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The Productive Safety Net Programme in Ethiopia

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Hailu Tamir
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51 views21 pages

The Productive Safety Net Programme in Ethiopia

Uploaded by

Hailu Tamir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Productive Safety Net

Programme in Ethiopia

The Public Works Component


Situation analysis cont…
„ A Food Security programme has been put in place
which plans to graduate the chronically food insecure
in five years.
„ Many poor households are constrained to take
advantage of the food security programme because of
the risks they face and their susceptibility to asset
depletion.
„ An emergency program has been in place financed
through an annual appeal system with updates; suffers
from unpredictable resourcing with the result that it
failed to prevent asset depletion and did not enable the
construction of useful community assets.
Therefore the Productive Safety Net Program has been
designed as an asset protection mechanism for the
household level and to create productive community
assets
Objective
„ To provide households with enough
income (cash/food) to meet their food
gap and thereby protect their household
assets from depletion
„ To build community assets to contribute
to addressing root causes of food
insecurity.
Expected Outcomes
„ Household assets build through other
programs are maintained so that
recipient households come out of the
problem of food insecurity
„ Livelihood opportunities enhanced
through the creation of community
assets
„ Reduction in environmental degradation
in safety net program areas
Programme Components

„ Public Works
„ Direct support (for those chronically
food insecure households without
labour: disabled, elderly etc. )
Public Works
„ How is the program targeted:
– Geographically – food insecure areas have
been defined to the PA* level
– Community/administrative targeting.
• A community committee is set up by the PA to
select beneficiaries.
• General assembly reviews list, amends and
endorses it.
• A review mechanism is in place to consider
other beneficiaries for exceptional conditions.
• Appeal committees exist at PA and at district
level to handle targeting complaints.
* The PA is the lowest administrative level in Ethiopia.
Each PA comprises approximately 1,000 households
„ Eligibility Criteria
– Eligibility is based on three years continuous
dependence on relief (a proxy indicator)
– Eligibility for public work is based on this and
on the presence of adult able bodied labour.
– All household members of a targeted
household qualify – but only adults work; and
will work for those e.g. children who cannot
work.

– Households with no labour, and no other


means of support, are eligible for direct
support
„ Why not a self targeted programme?
– Limited employment opportunities with a
context of pervasive poverty will not
discourage people from taking part in PWs
even at a very low wage rate.
– There is a limited potential to lower the
wage rate; doing so would compromise the
objective of PSNP re. meeting the food
needs of beneficiary households
„ Community targeting was possible,
strong community structures exist in
rural areas.
Public Work Planning
– Community Identifies public works to be
undertaken. Can include: schools; roads; soil
and water conservation; water development
(spring, irrigation, ponds).
– Public works must be ‘communal’ with one
category of exception. Investment activities
(e.g. irrigation development) can be
undertaken on the land of poor women
headed households.
– District level aggregation and technical design.
– District puts together the plan and budget (with
a limit of 20% on capital and administrative
budget)
Institutional Arrangements
„ Multi-agency coordination structure (steering
committee) exists in every district comprised
of representatives of relevant departments.
„ The government department responsible for
implementation varies depending on the type
of work – Office of Agriculture, Rural Road
Office; Water Desk etc.
„ Capacity of implementing agencies regularly
assessed and capacity building activities
regularly undertaken.
Wages
„ Each household member is eligible to receive a
transfer equivalent to 15kg of cereal (in cash/food)
„ At the wage rate set, which was less than the
market wage rate, each adult is required to work for
five days/month for each member of the household
„ Those benefiting from the direct support component
are also eligible for the same amount as those
participating in PWs.
„ The choice of food or cash is mainly dependent of
grain availability in the market.
„ The food option will be maintained as long as local
markets cannot deliver the required food
commodities.
„ The default in the program is cash.
Therefore, when markets can provide food
will be scaled back.
„ There is flexibility in use of food/cash as
transfer modalities

„ Note: an additional inflexible factor in food vs.


cash is the resources provided by the donors.
Some donors can only provide one or other
resource.
Payment:
„ Cash to be paid brought from bank and
physically moved to distribution points.
„ Payments are made on a monthly basis.
„ Community representatives oversee
cash payment process

„ Food process is similar; but distribution


points more limited because the need
for storage facilities.
ANNUAL PROGRAMME CYCLE (INDICATIVE)
(Specific timings vary with geographical location and annual rainfall patterns)
F: Federal, R: Region, W: Woreda, K: Kebele

Month
Responsibility Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug

Programme Level Planning & Budgeting


Estimate need (no. of beneficiaries and food gap) W/ R/ F

Approve safety net budgets F/ R

Print coupons for regions and distribute F/ R

Woreda Level Planning


Community identification of participants K

Undertake local level planning exercise & identify projects K/W

Prepare final list of beneficiaries to match budget W

Prepare Annual Safety Net Plan K/W

Initial Technical Appraisal of projects W

Prepare procurement plan W

Procurement of tools and materials

Training of site staff W

Mid-year: review beneficiaries, projects, and procurement K/W

Public Works Implementation


Project Launch W

Organise w ork teams K

Supervision K

Financial management & Reporting


Flow of funds/Disbursements (↓) F/ R X X X X X X X X
Reporting/ Statement of Expenditures (↑) W/R X X X X X X X X
Beneficiary Payments- Cash and Food
(Public Works and Direct Support)
Monthly payments W X X X X X X X
Deferred payments W X X X X X
Monitoring and evaluation
Monitoring and evaluation K /W / R
Exit Strategy
„ A Food Security Program exists with the aim
to enable households to build assets and
increase income over a five year period.
„ Public work beneficiaries will benefit from the
food security program
„ PSNP meets current food needs, while
participation in other FS programmes allows
graduation.
„ PSNP will also contribute to food security
enhancement through the community assets
created
DIAGRAM OF GRADUATION PROCESS
/Services
Programs /Services

HHHH reaches
reaches
critical
critical
income/asset
income/asset
level
level
GovernmentPrograms

HH
Government

SecurityProgram
Program

meeting
meeting
food gap
food gap
NetProgram
Program
FoodSecurity
Regular
Regular

SafetyNet
Food

Safety

Close monitoring Graduation


starts TIME
Monitoring and Evaluation
„ The monitoring aspect looks at outputs and
process
„ While the evaluation component focuses on
impact.
„ Indicators:
– Output
– Outcome
– Impact indicators
„ It is one unified system for PSNP and other
food security programs. This allows us to
capture both asset protection and graduation.
„ The structure of the M&E system is decentralised
with both vertical and horizontal reporting
„ Monitoring data are collected on
monthly/quarterly basis while evaluation data are
collected annually
„ Responsibility for data collection is with trained
government staff
„ Responsibility for M&E rests with trained
government staff located within the coordination
agency
„ In order to minimise and address humanitarian
risk in program areas; a rapid response
mechanism was developed. RRTs were
established at all levels
Lessons Learnt
„ Beneficiary numbers were limited in first year of
implementation; this led to a significant exclusion
error. As a consequence a substantial retargeting
exercise is currently underway and it is expected
that the beneficiary number will significantly
increase.
„ Flexibility between food and cash as a transfer
modality has been helpful. It was possible to
respond to limited market availability of food and
high prices by switching a number of affected
districts to a food payment modality.
„ Verification for quality of PWs vs. timely payment of
wages. Need to maintain the primacy of transfers;
therefore public work verification has been
streamlined.
„ Capacity constraints have been a limiting
factor. In addition to substantial capacity
building efforts; districts are being classified
according to capacity so that implementation
can be fit to capacity. Furthermore, budget is
being made available to regional offices to
enable them to provide greater support.
„ In some areas wage rates during the first
year were insufficient to meet food needs;
wage rates are currently being reviewed.

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