©Deeper Life High School 2023

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 SCHEME OF WORK

WEEKS TOPICS CONTENT

1 Revision of last session’s work

(a) Meaning of posture and postural defects
(b) Kind of posture such as sitting, walking, lifting and
standing, etc.
2 Posture and Postural Defects (I)
(c) Factors that influence Posture
(d) Characteristics of Good Posture
(e) Values/Importance of Good Posture

(f) Meaning of Postural defects such as kyphosis,

lordosis, scoliosis, flat feet, bow legs, etc.
3 Posture and Posture Defects (II)
(g) Aiding Factors of Postural Defects
(h) Kinds, Causes, and Treatment of Postural Defects

(i) Causes of postural defects:

i. poor nutrition,
ii. lack of exercise,
iii. poor sitting,
4 Posture and Posture Defects (III)
iv. walking, and sleeping habits
(j) Effects of Poor Posture on the Body
(k) Ways of Maintaining a Good Posture
(l) Demonstration of ideal posture

(a) Issues and challenge in physical and health

education
(b) Meaning of Human Trafficking
Issues and Challenges in Physical
(c) Groups of Human Trafficking
5 and Health Education (I) (d) Causes of Human Trafficking
(e) Health Implications of Human Trafficking
(f) Solutions to Human Trafficking

(a) Sports laws

(b) Tort, Negligence, and Legal Liability
Issues and Challenges in Physical (c) Ways in which a Physical Education teacher can be
6 and Health Education (II)
negligent
(d) Precautions against liability

7 MID-TERM BREAK
(a) Types of Recreation
i. Indoor recreational activities – Examples of
indoor recreational activities
Recreation, Leisure, and Dance ii. Outdoor recreation activities – Examples of
8 Activities (I) outdoor recreational activities,
(b) Importance of Outdoor Recreation
(c) Differences between the indoor and outdoor
recreational activities
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 (d) Demonstration of recreational activities by the
teacher for example table tennis

Recreation, Leisure, and Dance (a) Description of Outdoor Recreation

9 Activities (II) (b) Safety Precautions during Camping

Recreation, Leisure, and Dance Explanation and demonstration of fundamental,

10 dramatic and creative rhythms for example gymnastics
Activities (III)
and aerobics

11 REVISION

12 EXAMINATION

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 WEEK: ONE
TOPIC: REVISION OF WORK DONE IN YEAR 1

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 WEEK: TWO
TOPIC: POSTURE AND POSTURAL DEFECTS
SUB-TOPIC 1: POSTURE

CONTENT: Posture can be defined as the position the whole body assumes during the performance of
any physical activity. Posture is also defined as the bearing of the body at any time, in any direction easily
and without strains, and with minimum muscular effort.
When the body is carried in a proper way as expected by the physiological makeup of the individual, it is
then referred to as good or ideal posture.
Kinds of Posture include;
a. Standing
b. Sitting
c. Walking
d. Running
e. Lifting
f. Lying

Factors that Influence Posture are;

a. Age
b. Occupation
c. Habit
d. Environment
e. Heredity

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. Posture is the position the whole body assumes during the performance of any physical activity, and it
should be maintained with minimal __________ effort.
2. When the body is carried in a proper way according to the physiological makeup of the individual, it is
referred to as __________ posture.
3. The different kinds of posture include standing, sitting, walking, running, __________, lifting, and
lying.
4. Factors that influence posture include age, occupation, __________, environment, and heredity.
5. Posture is also defined as the bearing of the body at any time, in any direction, and without __________.

1. Define posture and explain why maintaining good posture is important for overall well-being.
2. List and briefly explain three factors that can influence an individual's posture.

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3. Describe the significance of ideal posture during activities like lifting heavy objects and running. How
does it contribute to the body's mechanics and health?

SUB-TOPIC 2: Characteristics of Good Posture

CONTENT:
✓ The head is well back
✓ The chin is in
✓ The abdomen is flat
✓ The back is straight
✓ The knees are straight and relax
✓ The feet are slightly apart
✓ The weight balances on both feet
✓ The toes are pointed straight ahead
✓ The chest is lifted forward and backward
✓ The buttocks are tucked under slightly

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. Good posture includes having a __________, with the chin tucked in and the abdomen flat.
2. In maintaining good posture, the weight should be balanced on __________ feet, with the toes pointing
straight ahead.
3. The chest should be lifted __________ and __________ to promote good posture.
4. One of the characteristics of good posture is having the __________ straight, while the knees are both
straight and relaxed.
5. Proper posture involves slightly tucking the __________ under to support the lower back.

1. Why is it important to keep the chin tucked in when considering good posture?
2. How does maintaining a flat abdomen contribute to overall posture and bodily alignment?
3. Explain the significance of having both the feet slightly apart and the weight balanced evenly on them
in terms of maintaining good posture.

SUB-TOPIC 3: Values / Importance of Good Posture

CONTENT:
a) Good appearance
b) Efficient movement

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 c) Good posture prevents undue fatigue
d) Good posture ensures self-confidence
e) It helps the vital organs to be kept in the best functioning position
f) Good posture enhances mental alertness

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. One of the values of good posture is that it ensures ______________ movement.
2. Good posture helps prevent ______________ and promotes overall well-being.
3. Maintaining good posture contributes to enhanced ______________ and self-assuredness.
4. Good posture is essential as it keeps the vital organs in their optimal ______________ position.
5. Having good posture is linked to improved mental ______________.

1. How does good posture influence the efficiency of movement in daily activities?
2. Explain the relationship between good posture and self-confidence.
3. Why is it important for vital organs to be in their best functioning position, and how does good posture
contribute to this?

CONCLUSION
TOPICAL TEST:
1. **What is the definition of posture?**
a) The shape of the body
b) The flexibility of the muscles
c) The position of the body during activity
d) The size of the body

2. **When the body is carried in a way that aligns with the physiological makeup of the individual, it is
known as:**
a) Flexible posture
b) Relaxed posture
c) Good posture
d) Dynamic posture

3. **Which of the following is NOT a kind of posture?**

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 a) Standing
b) Bending
c) Walking
d) Lying

4. **Which factor can influence posture?**

a) Hair color
b) Social media usage
c) Age
d) Shoe size

5. **What is one of the characteristics of good posture?**

a) Rounded shoulders
b) Bent knees
c) Chin jutting forward
d) Flat abdomen

6. **Why is good posture important for vital organs?**

a) It improves digestion
b) It prevents muscle soreness
c) It keeps them in the best functioning position
d) It enhances sleep quality

7. **What is the value of good posture in terms of appearance?**

a) It doesn't affect appearance
b) It improves appearance
c) It makes no difference to appearance
d) It worsens appearance

8. **Which part of the body should the weight be balanced on for good posture?**
a) Left foot
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 b) Right foot
c) Only one foot
d) Both feet

9. **Which of the following is a kind of posture mentioned in the content?**

a) Hopping
b) Crawling
c) Skipping
d) Running

10. **What does good posture contribute to mental well-being?**

a) It leads to overthinking
b) It enhances mental alertness
c) It causes distraction
d) It increases stress levels

1. __________ can be defined as the position the whole body assumes during any activity.
2. The chin should be __________ for good posture.
3. __________ is one of the factors that influence posture.
4. Good posture prevents __________.
5. The back should be kept __________ for good posture.
6. Good posture contributes to efficient __________.
7. The weight should be balanced on __________ feet for good posture.
8. Good posture enhances __________ confidence.
9. __________ organs benefit from being in the best functioning position due to good posture.
10. The __________ are pointed straight ahead in good posture.

1. Explain the concept of posture and its importance in daily activities. Describe the characteristics of good
posture and how they contribute to physical well-being.
2. Discuss the factors that can influence an individual's posture. How do age, occupation, habit,
environment, and heredity play a role in determining one's posture?

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3. Describe the various kinds of posture mentioned in the content (standing, sitting, walking, etc.). Explain
how each type of posture can impact the body and why it's important to maintain proper posture in each
activity.
4. Discuss the values and significance of maintaining good posture. How does good posture go beyond
physical appearance and contribute to overall health, mental alertness, and self-confidence?
5. Explain the relationship between posture and efficiency in movement. How does maintaining good
posture improve the body's ability to move efficiently and reduce the risk of fatigue or strain?

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

1. **Posture:** The position and alignment of the body during various physical activities, ensuring
minimum strain and optimal muscular effort.
2. **Good Posture:** The proper alignment of the body as expected by its physiological makeup,
promoting overall health and well-being.
3. **Standing Posture:** The body's position while upright and not moving, characterized by
straightness, balance, and relaxed muscles.
4. **Sitting Posture:** The body's alignment while seated, emphasizing support for the spine and
maintaining muscle relaxation.
5. **Walking Posture:** The way the body is carried during walking, involving coordination of limbs
and maintaining balance.
6. **Running Posture:** The body's position and alignment during running, focusing on efficient
movement and balance.
7. **Lifting Posture:** The alignment of the body while lifting objects, emphasizing proper technique to
prevent injury.
8. **Lying Posture:** The body's position when lying down, with considerations for spine support and
comfort.
9. **Age:** A factor influencing posture, as the body's structure and muscle tone change with age.
10. **Occupation:** The type of work an individual does, affecting posture due to repetitive movements
or prolonged positions.
11. **Habit:** Behavioral patterns and routines that can impact posture over time.
12. **Environment:** The surroundings and conditions in which an individual lives and works,
affecting posture through furniture, tools, and activities.
13. **Heredity:** Genetic factors that can influence an individual's physical characteristics and
predisposition to certain posture tendencies.
14. **Head Posture:** The alignment of the head in relation to the rest of the body, affecting balance
and spinal health.
15. **Chin Tuck:** The action of pulling the chin slightly inwards towards the neck to maintain proper
head posture.
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16. **Abdominal Flatness:** The state of the abdomen being neither overly protruded nor sunken in,
contributing to good posture.
17. **Straight Back:** Maintaining the natural curvature of the spine to avoid slouching or excessive
arching.
18. **Knee Straightness and Relaxation:** Ensuring knees are not locked but slightly flexed while
maintaining relaxation in the leg muscles.
19. **Balanced Weight:** Distributing body weight evenly between both feet to avoid strain on specific
muscles.
20. **Chest Lift:** A forward and upward movement of the chest to maintain an open posture.
21. **Buttock Tuck:** A slight adjustment of the pelvis to prevent excessive arching of the lower back.
22. **Efficient Movement:** The ability to move the body in a coordinated and energy-efficient manner.
23. **Undue Fatigue:** Excessive tiredness or exhaustion caused by poor posture during activities.
24. **Self-Confidence:** A feeling of assurance and positive self-perception that can be enhanced by
good posture.
25. **Vital Organs:** Essential body organs, such as the heart, lungs, and digestive system, that benefit
from optimal posture.
26. **Mental Alertness:** A heightened state of mental awareness and focus, which can be improved by
maintaining good posture.

PUZZLES/BRAIN TEASERS/BECE/NECO PAST QUESTIONS:

1. What are the six kinds of posture mentioned in the content?
2. Which factors influence an individual's posture according to the information provided?
3. Can you list three characteristics of good posture based on the content?
4. How does good posture contribute to mental alertness?
5. If someone's occupation involves prolonged sitting, how might it impact their posture?

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
1. "Stand tall, for your posture shapes not only your body but your mind." - Unknown
2. "In the dance of life, let good posture be your partner." - Terri Guillemets
3. "Just as a tree needs strong roots to withstand the wind, a person needs good posture to face life's
challenges." - Unknown
4. "Confidence is built from the ground up, starting with a foundation of good posture." - Karen
Salmansohn

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5. "Your body's posture is a reflection of your attitude towards yourself. Stand tall, love yourself, and
embrace your uniqueness." - Caroline Myss
6. "A strong and confident soul is mirrored by a body that stands tall with grace." - Dodinsky
7. "The path to success is paved with good posture, for it signifies the inner strength to overcome
obstacles." - Unknown
8. "The elegance of good posture is a silent statement of self-respect." - Mokokoma Mokhonoana
9. "When you carry yourself with confidence, your posture becomes a runway for your dreams." - April
Mae Monterrosa
10. "Remember, your posture not only shapes your physical presence but also the way the world sees
your potential." - Unknown

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 WEEK: THREE
TOPIC: POSTURE AND POSTURAL DEFECTS
SUB-TOPIC 1: POSTURAL DEFECTS/DEVIATION

CONTENT: Postural defects are the abnormal way of holding or carrying the body during the
performance of various activities due to deviation from the normal axis of the bones, joint stiffening, and
loss of muscle tone.
Aiding Factors of Postural Defects include;
i. Heredity
ii. Muscle weakness
iii. Occupation
iv. Bad habit of movement
v. Injuries, disease, and infections
vi. Defective sense organs
vii. Rapid growth
viii. Overweight
ix. Accident

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. Postural defects result from the abnormal way of holding or carrying the body, often due to deviation
from the normal axis of the bones, joint stiffening, and loss of __________ tone.
2. One of the aiding factors of postural defects is __________, which can contribute to an individual's
tendency to develop certain deviations in their posture.
3. __________ weakness is another factor that can contribute to postural defects, as it affects the ability of
muscles to properly support and align the body.
4. Bad habits of __________ can lead to postural defects, as repetitive incorrect movements can gradually
affect the body's posture.
5. Factors such as __________, disease, and infections can contribute to postural defects by affecting the
body's musculoskeletal system and overall alignment.

1. Explain what postural defects are and identify three factors that can contribute to their development.
2. How does heredity play a role in the development of postural defects, and why is it considered an aiding
factor?
3. Discuss the impact of rapid growth on postural defects. How might growth spurts during adolescence
contribute to deviations in posture?

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 SUB-TOPIC 2: KINDS OF POSTURAL DEFECTS

1. CONTENT: KYPHOSIS (Round shoulder): Kyphosis is a defect of the spine due to a deficiency of
vitamin D which is essential for the building of strong bones. The upper spine becomes excessively
curved as a result of squeezed chest muscles and overstretched back muscles.

Causes of Kyphosis are;

• Carrying a heavy load on the back
• Sitting an infant too early
• Weak chest/ back muscles
• Accident
• Diseases
• Lack of physical exercise

Treatment of Kyphosis includes;

▪ participation in sports
▪ Rest and immobilization
▪ diet rich in vitamin D
▪ x-ray examination
▪ Physiotherapy and supportive brace

2. LORDOSIS (Overextension of the lumber region): Lordosis is referred to excessive lateral curvature
of the lumbar region. This is due to the exaggerated tilt of the pelvis in congenital hip dislocation.
Also, weak abdominal muscles due to the pressure exerted on it by fats in the abdomen

Causes of Lordosis includes;

➢ Congenital problem
➢ Weak abdominal muscles
➢ Lack of exercise
➢ Accident
➢ Disease
Treatment of Lordosis are;
✓ diet rich in vitamin D and calcium
✓ Exercise to strengthen the abdominal muscles

3. FLAT FOOT: A flat foot is a situation where the arc of the foot is lost. It is common among children
but gets corrected as they grow. There are three types of flat foot, viz;
i. mobile flat foot
ii. rigid flat foot
iii. spastic flat foot

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 i. Mobile flat foot: is when the arches sag due to weak muscles and ligaments as a result of an increase
in weight
ii. Rigid flat foot: it develops due to the strain of excessive walking and obesity
iii. Spastic flat foot: is as a result of disease or congenital abnormality

Causes of Flat Foot:

➢ Overweight
➢ Rapid growth
➢ Diseases
➢ Congenital problem
➢ Obesity
➢ Excessive walking

Treatment of Flat Foot:

➢ Constant exercise and physiotherapy to improve muscles tone
➢ Arches supported inside the shoe

4. VARUS KNEE (Bow-leg): This is a deformity in which part of a limb is turned inward to an abnormal
degree. It is a deformity in which the two legs form an arc. Bow legs usually improve with age.
5. VALGUS KNEE (K-leg): This is a deformity in which there is an abnormal displacement of the limbs
away from the midline of the body. A valgus deformity of the knee is a knock-knee deformity.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. Kyphosis, also known as __________, is characterized by an excessive curvature of the upper spine,
often caused by deficiencies in vitamin D.
2. Lordosis is marked by an exaggerated __________ curvature of the lumbar region, often due to
congenital hip dislocation or weak abdominal muscles.
3. Flat foot is a condition where the natural __________ of the foot is lost, resulting in different types such
as mobile, rigid, and spastic flat foot.
4. Varus knee, commonly known as __________, is a deformity where a limb is turned inward, while
valgus knee, or __________, involves limbs deviating away from the midline.
5. Mobile flat foot is caused by weak muscles and ligaments, often due to __________, while rigid flat
foot develops from the strain of __________ and obesity.

1. What is kyphosis, and what are the causes of this postural defect? Describe the treatments recommended
for kyphosis.
2. Explain the term "lordosis." What are the potential reasons for the development of lordosis, and how
can it be treated?

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3. Describe the three types of flat foot: mobile flat foot, rigid flat foot, and spastic flat foot. What are the
causes of flat foot, and what treatment approaches are used for each type?

CONCLUSION
TOPICAL TEST:
1. **What is the main factor contributing to postural defects?**
a) Strong sense organs
b) Proper diet
c) Muscle strengthening exercises
d) Deviation from the normal axis of bones

2. **Which vitamin deficiency can lead to kyphosis, or round shoulders?**

a) Vitamin C
b) Vitamin A
c) Vitamin D
d) Vitamin K

3. **What is the primary cause of lordosis, the overextension of the lumbar region?**
a) Strong abdominal muscles
b) Vitamin deficiency
c) Weak back muscles
d) Congenital hip dislocation

4. **Flat foot is characterized by the loss of which part of the foot?**

a) Toes
b) Heel
c) Arch
d) Ankle

5. **Which type of flat foot is a result of a congenital abnormality or disease?**

a) Mobile flat foot

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 b) Rigid flat foot
c) Spastic flat foot
d) Flexible flat foot

6. **What is the main treatment for varus knee, also known as bow legs?**
a) Rest and immobilization
b) Diet rich in vitamin D
c) Physical exercise
d) Arches supported inside the shoe

7. **Valgus knee deformity refers to:**

a) Bow legs
b) Knock knees
c) Flat feet
d) Rigid spine

8. **Which factor is NOT an aiding factor of postural defects?**

a) Heredity
b) Muscle strength
c) Occupation
d) Rapid growth

9. **Which type of postural defect involves an exaggerated tilt of the pelvis?**

a) Kyphosis
b) Lordosis
c) Flat foot
d) Varus knee

10. **What is the primary cause of rigid flat foot?**

a) Weak muscles and ligaments
b) Disease or congenital abnormality
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 c) Excessive walking
d) Lack of physical exercise

1. The primary causes of postural defects include heredity, muscle weakness, occupation, bad habit of
movement, injuries, disease, and _______________.
2. Kyphosis, or round shoulders, is primarily caused by a deficiency of vitamin _______________.
3. Lordosis is characterized by excessive lateral curvature of the _______________ region.
4. Flat foot is a condition where the arc of the foot is _______________.
5. Mobile flat foot occurs due to weak muscles and ligaments, often caused by an increase in
_______________.
6. Varus knee is also known as _______________, characterized by inward turning of the limb.
7. Valgus knee, or knock-knee deformity, involves an abnormal displacement of the limbs away from the
_______________.
8. The three types of flat foot are mobile flat foot, rigid flat foot, and _______________ flat foot.
9. One of the treatments for flat foot is constant exercise and _______________ to improve muscle tone.
10. Postural defects can result from rapid growth, accidents, diseases, and _______________ problems.

1. Explain what postural defects are and list the aiding factors that contribute to their development. Provide
examples of how these factors can influence the body's alignment and posture.

2. Describe the condition of kyphosis, including its causes and potential consequences on the spine and
overall posture. Discuss the treatments that can be used to manage and correct kyphosis.

3. Discuss the different types of flat foot and their causes. Explain the significance of proper foot arches
and the potential impact of flat foot on an individual's gait and posture.

4. Explain the differences between varus knee (bow legs) and valgus knee (knock knees) deformities.
Discuss how these deformities develop, their potential effects on mobility, and any natural improvement
that may occur with age.

5. Explore the role of exercise and physical therapy in preventing and treating various postural defects.
Discuss the importance of muscle strength, flexibility, and proper body mechanics in maintaining good
posture and preventing deformities.

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GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEYWORDS / VOCABULARY:
1. **Postural Defects/Deviations**: Abnormal body positioning during activities due to bone axis
deviation, joint stiffness, and muscle tone loss.
2. **Heredity**: Genetic inheritance of traits from parents.
3. **Muscle Weakness**: Lack of muscle strength.
4. **Occupation**: Job or profession.
5. **Bad Habit of Movement**: Unhealthy patterns of bodily motion.
6. **Injuries, Diseases, and Infections**: Physical harm, illnesses, and contagious conditions.
7. **Defective Sense Organs**: Malfunctioning sensory organs like eyes or ears.
8. **Rapid Growth**: Quick increase in size or height.
9. **Overweight**: Excess body weight.
10. **Accident**: Unintended harmful incident.
11. **Kyphosis**: Excessive upper spine curvature, often termed "round shoulder."
12. **Vitamin D Deficiency**: Lack of essential nutrient for bone strength.
13. **Chest/Back Muscles**: Muscles around the chest and back.
14. **X-ray Examination**: Imaging technique to visualize internal structures.
15. **Physiotherapy**: Physical therapy for recovery and rehabilitation.
16. **Supportive Brace**: Device aiding body support and alignment.
17. **Lordosis**: Exaggerated lumbar curvature, called "overextension of the lumbar region."
18. **Pelvic Tilt**: Tipping of the pelvis.
19. **Abdominal Muscles**: Muscles in the abdomen.
20. **Congenital Hip Dislocation**: Hip joint misalignment since birth.
21. **Flat Foot**: Reduced foot arch.
22. **Mobile Flat Foot**: Flexible arch sagging.
23. **Rigid Flat Foot**: Fixed arch collapse.
24. **Spastic Flat Foot**: Arches affected due to disease or birth defect.
25. **Varus Knee (Bow-leg)**: Limb deformity where part is turned inward.
26. **Valgus Knee (K-leg)**: Limb displacement away from body midline.

PUZZLES/BRAIN TEASERS:
1. **Riddle**: I'm a condition where your back is rounded, blame it on the lack of 'D.' What am I?

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2. **Word Scramble**: Unscramble: L O D I S S R O
3. **Crossword Clue**: A spinal defect caused by a lack of vitamin D (9 letters).

BECE/NECO Past Questions:

1. Name two factors that can contribute to postural defects.
2. What is the medical term for the excessive curvature of the upper spine?
3. What type of exercise is recommended for treating kyphosis?
4. Which type of flat foot develops due to excessive walking and obesity?
5. Describe the term "valgus knee" in relation to limb alignment.

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
1. "Stand tall, breathe deep, and embrace the strength within your posture."
2. "Just as a tree's roots dictate its strength, your posture shapes your resilience."
3. "In the journey of life, may your posture reflect the unwavering spirit within."
4. "Let your posture radiate confidence; it's the silent language of self-assuredness."
5. "Like a mountain stands firm, let your posture be a testament to your inner stability."

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 WEEK: FOUR
TOPIC: POSTURE AND POSTURAL DEFECTS
SUB-TOPIC 1: Causes of Postural Defects

CONTENT:

➢ Injury sustained from different forms of accident

➢ Diseases such as muscular dystrophy or polio
➢ Congenital abnormalities
➢ Poor nutrition
➢ Postural habits e. g. walking with one shoulder too high
➢ Habitual standing with weight on one foot
➢ Habitual carrying of weight on one side

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. Postural defects can be caused by various factors such as injury sustained from different forms of
___________.
2. Diseases like ___________ or polio can contribute to the development of postural defects.
3. Congenital abnormalities are one of the potential causes of ___________.
4. Poor nutrition can lead to the emergence of postural defects due to inadequate ___________.
5. Postural habits, such as walking with one shoulder too high or habitual carrying of weight on one side,
can result in ___________.

1. What are some potential consequences of sustaining an injury in relation to postural defects?
2. Name two diseases that can be linked to the development of postural defects.
3. How might congenital abnormalities contribute to the manifestation of postural defects?
4. Explain the role of poor nutrition in the development of postural defects.
5. Provide examples of postural habits that can negatively impact an individual's posture and body
alignment.
SUB-TOPIC 2: Effects of Poor Posture on the Body

CONTENT:
➢ Difficulty in breathing
➢ Impair blood circulation
➢ Reduction in muscle tone

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 ➢ Unattractive appearance

WAYS OF MAINTAINING A GOOD POSTURE

CONTENT:
➢ Regular well planned physical exercise
➢ Proper body carriage
➢ Proper walking, standing, and sitting position
➢ Good diet
➢ Adequate rest and sleep
➢ Good recreation
➢ Medical examination

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. Effects of Poor Posture on the Body leads to difficulty in ________.
2. Poor posture can impair ___________.
3. Poor posture can lead to a reduction in ___________.
4. Poor posture can contribute to an ___________ appearance.
5. Regular well-planned ________ can help improve posture.

1. How does poor posture affect breathing?

2. What is one consequence of poor posture on blood circulation?
3. How does poor posture impact muscle tone?
4. Name one negative effect of poor posture on appearance.
5. Apart from physical exercise, list two other ways to maintain good posture.

CONCLUSION
TOPICAL TEST:
1. **What is a potential consequence of poor posture on the body?**
a) Increased muscle tone
b) Improved blood circulation
c) Difficulty in breathing
d) Enhanced appearance

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2. **Which of the following is a cause of postural defects?**
a) Adequate rest and sleep
b) Regular exercise
c) Proper body carriage
d) Injury sustained from accidents

3. **What effect does poor posture have on blood circulation?**

a) Improved blood flow
b) Impaired blood circulation
c) Increased oxygen supply
d) Enhanced circulation to muscles

4. **How can postural defects arise from congenital abnormalities?**

a) Through regular exercise
b) Due to injuries
c) As a result of disease
d) From birth conditions

5. **What is a recommended way to maintain good posture?**

a) Skipping physical exercise
b) Sitting in a slouched position
c) Proper body carriage
d) Excessive weight lifting

6. **Which factor is NOT a cause of postural defects?**

a) Poor nutrition
b) Proper walking
c) Congenital abnormalities
d) Muscular dystrophy

7. **What is a potential consequence of reducing muscle tone due to poor posture?**

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 a) Increased strength
b) Enhanced flexibility
c) Improved body alignment
d) Unattractive appearance

8. **Which of the following can help in maintaining good posture?**

a) Irregular sleep patterns
b) Slouching while sitting
c) Adequate rest
d) Regular medical examinations

9. **What postural habit can contribute to the development of defects?**

a) Walking with proper alignment
b) Standing on one foot
c) Carrying weight evenly
d) Sitting with straight back

10. **How can diseases like muscular dystrophy affect posture?**

a) By improving muscle tone
b) By causing injury
c) By reducing muscle strength
d) By enhancing blood circulation

1. Poor posture can lead to difficulty in _____________.

2. _____________ is a recommended way to maintain good posture.
3. Congenital _____________ can contribute to postural defects.
4. Injuries sustained from accidents are a _____________ of postural defects.
5. Regular _____________ can help in maintaining proper muscle tone.
6. Diseases like _____________ can result in postural defects.
7. Proper _____________ can help prevent poor posture.
8. Habitual carrying of weight on _____________ side can lead to postural issues.
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9. Poor _____________ can lead to reduced muscle tone.
10. _____________ is a consequence of impaired blood circulation due to poor posture.

1. Explain the effects of poor posture on the body, including the impact on breathing, blood circulation,
muscle tone, and appearance. How can these effects be prevented or minimized?
2. Discuss the importance of maintaining good posture. Describe various ways, such as proper body
carriage, sitting, and standing positions, that individuals can adopt to ensure good posture in their daily
lives.
3. Explore the causes of postural defects, including congenital abnormalities, injuries, diseases, and poor
postural habits. How can awareness of these causes contribute to better postural health?
4. Describe the role of regular exercise in maintaining proper muscle tone and preventing postural issues.
What types of exercises are particularly effective in promoting good posture?
5. Examine the relationship between nutrition and postural health. How does poor nutrition contribute to
the development of postural defects, and what dietary factors can support the maintenance of good posture?

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

1. **Postural Defects**: Abnormalities or deviations in the alignment and positioning of the body while
standing, sitting, or moving.
2. **Muscular Dystrophy**: A group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive weakening and
degeneration of muscles.
3. **Polio**: Poliomyelitis, a viral disease that can cause paralysis and muscle weakness.
4. **Congenital Abnormalities**: Birth defects or conditions present from birth, often affecting the
body's structure or function.
5. **Nutrition**: The process of consuming and utilizing nutrients from food for growth, health, and
well-being.
6. **Postural Habits**: Patterns of posture adopted unconsciously over time, potentially leading to
incorrect body alignment.
7. **Muscle Tone**: The tension or readiness of muscles to contract in order to maintain body posture
and perform movements.
8. **Blood Circulation**: The continuous movement of blood through the cardiovascular system,
delivering oxygen and nutrients while removing waste products.
9. **Breathing Difficulty**: Struggle or challenge in inhaling and exhaling, often related to poor posture
affecting lung capacity.
10. **Attractive Appearance**: A visually pleasing and well-aligned body posture contributing to a
person's overall appeal.
11. **Physical Exercise**: Physical activity performed to enhance fitness, health, and muscle strength.

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12. **Body Carriage**: The manner in which one holds and carries their body, influencing posture.
13. **Sitting Position**: The arrangement and alignment of the body's parts while seated.
14. **Standing Position**: The stance and alignment of the body while upright on the feet.
15. **Walking Position**: The gait and alignment of the body during walking.
16. **Diet**: The food and beverages regularly consumed by a person.
17. **Rest and Sleep**: Periods of relaxation and slumber necessary for rejuvenation and well-being.
18. **Recreation**: Leisure activities undertaken for enjoyment and relaxation.
19. **Medical Examination**: An assessment of a person's health conducted by a healthcare
professional.

PUZZLES/BRAIN TEASERS:
1. **Riddle**: I'm essential for life and often neglected, yet I keep your body in balance. What am I?
(Answer: Posture)
2. **Crossword Clue**: The opposite of "straight" posture, affecting blood flow and muscle health.
(Answer: Poor posture)
3. **Anagram**: Rearrange the letters "GOTIRUN" to form a term related to body alignment. (Answer:
Routine)

BECE/NECO Past Questions:

1. List three possible causes of postural defects.
2. Explain how diseases like muscular dystrophy can contribute to poor posture.
3. What are the effects of poor posture on blood circulation?
4. How can proper body carriage contribute to an attractive appearance?
5. Describe two ways to maintain a good posture during walking.

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
1. "Stand up straight and realize who you are, that you tower over your circumstances." - Maya Angelou
2. "Good posture can increase confidence, productivity, and overall well-being."
3. "Just as a tree needs strong roots to thrive, a person needs good posture for a strong foundation in
life."
4. "Your body's posture is a reflection of your attitude towards yourself. Stand tall, stand proud."
5. "In the journey of life, a strong and aligned posture will carry you farther than you can imagine."

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 WEEK: FIVE
TOPIC: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN PHYSICAL AND HEALTH EDUCATION
SUB-TOPIC 1: Meaning of Human Trafficking

CONTENT: Human trafficking is the illegal transportation of people from one place to another for the
purpose of economic exploitation, slavery, forced labour, and servitude.
Trafficking in person shall mean the recruitment transportation, harboring, or receipt of persons, by
means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power,
or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payment or benefits to achieve the
consent of a person having control over another person for the purpose of exploitation.
Groups of Human Trafficking
a) Sex trafficking: This is when the victims are transported for a sex act and it involves inducement by
force.
b) Labour Trafficking: The victims are transported into a country where they are later forced to work
under brutal and inhuman condition
c) Domestic servitude e. g house keeper
d) Individuals are being forced into drug trafficking
e) Compulsory recruitment for arm conflict to fight during the war
f) Children being trafficked for illegal or false adoption
g) Trafficking of children for the purpose of selling their organs for money

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. Human trafficking involves the illegal transportation of individuals for the purpose of ______________,
slavery, forced labor, and servitude.
2. Trafficking in persons can involve recruitment, transportation, harboring, or receipt of individuals
through various means such as threat, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power, or a position
of ______________.
3. Sex trafficking refers to the transportation of victims for sexual exploitation, often involving inducement
through ______________.
4. Labor trafficking occurs when victims are transported to a different country and then forced to work
under brutal and inhuman ______________.
5. Children are sometimes trafficked for the purpose of selling their ______________ for financial gain.

1. What is the meaning of human trafficking, and what are some of the purposes for which individuals are
transported illegally?
2. Explain the various means by which trafficking in persons can occur, as outlined in the content you
provided.

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3. Provide a brief description of sex trafficking, including the inducement factor that often accompanies
it.
4. Describe the situation of labor trafficking, including the initial transportation and the conditions under
which victims are forced to work.
5. Mention two distinct purposes for which children are trafficked, as stated in the content.

SUB-TOPIC 2: Causes of Human Trafficking include the following

CONTENT:
a. social discrimination
b. lack of employment opportunity
c. group derivation
d. marginalization of the poor
e. corruption in government
f. economic disparities
g. insufficient penalty against traffickers
h. regional imbalance
i. Arm conflict

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. Causes of human trafficking include __________, which leads to vulnerable populations being targeted
for exploitation.
2. One of the factors contributing to human trafficking is the __________, which limits the choices
available to individuals.
3. __________ can result in people being forced into trafficking due to a lack of opportunities and
resources.
4. Human trafficking thrives on the __________ of marginalized communities, making them more
susceptible to exploitation.
5. __________ can create an environment where traffickers can operate with impunity, contributing to the
problem of human trafficking.

1. How does social discrimination play a role in the occurrence of human trafficking?
2. Explain how economic disparities can make certain individuals more vulnerable to becoming victims
of human trafficking.
3. What is the significance of insufficient penalties against traffickers in perpetuating the issue of human
trafficking?
4. How does the lack of employment opportunities contribute to the prevalence of human trafficking?

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5. In what ways can regional imbalance be linked to the occurrence of human trafficking?

SUB-TOPIC 3: Health Implications of Human Trafficking

CONTENT: Trafficked persons are exposed to the following health-related problems;
a) Sexually transmitted diseases e. g HIV/AIDS
b) Poor living conditions
c) Physical violence
d) Unplanned pregnancy
e) Depression
f) Stress-related disorder
g) Phobia and panic
h) Death

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. Trafficked individuals often endure __________ due to the challenging circumstances they are subjected
to.
2. Human trafficking can lead to a heightened risk of contracting __________, including diseases like
HIV/AIDS.
3. One of the psychological consequences of trafficking is the development of __________, often resulting
from the trauma experienced.
4. The health implications of human trafficking range from physical violence to __________, and even
death in extreme cases.
5. __________ and panic are potential emotional responses that trafficked persons may experience due to
their traumatic experiences.

1. What are some of the sexually transmitted diseases that trafficked individuals might be at risk of
contracting?
2. How do poor living conditions impact the health of trafficked persons?
3. Apart from physical harm, what are two psychological health problems that trafficked individuals might
face?
4. What is the potential consequence of unplanned pregnancies among trafficked women?
5. In what ways can human trafficking lead to fatal outcomes for the victims?

SUB-TOPIC 4: Solutions to Human Trafficking

CONTENT:
a) Government should create an enabling policies and environment
b) Creation of employment opportunity
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 c) Adequate health policies
d) Skill training
e) Overall poverty reduction
f) Job training for border communities
g) Communities-based income generation scheme
h) Job placement scheme
i) Labour inspection service
j) Enacting law prohibiting trafficking in persons

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. Government should establish ________ to combat human trafficking and provide a supportive
framework for its prevention.
2. The focus on ________ can help vulnerable individuals avoid falling into the trap of traffickers.
3. Adequate ________ can contribute to the well-being and protection of potential trafficking victims.
4. ________ plays a crucial role in empowering individuals and making them less susceptible to
trafficking.
5. Enacting a law that specifically prohibits ________ is a vital step in addressing human trafficking.

1. How can the creation of employment opportunities contribute to the fight against human trafficking?
2. Describe the significance of community-based income generation schemes in preventing human
trafficking.
3. What role does skill training play in protecting individuals from trafficking and exploitation?

CONCLUSION
TOPICAL TEST:
1. What is the primary purpose of human trafficking?
a) Education
b) Cultural exchange
c) Economic exploitation
d) Tourism

2. Which of the following is NOT a group of human trafficking?

a) Drug trafficking
b) Labor trafficking
c) Cultural exchange
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 d) Sex trafficking

3. What is "domestic servitude" in the context of human trafficking?

a) Transporting people for adoption
b) Forcing individuals into drug trafficking
c) Forcing victims into housekeeping roles
d) Selling organs for money

4. Which of the following is a common health implication of human trafficking?

a) Enhanced well-being
b) Improved mental health
c) Increased life expectancy
d) Sexually transmitted diseases

5. What does "compulsory recruitment for arm conflict" refer to?

a) Enlisting individuals for art projects
b) Forcing people to engage in physical labor
c) Forcing individuals into drug trafficking
d) Forcing people to fight in wars

6. What role does corruption in government play in human trafficking?

a) It reduces economic disparities
b) It discourages labor trafficking
c) It contributes to regional imbalance
d) It facilitates trafficking by creating opportunities for exploitation

7. Which of the following is NOT a solution to human trafficking?

a) Creating employment opportunities
b) Poverty reduction
c) Enacting laws that promote trafficking
d) Adequate health policies
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8. What is the primary purpose of enacting laws prohibiting trafficking in persons?
a) To support trafficking activities
b) To create more trafficking opportunities
c) To protect victims and prevent trafficking
d) To promote cultural exchange

9. What is a major cause of human trafficking?

a) Enhanced job opportunities
b) Social equality
c) Regional balance
d) Lack of employment opportunity

10. What type of human trafficking involves victims being forced to work under brutal conditions in a
foreign country?
a) Sex trafficking
b) Labor trafficking
c) Domestic servitude
d) Drug trafficking

1. Human trafficking involves the illegal transportation of people for the purpose of ____________, forced
labor, and servitude.
2. Trafficking in persons includes recruitment, transportation, harboring, or receipt of individuals through
____________, deception, or coercion.
3. ____________ is a group of human trafficking that involves victims being transported for a sex act
using force.
4. One of the causes of human trafficking is ____________ in government.
5. Health implications of human trafficking include sexually transmitted diseases, poor living conditions,
physical ____________, and depression.
6. One solution to human trafficking is the creation of ____________ opportunities.
7. Compulsory recruitment for armed conflict involves forcing individuals to fight during ____________.
8. Corruption in government contributes to the ____________ of the poor, which can lead to trafficking.
9. Enacting laws prohibiting trafficking in persons helps protect victims and prevent ____________.
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10. Labor trafficking involves victims being forced to work under brutal and inhuman ____________.

1. Explain the meaning of human trafficking and describe the different groups of human trafficking.
Highlight the various forms of exploitation and provide examples for each.
2. Discuss the causes of human trafficking, focusing on social, economic, and political factors. How do
these factors contribute to the vulnerability of individuals to trafficking?
3. Examine the health implications of human trafficking on trafficked individuals. Discuss the physical,
psychological, and emotional consequences they face as a result of their experiences.
4. Provide a comprehensive overview of the solutions to human trafficking. Explain how government
policies, job creation, education, and community-based approaches can effectively combat this issue.
5. Describe the role of awareness campaigns and education in preventing human trafficking. How can
these efforts empower individuals and communities to recognize and resist trafficking?

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

1. **Human Trafficking:** The illegal transportation of individuals for the purpose of exploitation,
forced labor, or servitude.
2. **Economic Exploitation:** Utilizing individuals for financial gain through forced labor or other
means.
3. **Slavery:** A state of being owned by another person and forced to work without consent.
4. **Forced Labor:** Compelling individuals to work against their will, often under harsh conditions.
5. **Servitude:** Forced labor or other conditions resembling slavery.
6. **Trafficking in Persons:** Recruitment, transportation, or harboring of individuals through coercion
or deception for exploitation.
7. **Coercion:** The use of force, threats, or manipulation to control another person's actions.
8. **Abduction:** Kidnapping or illegal capture of individuals.
9. **Deception:** Misleading individuals through lies or false promises.
10. **Exploitation:** Unfair or unethical use of others for personal gain.
11. **Sex Trafficking:** Transporting individuals for sexual exploitation, involving force or
inducement.
12. **Labour Trafficking:** Transporting individuals to exploit them through forced labor in harsh
conditions.
13. **Domestic Servitude:** Forcing individuals, such as housekeepers, into involuntary servitude.
14. **Drug Trafficking:** Forcing individuals into illegal drug trade.
15. **Compulsory Recruitment:** Forcing individuals into armed conflicts, often during wars.

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16. **Child Trafficking:** Illegally transporting children for various exploitative purposes.
17. **Social Discrimination:** Treating individuals unfairly based on social factors.
18. **Marginalization:** Pushing certain groups to the fringes of society, depriving them of
opportunities.
19. **Corruption:** Dishonest or fraudulent conduct, often within government or institutions.
20. **Economic Disparities:** Inequalities in wealth and resources among individuals or groups.
21. **Arm Conflict:** Armed struggles, often referring to wars or battles.
22. **Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs):** Infections transmitted through sexual contact, such as
HIV/AIDS.
23. **Unplanned Pregnancy:** Becoming pregnant without intending to.
24. **Depression:** A mental health disorder characterized by persistent sadness and loss of interest.
25. **Stress-related Disorder:** Mental health conditions caused by excessive stress.
26. **Phobia:** An extreme or irrational fear of something.
27. **Panic:** Sudden and intense feeling of fear or anxiety.
28. **Enabling Policies:** Government regulations that encourage positive outcomes.
29. **Poverty Reduction:** Efforts to alleviate and decrease poverty levels.
30. **Labour Inspection Service:** Government agency overseeing labor conditions and practices.
31. **Prohibiting Trafficking:** Creating laws to prevent and punish human trafficking.

PUZZLES/BRAIN TEASERS:
1. Riddle: I transport people against their will, exploiting them for gain. What am I?
2. Crossword Clue: A synonym for "coercion" (6 letters, starts with "t").
3. Anagram: Rearrange "DISNRAOHCBITIE" to form a term related to human trafficking.
4. Math Challenge: If 25% of trafficked individuals are forced into drug trafficking and there are 120
trafficked individuals, how many are involved in drug trafficking?
5. Word Search: Find the hidden words related to human trafficking in the grid below:

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INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
1. "The true measure of a society is how it treats its most vulnerable members." - Mahatma Gandhi
2. "Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter." - Martin Luther King Jr.
3. "The power of human empathy, leading to collective action, saves lives, and frees prisoners." -
Angelina Jolie
4. "The world will not be destroyed by those who do evil, but by those who watch them without doing
anything." - Albert Einstein
5. "If you can't feed a hundred people, then feed just one." - Mother Teresa
6. "Do not wait for leaders; do it alone, person to person." - Saint Teresa of Calcutta
7. "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere." - Martin Luther King Jr.
8. "Kindness is a language that the deaf can hear and the blind can see." - Mark Twain
9. "You may choose to look the other way, but you can never say again that you did not know." - William
Wilberforce
10. "We rise by lifting others." - Robert Ingersoll

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 WEEK: SIX
TOPIC: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN PHYSICAL AND HEALTH EDUCATION
SUB-TOPIC 1: SPORTS LAWS

CONTENT: Sports Law refers to a specialized practice focused on legal issues pertaining to the sports
industry. It is also an amalgam of laws that apply to athletes and the sports they play.
Physical Education has a lot of professional hazards, so it can be regarded as one of the most risky
professions.
Physical educators should be aware of what should be done as reasonable prudent persons to avoid legal
liability, such as knowing the status of pupils’ health, avoidance of use of faulty facilities, and teaching
according to the level of maturity of the students. Therefore in any situation, be it in the classroom, the
playground, or on a class visitation, the teacher is responsible for the welfare and safety of his pupils.
i. Tort: This is an act in which a physical education teacher knowingly or unknowingly, behaves in a
way that exposes the students to injuries.
(a) Act of commission (Action): This is when a teacher’s action deliberately or knowingly leads a
student to injuries.
(b) Act of omission (In-action): This is when a teacher’s action unknowingly leads students to
injuries.
ii. Legal Liability: This is a condition of affairs that gives rise to court action.
iii. Liability means the state of being liable that is responsible for the law. There are various aspects of
liability in law, such as criminal liability, contractual liability, and tort liability.
iv. Criminal liability: This is an act against a society where the government prosecutes on behalf of the
public, e. g arm robbery, murder, and rape.
v. Assumption of Risk: An individual takes a risk when engaging in various games and sports; where
bodies are coming in contact with each other. For example, a spectator at a football match who chooses
to sit behind the goalpost has assumed the risk of being hit by a ball.
vi. Contributory Negligence: This is a charge brought against the plaintiff who did not exercise any care
to prevent an injury that he’s subsequently actionable negligence of another person e. g a person is hit
while walking on the wrong side of the road by a car which exceeds the lawful speed limit.
vii. Attractive Nuisance: This is whatever is injurious to health, indecent, or offensive to the senses. Any
unguided dangerous apparatus, building pavement with which he is likely to play would be regarded
as an attractive nuisance.
viii. Act of God: This is a situation that exists because of certain conditions that are beyond the control of
human beings, e. g lightning, rain, earthquake, etc.
ix. Sudden Emergency: An example of a child who is drowning and the two try to save his life but are
knocked down by another who is now injured.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. **Sports Law focuses on legal issues related to the** ____________ industry, encompassing laws
applicable to athletes and their activities.

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2. Physical educators are responsible for ensuring the ____________ and safety of their students, both in
classrooms and during activities.
3. Assumption of Risk pertains to individuals willingly taking on potential dangers while engaging in
sports, like a spectator accepting the risk of being hit by a ball at a football match when sitting behind the
____________.
4. Contributory Negligence involves a plaintiff's failure to exercise caution, contributing to their own
injury, even when another person's negligence is involved, such as being hit by a car while walking on the
____________ side of the road.
5. Act of God refers to situations arising from natural conditions beyond human control, like
____________, rain, or earthquakes.

1. Define Sports Law and explain why it is relevant in the context of the sports industry.
2. How can a physical education teacher be held legally liable for student injuries? Provide examples of
both act of commission and act of omission
3. Describe the concept of Contributory Negligence with an illustrative scenario. How does it impact legal
liability in such cases?

SUB-TOPIC 2: Negligence
CONTENT: Negligence occurs when a physical educator fails to perform his/her functions or duties OR
Negligence is the failure to act reasonably and carefully to avoid exposing others to unreasonable risk or
injury.
Ways in which a Physical Education teacher can be negligent
A physical educator may be negligent in the following ways;
a) If he/she did not take proper care of the students under him/her
b) If he/she didn’t give adequate warning to students
c) Inadequate supervision on the part of the teacher
d) Poor selection of playing ground
e) Refusal to consider faulty equipment
f) Poor selection of activities
g) Acting without adequate skill
h) Failure to take precautionary measures
i) Poor instruction about the activity

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. Negligence in physical education occurs when a educator fails to _______________ his/her functions
or duties.

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2. One way in which a physical educator can be negligent is by providing _______________ warning to
students.
3. Inadequate _______________ on the part of the teacher is a form of negligence in physical education.
4. Negligence can result from the _______________ selection of a playing ground by a physical educator.
5. Refusal to consider _______________ equipment can lead to negligence on the part of a physical
education teacher.

1. What is negligence in the context of physical education?

2. List three ways in which a physical education teacher might be negligent.
3. How can poor instruction about an activity contribute to negligence in physical education?

SUB-TOPIC 3: PRECAUTION AGAINST LIABILITY

CONTENT: The following are precautions a physical educator should take in order to avoid being sued;
a. Every instructor or educator should be properly trained and qualified to perform special work
b. Be familiar with the health status of each child
c. Be sure that both equipment and facilities are safe to use
d. There should be regular inspection of equipment and apparatus
e. Students should be grouped on equal ability on the same competitive level

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. Every instructor or educator should be properly ________________ to perform special work.
2. In order to avoid liability, a physical educator should be familiar with the __________________ of each
child.
3. Before allowing students to use equipment and facilities, a physical educator must ensure that they are
________________.
4. Regular ________________ of equipment and apparatus is essential to prevent accidents and injuries.
5. Students participating in physical activities should be grouped based on __________________ to ensure
fair competition.

1. What is the purpose of ensuring that instructors are properly trained and qualified in the context of
liability prevention?
2. How does being familiar with the health status of each child contribute to a physical educator's
precautions against liability?
3. Why is regular inspection of equipment and apparatus important from a liability perspective?

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 CONCLUSION
TOPICAL TEST:
1. Sports Law primarily deals with legal matters related to:
a) Business management
b) Education systems
c) Sports industry
d) Medical ethics

2. The term "Act of commission" in sports law refers to:

a) A teacher's deliberate action causing injury
b) A teacher's refusal to consider faulty equipment
c) A teacher's inadequate supervision
d) A teacher's failure to instruct about an activity

3. Criminal liability involves:

a) Acts that result in injury to students
b) Legal action brought by individuals
c) Acts against society prosecuted by the government
d) Acts of negligence by teachers

4. Assumption of Risk can be exemplified by:

a) A teacher not providing adequate instruction
b) A student refusing to participate in sports
c) A spectator getting hit by a ball at a match
d) A coach neglecting to select the right equipment

5. "Attractive Nuisance" in sports law refers to:

a) Unsafe equipment and facilities
b) Dangerous conditions beyond human control
c) Hazards that can be prevented by teachers
d) Situations that cause injury due to carelessness
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6. Negligence in physical education occurs when a teacher:
a) Provides proper instruction to students
b) Selects appropriate activities for students
c) Fails to act reasonably to prevent injury
d) Ensures students assume all risks involved

7. One way a physical educator can be negligent is by:

a) Providing proper supervision
b) Regularly inspecting equipment
c) Refusing to consider faulty equipment
d) Grouping students based on ability

8. "Precaution against Liability" involves:

a) Teaching advanced skills to students
b) Avoiding inspection of equipment
c) Regularly assessing students' health status
d) Training instructors for special work

9. Legal Liability arises when:

a) Students engage in risky activities willingly
b) Instructors provide adequate instruction
c) A condition leads to court action
d) Teachers assume risks during teaching

10. The concept of "Sudden Emergency" pertains to:

a) Unforeseeable accidents during sports activities
b) Planned safety measures in physical education
c) Students experiencing sudden injuries
d) Instructors acting negligently during emergencies

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1. Assumption of Risk occurs when individuals engage in sports and games where ___________.
2. Contributory Negligence charges arise when the plaintiff fails to prevent injury due to ___________.
3. Act of God refers to situations beyond human control, such as ___________.
4. Negligence in physical education involves the failure to act reasonably and carefully, exposing others
to ___________.
5. To avoid legal liability, physical educators should regularly inspect ___________ and ensure proper
___________ of students.
6. In "Attractive Nuisance," unguided dangerous apparatus or pavements can be considered ___________.
7. A key aspect of Legal Liability is the condition that gives rise to ___________ action.
8. "Precaution against Liability" includes instructors being ___________ and familiar with students'
___________.
9. Act of commission in sports law involves a teacher's ___________ action causing injury.
10. One way a physical educator can be negligent is by selecting ___________ playing grounds.

1. Explain the concept of negligence in sports law. Provide examples of situations where a physical
educator might be considered negligent and how these situations could have been avoided.
2. Discuss the legal concept of "Assumption of Risk" and its relevance to sports and physical education.
How does this concept affect the responsibilities of both participants and instructors?
3. Describe the term "Attractive Nuisance" and its implications in sports law. Provide examples of potential
attractive nuisances in a school or sports setting and how they can be addressed to prevent liability.
4. Examine the role of "Contributory Negligence" in cases involving injuries in physical education.
Provide a scenario where this concept might apply and discuss the legal implications for both the plaintiff
and the defendant.
5. Explore the precautions that physical educators should take to avoid legal liability. How can proper
training, equipment inspection, and awareness of students' health statuses contribute to reducing the risk
of legal action?

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEYWORDS / VOCABULARY:

1. **Sports Law**: A specialized practice dealing with legal issues in the sports industry, including laws
that apply to athletes and sports activities.
2. **Tort**: A wrongful act by a physical education teacher that leads to student injuries, categorized as
an act of commission or omission.
3. **Legal Liability**: The condition that gives rise to court action; being responsible under the law.
4. **Criminal Liability**: Legal responsibility for actions that are against society and prosecuted by the
government, like robbery or murder.

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5. **Assumption of Risk**: Accepting the risk of injury when participating in sports activities with
potential contact, like a spectator at a football match.
6. **Contributory Negligence**: Charging the plaintiff for not taking care to prevent an injury that was
caused by another person's negligence.
7. **Attractive Nuisance**: Dangerous objects or areas that could attract children and pose a risk to
them.
8. **Act of God**: Situations beyond human control, like natural disasters, that can cause harm or
damage.
9. **Sudden Emergency**: A situation requiring immediate action, even if it results in injury.
10. **Negligence**: Failure to act reasonably and carefully to avoid exposing others to unreasonable
risk or injury.
11. **Precaution Against Liability**: Measures taken by educators to prevent legal action, such as
proper training, equipment inspection, and grouping students by ability.

BRAIN TEASERS:
1. What term refers to a dangerous object or area that might attract children and pose a risk?
2. In which scenario might "sudden emergency" come into play in a physical education context?
3. Define "assumption of risk" and provide an example from a sports event.

PAST QUESTIONS:
1. What is the main focus of sports law?
a) Legal issues in the fashion industry
b) Legal issues in the music industry
c) Legal issues in the sports industry
d) Legal issues in the technology industry
(Answer: c)

2. Which term describes the situation where a person knowingly or unknowingly behaves in a way that
exposes students to injuries?
a) Criminal liability
b) Assumption of risk
c) Attractive nuisance
d) Tort

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 (Answer: d)

3. What does negligence involve in the context of physical education?

a) Taking calculated risks
b) Failing to act reasonably to avoid injury
c) Always avoiding all risks
d) Being overly cautious
(Answer: b)

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
1. "In teaching others, we teach ourselves. Strive for safety, skill, and shared success in every endeavor."
2. "Preparedness is the key to preventing problems. Train yourself to train others effectively."
3. "In the realm of sports, responsibility is not just for athletes' performance, but for their safety and
well-being as well."

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 WEEK: SEVEN

TOPIC: MID-TERM BREAK

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 WEEK: EIGHT
TOPIC: RECREATION, LEISURE, AND DANCE ACTIVITIES
SUB-TOPIC 1: Types of Recreation
CONTENT:
i. Indoor Recreation: This is recreational activities that can be done or performed inside the room
or inside the class. Such indoor activities require less space and hence can be managed behind the
door.
Types of Indoor Recreational Activities include;
i. Ludo
ii. Scrabble
iii. Table tennis
iv. Draught
v. Chess
vi. Badminton

ii. Outdoor Recreational Activities: These are activities that are done outside in the open and natural
environment during leisure or free time. During this outing, participants are expected to be involved
in varied activities and experiences through which learners are expected to acquire skills,
knowledge, enjoyment, satisfaction and qualities which will enhance their successful living.
Types of Outdoor Recreational Activities
These includes:-
i. camping
ii. hiking
iii. class picnic and field trip
iv. canoeing
v. fishing
vi. hunting
vii. jogging
viii. overnight outing
ix. bicycling
x. adventure
xi. horse riding
xii. social dance
xiii. gardening
xiv. nature study
xv. basket weaving
xvi. pottery
xvii. mountaineering
xviii. visiting game reserve
xix. trip to industries and places of interest

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PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. Indoor recreational activities are often enjoyed in confined spaces, such as a room or classroom, and
include games like __________ and __________.
2. Outdoor recreational activities take place in natural settings and offer opportunities for experiences like
__________ and __________.
3. An example of an outdoor recreational activity that involves exploring nature and setting up temporary
shelters is __________.
4. __________ is a form of outdoor recreational activity that involves paddling a small watercraft through
rivers or lakes.
5. Engaging in __________ provides individuals with a chance to connect with wildlife and challenge
their tracking and survival skills.

1. What are two characteristics of indoor recreational activities according to the provided information?
2. Briefly explain the concept of outdoor recreational activities and what learners can gain from
participating in them.
3. Provide three examples of outdoor recreational activities that involve physical exertion and movement.

SUB-TOPIC 2: Importance of Outdoor Recreation

CONTENT:
i. it helps individuals to relax and recreate
ii. it helps to learn and acquire skills
iii. it helps to examine nature at first-hand
iv. it helps to provide fun and enjoyment
v. It leads to social integration
vi. it helps to appreciate the gift of nature
vii. it helps to promote mental alertness
viii. it helps to, acquire rule of safety living
ix. it improves learners problems solving ability
x. it helps to develops sense of leadership and good citizenship
xi. it helps to build interest in adventure
xii. it helps to build self -reliance and cooperation among students

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. Outdoor recreation helps individuals to __________ and recreate.
2. One of the benefits of outdoor recreation is the opportunity to learn and __________ skills.

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3. Outdoor recreation allows individuals to examine nature __________ at first-hand.
4. Engaging in outdoor activities leads to social __________.
5. Outdoor recreation promotes mental __________.

1. How does outdoor recreation contribute to the development of leadership and good citizenship?
2. What role does outdoor recreation play in improving learners' problem-solving abilities?
3. Explain the significance of acquiring the rule of safety living through outdoor recreation.

CONCLUSION
TOPICAL TEST:
1. **Which of the following is an example of an indoor recreational activity?**
a) Camping
b) Hiking
c) Table tennis
d) Canoeing

2. **What is a key characteristic of outdoor recreational activities?**

a) They are done inside rooms.
b) They involve playing video games.
c) They are done in the open and natural environment.
d) They require less physical activity.

3. **Which of the following is not considered an outdoor recreational activity?**

a) Gardening
b) Chess
c) Canoeing
d) Bicycling

4. **What is one of the benefits of outdoor recreation?**

a) Increased indoor time
b) Reduced physical activity
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 c) Acquiring skills and knowledge
d) Limited social interactions

5. **Which of the following is an example of an outdoor recreational activity that involves physical
endurance?**
a) Chess
b) Table tennis
c) Jogging
d) Scrabble

6. **What is the purpose of participating in outdoor recreational activities?**

a) Enhancing indoor skills
b) Reducing social interactions
c) Acquiring skills, knowledge, and enjoyment
d) Avoiding exposure to nature

7. **Which of the following activities helps in developing a sense of leadership and good citizenship?**
a) Scrabble
b) Nature study
c) Chess
d) Bicycling

8. **Which of the following is an indoor recreational activity that involves strategic thinking?**
a) Camping
b) Hiking
c) Chess
d) Canoeing

9. **What is the main purpose of participating in outdoor recreation?**

a) Isolation from nature
b) Social isolation

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 c) Relaxation and skill acquisition
d) Indoor entertainment

10. **Which of the following activities helps in appreciating the gift of nature?**
a) Playing video games
b) Table tennis
c) Camping
d) Indoor dance parties

1. Indoor recreational activities are performed _____________ rooms or inside the class.
2. An example of an outdoor recreational activity is _____________.
3. Outdoor recreational activities take place in the _____________ environment.
4. One of the benefits of outdoor recreation is the opportunity to acquire _____________ and knowledge.
5. _____________ is an outdoor recreational activity that involves paddling on water.
6. Outdoor recreation can lead to _____________ integration.
7. Participating in outdoor activities can enhance _____________ alertness.
8. Outdoor recreation helps in developing a sense of leadership and good _____________.
9. Acquiring skills, knowledge, enjoyment, and satisfaction are goals of _____________ recreation.
10. Outdoor recreation helps individuals to relax and _____________.

1. Explain the difference between indoor and outdoor recreational activities. Provide examples of each and
discuss the benefits of engaging in both types of activities.
2. Describe the importance of outdoor recreation for individuals' physical and mental well-being. How do
activities like camping, hiking, and nature study contribute to personal growth?
3. Discuss the social aspects of outdoor recreational activities. How do these activities promote social
integration and cooperation among participants? Provide examples to support your explanation.
4. Explain how outdoor recreation can contribute to the development of leadership skills and a sense of
good citizenship. Provide specific examples of outdoor activities that foster these qualities in participants.
5. Discuss the various ways in which outdoor recreation helps individuals appreciate nature and the
environment. How can participating in activities like gardening, mountaineering, and visiting game
reserves lead to a greater connection with the natural world?

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GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:
1. **Indoor Recreation:** Recreational activities conducted within enclosed spaces, such as rooms or
classrooms.
2. **Outdoor Recreation:** Leisure activities taking place in open and natural environments.
3. **Ludo:** A classic board game involving strategy and chance for two to four players.
4. **Scrabble:** A word game where players use lettered tiles to create words on a game board.
5. **Table Tennis:** A fast-paced sport played with small paddles and a lightweight ball on a table
divided by a net.
6. **Draught (Checkers):** A two-player board game involving diagonal moves and captures.
7. **Chess:** A strategic board game for two players involving different types of pieces with unique
movements.
8. **Badminton:** A racquet sport played with a shuttlecock, usually between two or four players.
9. **Camping:** Staying outdoors in tents or shelters for leisure, often in natural settings.
10. **Hiking:** Walking in natural environments, often on trails or paths, for recreation and exploration.
11. **Canoeing:** Navigating water bodies using a canoe for enjoyment and adventure.
12. **Fishing:** The activity of catching fish for sport or relaxation.
13. **Hunting:** Pursuing and capturing or killing wild animals as a recreational activity.
14. **Jogging:** Running at a slow and steady pace for exercise or leisure.
15. **Bicycling:** Riding a bicycle for recreation, transportation, or sport.
16. **Adventure:** Exciting and often risky activities involving exploration and new experiences.
17. **Horse Riding:** The activity of riding on horseback, often done for leisure or sport.
18. **Social Dance:** Participatory dances performed at social gatherings or events.
19. **Gardening:** Cultivating plants, flowers, or vegetables for pleasure and aesthetic purposes.
20. **Nature Study:** Observing and learning about the natural world through direct observation.
21. **Basket Weaving:** Creating baskets from natural materials through weaving techniques.
22. **Pottery:** Crafting objects from clay by shaping and firing them in a kiln.
23. **Mountaineering:** Climbing mountains or steep terrains as a recreational or competitive activity.
24. **Game Reserve:** A protected area for wildlife conservation and recreational activities.
25. **Field Trip:** An educational outing to a place of interest or relevance.
26. **Leadership:** The ability to guide, influence, and direct individuals or groups toward goals.
27. **Self-Reliance:** Being self-sufficient and capable of handling challenges independently.
28. **Cooperation:** Working together for mutual benefit and achieving common goals.
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PUZZLES/BRAIN TEASERS:
1. What outdoor activity involves navigating through water using a canoe?
2. I'm a board game involving kings, queens, and knights. What am I?
3. I'm a word game played with lettered tiles. What am I?
4. I'm an activity where you sleep outdoors in a tent. What am I?

BECE/NECO Past Questions:

1. What are two benefits of engaging in outdoor recreational activities?
2. List three examples of indoor recreational activities.
3. Describe the game of Ludo and its rules.
4. Explain the difference between hiking and jogging as outdoor activities.

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
1. "In every walk with nature, one receives far more than he seeks." - John Muir
2. "Adventure is worthwhile in itself." - Amelia Earhart
3. "The world is a book, and those who do not travel read only one page." - Saint Augustine
4. "The best way to predict the future is to create it." - Abraham Lincoln
5. "Leadership is not about being in charge. It is about taking care of those in your charge." - Simon
Sinek
6. "Cooperation is the thorough conviction that nobody can get there unless everybody gets there." -
Virginia Burden
7. "The only way to do great work is to love what you do." - Steve Jobs
8. "In the midst of movement and chaos, keep stillness inside of you." - Deepak Chopra
9. "Success is not final, failure is not fatal: it is the courage to continue that counts." - Winston Churchill
10. "The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall." - Nelson
Mandela

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 WEEK: NINE
TOPIC: RECREATION, LEISURE, AND DANCE ACTIVITIES
SUB-TOPIC 1: Description of Outdoor Recreational Activities
CONTENT:
Camping: Camping involves the movement of students under the guidance of adults from home or school
to an environment that is less familiar. The site of the camp may be a remote village, a hill foot, in dense
jungle, or a heavily wooded forest.
During the trip, students are exposed to various experiences. The main aim of the camping is to make
students learn by doing. The camp may last from a few days to a week, during this period students are
grouped to take care of their needs. Activities that are jointly undertaken include:
i. building of campfire
ii. playing various games
iii. sightseeing in the neighborhood
iv. singing and moonlight play
v. storytelling, riddles, and jokes

Safety Precaution during Camping:

i. roll call of campers should be taken from time to time
ii. campers should work in a group
iii. campsite must be well-cleared to keep away dangerous animals like snakes
iv. any injury and sickness must be promptly reported
v. There should be adequate provision of materials to meet the need of the campers

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. Camping involves the movement of students under the guidance of adults from home or school to a less
familiar _______________.
2. During camping, students are exposed to various experiences, and the main aim is to make them learn
by _______________.
3. Activities that are jointly undertaken during camping include building a campfire, playing games,
sightseeing, singing, and engaging in _______________.
4. To ensure safety during camping, a roll call of campers should be taken from time to time, and campers
should work _______________.
5. One of the safety precautions during camping is to keep the campsite well-cleared to prevent the
presence of dangerous animals like _______________.

1. What is the main objective of camping when it comes to student learning?

2. List three activities that are commonly undertaken by students during camping.

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3. What are some important safety measures that should be followed during camping to ensure camper
well-being?

SUB-TOPIC 2: Hiking
CONTENT: Hiking involved trekking to places of interest. The purpose of hiking is to improve physical
fitness, for fun and enjoyment. During the long walk, students can engage in storytelling, singing, and
other activities that can add fun to the walking and make it less tiring.
Types of Hiking:
i. Physical fitness hike:- This is the development of physical fitness qualities
ii. Moonlight hike:- This is an evening walk to enjoy the breeze of the night
iii. Nature hike:- This is a long walk to the countryside for sightseeing e. g to the river, lakes,
mountains, forest etc.

Class Picnic and Field Trip: Class picnics and field trips can be organized for members of the class as
part of their outdoor recreation. During class picnics and field trips, participants should choose places of
interest to visit. This can include visits to zoos farms, factories, sports arenas, and swimming pools.
Fishing: Fishing is moving on the water by means of canoeing to throw a net and catch fish. Fishing as
outdoor recreation is usually done on streams, rivers lakes, or sea
Hunting: Hunting is attaining or attempting to shoot at small animals in the bush. Since hunting is
associated with shooting (by the use of a gun, arrow, or carport), it can help to improve eye-hand
coordination. Hunting makes students appreciate their environment and also develops the spirit of
adventure in them

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. Hiking is undertaken with the purpose of improving __________, while also providing an opportunity
for fun and enjoyment.
2. During a nature hike, participants venture into the countryside to explore various natural wonders such
as __________, rivers, mountains, and forests.
3. Fishing involves the use of __________ to catch fish, and it is commonly practiced in streams, rivers,
lakes, or the sea.
4. Class picnics and field trips offer students the chance to visit places of interest such as zoos, farms,
factories, sports arenas, and __________.
5. Hunting helps to enhance students' __________ coordination and cultivates a sense of adventure by
engaging in activities related to targeting small animals.

1. What are some of the activities that students can engage in to make hiking more enjoyable and less
tiring?
2. Describe the concept of a moonlight hike and its purpose.
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3. How does fishing as an outdoor recreational activity usually take place, and where can it be done?

CONCLUSION
TOPICAL TEST:
1. **Which of the following is the primary goal of camping for students?**
a) Physical fitness improvement
b) Sightseeing in the neighborhood
c) Catching fish for food
d) Learning through hands-on experiences

2. **What is the primary purpose of hiking?**

a) To build campfires
b) To improve physical fitness
c) To go fishing
d) To play various games

3. **What precaution should be taken to keep away dangerous animals like snakes during camping?**
a) Building campfires
b) Regular roll call of campers
c) Singing and moonlight play
d) Clearing the campsite

4. **Which type of hiking involves an evening walk to enjoy the night breeze?**
a) Physical fitness hike
b) Moonlight hike
c) Nature hike
d) Camping hike

5. **What is the purpose of a class picnic or field trip?**

a) To build physical fitness
b) To visit factories
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 c) To catch fish
d) To engage in outdoor recreation and visit places of interest

6. **What outdoor activity involves moving on water to catch fish by throwing a net?**
a) Hunting
b) Hiking
c) Camping
d) Fishing

7. **Which type of activity helps in improving eye-hand coordination and appreciating the
environment?**
a) Camping
b) Fishing
c) Hunting
d) Singing

8. **What is the primary aim of camping during which students are grouped to take care of their needs?**
a) Building campfires
b) Sightseeing
c) Learning by doing
d) Storytelling

9. **What kind of hike involves a long walk to the countryside for sightseeing purposes?**
a) Physical fitness hike
b) Moonlight hike
c) Nature hike
d) Fishing hike

10. **What is the main focus of class picnics and field trips?**
a) Building physical fitness
b) Playing games

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 c) Engaging in storytelling
d) Visiting places of interest

1. Hiking involves trekking to places of _____________.

2. During camping, students are exposed to various experiences to learn by _____________.
3. One of the safety precautions during camping is to take a _____________ of campers from time to time.
4. Fishing is done on streams, rivers, lakes, or _____________.
5. Hunting improves _____________ coordination and develops the spirit of adventure.
6. _____________ hike involves an evening walk to enjoy the breeze of the night.
7. Class picnics and field trips are organized for outdoor _____________.
8. The primary goal of camping is to make students _____________ by doing.
9. Fishing involves moving on water by means of _____________ to catch fish.
10. Hunting is attempting to shoot at small animals and can help improve _____________ coordination.

1. Explain the concept of camping as an outdoor recreational activity. How does camping provide
opportunities for learning by doing, and what are the benefits of exposing students to various experiences
during a camping trip?
2. Discuss the different types of hiking mentioned in the description. How does each type of hiking
contribute to physical fitness, enjoyment, and personal growth among students?**
3. Describe the potential educational and recreational benefits of class picnics and field trips. How can
these activities enhance students' understanding of the world around them and provide hands-on learning
experiences?
4. Explore the significance of fishing and hunting as outdoor recreational activities. How do these activities
connect students with nature, improve certain skills, and contribute to their appreciation of the
environment?
5. Reflect on the role of outdoor recreational activities in promoting holistic development among students.
How do activities like camping, hiking, fishing, and hunting contribute to physical, social, and cognitive
growth?

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

1. Camping: Outdoor activity involving students moving to an unfamiliar environment, engaging in
various experiences, and learning by doing.
2. Campfire: A controlled fire made at a campsite for warmth, cooking, and socializing.
3. Jungle: Dense, tropical forest with abundant vegetation and wildlife.

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4. Safety Precautions: Measures taken to ensure the well-being of campers, including roll calls, group
work, clearing campsites, reporting injuries, and providing materials.
5. Hiking: Trekking to places of interest for physical fitness, enjoyment, and storytelling.
6. Trekking: Long, arduous walk usually in natural surroundings.
7. Physical Fitness Hike: Hike focused on developing physical fitness qualities.
8. Moonlight Hike: Evening walk to enjoy the night breeze.
9. Nature Hike: Long walk to the countryside for sightseeing, e.g., rivers, lakes, mountains, forests.
10. Class Picnic: Recreational outing organized for a class, often to interesting locations like zoos, farms,
and sports arenas.
11. Field Trip: Educational excursion to places of interest for learning outside the classroom.
12. Canoeing: Traveling on water in a canoe, often used in fishing.
13. Fishing: Catching fish using nets or other methods on water bodies like rivers, lakes, or the sea.
14. Hunting: Pursuing or attempting to shoot small animals, fostering eye-hand coordination and a spirit
of adventure.
15. Eye-hand Coordination: Ability to coordinate visual perception with manual movements.
16. Spirit of Adventure: Willingness to engage in new and exciting experiences with enthusiasm.

PUZZLES/BRAIN TEASERS:
1. Puzzle: I have keys but open no locks. I have space but no room. You can enter, but you can't go
outside. What am I?
Answer: A keyboard.
2. Brain Teaser: I speak without a mouth and hear without ears. I have no body, but I come alive
with the wind. What am I?
Answer: An echo.

BECE/NECO PAST QUESTIONS:

1. BECE Question: What are the main aims of camping for students?
2. NECO Question: Mention three types of hiking activities.

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
1. "The best way to predict the future is to create it." - Abraham Lincoln
2. "Adventure is worthwhile in itself." - Amelia Earhart
3. "Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire." - William Butler Yeats
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4. "Life is either a daring adventure or nothing at all." - Helen Keller
5. "Success is not final, failure is not fatal: It is the courage to continue that counts." - Winston Churchill
6. "The only way to do great work is to love what you do." - Steve Jobs
7. "In the middle of every difficulty lies opportunity." - Albert Einstein
8. "The future depends on what you do today." - Mahatma Gandhi
9. "Don't watch the clock; do what it does. Keep going." - Sam Levenson
10. "The journey of a thousand miles begins with one step." - Lao Tzu

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 WEEK: TEN
TOPIC: RECREATION, LEISURE, AND DANCE ACTIVITIES
SUB-TOPIC 1: Rhythmic activities

CONTENT: Rhythmic activities are movements carried out in response to regular or specific beats. The
beat can be in the form of singing drumming or improvised sound.
Classification of Rhythmic Activities
Rhythmic activities are classified into three areas:
➢ Fundamental rhythms
➢ Creative rhythms
➢ Dramatic rhythms

Fundamental Rhythms: Fundamental rhythms include walking, running, skipping, and other
fundamental movements.
The general purpose of a program of fundamental rhythm is to provide a variety of basic movement
experiences. This will make students move effectively, and efficiently and develop a sense of rhythms.
Creative Rhythms: Creative rhythms involve movement that initiates animals or man. In creative
rhythms, the student expresses himself by trying to be something. The student in his own mind takes on
the identity, for instance, of a soldier’s giant, horse, elephant, train, or object. He proceed to interpret this
identity with expressive movement to be accompanied by a suitable rhythm.
Dramatic Rhythms: This could be based on a story and idea, a poem and emotion, or a song. It could
take almost any form. A variety of rhythmic backgrounds can accompany the unfolding of the story. As
the story progresses, suitable rhythmic background can be selected. A piece of music selected should have
sufficient changes of tempo and pattern to provide different kinds and quality of background.
A general idea or plan of action can be selected and fitted to the music. Students should express mood
and feelings. A piece of music is played, generally, a recording student however, can interpret the music
differently.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. Rhythmic activities are movements carried out in response to ____________ beats, which can be in the
form of singing, drumming, or improvised sound.
2. Rhythmic activities are classified into three areas: Fundamental rhythms, Creative rhythms, and
____________ rhythms.
3. Fundamental rhythms include basic movements like walking, running, and ____________, aimed at
providing varied movement experiences and developing a sense of rhythm in students.
4. Creative rhythms involve expressive movements that mimic ____________ or ____________, where
students take on identities like soldiers, giants, horses, etc., and interpret them through movement
accompanied by suitable rhythm.
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5. Dramatic rhythms can be based on stories, poems, emotions, or songs and involve selecting suitable
____________ backgrounds to accompany the unfolding of the narrative.

1. Provide a brief description of rhythmic activities and their connection to regular beats.
2. Describe the essence of Creative Rhythms and how students express themselves through movement and
identity-based interpretations.
3. Elaborate on how music is integrated into Dramatic Rhythms, including the selection of rhythmic
backgrounds and the role of music tempo and pattern changes.

CONCLUSION
TOPICAL TEST:
1. **What are rhythmic activities primarily carried out in response to?**
a) Visual cues
b) Spoken instructions
c) Regular or specific beats
d) Colorful patterns

2. **Which of the following falls under the category of "Fundamental Rhythms" in rhythmic activities?**
a) Imitating animals
b) Expressing emotions
c) Singing songs
d) Walking and running

3. **What is the general purpose of a program of fundamental rhythm?**

a) To teach complex dance routines
b) To develop a sense of rhythm
c) To perform solo improvisations
d) To create dramatic narratives

4. **In "Creative Rhythms," how does a student express themselves?**

a) By memorizing choreography
b) By following a strict rhythm pattern
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 c) By interpreting an identity or role
d) By playing a musical instrument

5. **What is the basis for "Dramatic Rhythms"?**

a) Physical exercise routines
b) Mathematical patterns
c) Stories, poems, emotions, or songs
d) Color coordination

6. **Which aspect of rhythmic activities involves selecting suitable rhythmic backgrounds as a story
unfolds?**
a) Fundamental Rhythms
b) Creative Rhythms
c) Dramatic Rhythms
d) Spontaneous Rhythms

7. **What is the primary purpose of expressing mood and feelings during rhythmic activities?**
a) To showcase physical strength
b) To impress the audience
c) To create a sense of drama
d) To match the music's tempo

8. **Which type of rhythm involves movement that imitates animals or humans?**

a) Fundamental Rhythms
b) Creative Rhythms
c) Dramatic Rhythms
d) Chaotic Rhythms

9. **What role does music play in dramatic rhythmic activities?**

a) It guides the student's dance steps.
b) It helps with memorization.

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 c) It provides background rhythm and mood.
d) It is used for competitive purposes.

10. **What is the main purpose of a program of fundamental rhythm?**

a) To provide advanced movement experiences
b) To enhance vocal skills
c) To teach complex choreography
d) To develop basic movement abilities

1. Rhythmic activities are movements carried out in response to ___________ or specific beats.
2. ___________ include walking, running, skipping, and other fundamental movements.
3. In creative rhythms, students express themselves by taking on the identity of an ___________ or object.
4. Dramatic rhythms can be based on a story, idea, poem, or ___________.
5. Suitable rhythmic backgrounds are chosen as a ___________ unfolds in dramatic rhythms.
6. Students should use expressive movement to convey ___________ and feelings during rhythmic
activities.
7. Fundamental rhythms aim to provide a variety of ___________ movement experiences.
8. Creative rhythms involve movement that initiates ___________ or man.
9. Rhythmic activities involve interpreting movements to be accompanied by suitable ___________.
10. A piece of music should have changes of ___________ and pattern for dramatic rhythmic backgrounds.

1. Explain the concept of rhythmic activities and their classification into fundamental, creative, and
dramatic rhythms. Provide examples of each category and their respective purposes.
2. Discuss the role of creative rhythms in rhythmic activities. How do students express themselves, and
why is this form of rhythmic activity important for their development?
3. Describe the characteristics and purpose of dramatic rhythms in rhythmic activities. How can different
types of stories, poems, or emotions influence the creation of rhythmic backgrounds?
4. Explain the importance of suitable rhythmic backgrounds in dramatic rhythms. How do these
backgrounds contribute to the overall atmosphere and storytelling during rhythmic activities?
5. Discuss the significance of mood and feelings in rhythmic activities. How can students effectively
convey emotions through their movements, and why is this aspect important for their artistic expression?

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GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:
1. Camping: Outdoor activity involving students moving to an unfamiliar environment, engaging in
various experiences, and learning by doing.
2. Campfire: A controlled fire made at a campsite for warmth, cooking, and socializing.
3. Jungle: Dense, tropical forest with abundant vegetation and wildlife.
4. Safety Precautions: Measures taken to ensure the well-being of campers, including roll calls, group
work, clearing campsites, reporting injuries, and providing materials.
5. Hiking: Trekking to places of interest for physical fitness, enjoyment, and storytelling.
6. Trekking: Long, arduous walk usually in natural surroundings.
7. Physical Fitness Hike: Hike focused on developing physical fitness qualities.
8. Moonlight Hike: Evening walk to enjoy the night breeze.
9. Nature Hike: Long walk to the countryside for sightseeing, e.g., rivers, lakes, mountains, forests.
10. Class Picnic: Recreational outing organized for a class, often to interesting locations like zoos, farms,
and sports arenas.
11. Field Trip: Educational excursion to places of interest for learning outside the classroom.
12. Canoeing: Traveling on water in a canoe, often used in fishing.
13. Fishing: Catching fish using nets or other methods on water bodies like rivers, lakes, or the sea.
14. Hunting: Pursuing or attempting to shoot small animals, fostering eye-hand coordination and a spirit
of adventure.
15. Eye-hand Coordination: Ability to coordinate visual perception with manual movements.
16. Spirit of Adventure: Willingness to engage in new and exciting experiences with enthusiasm.

BECE/NECO Past Questions:

1. What are the main aims of camping for students?

2. Mention three types of hiking activities.

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
1. "The best way to predict the future is to create it." - Abraham Lincoln
2. "Adventure is worthwhile in itself." - Amelia Earhart
3. "Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire." - William Butler Yeats
4. "Life is either a daring adventure or nothing at all." - Helen Keller

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5. "Success is not final, failure is not fatal: It is the courage to continue that counts." - Winston Churchill
6. "The only way to do great work is to love what you do." - Steve Jobs
7. "In the middle of every difficulty lies opportunity." - Albert Einstein
8. "The future depends on what you do today." - Mahatma Gandhi
9. "Don't watch the clock; do what it does. Keep going." - Sam Levenson
10. "The journey of a thousand miles begins with one step." - Lao Tzu

WEEK: ELEVEN
EXAMINATION

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