items like the McSpicy chicken sandwich in the
Philippines and teriyaki burgers in Japan. These adaptations cater to local tastes while keeping the
global brand recognizable.

Branding and Marketing:

Example: Coca-Cola uses different languages and cultural themes in its advertisements
depending on the country. In the Philippines, their ads might feature local celebrities and festive
themes relevant to Filipino culture.

Impact:
For Big Companies: They use glocalization to attract customers worldwide by adapting their
products to fit local needs. This can sometimes lead to lower prices and a stronger market
presence.

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 Page 9 of 26
(081220)
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE
UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

Application

Task 1. Venn Diagramming: Fill in the three-circle Venn diagram with information that shows the
similarities and differences among global, local, and glocal cultures.

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 Page 10 of
(081220) 26
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE
UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

Task 2. Knowing Cultural Practices: List down 10 global cultural practices that have affected or
changed your local culture. Use the matrix below.

Global Cultural Practices Affected Local Cultural Practices

Ex. Watching Marvel Movies Movie industry: People in the community now prefer to spend
money on Western-made movies than watching local-made
shows.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 Page 11 of
(081220) 26
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE
UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
9.

10.

LESSON 2: GLOBAL POPULATION

"Our population and our use of the finite resources of planet Earth are growing exponentially, along
with our technical ability to change the environment for good or ill."
-Stephen Hawking, English Theoretical Physicist

Stephen Hawking's quote emphasizes two key points:

 Rapid Population Growth and Resource Use: The Earth's population and the rate at
which we consume its limited resources are increasing rapidly.
 Technology’s Impact: Our advancing technology gives us the power to significantly alter
the environment, either in ways that benefit or harm the planet.
 In essence, Hawking is warning that while human progress and technological capabilities
are accelerating, we must be mindful of the consequences, especially in terms of
environmental sustainability. Our choices can either protect or damage the Earth.

We are faced with the challenge of balancing population growth and resource use with the
need for sustainability. With growing populations and increasing consumption of finite resources,
there is a risk of environmental damage and depletion of resources. To achieve sustainability, it is
essential to manage population growth and resource use while leveraging technological
advancements to minimize negative impacts on the environment.

 This statement highlights the critical issue of balancing population growth and resource use
with the need for environmental sustainability. As populations grow and the demand for
resources increases, there's a risk of depleting natural resources and causing
environmental damage. To address this challenge, it’s important to:

Manage population growth – through policies like family planning and education.
Use resources efficiently – by adopting sustainable practices like recycling and reducing
waste.
Leverage technology – to develop renewable energy, eco-friendly products, and smarter
resource management.

 Example:
Countries like Germany are investing in renewable energy (like solar and wind power) to
reduce their dependence on fossil fuels, ensuring that as energy consumption rises with
population growth, it doesn’t lead to further environmental degradation.

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 Page 12 of
(081220) 26
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE
UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

Activity
Identifying Contrasts: Write down the "positive" and "negative" ideas that come into your
mind when you hear the term "global population". Use the template below. Write the positive ideas
inside the circles and the negative ideas in the squares.

Analysis

1. If China is growing economically despite its big population, should the Philippines aim to increase
“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 Page 13 of
(081220) 26
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE
UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
its population, too? Why?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

2. How does population growth impact other global issues, such as climate change, food security,
and urbanization?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

Abstraction

The population is a dynamic field. Recently, all over the world, there is a noticeable shift in
the population of the world all over the world. But unless we intervene, the population will probably
continue to rise for the majority of this century, increasing by more than 80 million people year.

Global Population

The United Nations Population Funds (2022) announce the following significant statistics: 1)
Eight countries-India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania,
the Philippines, and Egypt-will account for more
than half of the projected total population
increase by 2050; 2) India is anticipated to
surpass China as the world's most populous
nation next year (2023), when China's
population is anticipated to start declining; and
3) 61 countries are projected to experience a
population increase (Population Matters, 2023).

Trends are found based on data from the global

population.

One of the obstacles to reaching the Sustainable Development Goals and enhancing the
population's education and health, is rapid population increase. The UN's Least Developed
Countries are expected to have an increase in population from just over 1 billion to 1.76 billion by
2050, which is largely due to poverty.

Figure 6. Most populous countries

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 Page 14 of
(081220) 26
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE
UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
With high fertility rates in the majority of
African nations, Sub-Saharan Africa will
contribute significantly up to the next
century. Increases in healthcare access,
rising life expectancy, and falling child
mortality, the region's high fertility rate result
in a large number of people entering their
childbearing years.

 Figure 7. Population growth by

continent

Although the Global South has a faster rate of

population increase, wealthier nations have
higher rates of consumption, resource use, and
carbon emissions. The size of families and
population in those areas are equally essential
because each individual's environmental impact
in rich countries is far bigger than in poor
countries.

• Figure 8. CO₂ consumption emissions per

person

The replacement rate for a stable population is

2.1 for the total fertility rate (TFR), which measures
the typical number of births per woman. The
estimated TFR for the entire world is just under
2.5, with sub-Saharan Africa having the highest
rate at 4.6. In locations where TFR is below
replacement level, about half of the world's
population now resides.

• Figure 9. The fertility rate in most populous

countries

Total fertility rate, which is the average number of births per woman over the course of her
lifetime, shows how the size of families is evolving. The "replacement rate" is a TFR of 2.1, and a
population with that TFR will eventually stabilize. TFR is now estimated by the UN to be little
around 2.5. (although more recent estimates place it at 2.3). Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest
TFR, at 4.6. Today, nearly half of all people reside in nations or regions where the TFR is lower
than the replacement rate.

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 Page 15 of
(081220) 26
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE
UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

Factors Influencing the Population Growth

According to the United Nations, the substantial rise in the world population since 2022 has
been primarily caused by an increase in the proportion of people who reach reproductive age, a
steady rise in the average longevity, a rise in urbanization, and an acceleration in migration. Along
with this growth, there have been significant changes in fertility rates. Future generations will be
affected significantly by these developments. Among the above listed variables, a few key variables
have a significant impact on population increase, and these are as follows:
Fertility rates. Global fertility is predicted to decline from 2.3 to 2.1 children per woman by
2050, having a significant impact on future population growth, according to World Population
Prospects (2022 Revision).

Increasing longevity. Globally, the life expectancy at birth is predicted to rise from 72.8
years in 2019 to 77.2 years in 2050, but there will still be significant regional differences. Due to
high rates of infant and maternal mortality, violence, war, and the HIV epidemic, the least
developed nations have a life expectancy that is 7 years lower than the average for the world.

International migration. Births and deaths have a greater impact on population change
than births and international migration. Migration can, however, significantly affect population size
in nations that send or receive substantial numbers of economic migrants and refugees. Between
2010 and 2021, there will be a net inflow of over one million migrants into seventeen nations, and a
net departure of over one million migrants from ten countries.

Key Facts about Recent Trends in Global Migration

According to the International Organization for Migration of the United Nations, there were
281 million international migrants in 2020, which means that 3.6% of the world's population did not
reside in their country of birth. (IOM). Despite significant travel and international movement
restrictions during the early phases of the coronavirus pandemic, the increase occurred.

Here are four key facts about international migrants, based on the latest available data from
the UN and other sources according to Natarajan (2022).

Figure 10. Europe and Asia have the

most international migrants

Europe and Asia had the

highest number of international
migrants in 2020 with 86.7 million and
85.6 million respectively, as per the
IOM. Over time, the migrant population
in these regions has increased steadily
since 2005. Latin America and the
Caribbean region have the fastest-
growing international migrant
population, which has approximately
doubled since 2005.

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 Page 16 of
(081220) 26
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE
UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

Figure 11. The United States has

more international migrants than any other
country.

In 2020, the U.S. had 51 million

migrants, the largest population in the world.
Germany and Saudi Arabia follow with about
15.8 million and 13.5 million migrants,
respectively.

Figure 12. India remains the top origin country for

the world's migrants

India is the top country of origin for international

migrants with 17.9 million in 2020, followed by
Mexico and Russia. The largest Indian migrant
populations are in the United Arab Emirates, the
U.S., and Saudi Arabia.

Displaced people leave their homes due to conflict, violence, or disasters, including refugees,
asylum seekers, and internally displaced persons. The number of displaced persons increased from 84.8
million in 2019 to 89.4 million in 2020
0, with 1.1% of the world's population being displaced. In 2020, 34% of displaced people, or 30.5
million, were living as refugees or asylum seekers outside their birth countries, while 55 million were
internally displaced in their birth countries.

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 Page 17 of
(081220) 26
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE
UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

Application

Prioritizing Factors: If you were to arrange the factors influencing population growth, which should
come first, second, and third? Explain your answer by providing sensible reasons. Please suggest a
solution on how to mitigate the factor from causing imbalance to the population trend. Add more rows, if
necessary.

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION INCREASING LONGEVITY FERTILITY RATE

Order Reasons The Solutions to Maintain
At least two reasons Population Balance
At least two solutions
First:

Second:

Third:

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 Page 18 of
(081220) 26
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE
UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

LESSON 3: GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION

“Too often we participate in the globalization of indifference. May we strive instead to live in
global solidarity." -Pope Francis, Head of the
Catholic Church

 In simple terms, Pope Francis is calling for everyone to care more about each other's well-
being across the globe, rather than ignoring issues like poverty, inequality, and injustice that
affect others, even if they seem far away. Global solidarity means working together to create
a more just and compassionate world.

There is a call to action for people to move beyond apathy and inaction towards global
issues, and to actively work towards global solidarity. It suggests that instead of being indifferent,
we should strive to show solidarity with those who are struggling, regardless of their nationality or
background. This idea of global solidarity highlights the connectivity of individuals and communities
worldwide as well as the significance of cooperating to overcome global issues.

Activity

Forced Written Debate: In this forced debate activity, you would have no choice but to
defend the argument "Each person should have a religious affiliation" whether you like it or not.
Your answer should range from 150-200 words. You will be graded using the rubric below.

Features Expert – 4pts Accomplished – Capable – 2pts Beginner – 1 pt

3pts
Quality of Writing Written in a Written in a Written ordinarily. Written ordinarily
scholarly manner. scholarly manner. The content has some parts were
The content is The content has 70% originality. copied and pasted
original. 80% originality. only from other
sources
Organization Very informative Somewhat Less informative Less informative
and well-organized informative and and badly and not organized
organized organized
Grammar Subject-verb With 2-3 subject- With 2-3 subject- With 2-3 subject-
Usage and Agreement, verb Agreement, verb Agreement, verb Agreement,
Mechanics spelling, and spelling, and spelling, and spelling, and
punctuation, were punctuation error punctuation error punctuation error
well observed

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 Page 19 of
(081220) 26
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE
UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

Analysis

1. How do different religious traditions respond to the challenges and opportunities of globalization?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

2. How has the globalization of religion impacted the relationship between religion and politics on
both local and global levels?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

Abstraction

The process of globalizing religion may be

viewed as a way of aligning with the current
international trends This process involves three
aspects: firstly, the inevitable transformation of
individual religious organizations; secondly, the
likelihood of new features being created in the
doctrines, rituals, and practices, and thirdly,
globalization is expected to bring changes in the
individuals who support religions, particularly in their
intellectual perspectives. Religion refers to a
collection of shared beliefs and practices relating to
the + supernatural and its association with humanity
and the universe. These beliefs and practices are
commonly structured into religious law, scriptures, prayer, and ritual.

Figure 14. Symbols of the religions of the

world

Transformation of Religious Organizations:

Example: The Catholic Church's Adaptation. The Catholic Church has historically been a significant
“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 Page 20 of
(081220) 26
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE
UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
global institution. In recent years, it has adapted to modern global challenges by focusing on
contemporary issues such as climate change, social justice, and poverty. For instance, Pope
Francis has made environmental concerns a central part of his papacy, calling for action on climate
change and promoting sustainability. This shift reflects the Church's response to global trends and
the need to address worldwide issues through its teachings and actions.

New Features in Doctrines and Practices:

Example: Buddhism in Western Wellness. Buddhism, with its traditional practices of meditation and
mindfulness, has been integrated into Western wellness and mental health practices. In the West,
mindfulness meditation, which originated from Buddhist practices, is now widely used in therapy
and stress management. This blend of traditional Buddhist techniques with modern psychological
methods reflects how religious practices can evolve and be adapted to fit contemporary needs and
contexts.

Changes in Supporters' Perspectives:

Example: Islamic Perspectives on Cultural Practices. In many predominantly Muslim countries,
globalization has influenced how Islamic teachings are interpreted and practiced. For example, as
global cultural exchanges increase, there is more openness to diverse cultural expressions and
practices within the Muslim community. This has led to more flexible interpretations of Islamic law
and customs, accommodating new global norms and ideas while still maintaining core religious
principles.

To define religious beliefs and practices, a shared set of traditions, writings history, and
mythology is often used. These traditions often contain moral codes that specify the appropriate
relationships between the believer, other believers, outsiders and the supernatural world. Religious
traditions typically divide the world into two domains, sacred and profane, and religious thought and
practice aim to define and reinforce these realms through personal effort or communal ritual (New
World Encyclopedia, 2022).
 Sacred vs. Profane:
Example: Christianity - In Christianity, the church and the act of communion are considered
sacred because they are devoted to worship and spiritual reflection. In contrast, everyday
activities like eating at a restaurant or shopping are considered profane because they are
part of daily life, not directly related to spiritual practice.
Scenario: A Sunday Service - A church service is seen as a sacred event where believers
gather to worship and connect with the divine. On the other hand, the activities people do
after the service, such as going to the grocery store or attending a sports event, are
considered profane and are part of their everyday life.

Relationship between Religion and Globalization

Globalization and religion interact in a complex way that presents both benefits and
difficulties. Although religion benefits from the advancements in communication and transportation
made possible by globalization, it also offers a haven for individuals who reject the influence of
globalization (El Azzouzi, 2013) As globalization allows for increased contact, religions become
more aware of their global nature and their role in a global society (Kung, 2014).

Understanding the connection between religion and globalization can be done in two ways.
First, there are religious reactions to and interpretations of globalization, both of which are a part of
religious practice in a setting of globalization. Second, there are studies of globalization that
“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 Page 21 of
(081220) 26
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE
UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
emphasize the par played by religion in it as well as how it affects it. (Encyclopedia.com, 2019).
While the former method predominates in the majority of the literature on religion and globalization,
both perspectives are required for a thorough comprehension of this complicated relationship.

Understanding Religion and Globalization

1. Religious Reactions to Globalization

This looks at how different religions respond to the changes brought by globalization. It
shows how religious beliefs and practices can change because of global influences.

Example: In the U.S., some churches have started using online platforms to stream services
and connect with worshippers worldwide. This change helps them reach a global audience and
adapt to modern technology.

Scenario: Imagine a traditional Buddhist temple in Thailand starting to use social media to
share teachings and practices. This move helps the temple connect with Buddhists across the
world while adapting to the digital age.

2. Impact of Globalization on Religion

This examines how globalization affects religious practices and how religion influences
global culture and politics.

Example: Many global fast-food chains, like McDonald's, are adapting their menus to
include vegetarian options to cater to Hindu and Buddhist customers. This shows how global
businesses adjust to local religious practices.

Scenario: Consider a global charity organization that works with different religious groups
worldwide. As they operate globally, they must understand and respect various religious practices
and beliefs, such as avoiding scheduling events during significant religious holidays.

Summary
By looking at how religions adapt to globalization and how globalization affects religious
practices, we can better understand the interaction between the two. This approach helps us see
how global changes influence religious beliefs and how religions shape global culture.

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 Page 22 of
(081220) 26
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE
UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

Figure 15. Size of Major religious groups as

percentage of the global population
(2010)
THE GLOBAL RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE

Over eight out of ten people worldwide

identify themselves as religious, according to a
demographic research by the Forum on Religion
& Public Life of the Pew Research Center. 5.8
billion people globally, or 84% of the world's
population in 2010, are estimated to be religious,
according to a study that examined more than
2,500 censuses, surveys, and population
registries. The largest religious groups are
Christians, who make up 2.2 billion people (32%
of the world's population), followed by Muslims,
who number 1.6 billion, Hindus, who number one
billion, Buddhists, who number approximately
500 million, and Jews, who number 14 million.
Additionally, about 6% of the population, or more
than 400 million people, follow folk or traditional
religions like the indigenous faiths of Australia,
China, the United States, and Africa.

Fifty-eight million individuals, or just

under 1% of the world's population, practice various religions, such as those practiced by the Baha'i
faith, Jainism, Sikhism, Shintoism, Taoism, Tenrikyo, Wicca, and Zoroastrianism. The study also
discovered that 1.1 billion people, or approximately 16% of the world's population, are atheists,
making them the world's third-largest religious group after Christians and Muslims. But studies
show that many people who do not identify as religious still retain spiritual or religious views, such
as the belief in God or a universal spirit. (Pew Research Center, 2012).

Religious Makeup of the World by Major Religions

It is a challenging task to determine the exact number of religions worldwide, as

categorizing and distinguishing between them can be difficult, especially for those not well-versed
in their beliefs and practices. The five major religions- Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, and
Judaism as well as a category that includes all Folk/Traditional religions and an unaffiliated group
are divided into seven primary categories by the Pew Research Center, With almost 31% of the
world's population identifying as Christian, Christianity has the largest global following among these
groups, closely followed by Islam at 25%. With about 0.2% of the world's population identifying as
Jewish, Jews have the smallest population among major religions, (Pew Research Center, 2012).

According to Deshmukh (2022), when accounting for regional variations in religious

affiliation, Asia has the largest population of religiously unaffiliated individuals, followed by North
America and Europe. Christianity is the dominant religion in Europe and the Americas, while Islam
is the dominant religion in the Middle East and North Africa. Hinduism is the predominant religion in
India, while Buddhism is the most widely practiced religion in East and Southeast Asia. These
regional variations highlight the complexity and diversity of religion globally, and the need for
nuanced understanding when examining the religious landscape of different parts of the world.

Christianity. With almost 2.4 billion adherents, Christianity is the most popular religion in
the world. With a population of 253 million, the United States has the most active Christians,
followed by Brazil with 185 million and Mexico with 118 million. Over time, Christianity has moved
“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 Page 23 of
(081220) 26
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE
UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
across the globe, becoming more evenly dispersed throughout the Americas, sub-Saharan Africa,
and the Asia-Pacific area, with less concentration in Europe.

Islam. Although the Middle East and Northern Africa are known for having countries with a
majority of Muslims, Asian nations have the biggest proportion of adherent Muslims. Surprisingly,
14.2% of Indians identify as Muslims, making India the country with the second-largest Muslim
population in the world after Indonesia Due in large part to its youthful median age of 24, Islam is
also the major religion with the highest rate of growth, with the number of Muslims expected to rise
by 70% between 2015 and 2060.

Judaism. Over 80% of Jews today live in the US and Israel, which is a sign of the
geographical concentration of Judaism. Only Israel, whose 76% of the population is Jewish, has a
majority of Jews. Other nations with sizable Jewish populations include Argentina, Canada, France,
the UK, and Germany.

Unaffiliated. Atheists, agnostics, and people who do not identify with any particular religion
are included in the category of religiously unaffiliated people. While 78% of Czechs identify as
having no religious affiliation, around 720 million people in China do. It is important to remember
that many people who consider themselves to be religiously unaffiliated nevertheless retain some
sort of spiritual or religious views. For example, surveys show that 68% of unaffiliated Americans
and 7% of unaffiliated Chinese adults believe in God or a higher power. Unaffiliated French adults
are 30% more likely to share this belief.

Hinduism. With almost 1.2 billion adherents worldwide, Hinduism is the third most popular
religion. Only three countries India, Nepal, and Mauritius have a dominating population of
Hinduism. It still has a substantial population in several areas, including the Caribbean, Southeast
Asia, North America, and South America, and it is still present on a global scale.

Buddhism. The majority of the world's Buddhists, who make up 50% of the population, are
East and South Asian; 13% of them dwell in Thailand. Buddhist activities are practiced in many
Asian nations without necessarily being associated with any established religion.

Folk Religion. Folk religion emphasizes how people experience religion in their daily lives
and includes ethnic or cultural religious activities that are not part of organized religion. Folk or
traditional religions are practiced by 429 million people worldwide, or around 6% of the entire
population. Native American faiths, Chinese folk religions, African traditional religions, and
Australian aboriginal religions are a few examples.

Impact of Globalization on Religion

The relationship between religion and globalization has often been characterized by conflict
and struggle. While globalization has led to greater economic and political interdependence and a
shared global culture, it also challenges religious identities. Globalization has opened up barriers
between cultures, leaving some individuals feeling lost and disconnected. Religion provides a
sense of belonging and identity to these individuals, presenting a direct challenge to globalization.
This is particularly true in third-world nations, where vulnerable groups find themselves
marginalized by globalization.

Despite the fact that some religious groups have used religion as a tool to terrify or promote
integration, most people now consider acts of terrorism as being anti-religious and are more
accepting of diverse religious perspectives. Additionally, globalization has made it possible for
religious organizations to use cutting-edge technology to attract new followers, propagate their
message, and stay in touch with followers all over the world. While some fundamentalist religious
organizations may be anti-modern and anti-globalization, many religions have become much less
attached to national identities than they once were. Although some countries may still identify as
"Christian countries," religious identity is no longer strictly tied to national identity. Most of the
world's major religions are international, and globalization has made it easier for people to connect
with other members of their religion across national borders. Religion also plays a significant social
role, particularly in providing welfare and cultural protection to vulnerable groups in third-world
“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 Page 24 of
(081220) 26
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE
UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
nations.

How Religion and Globalization Affect Each Other

1. Conflict and Struggle:

Feeling Lost: As global cultures mix, some people in poorer countries might feel their local
religious traditions are being overshadowed. For example, if a new global fast-food chain opens in
a small town, it might make local food traditions seem less important.
Terrorism and Religion: Sometimes, groups use religion to justify violence, which can make
people think religion and terrorism are connected. However, most people see terrorism as wrong
and are open to different religious beliefs.
2. Adapting to Globalization:

Using Technology: Religious groups use the internet to reach people everywhere. For
example, a church might stream its services online so people around the world can watch and join
in.
Less Tied to National Identity: Many religions now connect people across different
countries. For example, Buddhism is practiced all over the world, not just in one country.
3. Helping Vulnerable Groups:

Support in Poor Areas: In poorer countries, religious organizations often help people by
providing food, medical care, and education. For instance, a religious charity might run schools or
clinics in rural areas where government services are limited.
Summary
Globalization can make traditional religious practices feel less important, but it also helps
religious groups reach more people and support communities globally. While some may resist
these changes, many religions use globalization to spread their message and help those in need.

Assignment

Project: Collage-making. Make a collage that shows the importance of interconnectedness among
culture, religion, and population. Use the space inside the circle below and access the rubric
through this site. https://www.lee.k12.nc.us/cms/ lib03/NC01001912/Centricity/Domain/2065/collage
%20presentation%20grade%20 rubric.pdf.

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 Page 25 of
(081220) 26
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE
UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

Reflection

Reflect by noting down any thoughts, ideas, or reactions that come to mind Use the
provided template to consider how the Chapter relates to your own experiences, values, and
perspectives. Write your reflections in the Table provided, using descriptive and detailed language
Review your responses and consider how they may inform your understanding of the Chapter and
its relevance to your personal and academic growth. Share your reflections with classmates for
further discussion and exchange of ideas.

Connection: What connections did you make with the Unit? Was there anything that
resonated with you or reminded you of your own experiences?
Emotion: What emotions did the Unit evoke in you? Were there any parts that made you
feel happy, sad, angry, or inspired?
Interpretation: What is your interpretation of the Unit? What message do you think the
author is trying to convey?
Application: How can you apply what you learned from the Unit to your life or work? What
actions can you take to implement any new ideas or perspectives?

Connection Emotion

Reflection

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 Page 26 of
(081220) 26