November 6, 2024 Adamo B,

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 COURSE CONTENTS:

November 6, 2024
1. Introduction to Wastewater Treatment (sewage

treatment).

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2. Characteristics of Wastewater

3. Preliminary and primary Wastewater Treatment Methods

4. Secondary/Biological and tertiary Wastewater treatment

5. Sewage Effluent Disposal Techniques

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6. Sludge Treatment and Disposal
 CHAPTER ONE

November 6, 2024
Introduction

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to
Wastewater Treatment
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INTRODUCTION TO WASTEWATER

What is Wastewater?
Wastewater is a term that is
used to describe waste material
that includes industrial liquid
waste and sewage waste that is
collected in towns and urban
areas and treated at urban
wastewater treatment plants
 CONT.…...
 The liquid waste “wastewater” is essentially the water
supply of the community after it has been used in a variety
of applications.

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 CONT.…...
 From the standpoint of sources of generation, wastewater
may be defined as a combination of the liquid or water-carried
wastes removed from residences, institutions ,
commercial and industrial establishments together with
such groundwater, surface water, and storm water as may be
present

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 CONT.…...

 Used water that contains waste substances from ;

homes, factories, farms municipal wastewater and
wastewater treatment plant

 Used water and waste substances that are produced by

human bodies, that are carried away from houses and
factories through special pipes (sewers)

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 FUNCTION OF SEWERAGE
The main function of a sanitary sewer system is to
protect water quality and public health.
A series of underground pipes and manholes,
pumping stations, and other appurtenances
convey sewage from homes, businesses and
industries to wastewater treatment plants where
it is cleaned and returned to the environment.
 WHERE DOES WASTEWATER COME FROM?
Residences
― human and animal excreta and waters used for
washing, bathing, and cooking
Commercial institution
Dairy and industrial establishment
― slaughterhouse waste, dairy waste, tannery
wastewater, etc.
WHERE DOES IT ALL GO!
 Where does the water from the washer go?
 When you flush the toilet where does the
contents go?

➢ By gravity flow, the waste is on its way to

your local wastewater treatment plant!
WASTEWATER CONTAMINANTS

 Suspended solids
 Biodegradable organics (e.g.,
BOD)
 Pathogenic bacteria
 Nutrients (N & P)
WASTEWATER TREATMENT •
 A process to convert wastewater -
which is water no longer needed
or suitable for its most recent use
- into an effluent that can be either
returned to the water cycle with
minimal environmental issues or
reused.
WHY TREAT WASTEWATER?
 Causes a demand for dissolved oxygen (lower
DO levels of streams)

 Adds nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) to cause

excessive growth

 Increases suspended solids or sediments in

streams (turbidity increase
 GOALS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT

❖ The main objectives WWT are:

Destruction of disease causing organisms
Minimization of concentration of hazardous chemicals
entering to water bodies
Converting wastewater to readily reusable resource
Prevent environmental pollution of surface water, ground
water, air and soil
Maintaining the health of aquatic ecosystem
Preventing bad odor and unsightly conditions in the
environment
QUANTITY OF WASTEWATER

November 6, 2024
• The quantity of wastewater produced varies in

different communities and countries,

Adamo B,
depending on a number of factors such as

✓ water uses,

✓ climate,

✓ lifestyle,

✓ economics, etc. 15
 Approximately 60 to 85 percent of the per

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capita consumption of water becomes

wastewater.

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 Municipal wastewater is derived largely from

the water supply.

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 November 6, 2024
❖ Some water uses, such as for street washing,

fire fighting, and leakage from water supply

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pipelines, most likely do not reach the sewers.

The volume of wastewater is added to by

infiltration and inflows.

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 Water entering a sewer system from

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ground through defective connections,
pipes, pipe joints, or manhole wells is
called infiltration.

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❖ Wastewater flow rates for:

November 6, 2024
– commercial developments normally range from
7.5 to 14 m3/(ha. d),

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– while those for industries are 9.4 to 14 m3/(ha. d)
for light industrial developments and

– 14 to 28 m3/(ha . d) for medium industrial

developments.

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❖ The amount of flow into a sewer from

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groundwater, infiltration, may range from 100 to
10,000 gal/(d . inch . mile) (0.0093 to 0.926

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m3/(d . cm . km)) or more.

– Construction specifications commonly

permit a maximum infiltration rate of 500
gal/(d . mile . in) (0.463 m3/(d . km . cm)) of
pipe diameter. 20
❖ The quantity of infiltration may be equal to 3 to 5

November 6, 2024
percent of the peak hourly domestic wastewater
flow, or approximately 10 percent of the average

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daily flow.
❖ With better pipe joint material and tight control of
construction methods, infiltration allowance can
be as low as 200 gal/(d . mile . in) of pipe
diameter. 21
Exercise: The following data are given:
✓ Sewered population = 55,000

November 6, 2024
✓ Average domestic wastewater flow = 100 gal/(c . d)

✓ Assumed infiltration flow rate = 500 gal/(d . mile) per

inch of pipe diameter

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✓ Sanitary sewer systems for the city:

• 4-in house sewers = 66.6 miles

• 6-in building sewers = 13.2 miles
• 8-in street laterals = 35.2 miles
• 12-in submains = 9.8 miles
• 18-in mains = 7.4 miles
✓ Estimate the infiltration flow rate and its percentage of
the average daily and peak hourly domestic wastewater 22
flows.
Hint:

November 6, 2024
Step 1. Calculate the average daily flow (Q) and peak

hourly flow (Qp)

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Assuming Qp = 3Q

Step 2. Compute total infiltration flow, I

I = infiltration rate x length x diameter

Step 3. Compute percentages of infiltration to daily

average and peak hourly flows

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November 6, 2024 Adamo B,
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 DESIGN FLOW RATES

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❖ The average daily flow (volume per unit
time), maximum daily flow, peak hourly flow,
minimum hourly and daily flows, and design

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peak flow are generally used as the basis of
design for sewers, lift stations, sewage
(wastewater) treatment plants, treatment units,
and other wastewater handling facilities.
Definitions and purposes of flow are given as 25

follows:
❖The design average flow is the average of

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the daily volumes to be received for a
continuous 12-month period of the design

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year.

– The average flow may be used to estimate

pumping and chemical costs, sludge
generation, and organic-loading rates.
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❖The maximum daily flow is the

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largest volume of flow to be received
during a continuous 24- hour period.

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– It is employed in the calculation of
retention time for equalization basin
and chlorine contact time.

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❖ The peak hourly flow is the largest volume received

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during a one-hour period, based on annual data.

– It is used for the design of collection and interceptor

sewers, wet wells, wastewater pumping stations,

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wastewater flow measurements, grit chambers, settling
basins, chlorine contact tanks, and pipes.

– The design peak flow is the instantaneous maximum

flow rate to be received. The peak hourly flow is
commonly assumed as three times the average daily flow.
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❖ The minimum daily flow is the smallest volume of flow

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received during a 24-hour period.

– The minimum daily flow is important in the sizing of

conduits where solids might be deposited at low flow rates.

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❖ The minimum hourly flow is the smallest hourly flow rate
occurring over a 24-hour period, based on annual data.

– It is important to the sizing of wastewater flowmeters,

chemical-feed systems, and pumping systems.

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Exercise: Estimate the average and maximum hourly
flow for a community of 10,000 persons.

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Step 1. Estimate wastewater daily flow rate

Assume average water consumption = 200 L/(c . d)

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Assume 80% of water consumption goes to the sewer

Step 2. Compute average hourly flow rate

Step 3. Estimate the maximum hourly flow rate

Assume the maximum hourly flow rate is three times

the average hourly flow rate, thus

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 Adamo B,
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November 6, 2024