Chap 1.1 : The Rise of Nationalism in Europe www.rava.org.

in

CHAPTER 1.1
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

ONE MARK QUESTIONS reestablish conservative regions in Europe.

9. What was the strong demand of the emerging middle
classes in Europe during 19th century?
1. Why did big European powers meet in Berlin in 1885?
Ans : [Foreign 2016]
Ans : [Delhi 2018]
The strong demand of the emerging middle classes
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,
in Europe during 19th century was constitutionalism
merchants from the towns in Europe began moving
with national unification.
to the countryside, supplying money to peasants
and artisans, persuading them to produce for an 10. What was the major change that occurred in the
international market. political and constitutional scenario due to French
revolution in Europe?
2. Name the treaty of 1832 that recognized Greece as an
independent nation. Ans : [Delhi 2015]

Ans : [Delhi 2016] The major changes that occurred in the political and
constitutional scenario due to French revolution in
It was the Treaty of Constantinople that recognized
Europe were the end of the absolute monarch with
Greece as an independent nation.
the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a
3. Name the event that mobilized nationalist feelings body of French people.
among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848?
11. What was the main aim of the French Revolutionaries?
Ans : [Delhi 2016]
Ans : [AI 2015]
The Greek war of independence mobilized nationalist
Their main aim was to transfer of sovereignty from the
feelings among the educated elite across Europe in
monarchy to a body of French people by creating a
1830-1848.
sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
4. What was the main aim of the revolutionaries of
12. What was the major issue taken up by the liberal
Europe during the years following 1815? [Delhi 2016]
nationalists? [Foreign 2015]
Ans :
Ans :
Their main aim was to oppose the monarchial form of
The liberal nationalists took the major issue of
government and fight for liberty and freedom.
freedom of press.
5. Who remarked “When France sneezes, the rest of
13. Mention the proclamation of the French Revolution.
Europe catches cold”? [AI 2016]
Ans : Ans : [Delhi 2010]

“When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches The proclamation of the French Revolution was “the
cold” was remarked by Duke Mettemich. people would constitute the nation and shape its
destiny.”
6. Who was proclaimed the German emperor in the
ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871? [AI 2016] 14. Who founded the secret society, ‘Young Italy’ during
Ans : the 1830s?
Ans : [AI 2010]
The ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871
proclaimed Kaiser William I of Prussia as the German During the 1830s, the secret society called the Young
emperor. Italy was founded by Giuseppe Mazzini.
7. What was the meaning of liberalism in early 19th 15. Name the female allegory representing the Republic of
century in Europe? [Foreign 2016] France. [AI 2010]
Ans : Ans :
Liberalism in early 19th century in Europe meant Marianne was the female allegory representing the
freedom for the individual, equality before law, republic of France.
government by consent and freedom of markets. 16. Name the female allegory of the German nation.
8. What was the main aim of the Treaty of Vienna of Ans : [AI 2010]
1815?
Germania was the female allegory of the German
Ans : [Foreign 2016] nation.
The main aim of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was to 17. What was the result of the first upheaval that took
 place in France in July 1830? [Foreign 2010] during the 18th and 19th centimes. This can be
Ans : justified with the following examples:
a. Romanticism and cultural movements in Greece
It resulted in the overthrowing of the Bourbon kings
helped in developing the feeling of nationalism,
and installation of a constitutional monarch with
sense of togetherness and love for the country
Louis Philippe as the head.
through language, art, poetry, stories, folk songs,
music and the past experiences.
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS b. Karol Kurpinski was able to develop the feeling
of nationalist through his operas, music and folk
dances.
18. Describe any three economic hardships faced by
c. The Poland people were fighting with Russia for
Europe in 1830s. [Delhi 2017]
their language and culture.
or
‘Great economic hardships in Europe prevailed in 21. How did a wave of economic nationalism strengthen
1830’s’. Support the statement with arguments. the wider nationalist sentiments growing in Europe?
[AI 2016] Explain. [Foreign 2015]
or Ans :
Why was the decade of 1830 is known as great economic The following are the ways through which a wave of
hardships in Europe? Explain any three reasons. economic nationalism strengthen the wider nationalist
[AI 2013]
sentiments growing in Europe:
Ans : a. The demand for the unconstrained transfer of
The three economic hardships faced by Europe in commodities and people.
1830s were: b. The formation of Zollverein.
a. High rise in population led to the unemployment c. The formation of the railway network which
condition and scarcity of jobs. increased the mobility and strengthen the
b. The small producers faced stiff competition due to economic condition.
the import of cheap machine goods from England. 22. Describe the events of French Revolution which had
c. Due to the burden of the feudal dues and taxes, influenced the people belonging to other parts of
there was bad harvest. Europe.
d. There was rise in the prices of food grains due to
Ans : [Delhi 2015]
the bad harvest which made the condition of the
common people miserable. The events of French Revolution which had influenced
the people belonging to other parts of Europe were:
19. How had the female figures become an allegory of the
a. Jacobins clubs were set up by the students and
nation during the 19th century in Europe? Analyse.
the members of educated middle class after the
[Delhi 2016]
news of the French revolution which affected the
Ans : French army.
The following are the ways by which the female b. The idea of nationalism was spread abroad by the
figures become an allegory of the nation during the French army.
19th century in Europe: c. The napoleon code was introduced in the year
a. The artists started personifying the nation with 1804, which abolished privileges and upholded
female figures in the 18th and 19th century which equality.
was an abstract idea that gave a concrete form to 23. How did the local people in the areas conquered by
the nation. Hence, the female figure became the Napoleon react to French rule? Explain.
allegory of the nation.
Ans : [Delhi 2014]
b. In France, the statues of Christene Marianne were
erected in the public square and also marked on The local people in the areas conquered by Napoleon
the coins and the stamps. It was the figure of had a mixed reaction to French rule.
Liberty with the red cap, the tricolor and the a. The businessman and the small producers
cockade. welcomed the economic reforms introduced by
c. In Germany, Germania became the allegory Napoleon.
wearing a crown of oak leaves because the German b. Initially, the French armies were recognized as the
oak symbolizes heroism. messenger of liberty but later on it was realised
that the administrative reforms cannot go hand in
20. Culture had played an important role in the
hand with the political reform.
development of nationalism in Europe during the
c. The increased taxation and censorship were not
18th and 19th centuries. Support the statement with
liked by the people.
examples. [Foreign 2016]
or 24. Explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles
How did nationalism develop through culture in to the economic exchange and growth by the new
Europe? Explain. commercial classes during the 19th century in Europe.
Ans : [AI 2015] Ans : [AI 2014]

It is true to say that culture had played an important The following were the conditions that were viewed
role in the development of nationalism in Europe as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth by
 the new commercial classes during the 19th century Gradually, England grew in importance due to
in Europe: its rising wealth and power which resulted in
a. Restrictions were put on the movement of goods, expansion of her influence over the other countries
capital and the people by many states. in that region.
b. There was a problem of time consuming c. In the year 1707, the act of union between England
calculations due to the different system of weights and Scotland resulted in the formation of United
and measures in different confederations. Kingdom of Great Britain. Finally, the British
c. There was a problem of price rise and delay in nation had its own English culture, British flag,
supply of goods due to so many check posts and national anthem and English language.
custom duties. 29. Name the female allegory, which was invented by
25. What were Jacobin clubs? How did then- activities artists in the 19th century to represent the nation of
and campaigns help to spread the idea of nationalism France. Explain any two features of it. [Foreign 2013]
abroad? Explain. [Foreign 2014] Ans :
Ans : In France, the name of the female allegory was
The political clubs in Europe formed by the educated Marianne. The statues of Christene Marianne were
middle class for the replacement of autocratic regimes erected in the public square and also marked on the
by the democratic government called the Jacobin coins and the stamps.
clubs. Their activities and campaigns helped to spread The two features of this female allegory were:
the idea of nationalism abroad in the following ways: a. This reflects the ideas of the people’s nation.
a. The French armies were able to move into Holland, b. It was the figure of liberty with the red cap, the
Belgium and Switzerland. tricolor and the cockade.
b. The French armies were able to spread the ideas 30. Describe the impact of the ‘revolution of liberals’ of
of nationalism in other countries of the world after 1848 in Europe. [Foreign 2012]
the outbreak of the revolutionary wars.
Ans :
26. Explain the process of unification of Italy.
The revolution of liberals of 1848 had a great impact
Ans : [Delhi 2013, 2012] in Europe. These were:
a. Giuseppe Mazzini started initiative for the a. The monarch was abdicated and a republic was
unification of Italy. He formed a secret society formed on the basis of universal male suffrage in
called ‘Young Italy’. France.
b. King Victor Emmanuel II tried to unify Italian b. Men and women of the liberal middle classes
states through war. united their demands for the constitutionalism
c. Further Victor Emmanuel II was supported and national unification and wanted to form a
and helped by Chief Minister Cavour and large nation-state on the basis of the parliamentary
number of armed volunteers under the leadership principles.
of Giuseppe Garibaldi. c. Middle class professionals, businessmen and the
rich artisans went to Frankfurt city and voted
27. Explain the process of unification of Germany.
for an all-German National Assembly. As a
Ans : [Delhi 2013, 2012] result, the Frankfurt assembly was convened and
a. The efforts of installing a constitutional monarchy a constitution for a German nation was drafted
in Germany with the help of political associations which was headed by a monarchy subject.
were failed by the year 1848. The failure of the 31. Explain any three beliefs of the conservatism that
Frankfurt parliament clearly indicated that emerged after 1815. [Delhi 2011]
Germany can be unified only with the combined
Ans :
effort of the monarchy and the army.
b. The movement of unification of Germany was The three beliefs of the conservatism that emerged
leaded by Prussia. There the chief minister of after 1815 were:
Prussia (Otto von Bismarck) became the main a. They believed that the traditional institutions of
architect in the process of unification of Germany. the state and the society must be protected and
c. Three wars were fought with Austria, Denmark preserved.
and France over seven years which finally ended b. They held the belief that the changes brought
with the Prussian victory and then after the by the Napoleon and the ^modernization would
process of unification of Germany was completed. definitely strengthen the power of the state and
make it much more effective.
28. How had Britain come into existence? [Delhi 2013]
c. They also believed that the modem army, efficient
Ans : bureaucracy, dynamic economy and the abolition
a. The formation of Britain or the unification of of the feudalism and serfdom would surely provide
Britain was a result of long drawn parliamentary gain to the aristocratic monarchies of Europe.
process. Before the 18th century there was no 32. Describe any three reforms introduced by Napoleon in
such nation called Britain. the territories he conquered. [Delhi 2011]
b. It was all comprised by the English, Welsh, Scot
Ans :
and Irish lived in the British Isles. All these regions
had their own cultural and political traditions. The three reforms introduced by Napoleon in the
territories he conquered were:
 a. Napoleon introduced the Civil Code in the year Giuseppe Mazzini was a great Italian revolutionary.
1804 which was also called as the Napoleon Code. He was born in Genoa in the year 1807. He joined a
It was introduced in order to abolish the privileges secret society of the Carbonari. He was sent to jail in
which were based on birth, to establish equality the year 1831 because he was involved in a revolution
before the law and to give the right to property in Liguria. Two underground societies were founded
to all. under him named the Young Italy in Marseilles and
b. He also introduced a system of uniform weight Young Europe in Berne.
and measures and a system of common currency According to Mazzini, the God had intended
for the nation which helped the people in trade the nations to be the natural units of mankind.
from one region to another. Therefore, Italy could not continue to be a
c. He had changed the system of transport and patchwork of the small and fragmented states and
communications and made it more advanced. kingdoms.
33. Explain the contribution of Otto van Bismarck in
The conservatives were frightened with the
German unification. [Delhi 2011] Mazzini’s opposition to the monarchy system and his
Ans : vision for the democracy.
The movement of unification of Germany was leaded 37. Explain in three points, how Ireland was incorporated
by Prussia. The chief minister of Prussia (Otto von into United Kingdom in 1801. [Foreign 2011]
Bismarck) became the main architect in the process Ans :
of unification of Germany.
The following are the ways through which Ireland was
The process of unification of Germany was incorporated into United Kingdom in the year 1801:
taken up by him with the help of the Prussian a. Catholics and Protestants were the two different
army and the bureaucracy. He infused the feeling of religious followers in Ireland. The Protestants were
nationalism in the minds of the people. Three wars supported by the English to establish dominance
were fought with Austria, Denmark and France over over the large catholic country.
seven years and defeated Austria, Denmark and b. The Catholics revolted under the leadership of
France which’ finally ended with the Prussian victory Wolfe Tone against this dominance but were
and thus completed the process of unification of failed.
Germany. c. The distinctive culture and language was
34. Explain any three ways in which nationalists feelings suppressed when the English nation grew in power.
were kept alive in Poland in the 18th and 19th century. The English nation promoted their own British
[AI 2011] flag, national anthem and English language.
Ans : 38. Explain any three features of the ‘nation-state’ that
The three ways in which nationalist feelings were kept emerged in Europe in the twentieth century.
alive in Poland in the 18th and 19th century were as [Foreign 2011]
follows: Ans :
a. The polish people used their culture in maintaining The three features of the nation-state that emerged in
and upgrading their national identity. Europe in the 20th century were:
b. For their unity and identity they had used music. a. There were intense rivalry among the nations due
For example, Karol Kurpinski was able to develop to expansion of trade and colonies,
the feeling of nationalist through his operas, music b. The disintegration of the Ottoman Empire.
and folk dances. c. The subject countries declared themselves as an
c. They used their language as a national resistance in independent countries.
church gatherings and other religious instructions.
39. Explain any three features of Napoleon Code.
35. Explain any three causes of conflict in the Balkan area
Ans : [Delhi 2010]
after 1871. [AI 2011]
Ans : The three features of the Napoleon Code are:
a. It helped in restoring monarchy after destroying
The three causes of conflict in the Balkan area after
democracy.
1871 were:
b. It helped in making the administrative system
a. The modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania,
more rational and efficient.
Greece, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia etc. were
c. It abolished the privileges based on birth and
comprised together called the Balkans. They had
helped in gaining equality before law.
conflict with one another on the basis of feelings
of nationalism. 40. Explain any three measures introduced by the French
b. The different Balkan regions were jealous of each revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity
other and always for their own identity. amongst the French people. [Delhi 2010]
c. They wanted to gain more territory at the expense Ans :
of the others. The three measures introduced by the French
36. Explain the contribution of Giuseppe Mazzini in revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity
spreading revolutionary ideas in Europe. [AI 2011] amongst the French people were:
Ans : a. The idea of la patrie and le Citoyen helped
the people enjoying the equal rights under a
 constitution. constitution.
b. The former royal standard flag was replaced by a b. The former royal standard flag was replaced by a
new French tricolor flag. new French tricolor flag.
c. The new estate general was elected. c. The new estate general was elected.
d. New hymns were composed and martyrs were d. New hymns were composed and martyrs were
commemorated. commemorated.
e. The regional dialects were discouraged in France e. The regional dialects were discouraged in France
and French was declared the common language of and French was declared the common language of
the nation. the nation.
41. Describe in brief the process by which the ‘British 44. Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, but
nation’ came into existence. [Foreign 2010] in the administrative field he had incorporated
Ans : revolutionary principles in order to make the whole
system more rational and efficient. Analyse the
The formation of Britain or the unification of Britain
statement with arguments. [AI 2016]
was a result of long drawn parliamentary process.
or
Before the 18th century there was no such nation
“Napoleon had, no doubt destroyed democracy
called Britain. It was all comprised by the English,
in France, but in the administrative field he had
welsh, scot and Irish lived in the British Isles. All
incorporated revolutionary principles in order to
these regions had their own cultural and political
make the whole system more rational and efficient”.
traditions. Gradually England grew in importance
Support the statement. [Delhi 2012]
due to its rising wealth and power which resulted in
Ans :
expansion of her influence over the other countries in
that region. The five social and administrative reforms introduced
by Napoleon in the regions under his control were :
In the year 1707, the act of union between
a. He gave away with all privileges based on birth,
England and Scotland resulted in the formation
established equality before the law.
of United Kingdom of Great Britain. Finally, the
b. He abolished the feudal system and freed peasants
British nation had its own English culture, British
from serfdom and manorial dues.
flag, national anthem and English language.
c. Equild restrictions were removed in the towns.
d. He introduced uniform and standardised weights
FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS and measures.
e. He also introduced a common national currency
that would facilitate the movement and exchange
42. Describe the explosive conditions that prevailed in
of goods and capital from one region to another.
Balkans after 1871 in Europe. [Delhi 2018]
Ans : 45. ‘Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal
democratic sentiments by the last quarter of the
The explosive conditions that prevailed in the Balkans
19th century in Europe.’ Analyse the statement with
after 1871 were:
examples. [Foreign 2016]
a. The modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania,
Ans :
Greece, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia etc. were
comprised together called the Balkans. They had It is true to say that Nationalism no longer retained
conflict with one another on the basis of feelings its idealistic liberal democratic sentiments by the last
of nationalism. quarter of the 19th century in Europe. It was so due
b. The different Balkan regions were jealous of each to the following reasons:
other and always for their own identity. a. Nationalism started becoming narrower in belief
c. They wanted to gain more territory at the expense with inadequate ends.
of the others. b. Now the concept of nationalism was changing in
d. Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry. its meaning as more area of influence.
Each power-Russia, Germany, England were keen c. The nationalists were manipulated by the chief
to take hold on Balkans. European authorities.
e. The Balkans people used history to prove that d. The problem of Balkan state was not solved rather
they had once been independent. So, they became it was being watched by the countries to become
nationalist and rebellious to win back their long- fruitful for them.
lost independence. 46. Describe the process of unification of Germany.
43. Analyse the measures and practices introduced by the Ans : [Delhi 2015]
French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective
In 1848, Germans tried to unite the different regions
identity amongst the French people. [Delhi 2016]
of the German confederation into a nation-state-
Ans : governed by an elected parliament. But the monarchy
The measures and practices introduced by the French and the military repulssed the initiative. From then,
revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity Germany’s effort was supported by the large land
amongst the French people were: owners called Junkers of Prussia. Prussia took the
a. The idea of La patrie and Le citoyen helped leadership of this movement under its chief minister,
the people enjoying the equal rights under a Otto von Bismarck. He took the help of Prussian army
 and bureaucracy. For 7 years, Prussians fought 3 wars and power so was able to dominate over other nations
with Austria, Denmark, and France-which resulted of Britain. The English parliament came into power in
into Prussia’s victory and it led to be unification of 1688 with England at its centre.
Germany. a. The Act of Union (1707) between England and
The Prussian king, William I was proclaimed Scotland resulted in formation of the United
as the German Emperor on January 18, 1871. The Kingdom of Great Britain’. This means England
nation-state building in Germany had demonstrated was able to dominate Scotland.
the dominance of Prussian state power. The unified b. Ireland was divided into Catholic and Protestants.
state of Germany had modern currency, banking, The English helped the Protestants to gain control
legal and judicial system. over Catholic country. Catholic revolted against
British but they were suppressed and Ireland was
47. “Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom
that they are all part of the same nation.” Support in 1801. A new British nation’ came through the
the statement. [Delhi 2015] propagation of English culture, the British flag
Ans : (Union Jack), the national anthem (God Save Our
Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe Noble Ring), and the English language.
that they are all part of the same nation. 50. ‘The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in
a. The Romanticism and cultural movements focused Europe.’ Support the statement with four examples.
on emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings to Ans : [Foreign 2012]
create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a
common cultural past of a nation. The decade of 1830s known as great economic
b. Folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances are true hardships in Europe because of the following reasons:
cultural spirits of a nation and these are essential a. High rise in population led to the unemployment
to bind the people in a bond. condition and scarcity of jobs.
c. Importance of vernacular language also bind the b. The small producers faced stiff competition due to
people into a nation so that they can collectively the import of cheap machine goods from England.
think for their nation. c. Due to the burden of the feudal dues and taxes
d. Music also helps in to light up the feeling of there was bad harvest.
nationalism-connection to one nation. d. There was rise in the prices of food grains due to
e. The collection of local folklore was not just only the bad harvest which made the condition of the
to recover the national spirit, but also spread common people miserable.
the message of nationalism among the illiterate 51. Explain any four ideas of liberal nationalists in the
people. economic sphere. [AI 2011]
48. Describe the process of unification of Italy. [AI 2015] Ans :
Ans : The four ideas of liberal nationalists in the economic
a. Earlier Italy was divided into seven states out of sphere were:
which the Italian princely house ruled only in the a. They demanded the freedom of markets and
Sardinia-Piedmont region. restrictions to be abolished which were imposed
b. The youth of the country were greatly influenced by by the state.
the most prominent Italian leader named Mazzini. b. They were in demand for the creation of the
The youth were inspired for the establishment of unified economic territory.
a single united Italy. Secret societies were set up c. They wanted the currency disparities to be
in many states. balanced.
c. In the process of unification of Italy Cavour was d. They wanted to follow the uniform weights and
helped a lot by Mazzini. King Victor Emmanuel measurement.
II took the charge of the unification of Italy after e. They demanded good infrastructure for their
a series of failure of Mazzini. economic interests.
d. Cavour, the then chief minister due to his tactful 52. Explain any four changes brought about in Europe by
diplomatic alliance with France was able to defeat the Treaty of Vienna [1815]. [Foreign 2011]
the Austrian forces in the year 1859. Ans :
e. Finally the Spanish were driven out when
Giuseppe Garibaldi marched into south Italy The four changes that were brought in Europe by the
in the year 1860 with the support of the local Treaty ofVienna in the year ;1815 were as follows:
peasants. Hence, Italy was unified in the year a. The Bourbon dynasty was restored.
1961 and Victor Emmanuel II was declared the b. Series of states were set up along the boundaries
king of united Italy. of France for the future prevention.
c. Prussia was given the new territories on to the
49. Describe the process of unification of Britain. west side.
Ans : [Delhi 2015] d. The German federation remained as it is.
The unification of Britain was not the result of any e. Monarchy was restored in Europe.
revolution but it was a long drawn-out process. Earlier,
Britain was comprised of English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.
But in all these, English nations grew in importance
Chap 1.2 : Nationalism in India www.rava.org.in

CHAPTER 1.2

Nationalism in India

ONE MARK QUESTIONS Chandra Chattopadhyay and also a hymn “Vande

Mataram’ was written by him in 1870s. This hymn
was later included in his novel Anandamath and
1. Name the writer of the novel Anandamath. sung during the swadeshi movement in Bengal.
Ans : [Delhi 2017] b. The image of Bharat Mata was portrayed as calm,
composed, divine and spiritual which acquired
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay is the writer of the
different forms in different years by different
novel Anandamath.
artists. This image of India developed the ideas of
2. Name the writer of the book ‘Hind Swaraj’. nationalism in India.
Ans : [All India 2017] c. The Indian folklores were revived and the folk
tales were recorded and sung by bards which gave
Mahatma Gandhi is the writer of the book Hind a true picture of the traditional Indian culture
Swaraj. and tells how it was ruined by the Britishers.
3. Who wrote the song ‘Vande Mataram’ ? d. Rabindranath Tagore led the movement for the
Ans : [Foreign 2017] revival of the folks and thus collected ballads,
nursery rhymes and myths .Tamil folk tales were
The song Wande Matram’ was written by Bankim published by Natesa Shashtri in his book The
Chandra Chattopadhyay. folklore of southern India which was a massive
4. State the slogan with which Simon Commission was four volume collection.
greeted in 1928 in India. e. A tricolor swadeshi flag, using red, green
Ans : [CBSE 2016] and yellow was designed during the swadeshi
movement in Bengal which had 8 lotuses for the
Simon Commission arrived in India and was greeted representation of the 8 provinces and a crescent
with the slogan ‘Simon go back’. moon for symbolizing the Hindus and the
Muslims. A tricolor Swaraj flag was designed by
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS Gandhiji in the year 1921 using the colours red,
green and white. A spinning wheel was in the
centre of the flag which represented the Gandhian
5. Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide ideal of self¬help.
Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act 1919
Explain any three reasons. 7. Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the Non-
Cooperation Movement in February 1922? Explain
Ans : [All India 2010, 2014, Delhi 2015, 2017] any three reasons.
Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha Ans : [Delhi 2015, All India 2017]
against the proposed Rowlatt Act, 1919 due to the
following three reasons: Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation
a. The Rowlatt Act was passed hurriedly by the Movement in February 1922 due to the following three
Imperial Legislative Council despite the opposition reasons:
by the Indian members. a. The Non-Cooperation Movement was turning
b. The Rowlatt Act gave enormous power to the violent in many places.
government for repressing the political activities. b. To train the Satyagrahis for mass struggle, (c)
c. According to this Act, the government can detain Some of the Congress leaders were not willing to
the political prisoners without trial for a period continue the non-cooperation because they were
of two years. tired of the mass struggle, wanted to participate in
the council elections and they wanted to criticize
6. Evaluate the contribution of folklore, songs, popular the British policies within the council.
prints etc. in shaping the nationalism during freedom
struggle. 8. Why did Gandhiji relaunch the Civil Disobedience
Movement after the Second Round Table Conference?
Ans : [Delhi 2017] Explain any three reasons. [Foreign 2013, 2017]
a. Folklores, folk songs, prints, icons and symbols Ans :
etc. helped in unifying the Indians and inspired a
feeling of nationalism in them. The image of India Gandhiji relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement
was first visualized as Bharat Mata by Bankim after the Second Round Table Conference due to the
following reasons:
 a. When Mahatma Gandhi went for the Round and the Muslims.
Table Conference in December 1931, he returned 13. The plantation workers in Assam had their own
disappointed as the negotiations were broken understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of
down. Swaraj.’ Support the statement with arguments.
b. He discovered this new cycle of repression by the
British. Ans : [All India 2016]
c. The important Congress leaders were in jail and According to the Inland Emigration Act 1859, the
meetings, demonstrations and boycotts were plantation workers in Assam were not allowed to leave
prevented. the tea garden. Therefore, they also joined the Swaraj
9. How did the ‘Salt March’ become the base to begin movement. For the plantation workers in Assam, the
the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’ ? Explain. notion of Swaraj was to get the right of free movement
in and out of the confined space, retaining a link with
Ans : [CBSE 2017] the village from which they belong to and also they
The ‘Salt March’ become the base to begin the ‘Civil believed that in the Gandhi Raj they would be given
Disobedience Movement’ because on 31st March 1930, land.
Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating
eleven demands out of which some were of general
interest and some of were specific demands of different
classes. The demands were wide ranging in order to
bring together everyone under a united campaign.
The most important demand was to abolish the salt
tax as it was the most important item in food that is
consumed by both rich and poor.
10. Who had designed the ‘Swaraj flag’ by 1921? Explain
the main features of the ‘Swaraj flag’.
Ans : [Delhi 2016]
A tricolor Swaraj flag was designed by Gandhiji in the 14. Why did different social groups join the Civil
year 1921. Disobedience movement? Explain.
The main features of this Swaraj flag was:
a. It was designed using the colours red, green and Ans : [Foreign 2016]
white. The following were the different social groups who
b. A spinning wheel was in the centre of the flag participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement with
which represented the Gandhi an ideal of self- different objectives:
help. a. These rich peasants due to the trade depression,
11. ‘The Civil Disobedience Movement was different falling prices and disappeared cash income
from the Non-Cooperation Movement.’ Support the were not able to pay the revenue and also the
statement with examples. government refused to reduce the revenue. Their
notion for Swaraj struggle was basically a struggle
Ans : [Delhi 2016] against high revenue.
The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from b. For the poor peasantry groups, the meaning of
the Non-Cooperation Movement in the following ways: Swaraj was lowering the revenue demand and also
a. The Civil Disobedience Movement dealt with the they wanted the unpaid rent to be remitted.
breaking of the colonial laws whereas the Non- c. Women also participated in large scale in the civil
Cooperation Movement did not follow the rules of disobedience movement during the salt march by
the colonial government. Gandhiji. They belonged to the high caste families
b. In the Civil Disobedience Movement, people broke from the urban areas and rich peasant households
the salt law and forest law whereas in the Non- from the rural areas. For them it was a sacred
Cooperation Movement, they carried out peaceful duty to serve the nation.
demonstrations. 15. Simon Commission was greeted with slogan ‘Go Back
c. The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched Simon’ on arrival in India. Support this reaction of
to get Puma Swaraj whereas the Non-Cooperation Indians with arguments.
Movement was to unite the Hindus and Muslims
to attain Swaraj. Ans : [Foreign 2016]
12. What type of flag was designed during the Swadeshi Against the situation of countryside turmoil, the Tory
Movement in Bengal? Explain its main features. government in Britain set up a commission named
Simon Commission after the name of Sir John Simon
Ans : [All India 2016] to look into the constitutional system in India and
a. A tricolor swadeshi flag, using red, green suggest the changes needed. There were no Indian
and yellow was designed during the swadeshi members in this commission.
movement in Bengal. In the year 1928, Simon Commission arrived in India
b. It had 8 lotuses for the representation of the 8 and was greeted with the slogan ‘Simon go back’.
provinces, 16. “The Congress was reluctant to include the demands
c. It had a crescent moon for symbolizing the Hindus
 of the industrial workers in its programme of struggle.” The demands were wide ranging in order to bring
Analyse the reasons. together everyone under a united campaign. The most
Ans : [Delhi 2015] important demand was to abolish the salt tax as it
was the most important item in food that is consumed
Some of the industrial workers who participated in by both rich and poor.
the Civil Disobedience Movement were the Nagpur
industrial workers who selectively adopted some of the 20. Describe the spread of Non-Cooperation movement in
Gandhian ideas such as boycott of the foreign goods. the countryside. [All lndia2015]
They participated in the movement as part of their or
own movement against the low wages and the poor How did the non-cooperation spread to the
working conditions in the industries. countryside? Explain.
In the year 1930 and 1932, the railway workers and Ans : [Foreign 2010]
the dockworkers went on strike. The Chhotanagpur Due to the worldwide economic depression the
tin mines workers also protested in rallies wearing agricultural prices began to fall, demands for
Gandhian caps and boycotted the campaigns. agricultural goods fell and the export declined. This
But the Congress was not willing to include their resulted in a countryside turmoil. Now it was difficult
demands because he thought that this would alienate for the peasants to sell their harvest and pay the high
the industrialists and divide the anti-imperialist forces. revenue.

17. Explain any three reasons for the slow down of Non- Against this situation of countryside turmoil
Cooperation Movement in cities. [All India 2013]
the Tory government in Britain set up a commission
or named Simon Commission under Sir John Simon
Why did the Non-Cooperation Movement gradually to look into the constitutional system in India and
slowdown in cities? Explain. suggest the changes needed. There were no Indian
members in this commission.
Ans : [Delhi 2012, 2015, Foreign 2014]
21. Describe any three major problems faced by the
The Non-Cooperation Movement gradually slowed peasants of Awadh in the days of Non-Cooperation
down in towns and cities because movement. [All India 2015]
a. The khadi clothes were expensive which the poor or
people could not afford. Explain any three problems faced by the peasants of
b. There was need for Indian institutions for the Awadh.
teachers, students and the lawyers but these were
very slow to come up. Ans : [Delhi 2011]
c. Thus once again people started using the mill The three major problems faced by the peasants of
made British clothes and the students, teachers Awadh in the days of Non-Cooperation Movement
and the lawyers joined back their respective were:
institutions. a. They demanded very high rents and other cesses
18. Describe the main features of Poona Pact.
from the peasants.
b. The peasants were bound to work at landlord’s
Ans : [All India 2015] farm without any payment.
In the Second Round Table Conference, Dr. B.R. c. Peasants had to do begar, no security of tenure
Ambedkar demanded separate electorates for the and also they were evicted regularly so that they
Dalits. Against this Gandhiji, began a fast unto death could not acquire right over the leased land.
because he believed that separate electorates for 22. How could Non-Cooperation become a movement?
the Dalits would slow down the process of national Give your opinion.
integration.
Ans : [Foreign 2015]
Later on, Ambedkar accepted Gandhian view and
in the Poona Pact the depressed class people were In the year 1909 Mahatma Gandhi wrote a book named
given the reserved seats in the provincial and the ‘Hind Swaraj’ in which he wrote that the British
central legislative council election but to be voted in survived in India only because of the cooperation
by the general electorate. of the Indians otherwise they would have collapsed
within a year.
19. How did Salt March become an effective tool of
resistance against colonialism? Explain. [AI 2015] Gandhiji planned to unfold the movement in
or stages. In the first stage the people surrendered the
Why did Mahatma Gandhi find in ‘salt’ a powerful titles, boycotted civil services, army, police, schools,
symbol that could unite the nation? Explain. foreign goods, courts and legislative councils.
Ans : [Delhi 2016] The full Civil Disobedience campaign was planned
for the second phase if the government tried to supress
Salt March become an effective tool of resistance the first phase.
against colonialism because on 31st March 1930,
Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin. 23. Explain the circumstances which compelled Mahatma
Mahatma Gandhi had stated eleven demands in this Gandhi to call off the Non-Cooperation Movement in
letter out of which some were of general interest 1930. [All India 2012]
and some were specific demands of different classes. or
 Explain the circumstances under which Gandhiji c. Some of the Congress leaders were notwilling to
decided to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement continue the non-cooperation because they were
in 1931. tired of the mass struggle, wanted to participate in
Ans : [Foreign 2015] the council elections and they wanted to criticize
the British policies within the council.
The circumstances which compelled Mahatma Gandhi
to call off the Non- Cooperation Movement in 1930 27. Why did Mahatma Gandhi relaunch the Civil
were: Disobedience Movement with great apprehension?
a. The Non-Cooperation Movement was turning Explain.
violent in many places. Ans : [All India 2016]
b. To train the Satyagrahis for mass struggle, Gandhiji relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement
c. Some of the Congress leaders were not willing to after the Second Round Table Conference due to
continue the non-cooperation because they were the following reasons: When Mahatma Gandhi went
tired of the mass struggle, wanted to participate in for the round table conference in December 1931,
the council elections and they wanted to criticize he returned disappointed as the negotiations broke
the British policies within the council. down. He discovered a new cycle of repression by
the British. The important Congress leaders were in
jail and meetings, demonstrations and boycotts were
prevented.
28. How did Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the
countryside? Explain any four points. [Delhi 2012]
or
How did civil disobedience come into force in various
parts of the country? Explain with examples.
Ans : [All India 2016]
Due to the worldwide economic depression the
agricultural prices began to fall, demands for
24. How did women participate in the Civil Disobedience agricultural goods fell and the export declined. This
Movement? Explain. resulted in a countryside turmoil because now it was
Ans : [Foreign 2015] difficult for the peasants to sell their harvest and pay
the high revenue. Against this situation of countryside
Women participated in large scale in the Civil turmoil the Tory government in Britain set up a
Disobedience Movement during the Salt March by commission named Simon Commission after the name
Gandhiji. They belonged to the high caste families of Sir John Simon to look into the constitutional
from the urban areas and rich peasant households system in India and suggest the changes needed.
from the rural areas. For them it was a sacred duty to There were no Indian members in this commission.
serve the nation.
29. Explain the idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji.
25. Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide
Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act of 1919? Ans : [Delhi 2014]
How was it organized? [Delhi 2016] The idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji was a
Ans : novel method of mass agitation which emphasizes the
power of truth and the need to search for the truth.
Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha
against the proposed Rowlatt Act 1919 due to the Mahatma Gandhi said that if you are fighting for
following three reasons: the truth and against injustice then there is no need
a. In the year 1919, Gandhiji organized a Satyagraha of physical force to defeat the oppressor. This can be
against the Rowlatt Act which was passed possible without being aggressive. The oppressors can
hurriedly by the imperial legislative council be persuaded to see the truth with the use of non-
despite the opposition by the Indian members. violence.
b. The Rowlatt Act gave enormous power to the Mahatma Gandhi had a hard belief that the
government for repressing the political activities. dharma of non-violence will help in uniting the people
c. According to this act the government can detain of the country.
the political prisoners without trial for a period
30. Why was Congress reluctant to allow women to hold
of two years.
any position of authority within the organisation?
26. Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to call off the Civil How did women participate in Civil Disobedience
Disobedience Movement? Explain. Movement? Explain.
Ans : [All India 2016] Ans : [CBSE 2018]
The circumstances under which Gandhiji decided to Women also participated in large scale in the Civil
call off the Civil Disobedience movement in 1931 were: Disobedience Movement during the salt march by
a. The Non-Cooperation Movement was turning Gandhiji. They belonged to the high caste families
violent in many places. from the urban areas and rich peasant households
b. To train the Satyagrahis for mass struggle, from the rural areas. For them it was a sacred duty to
 serve the nation. But the Congress was not willing to 34. Describe the main features of the ‘Salt March’.
give them any position of authority in the organisation Ans : [All India 2014]
and that’s why Gandhiji said that women should look
after the domestic chores and be good mothers and The main features of the ‘Salt March’ are:
wives. a. On 31st March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent a
letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands out
31. Plantation workers had their own understanding of of which some were of general interest and some
Mahatma Gandhi’s ideas and the notion of ‘Swaraj’, were specific demands of different classes.
Support the statement. b. The demands were wide ranging in order to bring
Ans : [Delhi 2017] together everyone under a united campaign. The
According to the Inland Emigration Act 1859, the most important demand was to abolish the salt
plantation workers in Assam were not allowed to leave tax as it was the most important item in food that
the tea garden. Therefore they also joined the Swaraj is consumed by both rich and poor.
movement. For the plantation workers in Assam the c. Mahatma Gandhi started the March for over
notion of Swaraj was to get the right of free movement 240 miles with his 78 trusted volunteers from
in and out of the confined space, retaining a link with Sabarmati to Dandi. They walked for 10 miles
the village from which they belong to and also they a day for 24 days. He violated the salt law by
believed that in the Gandhi Raj they would be given manufacturing salt by boiling the sea water on
land. 6th April 1930.
d. Now Gandhiji wanted Indians to refuse All sort of
cooperation with the British and also break the
colonial rules.
35. How had the First World War created a Jnew economic
situation in India? Explain with three examples.
Ans : [Delhi 2013]
The First World War created a new economic situation
in India. The three examples are:
a. The defence expenditure was financed by the
war loans. The increased taxes, raising the
custom duties and introducing the income tax,
and increased prices of the commodities caused
32. How did the colonial government repress the ‘Civil economic hardship for the common people.
Disobedience Movement’ ? Explain. b. For the continuous supply of the soldiers the
Ans : [All India 2017] villages were called upon and recruitment was
The three measures taken by the British administration done forcefully.
to repress the movement started against the Rowlatt c. There was a period of crop failure in many parts
Act were: of the country which caused acute food shortages
a. To suppress the nationalists the British and millions of people perished due to the famine
administration picked up the local leaders and and the epidemics.
barred Gandhiji from entering Delhi. 36. How was Rowlatt Act opposed by the people in India?
b. Martial law was imposed. Explain with examples.
c. The Satyagrahis were forced to rub their nose on Ans : [Delhi 2013]
the ground, crawl on streets and do salute to all
the Sahibs, people were beaten up and villages Rowlatt Act opposed by the people in India. The
were bombed. three examples are:
a. A non-violent Civil Disobedience was planned
33. Explain any three measures taken by the British against this act which would start with a strike
administration to repress the movement started on 6th April 1919.
against the Rowlatt act. [All India 2013] b. Against the Rowlatt Act, rallies were organized,
or the railway workshop workers went on strike and
Describe any three suppressive measures taken by the the shops were closed down.
British administration to clamp down on nationalists. c. On 13th April 1919, huge crowd was gathered in
Ans : [Delhi 2014] the Jallianwalla Bagh.
The three suppressive measures taken by the British 37. “Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe
administration to clamp down on nationalist were: that they are all part of the same nation.’ Justify the
a. To suppress the nationalist the British statement.
administration picked up the local leaders and Ans : [Delhi 2013]
barred Gandhiji from entering Delhi.
b. Martial law was imposed. It is true to say that ‘Nationalism spreads when
c. The Satyagrahis were forced to rub their nose on people begin to believe that they are all part of the
the ground, crawl on streets and do salute to all same nation.’
the Sahibs. People were beaten up and villages Nationalism is a belief that all are a part of the same
were bombed. nation which binds the people together and make
 different communities, regions and language groups named Simon Commission after the name of Sir
united. John Simon to look into the constitutional system
This came through the united struggles like the in India and suggest the changes needed. There
Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience were no Indian members in this commission.
Movement, the wars like revolt of 1857. History, 41. How did colonial government react as the Civil
fiction, folklores, folk songs, prints, icons, symbols, etc. Disobedience Movement spread in the country?
all these helped in unifying the Indians and inspired Explain any three points.
a feeling of nationalism in them. The history was Ans : [Foreign 2013]
reinterpreted to create the feeling of nationalism and
instill a sense of pride among the Indians. Through this The following are the ways in which the Colonial
the perspective of British towards India as backward, government reacted as the Civil Disobedience
primitive and incapable of governing themselves was movement spread in the country.
criticized. a. To suppress the nationalist the British
administration picked up the local leaders and
38. Which were the two types of demands mentioned barred Gandhiji from entering Delhi.
by Gandhiji in his letter to Viceroy Irwin on 31st b. Martial law was imposed.
January 1930? Why was the abolition of ‘Salt Tax’ c. The Satyagrahis were forced to rub their nose on
most stirring demand? Explain. the ground, crawl on streets and do salute to all
Ans : [All India 2013] the Sahibs, people were beaten up and villages
On 31st March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter were bombed.
to Viceroy Irwin. Mahatma Gandhi had stated eleven 42. How was history re-interpreted in creating a feeling of
demands in this letter out of which some were of nationalism? Explain with examples. [Foreign 2012]
general interest and some were specific demands of Ans :
different classes. The demands were wide ranging
The history was reinterpreted to create the feeling
in order to bring together everyone under a united
of nationalism and instill a sense of pride among
campaign.
the Indians. Through this the perspective of British
The abolition of ‘Salt Tax’ was most stirring towards India as backward, primitive and incapable of
demand because salt was the most important item in governing themselves was criticized.
food that is consumed by both rich and poor.
The reinterpretation of the Indian history
39. Explain the effects of‘ worldwide economic depression’ revealed that India had a glorious achievements and
on India, towards late 1920s. developments in the past. India had contributed in the
Ans : [All India 2013] field of art, architecture, science, religion, culture, law,
philosophy, crafts and trade.
The effects of ‘worldwide economic depression’ on
India, towards late 1920s were: 43. Explain any three facts about the new economic
a. The defence expenditure was financed by the situation created in India by the First World War.
war loans. The increased taxes, raising the Ans : [Delhi 2011]
custom duties and introducing the income tax,
Three facts about the new economic situation created
and increased prices of the commodities caused
in India by the First World War were:
economic hardship for the common people.
a. The defence expenditure was financed by the war
b. For the continuous supply of the soldiers the
loans, the increased taxes, raising the custom
villages were called upon and recruitment was
duties and introducing the income tax and
done forcefully.
increased prices of the commodities which caused
c. There was a period of crop failure in many parts
economic hardship for the common people.
of the country which caused acute food shortages
b. For the continuous supply of the soldiers the
and millions of people perished due to the famine
villages were called upon and recruitment was
and the epidemics.
done forcefully.
40. How did the people support the Civil Disobedience c. There was a period of crop failure in many parts
Movement as it spread in different parts of the of the country which caused acute food shortages
country? Explain with examples. and millions of people perished due to the famine
Ans : [Foreign 2013] and the epidemics.
The people supported the Civil Disobedi¬ence 44. Explain the role of women in the Civil Disobedience
Movement as it spread in different parts of the country Movement.
due to the following reasons: Ans : [Foreign 2012]
a. Due to the worldwide economic depression the
Women also participated in large scale in the Civil
agricultural prices began to fall, demands for
Disobedience movement during the salt march by
agricultural goods fell and the export declined.
Gandhiji. They belonged to the high caste families
b. This resulted in a countryside turmoil because
from the urban areas and rich peasant households
now it was difficult for the peasants to sell their
from the rural areas. For them it was a sacred duty to
harvest and pay the high revenue.
serve the nation. But the Congress was not willing to
c. Against this situation of countryside turmoil the
give them any position of authority in the organisation
Tory government in Britain set up a commission
and that’s why Gandhiji said that women should look
 after the domestic chores and be good mothers and b. Thus they started opposing the colonial policies
wives. which restricted their business to expand. They
45. Explain the effects of Non-Cooperation Movement on had two demands - protection against the import
the economic front. of foreign goods and a favorable exchange ratio of
rupee and sterling.
Ans : [Foreign 2014 Foreign 2013] c. According to the merchants and the industrialists
The three effects of the Non-Cooperation Movement the meaning of Swaraj was expansion of trade
on the economy of India were: and business without restrictions by the colonial
a. Foreign goods boycotted, liquor shops picketed, government. But they were disheartened due to
foreign clothes were burnt. the failure of the round table conference.
b. Import of the foreign clothes reduced by half, the 49. How did Gandhiji try to integrate the depressed
value of import dropped, merchants and traders classes into society? Explain any three points.
refused the trade of foreign goods.
c. Production of Indian mills and handloom rose. Ans : [Foreign 2011]
46. Explain any three reasons for the lukewarm response of Gandhiji tried to integrate the depressed classes into
some Muslim Organisations to the Civil Disobedience society because:
Movement. a. Gandhiji was of the view that Swaraj would
not come for hundred years if the problem of
Ans : [Delhi 2011] untouchability has not removed from the country.
The three reasons for the lukewarm response of some Gandhiji called them harijan’ means the children
Muslim Organisations to the Civil Disobedience of God.
Movement were: b. Gandhiji fought for their temple entry rights
a. Due to the decline of the non-cooperation Khilafat and others rights such as access to public wells,
movement. schools and other public places. Gandhiji himself
b. They felt alienated from Congress. They felt cleaned the toilets in order to dignify the work
that Congress is linked with a Hindu Mahasabha of the sweepers and also urged the upper caste
and their propagandas are Hindu oriented. This people to change their heart and thinking about
thinking resulted to Hindu-Muslim communal these untouchables.
clashes and riots in different parts of the c. In the Poona Pact, the depressed class people
country. Thus the distance between these two were given the reserved seats in the provincial and
communities widened. Their main issue was over the central legislative council election but to be
the representation in the future assemblies. voted in by the general electorate.
c. In the All Parties Conference in 1928, the demands 50. How did BR Ambedkar try to improve the conditions
of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, for reserved seats in the of the depressed classes? Explain any three points.
central assembly and representation in proportion
to population in the Muslim dominated provinces Ans : [Foreign 2011]
like Bengal and Punjab, was strongly opposed by BR Ambedkar tried to improve the conditions of the
M.R.Jayakar of Hindu Mahasabha. The Muslims depressed classes in the ‘ following ways:
were very much concerned about their status, a. The Dalit leaders demanded reserved seats in the
culture and identity as a minority in India. educational institutions and separate electorates
47. Explain any three effects of the Non- Cooperation
so that would be getting seats in the legislative
Movement on the economy of India. [All India 2011]
councils and thus politically empowered. The
or Dalits believed that these are the only ways
Describe briefly any three economic effects of Non- through which they will be treated equally in the
Cooperation Movement. society.
b. In the second Round Table Conference Dr. B.R.
Ans : [Delhi 2009] Ambedkar demanded separate electorates for the
The three effects of the Non-Cooperation Movement Dalits.
on the economy of India were: c. Later on, Ambedkar accepted Gandhian view and
a. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops were in the Poona pact the depressed class people were
picketed, foreign clothes were burnt. given the reserved seats in the provincial and the
b. Import of the foreign clothes reduced by half, the central legislative council election but to be voted
value of import dropped, merchants and traders in by the general electorate.
refused the trade of foreign goods. 51. Explain four points of Gandhiji’s idea of Satyagraha.
c. Production of Indian mills and handloom rose.
Ans : [All India 2012]
48. Why did the industrialists participate in the Civil
Disobedience Movement? Explain any three reasons. The idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji was a
novel method of mass agitation which emphasizes the
Ans : [All India 2011] power of truth and the need to search for the truth.
The three reasons due to which the in¬dustrialists Mahatma Gandhi said that if you are fighting for the
participated in the movement were: truth and against injustice then there is no need of
a. The Indian merchants and the industrialist physical force to defeat the oppressor.
became rich and powerful due to huge profits they This can be possible without being aggressive.
made during the First World War.
 The oppressors can be persuaded to see the truth with Analyse the role of merchants and industrialists in the
the use of non-violence. Civil Disobedience Movement. [Delhi 2010]
Mahatma Gandhi had a hard belief that the or
dharma of non-violence will help in uniting the people Explain the reasons for the business class to participate
of the country. in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’. [CBSE 2017]
or
52. Why did the rich peasants take part in the Civil Explain the attitude of the Indian merchants and
Disobedience Movement? Give four reasons. the industrialists towards the ‘Civil Disobedience
Ans : [Foreign 2012] Movement’. [All India 2015]
The rich peasant communities of Gujarat (Patidars) or
and Uttar Pradesh (Jats) participated actively in the Explain with examples the role of industrialists in the
relaunched Civil Disobedience movement but they 5 freedom struggle of India. [Delhi 2014]
were highly disappointed when Gandhiji called off the or
movement without revising the revenue rates. How did the industrialist relate to the Civil
Disobedience Movement? Analyse their role.
These rich peasants were the main producers of
Ans : [Foreign 2015]
the commercial crops. Due to the trade depression,
falling prices and disappeared cash income they were The Indian merchants and the industrialist became
not able to pay the revenue and also the government rich and powerful due to huge profits they made during
refused to reduce the revenue. Their notion for Swaraj the First World War. Thus they started opposing the
struggle was basically a struggle against high revenue colonial policies which restricted their business to
paid to the government. expand. They had two demands — protection against
the import of foreign goods and a favourable exchange
53. Explain any three causes that led the tribals to revolt
ratio of rupee and sterling. In the year 1920 and 1927,
in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh.
Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress and the
Ans : [Foreign 2011] Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and
The three causes that led the tribals to revolt in the Industries were formed respectively by the Indian
Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh were: merchants and industrialist to organize their business
a. The colonial government closed large forest areas interest.
and prevented the people from entering the forest
for the purposes like grazing the cattle, collection
of fuelwood and fruits.
b. The livelihood and the traditional rights of the
local people were denied.
c. The revolt began when the government forced
the hill people to contribute Begar for the road
building.
54. “A Satyagrahi wins the battle through non-violence.”
Explain with examples.
Ans : [Foreign 2010]
“A Satyagrahi wins the battle through non-violence.” Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G.D. Birla were
Three examples of this statement are: the prominent industrialist who supported the Civil
a. In the year 1916, Champaran Satyagraha (in Disobedience Movement, given financial assistance,
Bihar) was organized to inspire the peasants to refused to buy and sell the foreign goods and attacked
fight against the oppressive domination of the the colonial control. According to the merchants
plantation system. and the industrialists, the meaning of Swaraj was
b. In the year 1917, Kheda Satyagraha was organized expansion of trade and business without restrictions by
in Gujarat. Due to the crop failure and a plague the colonial government. But they were disheartened
epidemic the peasants were not able to pay the due to the failure of the Round Table Conference.
revenue. So they were demanding for the revenue
56. How did Non-Cooperation Movement start with
collection to be relaxed.
participation of middle class people in the cities?
c. In the year 1918, a Satyagraha was organized for
Explain its impact on the economic front.[Delhi 2018]
the cotton mill workers in Ahmedabad in Gujarat.
Ans :

FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS a. In January 1921, the non-cooperation Khilafat

movement was started in which different social
groups participated with different aspirations
55. Evaluate the role of business classes in the ‘Civil from the Swaraj. This movement was started
Disobedience Movement.’ ? [All India 2017] with the middle class people of the towns and
or cities. The students left the schools and colleges,
Describe the role of merchants and the industrialists the teachers and headmasters resigned and the
in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’. [Foreign 2014] lawyers gave up their practices.
or b. The council elections were also boycotted except
 in Madras. The Justice Party which was a party of cities? Explain its economic effects. [Delhi 2012]
the non-Brahmins in Madras felt that power can or
be acquired only through the council elections. How did the Non-Cooperation Movement spread in
c. The economic effects of the Non¬Cooperation cities across the country? Explain its effect on the
Movement — foreign goods boycotted, liquor economic front.
shops picketed, foreign clothes were burnt, import Ans : [All India 2015]
of the foreign clothes became half, the value of
import dropped, merchants and traders refused a. In January 1921, the Non-Cooperation Khilafat
the trade of foreign goods, production of Indian movement was started in which different social
mills and handloom rose. groups participated with different aspirations
from the Swaraj. This movement was started
57. Explain the importance of the ‘Salt March’ of Gandhiji with the middle class people of the towns and
as a symbol to unite the nation. cities. The students left the schools and colleges,
Ans : [Foreign 2017] the teachers and headmasters resigned and the
On 31st March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter lawyers gave up their practices.
to Viceroy Irwin. Mahatma Gandhi had stated eleven b. The council elections were also boycotted except
demands in this letter out of which some were of in Madras. The Justice Party which was a party of
general interest and some were specific demands of the non-Brahmins in Madras felt that power can
different classes. The demands were wide ranging be acquired only through the council elections.
in order to bring together everyone under a united c. The economic effects of the Non¬Cooperation
campaign. The most important demand was to abolish Movement - foreign goods were boycotted,
the salt tax as it was the most important item in food liquor shops were picketed, foreign clothes were
that is consumed by both rich and poor. burnt, import of the foreign clothes came down
by half, the value of import dropped, merchants
Mahatma Gandhi started the march for over 240 and traders refused the trade of foreign goods,
miles with his 78 trusted volunteers from Sabarmati production of Indian mills and handloom rose.
to Dandi. They walked for 10 miles a day for 24 days. d. The Non-Cooperation Movement gradually slowed
He violated the salt law by manufacturing salt by down in towns and cities because the khadi clothes
boiling the sea water on 6th April 1930. Now Gandhiji were expensive which the poor people could not
wanted Indians to refuse all sort of cooperation with afford. There was need for Indian institutions for
the British and also break the colonial rules. There the teachers, students and the lawyers but these
after, people broke salt law, manufactured salt, were very slow to come up. Thus once again people
showed demonstrations, boycotted the foreign clothes, started using the mill made British clothes and
picketed the liquor shops, peasants refused to pay the the students, teachers and the lawyers rejoined
taxes and revenues and the forest people violated the their respective institutions.
forest laws.
60. How did the First World War create a new economic
58. Some of the political organisations in India were and political situation in India? Explain with examples.
lukewarm in their response to ‘Civil Disobedience
Ans : (Foreign 2016]
Movement’. Examine the statement.
Ans : [Delhi 2013] The First World War created a new economic situation
in India. The three examples are:
It is true to say that some of the political organisations a. The defence expenditure was financed by the war
in India were lukewarm in their response to ‘Civil loans, the increased taxes, raising the custom
Disobedience Movement’. duties and introducing the income tax and
a. Some of the Congress leaders were not willing to increased prices of the commodities which caused
continue the non-cooperation because they were economic hardship for the common people.
tired of the mass struggle, wanted to participate b. For the continuous supply of the soldiers the
in the council elections and criticize the British villages were called upon and recruitment was
policies within the council. done forcefully.
b. The Swaraj party was formed within the Congress c. There was a period of crop failure in many parts
party by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru. It was of the country which caused acute food shortages
formed with the purpose to argue for return to and millions of people perished due to the famine
council elections. and the epidemics.
c. The Muslims and their political organisations
61. How had Non-Cooperation Movement spread in
were also not taking much interest in the Civil
Disobedience Movement due to the decline of the countryside? Explain. [Foreign 2016]
Non- Cooperation Khilafat Movement. They felt or
alienated from Congress. They felt that Congress Explain the impact of Jallianwalla Bagh incident on
is linked with the Hindu Mahasabha and their the people.
propagandas are Hindu oriented. Ans : [All India 2014]
59. How had Non-Cooperation Movement spread in cities? a. On 10th April 1919, fire was opened by the police
Explain. [Foreign 2016] in Amritsar on a peaceful procession and Martial
or law was imposed.
How did the Non-Cooperation Movement start in b. On 13th April 1919, huge crowd had gathered in
 the Jallianwalla Bagh. The crowd had two different him in 1870s. This hymn was later included in
objectives. Some of them gathered to protest his novel Anandmath and sung in the swadeshi
the new repressive measures of the government movement in Bengal. The image of Bharat
whereas others gathered to attend the annual Mata was portrayed as calm, composed, divine
Baisakhi fair. Those who came from outside city and spiritual which acquired different forms in
were not aware of the* martial law. General Dyer different years by different artists. This image of
entered in the ground, closed the exit points and India developed the ideas of nationalism in India.
opened fire in which hundreds of innocent people d. The Indian folklores were revived and the folk
were killed. This was basically done to create a tales were recorded and sung by bards which gave
feeling of terror in the minds of Satyagrahis. a true picture of the traditional Indian culture
c. This infamous incident resulted in strikes, clashes and tells how it was ruined by the Britishers.
with the police and the government buildings were e. A tricolor swadeshi flag, using red, green and yellow
attacked. This reaction of Indians was brutally was designed during the swadeshi movement in
suppressed by the government as the Satyagrahis Bengal which had 8 lotuses for the representation
were forced to rub their nose on the ground, crawl of the 8 provinces and a crescent moon for
on streets and do salute to all the Sahibs. People symbolizing the Hindus and the Muslims.
were beaten up and villages were bombed. f. A tricolor Swaraj flag was designed by Gandhiji
62. Explain any five major problems posed by the First in the year 1921 using the colours red, green and
World War in India. white. A spinning wheel was in the Centre of the
flag which represented the Gandhian ideal of self-
Ans : [All India 2015] help.
The national movement in India took a new shape
after the end of the First World War. Here onwards the
national movement incorporated different new social
groups and also developed newer modes of struggle.
Due to the First World War the economic and
political situation of India was altered. The defence
expenditure was financed by the war loans, the
increased taxes, raising the custom duties and
introducing the income tax and increased prices of the
commodities which caused economic hardship for the
common people.
For the continuous supply of the soldiers the
64. Describe the incident and impact of the Jallianwalla
villages were called upon and recruitment was done
forcefully. Bagh.
Ans : [Foreign 2015]
There was a period of crop failure in many parts
of the country which caused acute food shortages and a. Against the Rowlatt Act rallies were organized,
millions of people perished due to the famine and the the railway workshop workers went on strike
epidemics. and the shops were closed down. The British
administration got alarmed and were scared about
63. How did cultural processes help in creating a sense of
the disruption of the communication lines such
collective belongingness in India? Explain. [Delhi 2011]
as the railways and the telegraph. To suppress
or
the nationalists the British administration picked
How did a variety of cultural processes play an
up the local leaders and barred Gandhiji from
important role in developing a sense of nationalism in
entering Delhi. On 10th April 1919, the police
India? Explain with examples.
opened fire in Amritsar on a peaceful procession
Ans : [Foreign 2010, Delhi 2016] and Martial law was imposed.
The cultural processes helped in creating a sense of b. On 13th April 1919, huge crowd had gathered in
collective belongingness in India: the Jallianwalla Bagh. The crowd had two different
a. Nationalism is a belief that all are a part of the objectives. Some of them gathered to protest
same nation which binds the people together and the new repressive measures of the government
make different communities, regions and language whereas others gathered to attend the annual
groups united. Baisakhi fair. Those who came from outside city
b. This came through the united struggles like the were not aware of the martial law. General Dyer
different Non-Cooperation Movements, Civil entered in the ground, closed the exit points and
Disobedience movements, the wars like 1857, opened fire in which hundreds of innocent people
history, fiction, folklores, folk songs, prints, icons were killed. This was basically done to create a
and symbols etc. all these helped in unifying the feeling of terror in the minds of Satyagrahis.
Indians and inspired a feeling of nationalism in c. This infamous incident resulted in strikes, clashes
them. with the police and the government buildings were
c. The image of India was first visualized as Bharat attacked. This reaction of Indians was brutally
Mata by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and suppressed by the government as the Satyagrahis
also a hymn ‘Vande Mataram’ was written by were forced to rub their nose on the ground, crawl
 on streets and do salute to all the Sahibs, people demands of different classes. The demands were
were beaten up and villages were bombed. wide ranging in order to bring together everyone
65. Describe the developments which led to the launching under a united campaign. The most important
of the Non-Cooperation Movement. demand was to abolish the salt tax as it was the
most important item in food that is consumed by
Ans : [Foreign 2015] both the rich and the poor.
a. In the year 1919, Gandhiji organized a Satyagraha b. Now Gandhiji wanted Indians to refuse all sort
against the Rowlatt Act which was passed of cooperation with the British and also break
hurriedly by the Imperial Legislative Council the colonial rules. Thereafter, people broke salt
despite the opposition by the Indian members. He law, manufactured salt, staged demonstrations,
planned a non¬violent Civil Disobedience against boycotted the foreign clothes, picketed up the
this Act which would start with a hartals on 6th liquor shops, peasants refused to pay the taxes
April 1919. and revenues and the forest people violated the
b. The Rowlatt Act gave enormous power to the forest laws.
government for repressing the political activities. c. When Mahatma Gandhi went for the Round
According to this Act the government can detain Table Conference in December 1931, he returned
the political prisoners without trial for a period disappointed as the negotiations were broke down.
of two years. He discovered this new cycle of repression by the
c. On 13th April 1919, huge crowd had gathered in British. The important Congress leaders were in
the Jallianwalla Bagh. The crowd had two different jail and meetings, demonstrations and boycotts
objectives. Some of them gathered to protest were prevented. As a result Gandhiji relaunched
the new repressive measures of the government the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1932 which
whereas others gathered to attend the annual again lost its momentum by 1934.
Baisakhi fair. Those who came from outside city d. These rich peasants were the main producers
were not aware of the martial law. General Dyer of the commercial crops. Due to the trade
entered the ground, closed the exit points and depression, falling prices and disappeared cash
opened fire in which hundreds of innocent people income they were not able to pay the revenue
were killed. This was basically done to create a and also the government refused to reduce the
feeling of terror in the minds of Satyagrahis. revenue. Their notion for Swaraj struggle was
d. A harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on basically a struggle against high revenue. For the
the Khalifa of the Ottoman empire the defeat in poor peasantry groups, the meaning of Swaraj
the First World War. In March 1919, a Khilafat was lowering the revenue demand and also they
committee was set up in Bombay to defend the wanted the unpaid rent to be remitted. But the
temporal powers of the Khalifa. Mohammad Ali Congress was reluctant to support to no rent and
and Shaukat Ali were the two brothers among thus the relationship between the poor peasantry
the youth generation of the Muslim leaders who groups and Congress remained uncertain.
discussed the issue with Mahatma Gandhi. Finally, e. The Indian merchants and the industrialists
in September 1920 session of Congress in Calcutta became rich and powerful due to huge profits
it was decided to start a Non-Cooperation in they made during the First World War. Thus
support of Khilafat and also for the Swaraj. they started opposing the colonial policies which
e. In the year 1909 Mahatma Gandhi wrote a book restricted their business to expand. They had
named ‘Hind Swaraj’ in which he wrote that two demands - protection against the import of
the British survived in India only because of the foreign goods and a favourable exchange ratio of
cooperation of the Indians, otherwise they would rupee and sterling. Some of the industrial workers
have collapsed within a year. who participated in the Civil Disobedience
f. Gandhiji planned to unfold the movement in stages. Movement were the Nagpur industrial workers
In the first stage the people surrendered the titles, who selectively adopted some of the Gandhian
boycotted civil services, army, police, schools, ideas such as boycott of the foreign goods. They
foreign goods, courts and legislative councils. The participated in the movement as part of their own
full Civil Disobedience Campaign was planned for movement against the low wages and the poor
the second phase, if the government try to repress working conditions in the industries. Women also
the first phase. Many within the Congress were participated in large scale in the Civil Disobedience
reluctant to boycott the council election which Movement during the Salt March by Gandhiji.
was scheduled for November 1920. Finally in They belonged to the high caste families from the
December 1920, a compromise was made to adopt urban areas and rich peasant households from the
the non-cooperation. rural areas. For them it was a sacred duty to serve
66. Describe the significance of the Civil Disobedience
the nation.
Movement in the freedom struggle of India. f. The untouchables who called themselves Dalits
or oppressed were not taking part in any such
Ans : [Foreign 2015] movements due to the ignorance of the Congress
a. On 31st March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter and the fear of offending the Sanatanis. But
to Viceroy Irwin, Mahatma Gandhi had stated Gandhiji was of the view that Swaraj would
eleven demands in this letter out of which some not come for hundred years if the problem of
were of general interest and some were specific untouchability is not removed from the country.
 g. The Dalit organisations were quite strong in Swaraj was lowering the revenue demand and also
Maharashtra and Nagpur and therefore in these they wanted the unpaid rent to be remitted.
regions only they participated in the Civil c. The Indian merchants and the industrialists
Disobedience Movement. started opposing the colonial policies which
67. How could non-cooperation became a movement?
restricted their business to expand. They had
Explain with examples. two demands — protection against the import of
foreign goods and a favorable exchange ratio of
Ans : [Delhi 2014] rupee and sterling.
a. Non-cooperation against the colonial policies was d. Some of the industrial workers participated in the
issue-specific and the movements also used to be Civil Disobedience Movement were the Nagpur
issue-specific that seek to achieve the objectives industrial workers as part of their own movement
within a certain time period. against the low wages and the poor working
b. Mahatma Gandhi called off the non-violent Civil conditions in the industries.
Disobedient Movement against the Rowlatt Act e. In the year 1930 and 1932, the railway workers
because the violence was spreading all over. Now and the dock workers went on strike. The
he wanted to launch a much wider movement in Chhotanagpur tin mines workers also protested
India by joining the Hindus and the Muslims of in rallies wearing Gandhian caps and boycotted
the country. That’s why he took up the Khilafat the campaigns.
issue. f. Women also participated in large scale in the Civil
c. In the year 1909 Mahatma Gandhi wrote a book Disobedience Movement during the Salt March by
named Hind Swaraj in which he wrote that the Gandhiji. They belonged to the high caste families
British survived in India only because of the from the urban areas and rich peasant households
cooperation of the Indians, otherwise they would from the rural areas. For them it was a sacred
have collapsed within a year. duty to serve the nation.
d. Gandhiji planned to unfold the movement in 69. How did people belonging to different communities,
stages. In the first stage the people surrendered regions or languages develop a sense of collective
the titles, boycotted civil services, army, police, belonging? Explain with examples.
schools, foreign goods, courts and legislative
councils. The full Civil Disobedience Campaign Ans : [All India 2014]
was planned for the second phase if the government The cultural processes helped in creating a sense of
tried to repress the first phase. Many within the collective belongingness in India:
Congress were reluctant to boycott the council a. Nationalism is a belief that all are a part of the
election which was scheduled for November 1920. same nation which binds the people together and
Finally in December 1920, a compromise was make different communities, regions and language
made to adopt the non-cooperation. groups united.
e. In January 1921, the Non-Cooperation Khilafat b. This came through the muted struggles like the
Movement was started in which different social different Non-Cooperation Movements, Civil
groups participated with different aspirations Disobedience movements, the wars like 1857,
from the Swaraj. This movement was started history, fiction, folklores, folk songs, prints, icons
with the middle class people of the towns and and symbols etc. all these helped in unifying the
cities. The students left the schools and colleges, Indians and inspired a feeling of nationalism in
the teachers and headmasters resigned and the them.
lawyers gave up their practices. c. The image of India was first visualized as Bharat
f. The council elections were also boycotted except Mata by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and
in Madras. The Justice Party which was a party of also a hymn ‘Vande 3 Mataram’ was written by
the non-Brahmins in Madras felt that power can him in 1870s. This hymn was later included in
be acquired only through the council elections. his novel Anandmath and sung in the Swadeshi
68. How did different social groups conceive the idea of
Movement in Bengal. The image of Bharat
Non-Cooperation? Explain with examples. [AI 2014] Mata was portrayed as calm, composed, divine
or and spiritual which acquired different forms in
How did different social groups participate in the Civil different years by different artists. This image of
Disobedience Movement? Explain with examples. India developed the ideas of nationalism in India.
d. The Indian folklores were revived and the folk
Ans : [Delhi, Foreign 2014] tales were recorded and sung by bards which gave
The following were the different social groups who a true picture of the traditional Indian culture
participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement with and tells how it was ruined by the Britishers.
different objectives: e. A tricolor swadeshi flag, using red, green and yellow
a. The rich peasants were not able to pay the revenue was designed during the Swadeshi Movement in
due to the trade depression, falling prices and Bengal which had 8 lotuses for the representation
disappeared cash income and also the government of the 8 provinces and a crescent moon for
refused to reduce the revenue. Their notion for symbolizing the Hindus and the Muslims.
Swaraj struggle was basically a struggle against f. A tricolor Swaraj flag was designed by Gandhiji
high revenue. in the year 1921 using the colours red, green and
b. For the poor peasantry groups, the meaning of white. A spinning wheel was in the Centre of the
 flag which represented the Gandhian ideal of self- Maharashtra and Nagpur and therefore in these regions
help. only they participated in the Civil Disobedience
70. How did peasants of Awadh use different methods to movement.
achieve their goal? Explain. In the Second Round Table Conference Dr.
Ans : [Foreign 2014] B.R.Ambedkar demanded separate electorates for
the Dalits. Against this Gandhiji began a fast unto
The Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the death because he believed that separate electorates
countryside where the peasants and the tribals for the Dalits would slow down the process of national
were taking part in this. Baba Ramachandra was a integration.
sanyasi who worked as an indentured labourer in Fiji.
A movement was led by him leading the peasants Later on Ambedkar accepted Gandhian view and
against the talukdars and landlords because they in the Poona Pact the depressed class people were
demanded very high rents and other cesses from the given the reserved seats in the provincial and the
peasants. The peasants were bound to work at the central legislative council election but to be voted in
landlord’s farm without any payment. Peasants had by the general electorate.
to do Begar, no security of tenure and also they were
evicted regularly so that they could not acquire right
over the leased land.
The various demands of the peasants in Awadh
were - reduction of revenue, abolition of Begar and
social boycott of oppressive landlords which was
strengthened by the nai-dhobi bandhs organized by
the Awadh panchayats to deprive the landlords from
the services of the barbers and washermen.
In October 1920, Oudh Kisan Sabha was set
up by Jawahar Lal Nehru, Baba Ramachandra
and a few others. This is how the Awadh peasants 72. Why did Gandhiji start the ‘Civil Disobedience
were integrated in the process of upcoming wider Movement’ ? Explain any four features of Civil
Non- Cooperation Movement by the Congress. But Disobedience Movement.
the Awadh peasants invoked the name of Mahatma [All India 2013]
Gandhi to sanction all action and aspirations because
Ans :
during the movement they attacked the houses of the
talukdars and merchants, looted the bazaars and took As the Non-Cooperation Movement was turning
over the grain hoards. Some of the local leaders told violent in many places it was called off by Mahatma
the peasants that Gandhiji had declared not to pay Gandhi in February 1922 to train the Satyagrahis for
taxes and also the land will be redistributed among mass struggle. Some of the Congress leaders were not
the poor. willing to continue the non-cooperation because they
were tired of the mass struggle, wanted to participate
71. ‘Dalit participation was limited in the Civil
in the council elections and they wanted to criticize
Disobedience Movement’. Examine the statement.
the British policies within the council.
Ans : [Delhi 2013]
The Swaraj Party was formed within the Congress
The untouchables who called themselves Dalits or Party by C.R.Das and Motilal Nehru. It was formed
oppressed were not taking part in any such movements with purpose to argue for return to council elections.
due to the ignorance of the Congress and the fear
Due to the worldwide economic depression
of offending the Sanatanis. But Gandhiji was of the
the agricultural prices began to fall, demands for
view that Swaraj would not come for hundred years
agricultural goods fell and the export declined. This
if the problem of untouchability is not removed from
resulted in a countryside turmoil because now it was
the country. Gandhiji called them ‘harijan’- which
difficult for the peasants to sell then- harvest and pay
means the children of God. Gandhiji fought for their
the high revenue. Against this situation of countryside
temple entry rights and other rights such as access to
turmoil the Tory government in Britain set up a
public wells, schools and other public places. Gandhiji
commission named Simon Commission under Sir John
himself cleaned the toilets in order to dignify the
Simon to look into the constitutional system in India
work of the sweepers and also urged the upper caste
and suggest the changes needed. There were no Indian
people to change their heart and thinking about these
members in this commission. When Mahatma Gandhi
untouchables.
went for the round table conference in December 1931,
The Dalit leaders demanded reserved seats in the he returned disappointed as the negotiations broke
educational institutions and separate electorates so down. He discovered this new cycle of repression by
that would be getting seats in the legislative councils the British. The important Congress leaders were in
and thus become politically empowered. “JThe Dalits jail and meetings, demonstrations and boycotts were
believed that these are the only ways through which prevented. As a result Gandhiji relaunched the Civil
they will be treated equally in the society. Disobedience movement in 1932 which again lost its
The Dalits organisations were quite strong in momentum by 1934.
73. How did the people and the colonial government react political prisoners without trial for a period of two
to the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain. years.
Ans : [Delhi2012] Against the Rowlatt Act rallies were organized,
As the Non-Cooperation Movement was turning the railway workshop workers went on strike and the
violent in many places, it was called off by Mahatma shops were closed down. The British administration
Gandhi in February 1922 to train the Satyagrahis for got alarmed and were scared about the disruption
mass struggle. Some of the Congress leaders were not of the communication lines such as the railways and
willing to continue the non¬cooperation because they the telegraph. On 13th April 1919, a huge crowd was
were tired of the mass struggle, wanted to participate gathered in the Jallianwalla Bagh.
in the council elections and they wanted to criticize This infamous incident resulted in strikes, clashes
the British policies within the council. with the police and the government buildings were
The Swaraj Party was formed within the Congress attacked. This reaction of Indians was brutally
party by C.R.Das and Motilal Nehru. It was formed suppressed by the government as the Satyagrahis
with purpose to argue for return to council elections. were forced to rub their nose on the ground, crawl on
Against this situation of countryside turmoil, the Tory streets and do salute to all the Sahibs, people were
government in Britain set up a commission named beaten up and villages were bombed.
Simon Commission under Sir John Simon to look into 75. Explain the role played by the tribal peasants in the
the constitutional system in India and suggest the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh during the Non-
changes needed. There were no Indian members in Cooperation Movement. [Foreign 2012]
this commission. or
In the year 1928, Simon Commission arrived India Who was Alluri Sitaram Raju? Explain his role in
and was greeted with the slogan ‘Simon, go back’. inspiring the rebels with Gandhiji’s ideas.
On 31st March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent a Ans : [All India 2012]
letter to Viceroy Irwin. Mahatma Gandhi had stated In the early 1920s a militant guerrilla movement
eleven demands in this letter out of which some were spread in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh. The
of general interest and some were specific demands Congress never approved such type of movements.
of different classes. The demands were wide ranging This took place because the colonial government
in order to bring together everyone under a united closed large forest areas and prevented the people
campaign. The most important demand was to abolish from entering the forest for the purposes like grazing
the salt tax as it was the most important item in food the cattle, collection of fuelwood and fruits.
that is consumed by both rich and poor. The livelihood and the traditional rights of the
To suppress this movement the colonial government local people were denied. The revolt began when the
started arresting the Congress, leaders. The arrest of government forced the hill people to contribute Begar
Abdul Ghaffar Khan made the Indians angry and the for the road building.
crowd demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar. The Alluri Sitaram Raju who was the leader of this
arrest of Mahatma Gandhi made this demonstration revolt claimed that he had special powers like making
more wide and worse as the industrial workers in correct astrological predictions, healing the people and
Sholapur Maharashtra attacked the police posts, could survive even bullet shots. Therefore the rebels
railway stations and other government buildings. proclaimed him the incarnation of God.
A brutal repression policy was adopted by the Though Raju favoured the Gandhian styles and
colonial government to suppress this and the police greatness and urged people to wear khadi and give up
attacked the peaceful Satyagrahis, beat up the women drinking but at the same time he asserted the use of
and the children and arrested about 1 lakh people. force and violence to get India liberated.
This resulted in the call off of the movement by
Gandhiji and Gandhi-Irwin Pact on 5th March 1931. The police stations were attacked, British officials
He agreed for the round table conference and thus the were killed and guerrilla warfare continued for Swaraj.
political prisoners were released. As a result in the year 1924, Raju was arrested and
executed and hence became a folk hero.
74. Explain the reactions of the Indian people against the
Rowlatt Act passed through the Imperial Legislative 76. Describe the actions taken by the British administration
Council in 1919. [All India 2012] against the nationalists who opposed the Rowlatt Act.
[All India 2012]
Ans :
Ans :
In the year 1919, Gandhiji organized a Satyagraha
against the Rowlatt Act which was passed hurriedly In the year 1919, Gandhiji organized a Satyagraha
by the Imperial Legislative Council despite the against the Rowlatt Act which was passed hurriedly
opposition by the Indian members. He planned a by the Imperial Legislative Council despite the
non¬violent Civil Disobedience against this Act which opposition by the Indian members. He planned a
would start with a hartals on 6th April 1919. non¬violent Civil Disobedience against this Act which
would start with a hartals on 6th
The Rowlatt Act gave enormous power to the April 1919.
government for repressing the political activities.
According to this Act the government can detain the The Rowlatt Act gave enormous power to the
 government for repressing the political activities.
According to this Act the government can detain the
political ‘ prisoners without trial for a period of two
years.
Against the Rowlatt Act, rallies were organized,
the railway workshop workers went on strike and the
shops were closed down. The British administration
got alarmed and were scared about the disruption
of the communication lines such as the railways and
the telegraph. To suppress the nationalist the British
administration picked up the local leaders and barred
Gandhiji from entering Delhi. On 10th April 1919, the
police opened fire in Amritsar on a peaceful procession
and Martial law was imposed.
On 13th April 1919, huge was gathered in the
Jallianwalla Bagh.
This infamous incident resulted in strikes, clashes
with the police and the government buildings were
attacked. This reaction of Indians was brutally
suppressed by the government as the Satyagrahis
were forced to rub their nose on the ground, crawl on
streets and do salute to all the Sahibs, people were
beaten up and villages were bombed.
77. Examine the role of industrial working class in the
Civil Disobedience Movement. [Foreign 2012]
Ans :
Most of the industrial workers did not participate in
the Civil Disobedience movement as the industrialists
were close to the Congress. Some of the industrial
workers who participated in the Civil Disobedience
movement were the Nagpur industrial workers who
selectively adopted some of the Gandhian ideas such
as boycott of the foreign goods. They participated in
the movement as part of their own movement against
the low wages and the poor working conditions in the
industries. In the year 1930 and 1932, the railway
workers and the dock workers went on strike. The
Chotanagpur tin mines workers also protested in rallies
wearing Gandhian caps and boycotted the campaigns.
But the Congress was not willing to include their
demands.
 www.cbse.online

CHAPTER 1.3

The Making of Globel World

ONE MARK QUESTIONS 9. Who forced the government to abolish Corn Laws ?
Ans : [CBSE 2011]
Industrialists and urban dwellers compelled the
1. Why did big European powers meet in Berlin in 1885?
government to abolish Com Laws.
Ans : [Delhi 2018]
10. What was Paper Partition ?
The big European powers met in Berlin for completing
the carving up of the territories in Africa among them Ans : [CBSE 2010]

in the year 1885. In 1885, the major European powers assembled in

Berlin to divide the countries of Africa between them.
2. What kind of silk routes have been identified by
This event was called Paper Partition.
historians ?
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
11. Why did the Big European Powers meet in Berlin in
1885 ?
Historians have identified several silk routes, over
land and by sea, interlacing wider regions of Asia and Ans : [CBSE 2010]

connecting Asia with Europe and Northern Africa. On account of the Partition of Africa, the Big
European powers met in Berlin at a conference in
3. What were ‘Silk Routes’ ?
1884-85.
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
12. Why did people migrate from Europe to Australia and
Silk routes were dynamic pre-modem trade and
America ?
cultural links between distant parts of the world.
Ans : [CBSE 2014]
4. What is El Dorado ?
Due to the increasing demand for food and employment,
Ans : [CBSE 2015] people from Europe migrated to Australia and
El Dorado was deemed to be the fabled city of gold. America in search for better future prospects.
5. What kind of cultural exchanges were made through 13. How frozen meat reached European market at reduced
‘Silk Route’ ? cost ?
Ans : [CBSE 20015] Ans : [CBSE 2006]
‘Silk Route’ was a popular network as it was frequented Animals were slaughtered for food in America,
by the Christian missionaries, Muslim and Australia or New Zealand and then transported to
Buddhist preachers. Europe as frozen meat at reduced cost.
6. Which common foods were introduced to our ancestors 14. Which important inventions transformed nineteenth
after Columbus discovered America ? century world ?
Ans : [CBSE 2012] Ans : [CBSE 2006]
Potatoes, soya, maize, tomatoes, chillies, groundnuts The railways, steamships and the telegraph were the
and sweet potatoes were introduced in Europe and significant inventions that transformed the nineteenth
Asia after the discovery of America by Columbus. century world.
7. How did dependency on potatoes kill the poorest 15. How did Rinderpest reach Africa ?
peasants of Ireland ? Ans : [CBSE 2010]
Ans : [CBSE 2012] Rinderpest was borne by infected cattle imported
The poor peasants of Ireland became so dependent from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers in East
on potatoes that when potato blight occurred in the Africa.
mid 1840s, hundreds of thousands of people died of
16. What was Rastafarianism ?
starvation.
Ans : [CBSE 2010]
8. How did food like ‘Noodles’ travel to various parts of
Rastafarianism means a protest religion that reflected
the world and got adopted by different names ?
social and cultural connections with Indian emigrants
Ans : [CBSE 2011] in the Caribbean region.
The food like ‘Noodles’ travelled west from China to
17. Who was indentured labourer ?
become Spaghetti and Pasta in Italy. It is also believed
that Arab traders took pasta to fifth century Sicily, an Ans : [CBSE 2009]

island in Italy. Indentured labourer signifies a ‘bonded labourer1

who obtained contract to work for an employer for a
 particular period of time. Europe was facing the problems like poverty, hunger,
18. Why were indentured labourer hired from India and
deadly diseases, religious conflicts, slave traders etc.
China ? and therefore many Europeans shifted to America by
the 18th century.
Ans : [CBSE 2009]
In the nineteenth century, thousands of Indians and 23. “The relocation of industry to low-wage countries
Chinese labourers were hired to work on plantations, stimulated world trade and capital flows.” Justify the
mines, and road and railways construction projects as statement. [CBSE 2016]
indentured labourers. Ans :
19. Can you name some prominent Indians whose It is true to say that the relocation of industry to
descendents were migrant indentured labourers in low wage countries stimulated the world trade and
West Indies ? capital flows. From the 1970s the MNCs shifted their
Ans : [CBSE 2007]
production operations in the low wage Asian countries
where they could maximize their profits. This step
Nobel Prize winning writer V.S. Naipaul and West
of the MNCs again stimulated the world trade and
Indies cricketers Shivnarine Chandrapaul and
capital flows.
Ramnaresh Sarwan.
24. Why did the household incomes decline after the First
World War? Give two reasons, [CBSE 2016]
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS Ans :
The various reasons for the decline in the family
20. Describe any three problems faced by Indian cotton
income after the First World War were:
weavers in the nineteenth century. [Delhi 2018] a. The large scale deaths and injuries in the First
Ans : World War reduced the working age people
The three problems faced by Indian cotton weavers in in Europe, declined the family income and the
the nineteenth century were: women had to undertake jobs to run the family.
a. Earlier, India was the main exporter of fine cotton b. The First World War led to an economic boom
to Britain but when the British cotton industries which means large increase in demand, production
began to expand after industrialisation, they put and employment but the production decreased
pressure on the government to restrict the import arid the unemployment increased when the war
of cotton to Britain. ended. In the year 1921, there was huge job losses,
b. As a result, tariffs were imposed on the import of almost l/5th of the British workers were out of
cotton cloth from India which protected the local job.
manufacturers in Britain. c. Again after the War, Eastern Europe revived
c. Thus the inflow of the fine cotton from India the wheat production. Due to this there was
declined. tremendous supply of wheat in the world market
which resulted in falling prices, decline of the
21. Explain how the First World War was so horrible a
rural income and the fanners fell in debt.
war like none other before. [All India 2010]
or 25. Describe the circumstances responsible for the
Why is it said that there was no other war earlier like formation of G-77. [CBSE 2014]
the First World War? State in three points. Ans :
Ans : [CBSE 2016] The developing countries were not benefitted from
There was no other war earlier like the First World the fast growing western economies so they organized
War because of the following reasons: together and formed a Group of 77 which is commonly
a. The First World War which took place mainly in referred to as G-77 and demanded a new international
Europe from 1914 to 1918 had a profound impact economic order.
on economic and political stability which took Their demand for NIEO was to get the real control
over three decades to overcome, over their own natural resources, development
b. The leading industrial nations of the world were assistance, and fairer prices for the raw materials and
taking part, they wanted to harness the vast access for their manufactured goods in the markets of
powers of the modern industries for the greatest the developed nations.
possible destructions. Modern weapons like tanks, 26. “China became an attractive destination for
aircrafts, machine guns and chemical weapons investment by foreign MNCs in the nineteenth and
were used, large ships and trains were used to twentieth century.” Justify the statement.
move the recruited soldiers.
Ans : [CBSE 2015]
c. Around 9 million died and 20 million injured,
the industries were restructured to produce It is true to say that in the 19th and 20th century,
war-related goods and also the societies were China became an attractive destination for investment
reorganized for war. by the foreign MNCs. This is due to the following
reasons:
22. Why did Europeans flee to America in the 19th a. MNCs shifted their production units to low wage
century? Give three reasons. [CBSE 2016] countries like China by the late 1870s.
Ans : b. Due to the highly skilled people in large numbers
 it was easy to get the skilled labour at low cost social peace in the country.
in China. 30. Explain the impact of First World War on the British
c. The new economic policy in China and better economy. [CBSE 2014]
opportunity for the MNCs to maximize their
Ans :
profit also played an important role in this.
The First World War which took place mainly in
27. How did the withdrawal of US loans during the phase
Europe from 1914 to 1918 had ; a profound impact on
of the Great Depression affect the rest of the world?
the economy of Britain.
Explain in three points.
a. The large scale deaths and injuries in the First
Ans : [CBSE 2015]
World War reduced the working age people
During the First World War, the US financed through in Europe, declined the family income and the
loans a number of countries. The withdrawal of US women had to undertake jobs to run the family.
loans affected the rest of the world in the following b. During the First World War the US became the
three ways: international creditor from being international
a. It caused the failure of some major banks and debtor because, to finance the war, Britain
collapse of currencies in Europe. borrowed huge sums of money from the US banks
b. The banks in US slashed domestic lending and and US public.
called back loans but many households were c. The debt mounted and thus Britain was not able
unable to repay the loan due to decline in sale of to produce goods for exports.
agricultural products.
31. Describe the canal colonies. Where and why were they
c. Collapse of business and falling income which
introduced? [CBSE 2014]
finally resulted into collapse of the US banking
system. Ans :
To protect its economy, the US doubled the A network of irrigation canals was built in India in the
import duties which led to another severe blow to Punjab region for converting the semi-arid wastelands
the world trade. into fertile cultivable lands. The peasants settled near
28. Explain any three types of flows within the the canal were from other parts of Punjab and thus
international economy in exchanges. [CBSE 2014] the area was called the canal colonies.
Ans : 32. Describe the effects of abolishing the Corn Laws.
There were three types of movements or flows noticed Ans : [CBSE 2014]
by the economist in the international market. According to the Corn Laws in Britain, the government
a. Flow of trade in which there was large scale trade restricted the import of the corn which increased the
of goods such as clothes and food stuffs. prices of food items in Britain. The industrialists and
b. Flow of labour in which the people migrated from the urban dwellers forced the government to abolish
one place to another in large numbers in search of the Com Laws.
employment. The abolition of Com Laws was responsible for the
c. Flow of capital in which capital moved over long movement of people to the cities and overseas because
distances for short term or long term investments. the imported corn was much cheaper which the British
farmers were unable to compete as a result they either
29. How did technology help to solve hardship of food
left the cultivation or were thrown out of the farm.
availability throughout the world in the late-nineteenth
century? Explain with example. [CBSE 2014] 33. When was the Brettonwoods conference convened?
or State the main aim of the conference. [CBSE 2014]
What was the impact of technology on food Ans :
availability?
The framework for preserving the economic stability
Ans : [CBSE 2011] and full employment was agreed upon at the UN
Railways, ports, harbours and settlements were monetary and financial conference which was held
developed in America and Australia for the smooth in 1944 July, at Brettonwoods in New Hampshire
supply of food stuffs and for the industrial raw (USA). The Brettonwoods twins or the Brettonwoods
materials. institutions are - the International Monetary Fund
Now the food was grown by the low paid and the World Bank which commenced its financial
agricultural workers and transported from thousands operations in the year 1947.
of miles through railways and ships. Though these two institutions are controlled by the
western industrial powers, the US has right of veto
To solve the problems of this meat trade, over the key decisions.
refrigerated ships were developed for carrying these for
a longer distance. The animals were slaughtered at the The IMF was established at the Bretton¬woods
starting point and then transported as frozen meat to Conference for dealing with the external surpluses and
Europe which solved the problems of space, shipping deficits of its member Countries whereas the World
cost and the price of the meat in the European market. Bank was setup to finance the post war reconstruction.
As the price of the meat reduced in the market, The Brettonwoods system was based on fixed
the European poor could also consume butter, eggs exchange rates in which the national currencies were
and meat which helped in better living conditions and pegged to the dollar at a fixed rate of exchange.
34. Define trade surplus. Why did Britain have a trade than the soldiers. Many European and Asian cities
surplus with India? [CBSE 2013] were destroyed due to the aerial bombardment and
Ans : artillery attacks.
Trade surplus is a condition in which the value of This war had caused great social and economic
export exceeds the value of import. Earlier, India was fracture. The post war 1 reconstruction was long and
the main exporter of fine cotton to Britain but when difficult.
the British cotton industries began to expand after the 38. How was the food problem solved in Britain after
industrialisation they put pressure on the government scrapping the Corn Laws? Explain.
to restrict the import of cotton to Britain. Ans : [All India 2009]
As a result, tariffs were imposed on the import The abolition of Corn Laws was responsible for the
of cotton cloth from India which protected the local movement of people to the cities and overseas because
manufacturers in Britain and thus the inflow of the the imported corn was much cheaper which the British
fine cotton from India declined. farmers were unable to compete as a result they either
Even though Britain had a trade surplus with left the cultivation or were thrown out of the farm.
India which means that the value of British exports The consumption of food crops rose in Britain due
to India was more than the value of British imports to the fall in prices. The food imports increased due
from India. to the higher income caused by the faster industrial
35. Before the arrival of outsiders, most of the Africans growth in Britain.
had a little reason to work for a wage. Explain three This increased demand of food crops in Britain
reasons. was fulfilled by the countries in Western Europe,
Ans : [CBSE 2012] Russia, America and Australia where the lands were
a. Earlier, Africa had vast land resources and cleared for the expansion of the food grain production.
minerals which attracted the European powers to
establish plantations and mines which could be FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS
exported to Europe. But there was shortage of
labour because the African people rarely worked
for a wage because they had abundant land and 39. Explain any three benefits of refrigerated ships.
enough livestock for the livelihood of the small Ans : [CBSE 2015]
population. The three benefits of refrigerated ships were:
b. To solve the problem of labour shortage, a. There was trade in meat till the 1870s from
recruitment and retaining the labour, heavy taxes America to Europe. The cattle were slaughtered
were imposed, inheritance laws were changed and after they reach the destination. There were
confined the mineworkers in the compound itself. number of problems in carrying the five animals
c. To pay the heavy taxes, the Africans were bound into the ships such as they took lot of space, many
to work for wages on plantations and mines. died on the way, fell ill, lost their weight, became
According to the new inheritance law, only one inedible.
member in the family was allowed to inherit the b. To solve the problems of this meat trade,
land and thus the other members of the family refrigerated ships were developed for carrying
were displaced from the land and pushed into the these for a longer distance. The animals were
labour market. The mine workers also did not slaughtered at the starting point and then
have the freedom of movement. transported as frozen meat to Europe which
36. Explain three effects of the abolition of Corn Laws. solved the problems of space, shipping cost and
Ans : [CBSE 2012]
the price of the meat in the European market.
c. As the price of the meat reduced in the market,
The three effects of the abolition of the Corn Laws
the European poor could also consume butter,
were:
eggs and meat which helped in better living
a. It led to the movement of people to the cities and
conditions and social peace in the country. This
overseas.
condition supported for imperialism abroad.
b. The imported corn was much cheaper which the
British farmers were unable to compete. 40. Explain the following:
c. As a result they either left the cultivation or were (a) G-77 (b) The Great Depression
thrown out of the farm. Ans : [CBSE 2015]
37. Describe in brief the destruction caused during the a. G-77: The developing countries were not benefitted
Second World War. [All India 2010] from the fast growing western economies so they
Ans : organized together and formed a group of 77 which
is commonly referred to as G-77 and demanded a
The Second World War took place from 1939 to
new international economic order.
1945 between the Axis powers (which included Nazi
Their demand for NIEO was to get the
Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (which
real control over their own natural resources,
included Britain, France, Soviet Union and US).
development assistance, and fairer prices for the
60 million people were killed and millions were raw materials and access for their manufactured
injured in this war in which civilian deaths were more goods in the markets of the developed nations.
 b. The Great Depression: The year 1929 was called was over burdened with external debts.
the year of Great Depression which lasted till b. In the meantime, industries in India and Japan
mid-1980s. Production, employment, income and developed a lot. Due to these conditions it became
trade declined all over the world due to which the difficult for Britain to get its dominance over India
agricultural regions and communities were worst back and compete with Japan internationally. ‘
affected because the prices of the agricultural The First World War led to an economic boom
products declined sharply and for long period which means large increase in demand, production
than the Price fall in the industrial goods. and employment but the production decreased
The two main reasons for this Great and the unemployment increased when the war
Depression were the overproduction in the US ended. In the year 1921, there was huge job losses,
and the withdrawal of US loans which caused almost l/5th of the British workers were out of
the failure of some major banks and collapse of job.
currencies in Europe. c. Eastern Europe was the major supplier of wheat in
41. Explain giving examples, the role played by the world which was disrupted when Europe was
technological inventions in transforming 19th century bpsy with the First World War. During this war
world. period the production of wheat rose in Canada,
US and Australia. Again after the war Eastern
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
d. Europe revived the wheat production. Due to
Railways, ports, harbours and settlements were this there was tremendous supply of wheat in
developed in America and Australia for the smooth the world market which resulted in falling prices,
supply of food stuffs and for the industrial raw decline of the rural income and the farmers fell
materials. in debt.
A network of irrigation canals was built in India 44. “Trade and cultural exchange always went hand in
in the Punjab region for converting the semi-arid hand.” Explain the statement in the light of Silk
wastelands into fertile cultivable lands. Route.
All these developments throughout the world was Ans : [CBSE 2014]
possible due to the development in technologies such There were several silk routes over land and sea
as railways, steamships, telegraph etc. which were the which helped in trade and cultural links between the
results of socio-economic and political factors. different countries of the world especially Asia, North
Improvement in faster means of transport for the Africa and Europe.
quicker delivery of goods and people from the supply The silk routes got its name due to the Chinese
areas to the demand areas. To solve the problems silk cargoes along these routes which were actively
of meat trade, refrigerated ships were developed for functional before the Christian era and upto the 15th
carrying these for a longer distance. The animals were century. Chinese pottery, Indian spices and precious
slaughtered at the starting point and then transported metals like gold and silver from Europe had travelled
as frozen meat to Europe which solved the problems through these silk routes.
of space, shipping cost and the price of the meat in the
European market. These silk routes were also used for the cultural
exchange by the Christian missionaries, Muslim
42. The Spanish conquest and colonization of America preachers arid the Buddhist.
was decisively underway by the mid sixteenth century.
45. Explain the three types of movements or flows within
Explain with examples. [CBSE 2015]
or international economic exchange. Mention any one
How did the global transfer of disease in pre-modern example of any one type of flow from India and one
world helped in colonisation of the Americas? from England.
Ans : [CBSE 2011]
Ans : [CBSE 2014]

The Portuguese and the Spanish conquered America There were three types of movements or flows noticed
not just with the conventional military weapons but by the economist in the international market.
also with the germs such as the small pox. a. Flow of trade in which there was large scale trade
of goods such as clothes and food stuffs.
The small pox was carried on their person b. Flow of labour in which the people migrated from
(Spanish invaders were immune to this disease) to one place to another in large numbers in search of
America for which the American Indians were not employment.
immune to and proved a deadly weapon as it killed c. Flow of capital in which capital moved over long
the whole community there. distances for short term or long term investments.
These diseases could not be bought or captured Railways, ports, harbours and settlements were
and turned against the European invaders unlike the developed in America and Australia for the smooth
guns and other conventional weapons. supply of food stuffs and for the industrial raw
43. Describe in brief the world economic condition in the materials. All this required capital and labour which
post first world war period. [All India 2010] flowed from the financial centres such as London.
Ans : During this period, around 50 million people migrated
from Europe to America and Australia and around
a. Before the First World War, Britain was the 150 million people migrated all over the world in
world’s leading economy but after the war Britain
 search of their better future.
The indentured labourers were hired from India
(Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, central India and dry districts
of Tamilnadu) for a period of five years to work on
plantations.
46. How did rinderpest become instrumental in
subjugating the Africans? [CBSE 2014]
or
Describe briefly the effects of rinderpest in Africa in
the 1890s. [All India 2009]
or
Describe the impact of ‘Rinderpest’ on people’s
livelihoods and local economy in Africa in the 1890s.
Ans : [Delhi 2018]
Rinderpest was a disease of cattle plague spreading
fastly in Africa in the 1880s. It had terrible impact on
the livelihood and the local economy in Africa.
This disease was carried by the infected cattle
which were imported from the British Asia in order to
feed the Italian soldiers who were deputed for invading
Eritrea in the east Africa.
Rinderpest spread from the east Africa to the
West Africa and reached the Atlantic coast of Africa
in the year 1892 and the southernmost tip of Africa
(the Cape) in 1897.
Along the way from East to West Africa this
rinderpest killed 90% of the cattle which destroyed
the livelihoods of the Africans.
Now the leftover or scarce cattle was monopolized
by the planters, mine owners and the colonial
governments. This incident helped the European
powers to conquer and subdue Africa and easily forced
the Africans into the labour market.
47. How did the Great Depression of 1929 affect the
farmers and the middle classes in India in different
ways?
Ans : [CBSE 2014]
The great depression of US also affected India severely.
The exports and imports fell down almost by 50%.
a. The peasants who were producing for the world
market were hit hard than the urban dwellers
because of the sharp decline in the price of the
agricultural products in the international market
and also the colonial government refused to reduce
the revenue.
b. The jute producers of Bengal fell into debt due
to the collapse of the gunny exports and decline
in the price of the raw jute. To come out of the
situation of indebtedness, Indian peasants used
their savings, mortgaged lands and sold their
jewellery and precious metals.
c. During this depression period, India became an
important exporter of Gold which helped Britain
to speed up its recovery and also helped in
promoting the global economic recovery.
d. The urban India people were not much affected
as their income was fixed. Either they were
dependent on rental income or they were salaried
employees.
 CHAPTER 1.4
The Age of Industrialization

ONE MARK QUESTIONS Jenny ?

Ans :
1. Why the merchants and traders did turn their Women feared that they might lose their livelihood
attention towards the countryside for production in and these machines would overtake their positions so
Seventeenth and eighteenth centuries ? they started detesting the use of spinning Jenny in
the factories.
Ans :
8. By 1750’s Why the commercial networks of Indian
Production could not be expanded in the town because
trailers did began to decline in India ?
the urban trade and craft guilds regulated these issues
in the towns strictly. Moreover, they did not allow free Ans :
entry and lenient rules for outsiders. The Europea, A trading companies secured huge
2. Why were wages low in England during eighteenth concessions and trading privileges from various rulers
centuries ? and local courts that boosted their trade. After this,
they secured monopoly rights to trade even. This
Ans :
impacted the trading activities of the Indian traders
In England during the Victorian Age, there was and merchants.
no shortage of human labour. Unemployed people,
farmers and vagrants often moved through the cities
in search of work. So, the industrialists had an ample
supply of labour and no problem of high wage cost.
3. Give some examples of seasonal industries.
Ans :
Gas works, breweries, book binding factories, dockyard
works, repairing tasks in various other factories too.
4. Why was hand labour preferred in seasonal factories ?
Ans :
In industries such as breweries and book binders,
9. Who were Gomasthas ?
production was affected by the seasonal demands
and changes. Hence, seasonal labours could be easily Ans :
employed when the need arose. Moreover, as the Gomasthas described as an Indian agent of the English
supply of labour was high, it was easy to get such East India Company who was paid to supervise
labourers and keep cost of production low. weavers and craftsmen, collect supplies and deliver
5. Why the aristocrats in Victorian England demanded finished goods to the company at fixed rates. He
handmade products ? always examined the quality of the cloth.
Ans : 10. How was the relationship between the Gomasthas and
the weavers ?
Handmade products portrayed class, royalty, high
tastes and refinement. They were unique in their own Ans :
designs and carefully designed and finished, so they The Gomasthas were paid agents of the English
attracted the upper elites of the society more. company who were outsiders and not from the villages.
6. How did urbanisation help create opportunities ? He was arrogant and often marched into the villages
with sepoys to beat up the weavers and craftsmen if
Ans :
they were late in supplying products.
Urban activities like building up of roads, laying down
11. What happened as a result of cotton being exported
railway lines, construction of new railways stations as
from India ?
railways were expanded too, drainage and sewers laid
and river embankments created opportunities where Ans :
people got employment. As cotton was being exported to England, the
7. Why were tjie women in England against Spinning availability of cotton in Indian markets was affected.
Weavers had to pay high rates to purchase raw cotton
which most of the weavers could not afford.
12. Why were merchants from towns in Europe began 16. Why did the East India Company appoint gomasthas?
to move countryside in seventeenth and eighteenth Give three reasons. [CBSE 2015]
centuries? Ans :
Ans : [CBSE 2018] The three reasons behind the appointment of
During the 17th and 18th centuries, the world trade gomasthas by the East India Company were:
and the colonies expanded which increased the a. Earlier due to the number of buyers of the woven
demands of goods. The merchants were not able to cloth in the Indian market Britain found difficulties
cope up within towns because of the powerful urban in supply and also the supply merchants and the
crafts and trade guilds and therefore they moved to weavers could bargain and sell it to their best
the countryside to persuade the peasants and artisans buyers. But after establishing political power in
to produce for the international market and also Bengal and Carnatic and the monopoly right to
supplied money to them. trade Britain developed systems to control and
eliminate the competition.
b. The company took the direct control over the
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS weavers through gomastha who were paid servants
appointed by the company to supervise weavers,
13. Describe any three major problems faced by Indian collect supplies and check the quality of the cloth.
weavers in nineteenth century. c. The Company also prevented the weavers from
Ans : [CBSE 2018] supplying the cloth to any other buyer. This
prevention was done through the system of
The three problems faced by the Indian cotton advances. The weavers were given loans to buy
weavers: the raw materials and were made bound to supply
1. Their export market collapsed and the local it the gomastha only.
market shrunk.
17. Why was it difficult for East India Company to
2. Indian market flooded with Manchester imports.
3. Thus the Indian weavers could not compete produce regular supplies of goods for export in the
with the mill-made products as they were much beginning? Explain. [CBSE 2015]
cheaper and also they were not getting supply of Ans :
good quality raw cotton. Due to the following reasons the East India Company
14. How did the seasonality of employment affect the lives was facing difficulty to produce regular supplies of
of Indian workers during 18th century? Explain. goods for export in the beginning:
a. There were number of trading companies in India
Ans : [Delhi 2016]
such as French, Dutch and Portuguese who were
Gas work and breweries industries had seasonal competing for the woven cloth from the Indian
demand of labour in the cold months. Likewise the weavers and merchants.
book binders and the printers needed labour before b. Due to the heavy competition and demand of the
December as they had to cater to the demand before the woven cloth, the Indian weavers and the supply
Christmas. The ships were also cleaned and repaired merchants were keeping the prices high which was
during the winter season. Due to the fluctuation of not profitable for the East India Company.
production with the season in these industries, hand c. The East India Company did not had any exclusive
labour was preferred and were employed for the season trading rights or monopoly over trade in India.
only.
18. How did industries develop in India in the second half
15. Where were guilds? How did they make it difficult for of the nineteenth century? Explain. [CBSE 2015]
new merchants to set business in towns of England? or
Explain. Describe the contributions of the early industrialists of
Ans : [CBSE 2016] India in shaping the industrial development of India.
Urban crafts and trade guilds were associations of Ans : [CBSE 2013]
producers who trained the craftspeople, controlled the Dwarkanath Tagore in Bengal, Parsis like Dinshaw
production and regulated the price and competition. Petit Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata in Bombay and
During the 17th and 18th centuries, the world trade Seth Hukumchand, and a Marwari businessman set
and the colonies expanded which increased the up first Indian jute mill in Calcutta.
demands of goods. The merchants were not able to
These early entrepreneurs had accumulated
sustain within towns because of the powerful urban
wealth from the trade with China, the merchants of
crafts and trade guilds and therefore they moved to
Madras from trade with Burma and the others from
the countryside to persuade the peasants and artisans
the trade with the Middle East and east Africa.
to produce for the international market and also
supplied money to them. There were another group of entrepreneurs who
had accumulated wealth from trade within India,
These trade guilds restricted the entry of the
supplying goods from one place to another, banking
new people into the trade because monopoly rights
money, transferring funds between cities and by
were granted to them to produce and trade in specific
financing the traders.
products. This situation made the new merchants
difficult to set up their business units in towns. 19. Describe the condition of the workers in the nineteenth
 century in England. [CBSE 2014] 22. Explain any three reasons for the clashes between the
Ans : weavers and the gomasthas.
Due to the news of job opportunities in the city, large Ans : [CBSE 2014]
number of people migrated from the countryside. This The three reasons for the clashes between the weavers
created a situation of abundance of labour in the and the gomasthas were:
market. Getting a job was dependent on the networks a. Earlier the weavers dealt with the supply
of friendship and kin relations in factories. merchants who lived within the weaving villages
But not all had such connections and that’s why and had a close link with the weavers whereas the
they had to wait for weeks spending nights under gomasthas were outsiders who had no social link
the bridges or in the night shelters or the night with the weavers.
refuges built by the private individuals or in the b. The supply merchants were looking after the
casual wards maintained by the poor law authorities. needs of the weavers whereas the gomasthas acted
The abundance of labour, social connections in the arrogantly and often beat them for the delay in
factories, seasonality of work and welfare of the supply.
workers were the main issues which made the life of c. Due to the new system of gomastha the weavers
the workers miserable. lost the space to bargain, could not sell to other
buyers, the price for the cloth received from the
20. “In eighteenth century Europe, the peasants and Company was very low and the loans which they
artisans in the countryside readily agreed to work for received from the company tied them with the
the merchants.” Explain any three reasons. company itself.
Ans : [CBSE 2014] 23. Why did the industrial production in India increase
In eighteenth century Europe, the poor peasants and during the First World War? Give any three reasons.
artisans eagerly agreed to take the advance offered by Ans : [CBSE 2014]
the merchants and were willing to produce goods for
them. Due to the following reasons: The three reasons for the increase of the industrial
a. During this time in the countryside the open production in India during the First World War were:
fields were disappearing and commons were being a. Indian mills regained the domestic market as
enclosed. The cottagers and peasants were looking the British mills were busy with the war needs
for alternative source of income because they were production.
dependent on the common lands and gathering of b. The Manchester imports declined in India.
firewood, vegetables, berries, hay and straw for c. Due to the prolonged war Indian factories got an
their livelihood. Many of them had small plots of opportunity to produce for the war needs, many
land which was not sufficient to provide work to new factories were set up, the old factories ran
all the family members. , multiple shifts, demands for workers increased.
b. It proved good for the peasants and artisans to 24. Explain the effects of East India Company’s
work for the merchants as they could now remain exploitative methods of asserting monopoly over
in the countryside and continue with their small trade. [CBSE 2014]
plot cultivation. Ans :
c. Their family income was supplemented and also
they were able to engage all the family members The effects of East India Company’s exploitative
as labour resources. methods of asserting monopoly over trade were as
follows:
21. “The First World War created the favorable conditions a. Many villagers refused taking loans and advances
for the development of industries in India.” Support for doing the production.
the statement with suitable examples. [CBSE 2014] b. They closed down their workshops and shifted
or back to agriculture work.
Why could Manchester never recapture its old c. Some of them migrated to other villages to set up
position in the Indian market after the First World their looms.
War? Explain.
25. Describe any three functions of gomasthas.
Ans : [CBSE 2015]
Ans : [CBSE 2014]
a. Indian mills regained the domestic market as
the British mills were busy with the war-needs The three functions of gomasthas were:
production. a. Gomasthas were paid servants appointed by the
b. The Manchester imports declined in India. company to supervise weavers, collect supplies
c. Due to the prolonged war, Indian factories got an and check the quality of the cloth.
opportunity to produce for the war needs. b. The weavers were given loans to buy the raw
d. Many new factories were set up and the old materials and were made bound to supply it the
factories ran multiple shifts, demands for workers gomastha only.
increased and workers had to work for long hours. c. Gomasthas acted arrogantly and often beat them
e. Due to the huge economic loss in the war, Britain for the delay in supply.
could not regain its dominance over the export 26. Why was East India Company keen on expanding
and thus the local industries consolidated their textile exports from India during the 1760s? Explain
position in the home market.
 any three reasons. Many Indian entrepreneurs survived despite tight
Ans : [CBSE 2012] economic controls imposed by the British government
due to the following reasons:
Even after the consolidation of the East India a. The Indian entrepreneurs did not want to
Company’s power after the 1760s the Company was compete with the Manchester goods therefore
willing to expand the textile exports from India they produced cotton yarn rather than fabric
because of the following reasons:- which was either used by the Indian handloom
a. First, the cotton industries had not yet expanded weavers or exported to China.
hi Britain. b. During the Swadeshi Movement the people
b. Second, great demand of the Indian fine textiles boycotted the foreign clothes.
in Europe. c. The Indian industrial groups organized themselves
c. Earlier, due to the number of buyers of the and pressurized the government to increase tariff
woven cloth in the Indian market, Britain found protection and for granting other concessions.
difficulties in supply and also the supply merchants
and the weavers could bargain and sell it to their 31. Mention any three restrictions imposed by the British
best buyers. But after establishing political power government on the Indian merchants in 19th century.
in Bengal and Carnatic and the monopoly right Ans : [CBSE 2011]
to trade, Britain developed systems to control and The three restrictions imposed by the British
eliminate the competition. The Company took government upon the Indian merchants in 19th
direct control over the weavers through gomastha century were:
who were paid servants appointed by the Company a. After establishing political power in Bengal and
to supervise weavers, collect supplies and check Carnatic and the monopoly right to trade, Britain
the quality of the cloth. developed systems to control and eliminate the
27. Who were the jobbers? Explain their main functions. competition.
Ans : [CBSE 2014] b. The Company took the direct control over the
weavers through gomastha who were paid servants
These jobbers were old and trusted persons who appointed by the Company to supervise weavers,
got people from the villages, ensured them jobs and collect supplies and check the quality of the cloth.
their settlement in the cities along with financial help c. By the end of the First World War a large sector
during the times of crisis. The jobbers were employed of the Indian industries were under the control
to get new recruits. Thus they had authority and of the three biggest European managing agencies
power. Later on they started demanding money and called Bird Heiglers and Company, Andrew Yule
gifts for their favour and thus they controlled the lives and Jardine Skinner and Company. But mostly
of the workers. the finance was done by the Indian people
28. Why did upper classes in Victorian period preferred whereas the investment and business decisions
things produced by hands? were taken by the European agencies and also the
Ans : [CBSE 2014] Indian businessmen were not allowed to join the
chamber of commerce of the European merchants-
The aristocrats and the bourgeoisie were the upper industrialists.
class people in the Victorian Britain who preferred
hand-made things because these products symbolize 32. “Historians now have to increasingly recognize that the
refinement and class as they were better finished and typical worker in the mid-nineteenth century was not
carefully designed. They had the thinking that the a machine operator but the traditional craftsperson
machine-made goods were for export to the colonies. and labourer.” Analyse the statement.

29. Explain any three problems faced by the Indian

Ans : [CBSE 2016]
weavers in 1850s. [CBSE 2011] The new industries were not able to displace the
or traditional industries. This can be proved with the
Explain any three problems faced by Indian cotton fact that till the end of the 19th century less than 20%
weavers by the turn of the nineteenth century. of the workforce were engaged in the technologically
Ans : [CBSE 2009] advanced industries and a large portion of the output
was produced within the domestic units.
The three problems faced by the Indian cotton
weavers: Food processing, building, pottery, glass work etc.
a. Their export market collapsed and the local were the non-mechanized sectors in which the changes
market shrunk. were ordinary with small innovations.
b. Indian market flooded with Manchester imports. The technological changes occurred very slowly
c. Thus the Indian weavers could not compete because the new technology was very costly. The
with the mill-made products as they were much merchants and industrialists were highly cautious
cheaper and also they were not getting supply of for its use as the machines often broke down and its
good quality raw cotton. repair was too expensive. These machines were not as
30. How did many Indian entrepreneurs survive despite effective as it was claimed by the investors and the
tight economic controls imposed by the British manufacturers.
government? 33. Describe the lifestyle of the British workers in the
Ans : [CBSE 2013]
 nineteenth century. 36. Explain the role played by the advertisements in
Ans : [CBSE 2010] creating new consumers for the British products.
Due to the news of job opportunities in the city large Ans : [CBSE 2015]
number of people migrated from the countryside. This Advertisement is used since from the beginning to
created a situation of abundance of labour in the attract the buyers because it helps in making the
market. Getting a job was dependent on the networks product appear desirable and necessary.
of friendship and kin relations in factories. The Manchester industrialists also put labels
But not all had such connections and that’s why (Made in Manchester) on the bundles of the cloth
they had to wait for weeks spending nights under for the following purposes — to make the place of
the bridges or in the night shelters or the night manufacture and the name of the company known to
refuges built by the private individuals or in the buyers, as a mark of quality and to make the buyers
casual wards maintained by the poor law authorities. feel confident about the product.
The abundance of labour, social connections in the These labels carried the words, texts, images and
factories, seasonality of work and welfare of the beautiful illustrations which gave some idea about the
workers were the main issues which made the life of mind.of the manufacturers, their calculations and the
the workers miserable. way they approach the buyers.
34. Explain the impact of the First World War on Indian Initially, the images of gods and goddesses like
industries. Krishna and Saraswati appeared on the labels for
Ans : [CBSE 2009] making the buyers convince that there is divine
Effects of the First World War on the Indian Industries approval to sell these products.
- Indian mills regained the domestic market as the In order to make the products more popular the
British mills were busy with the war- needs production products were printed in the newspapers, magazines
and also the Manchester imports declined in India, and the most important on the calendars.
due to the prolonged war. Indian factories got an
The calendars became most popular due to the
opportunity to produce for the war needs, many new
following reasons - used even by the illiterates and
factories were set up, the old factories ran multiple
poor, hung in tea shops, hung in homes which they see
shifts. Demands for workers increased and they had to
day after day through the year.
work for long hours. Due to the huge economic loss in
the war, Britain could not regain its dominance over The figures of important personages, emperors
the export and thus the local industries consolidated and Nawabs were also used in the advertisements and
their position in the home market. calendars to expand the market of the product. These
figures gave the message that this product is used by
the royalty and hence it is of good quality and also if
FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS you respect these figures then give due respect to the
product also.
35. “By the first decade of the twentieth century a series 37. Explain any five ways by which new markets
of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation in and consumers were created in India by British
India.” Support the statement with examples. manufacturers.
Ans : [CBSE 2015] Ans : [CBSE 2014]
During the Swadeshi Movement the people boycotted The five ways by which new markets and consumers
the foreign clothes, and the Indian industrial groups were created in India by British manufacturers were:
organized themselves and pressurized the government a. The Manchester industrialists put labels (Made
to increase tariff protection and for granting other in Manchester) on the bundles of the cloth for
concessions. the following purposes - to make the place of
Again the Indian industrialists shifted from the manufacture and the name of the company known
yarn production to cloth production because the to buyers, for a mark of quality and to make the
Indian yarn export declined in China as the Chinese buyers feel confident about the product.
and Japanese mills became plenty in China. b. These labels carried the words, texts, images and
beautiful illustrations which gives some idea about
Effects of the First World War on the Indian
the mind of the manufacturers, their calculations
Industries - Indian mills regained the domestic market
and the way they approach the buyers.
as the British mills were busy with the war- needs
c. Initially the images of gods and goddesses like
production and also the Manchester imports declined
Krishna and Saraswati appeared on the labels for
in India. Due to the prolonged war, Indian factories
making the buyers convinced that there is divine
got an opportunity to produce for the war needs. Many
approval to sell these products.
new factories were set up, the old factories ran multiple
d. In order to make the products more popular
shifts, demands for workers increased. Workers had to
the products were printed in the newspapers,,
work for long hours. Due to the huge economic loss in
magazines and the most important on the
the war, Britain could not regain its dominance over
calendars.
the export and thus the local industries consolidated
e. The calendars became the most popular due to
their position in the home market.
the following reasons - used even by the illiterates
 and poor, hung in tea shops, hung in homes which in towns.
they see day after day through the year. c. The poor peasants and artisans eagerly agreed to
f. The figures of important personages, emperors take the advance offered by the merchants and
and Nawabs were also used in the advertisements were willing to produce goods for them.
and calendars to expand the market of the d. During this time in the countryside the open
product. These figures gave the message that this fields were disappearing and commons were being
product is used by the royalty and hence it is of enclosed. The cottagers and peasants were looking
good quality and also if you respect these figures for alternative source of income because they were
then give due respect to the product also, dependent on the common lands and gathering of
g. The Indian manufactures used the figures of firewood, vegetables, berries, vegetables, hay and
the nationalists on the products and passed the straw for their livelihood. Many of them had small
message that if you love your nation then buy the plots of land which was not sufficient to provide
Indian products. work to all the family members.
38. Why were there frequent clashes between Gomasthas
e. During this period London came to be known as
and weavers in the villages? Explain five reasons. the Finishing Centre because the finishing work of
the cloth was done in London before it is exported
Ans : [CBSE 2014] in the international market.
The following were the reasons for the frequent clashes 40. Explain any three measures used by producers to
between Gomasthas and weavers in the villages: expand their markets in the 19th century.
a. Earlier, the weavers dealt with the supply
merchants who lived within the weaving villages Ans : [CBSE 2012]
and had a close link with the weavers whereas the The three measures used by producers to expand their
gomasthas were outsiders who had no social link markets in the 19th century were:
with the weavers. a. The Company took the direct control over the
b. The supply merchants were looking after the weavers through gomastha who were paid servants
needs of the weavers whereas the gomasthas acted appointed by the company to supervise weavers,
arrogantly and often heat them for the delay in collect supplies ‘ and check the quality of the
supply. cloth. The Company also prevented the weavers
c. Due to the new system of gomastha the weavers from supplying the cloth to any other buyer.
lost the space to bargain. This prevention was done throqgh the system of
d. The weavers could not sell to other buyers. advances. The weavers were given loans to buy
e. The price for the cloth received from the .Company the raw materials and were made bound to supply
was very low and the loans J which they received it the gomastha only.
from the Company tied them with the Company b. The jobbers were employed to get new recruit^.
itself. These jobbers were old and trusted persons who
39. Throw light on production during the proto- got people from the villages, ensured them jobs
industrialisation phase in Europe in the 17th and 18th and their settlement in the cities along with
century with an example. [CBSE 2011] financial h?lp during the times of crisis. Thus they
or had authority and power.
What was proto industrialisation? Explain the c. The Manchester industrialists also put labels
importance of proto-industrialisation. [CBSE2014] (Made in Manchester) on the bundles of the cloth
or for the following purposes to make the place
Explain the main features of proto-industrialisation. of manufacture and the name of the company
known to buyers, for a mark of quality and to
Ans : [CBSE 2010] make the buyers feel confident about the product.
The history of industrialisation began with the setting These labels carried the words, texts, images and
up of the first factories but there was large scale beautiful illustrations which gives some idea about
industrial production in England and Europe which the mind of the manufacturers, their calculations
the historians refer as proto-industrialisation. and the way they approach the buyers.
The main features of proto-industrialisation were: Initially the images of gods and goddesses like
a. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the world Krishna and Saraswati appeared on the labels for
trade and the colonies expanded which increased making the buyers convince that there is divine
the demands of goods. The merchants were approval to sell these products. In order to make the
not able to cope up within towns because of products more popular the products were printed in
the powerful urban crafts and trade guilds and the newspapers, magazines and the most important
therefore they moved to the countryside to on the calendars.
persuade the peasants and artisans to produce for
the international market and also supplied money
to them.
b. These trade guilds restricted the entry , of the
new people into the trade because ‘ monopoly
rights were granted to them to produce and trade
in specific products. This situation made the new
merchants difficult to set up their business units
 CHAPTER 1.5
Print Culture and Modern World

ONE MARK QUESTIONS The Buddhist Diamond Sutra was the oldest Japanese
book.

1. Why did the Roman Catholic Church impose control

over publisher’s and booksellers? [CBSE 2018] THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
Ans :
10. Why couldn’t the production of hand written
The Roman Catholic Church troubled by effects of
manuscripts satisfy the ever increasing demand for
popular readings and questionings of faith, imposed
books? Give any three reasons. [CBSE 2016]
severe controls over publishers and booksellers.
Ans :
2. Which place had the breakthrough of first printing
press? The production of handwritten manuscripts could not
satisfy the ever increasing demand for books due to
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
the following reasons:
The breakthrough of first printing press took place in a. In India, there is rich and old tradition of
Strasbourg in Germany. handwritten manuscripts in different languages
3. Mention the technique adopted to educate white collar which were copied on palm leaves or on handmade
workers in Europe during the 19th century. papers.
Ans : [CBSE 2016] b. These manuscripts were highly expensive and
fragile.
It was the technique of lending libraries to educate c. They needed careful handling.
white collar workers in Europe during the 19th century.
11. Explain any three features of handwritten manuscripts
4. Mention any one technique of preserving the before the age of print in India.
manuscript of India. [CBSE 2016]
Ans : [CBSE 2010, 2014, 2016]
Ans :
The three features of the handwritten manuscripts
These were preserved by pressing between the wooden before the age of print in India are:
covers or sewn together. a. In India, there is rich and old tradition of
5. Who brought the print culture to Japan? handwritten manuscripts in different languages
Ans : [CBSE 2016] which were copied on palm leaves or on handmade
papers.
The print culture was brought to Japan by the b. These manuscripts were highly expensive, fragile
Buddhist Missionaries from China. and needed careful handling.
6. Name the Chinese traditional book, which was folded c. These were preserved by pressing between the
and stitched at the side. [CBSE 2015] wooden covers or sewn together.
Ans : d. Reading the manuscripts was not easy as they
were written in different styles which limits its
The traditional ‘Accordion Book’ of China was folded use.
and stitched at the side because both the sides of the
thin; porous sheets could not be printed. 12. Explain any three factors responsible for the invention
of new printing techniques. [CBSE 2016]
7. Mention any one characteristic feature of the off-set
press. Ans :
Ans : [CBSE 2015] The three factors responsible for the invention of new
printing techniques were:
The offset press was able to print upto 6 colours at a a. The handwritten manuscripts production was not
time. sufficient to meet the demand.
8. Name the first edition of the Indian religious text b. These manuscripts were highly expensive, fragile
published in vernacular. [CBSE 2014] and needed careful handling.
Ans : c. It was expensive and time consuming to copy the
handwritten manuscripts.
Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas was the first edition of
the Indian religious text published in vernacular. 13. How’ were magazines different from novels? Write any
three differences. [CBSE 2016]
9. Name the oldest Japanese book.
Ans :
Ans : [CBSE 2014]
 The three differences between the magazines and 95 theses in the year 1517 against the practices and
novels were: rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.
a. The magazines had several stories whereas the This action of Martin Luther led to the division
novels had just one story. within the church and marked the beginning of the
b. The magazines were periodically published Protestant reformers.
whereas the novels were one time publication.
c. There might be several writers of one magazine It was basically a movement for the reformation
but the novels had only one author. of the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century.
14. In what three ways did the printed books at first 18. Explain any three reasons which created a large
closely resemble the written manuscripts? number of new readers in the nineteenth century.
Ans : [CBSE 2015] Ans :
The three ways in which initially the printed books Three reasons which created a large number of new
closely resembled the written manuscripts were: readers in the nineteenth century were:
a. Initially the printed books resembled the written a. During this period the literacy increased which
manuscripts in appearance. increased the number of readers among the
b. It resembled in layout as the metal letters children, women and workers.
imitated the ornamental handwritten styles and b. Primary education was made compulsory and
the borders were illuminated by hand. hence the children became the important section
c. There was blank space for decoration in the books of readers. The publishing industries started
printed for the rich and the design was chosen by producing the school textbooks. In the year
the buyer. 1857, a children’s press was set up in France for
publishing the literature for children only which
15. How did the print bring the reading public and hearing published the new works along with the old fairy
public closer? [CBSE 2015] and folk tales.
Ans : c. Technique of lending libraries to educate white
Earlier the society was divided into the oral culture collar workers in Europe during the 19th century.
and reading culture. The common people had the d. Women became the important readers as well as
oral culture while only the rich people had the writers. For women readers especially there was
reading culture. The common people heard the texts penny magazines.
collectively which were read out or recited or narrated 19. What were the limitations of the written manuscripts
to them. in India? Explain. [CBSE 2014]
The reading culture was only limited to the elites Ans :
and they only read the books individually and silently. The following were the limitations of the written
The reason behind this culture may be the books were manuscripts in India:
expensive, produced less in numbers and also the a. These manuscripts were highly expensive, fragile
literacy rate was very low in most of the European and needed careful handling.
countries. b. Reading the manuscripts was not easy as they
To solve the problem of illiteracy as a barrier in were written in different styles which limits its
the wider reach of the printed books, the popular use.
ballads and folk tales beautifully illustrated with c. It was not used in everyday life by the common
pictures were published which were sung and recited people.
in the village gatherings and the taverns in towns. 20. Examine the role of missionaries in the growth of
Hence the line separating the oral culture and the press in India. [CBSE 2013]
reading culture started becoming blurred. Ans :
16. Describe wood-block printing. [CBSE 2015] The hand printing technology was introduced to Japan
Ans : by the Buddhist missionaries of China around AD
Wood-block printing was a technique of printing the 768-770. In 868 AD, the Buddhist Diamond Sutra was
books by rubbing the paper against the inked surface printed which is considered the oldest Japanese book.
of the woodblocks. It contain 6 sheets of text and woodcut illustrations.
a. The Portuguese missionaries firstly brought the
Marco Polo returned to Italy from China in the printing press to Goa in India in the mid-16th
year 1295 and brought the technology of woodblock century.
printing. b. The Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and Kanara
To meet the expanded demand for books the languages in India.
export of books increased, book fairs were held, c. Tamil texts were also printed (32 texts) and
organized the production of handwritten manuscripts translated by the Dutch missionaries by the year
and woodblock printing became more popular. 1710.
17. What was Protestant reformation? 21. How did the knowledge of wood block printing come
Ans : [CBSE 2015] to Europe? Explain. [CBSE2016]
Ans :
Martin Luther was a religious reformer. He wrote
 a. The wood block printing was developed in China. b. Menocchio was a miller in Italy who interpreted
In this technology the books were printed by the message of Bible. The Roman Catholic Church
rubbing the paper against the surface of the was enraged due to his view of god and creation.
woodblocks. c. The Roman Catholic Church started identifying
b. Earlier the silk route was used by China to export such ideas, beliefs and persons who wrote against
silk and spices to Europe and in the 17th century the church and thus Menocchio was hauled up
through the same route Chinese paper reached twice and finally executed.
Europe. d. Several restrictions were put over the publishers
c. Marco Polo returned to Italy from China in and the booksellers by the church and also the
the year 1295 and brought the technology of church ordered them to follow the Index of
woodblock printing. prohibited books from 1558.
d. To meet the expanded demand for books the 25. Who invented printing press? How did he develop the
export of books increased, book fairs were printing technology? [CBSE 2009]
held, organized the production of handwritten
Ans :
manuscripts and woodblock printing became
more popular. Johann Gutenberg developed the first known printing
press in 1430s at Strasbourg, Germany.
22. “By the end of 19th century a new visual culture was
taking shape.” Explain. [CBSE 2011] Most of his childhood was spent on a large
Ans : agricultural estates where he saw wine and olive
presses. He learnt polishing stones and created lead
It is true to state that by the end of 19th century moulds.
a new visual culture was taking shape. Lyrics, short
stories, essays on social and political matters, visual The olive press was the model for the printing
images, calendars, caricatures and cartoons became press and the moulds were used for casting the metal
the new forms of publications. Raja Ravi Varma was types for the letters of the alphabet.
the famous painter in the 19th century India.
These new forms of publications popularized the FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS
ideas of modernity and tradition, religion and politics,
and society and culture. 26. The ‘print revolution’ had transformed the lives of
23. How did new form of popular literature appear in people changing their relationship to information and
print targeting new audience in the 18th century? knowledge.” Analyse the statement.
Explain with examples. [CBSE 2012] Ans : [CBSE 2018]
Ans : Print revolution was a development in terms of
Lyrics, short stories, essays on social and political producing the books in a newer and faster way which
matters, visual images, calendars, caricatures and transformed the lives of the people, their relationship
cartoons became the new forms of publications. These with information and knowledge and opened ways
new forms of publications popularized the ideas of for newer perception in the world. The introduction
modernity and tradition, religion and politics, and of printing press brought the following changes — a
society and culture. new culture of reading emerged, cost of the books
Women’s reading increased among the middle came down, reduced the time and labour engaged in
class because their lives and feeling began to be publishing, produced multiple copies and the market
written. got flooded with books.

For the easy and affordable access of the printed The print culture helped in the circulation of
books to even the poor people very cheap, small books ideas, debates and discussion. It was used by the
were published and also the public libraries were set rebellions to let the people know the truth and take
up. Primary education was made compulsory and action against the established authorities.
hence the children became the important section of In the 17th and 18th centuries number of schools
readers. The publishing industries started producing were opened by the churches to spread literacy in the
the school textbooks. villages and to the peasants and artisans which caused
24. Explain the effects of print culture in the religious a virtual reading mania.
sphere in early modern Europe. [CBSE 2010] During this period the literacy increased which
Ans : rose the number of readers among the children, women
and workers.
The print culture helped in the circulation of ideas,
debates and discussion. It was used by the rebellions 27. How did print introduce debate and discussions?
to let the people know the truth and take action Explain any three points. [CBSE 2011]
against the established authorities. The printed books Ans :
were welcomed and also people had fear due to the a. The print culture spread the ideas of the great
rebellious and irreligious thoughts. thinkers like Voltaire and Rousseau. They criticized
a. Martin Luther was a religious reformer. He wrote tradition, custom, superstition, despotism and the
95 theses in the year 1517 against the practices authority of church. They wanted rule of reason,
and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. questioning and rationality.
 b. Debate and dialogue started due to the coming of ignorance, forced work, unjust treatment at home and
the print culture which resulted in the re-evaluation society etc.
of the values, norms and the institutions. This 30. Explain with examples the role of print culture in the
had brought the idea of social revolution. bringing of the French revolution. [CBSE 2015]
c. The morality pf the royal powers were criticized
Ans :
and the social order was questioned. The cartoons
and the caricatures revealed the sensual pleasures Three different arguments were put forward in
of the monarchs and the hardship of the common connection with the print culture and the French
people. Hence, the people stood against the revolution.
monarchy. The print culture spread the ideas of the great
d. During the 19th century, people debated, thinkers like Voltaire and Rousseau. They criticized
interpreted and criticized the different religious tradition, custom, superstition, despotism and the
beliefs like widow immolation, monotheism, authority of church. They wanted rule of reason,
Brahmanical priesthood and idolatry. Some questioning and rationality. Debate and dialogue
people campaigned for the reform whereas others started due to the coming of the print culture which
countered the arguments of the reformers. resulted in the re-evaluation of the values, norms
e. The printed materials and the newspapers spread and the institutions. This had brought the idea of
the new ideas and also shaped the nature of social revolution. The morality of the royal powers
debate which gave opportunity to the people to were criticized and the social order was questioned.
participate in the public debates. The cartoons and the caricatures revealed the sensual
28. “Printing press played a major role in shaping the pleasures of the monarchs and the hardship of the
Indian society of the 19th century.” Analyse the common people. Hence, the people stood against the
statement. monarchy.
Ans : [CBSE 2016] It is not true to say that the print culture was the
Yes, it is true to say that Printing press played a major direct cause of the French revolution. The print culture
role in shaping the Indian society of the 19th century. spread the ideas but people were reading different
a. The Portuguese missionaries firstly brought the kinds of literature in which people like Voltaire and
printing press to Goa in India in the mid-16th Rousseau were also exposed. The people interpreted
century. the things in their own way as they accepted some
b. During the 19th century, people debated, ideas and rejected others.
interpreted and criticized the different religious 31. How had the earliest printing technology developed in
beliefs like widow immolation, monotheism, the world? Explain with examples.
Brahmanical priesthood and idolatry. Some Ans : [CBSE 2014]
people campaigned for the reform whereas others
countered the arguments of the reformers. The development of the earliest printing technology
c. The printed materials and the newspapers spread can be traced as follows:
the new ideas and also shaped the nature of a. In the beginning the system of hand printing was
debate which gave opportunity to the people to developed in China, Japan and Korea.
participate in the public debates. b. The wood block printing was developed in China.
d. Women’s reading increased among the middle In this technology the books were printed by
class because their lives and feeling began to be rubbing the paper against the surface of the
written and also the liberal husbands and fathers woodblocks.
focused on their education. c. The volume of the print increased in China due
e. For the easy and affordable access of the printed to the increase in the number of candidates in the
books to even the poor people very cheap, small civil services exam through which the candidates
books were published and also the public libraries were recruited in the huge bureaucratic system.
were set up. d. 17th century urbanization in China also diversified
the use of print in China. The scholar officials,
29. What was the attitude of the liberal and conservative merchants, rich women, wives and courtesans
Indians towards women’s reading? How did women started the use of print.
like Kailashbhashini Debi respond to this in their e. The western printing techniques and mechanical
writings? presses reached the outpost of China and thus
Ans : [CBSE 2014,2015] Shanghai became the hub of this new print culture.
Women’s reading increased among the middle class 32. Martin Luther remarked, “Printing is the ultimate
because their lives and feeling began to be written gift of god and the greatest one.” Explain his remarks
and also the liberal husbands and fathers focused on in the light of religious reforms that took place in
their education. Europe.
The conservative Hindu families believed that the Ans : [CBSE 2013]
literate girl would be widowed. The conservative
Muslim families thought that by reading Urdu romances Martin Luther was a religious reformer. He wrote
their women would be corrupted. Kailashbhashini 95 theses in the year 1517 against the practices and
Debi from Bengal, wrote about the experiences of rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.
the women such as how they are imprisoned at home, This action of Martin Luther led to the division
 within the church and marked the beginning of the b. Earlier, the society was divided into the oral
Protestants reformers. Luther said that the ‘printing is culture and reading culture. The common people
the ultimate gift of god and the greatest one’ because had the oral culture while only the rich people
5000 copies of his translated New Testament were sold had the reading culture,
within few weeks and also the 2nd edition came in the c. The common people heard the texts collectively
market in three months only. which were read out or recited or narrated to
Menocchio was a miller in Italy who interpreted them.
the message of Bible. The Roman Catholic Church d. The reading culture was only limited upto the
was enraged due to his view of god and creation. elites and they only read the books individually
and silently. The reason behind this culture may
The Roman Catholic Church started identifying be the books were expensive, produced less in
such ideas, beliefs and persons who wrote against the numbers and also the literacy rate was very low in
church and thus Menocchio was hauled up twice and most of the European countries.
finally executed. Several restrictions were put over e. To solve the problem of illiteracy as a bander j in
the publishers and the booksellers by the church and the wider reach of the printed books, the popular
also the church ordered them to follow the Index of ballads and folk tales beautifully illustrated with
Prohibited Books from 1558. pictures were published which were sung and
33. Printing technology gave women a chance to share recited in the village gatherings and the taverns in
their feelings with the world outside.” Support the towns. Hence the line separating the oral culture
statement with any five examples. [CBSE 2013] and the reading culture started becoming blurred.
Ans :
7th century urbanization in China also ) diversified the
use of print in China. The scholar officials, merchants,
rich women, wives and courtesans started the use of
print. W o m e n became the important readers as well
as writers. For women readers especially there was
penny magazines. These magazines were basically the
manuals of proper behaviour and housekeeping.
a. Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters and George Eliot
were some famous women novelists. These women
novelists defined a new type of women with will,
strength of personality, determination and power
to think. Kailashbhashini Debi from Bengal, wrote
about the experiences of the women such as how
they are imprisoned at home, ignorance, forced
work, unjust treatment at home and society etc.
b. Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai from
Maharashtra wrote about the miserable lives of
the widows.
c. The Hindi printing discussed the issues like
women’s education, widow remarriage and
national movement along with the household and
fashion lessons.
d. Istri Dharm Vichar was published by Ram
Chaddha of Punjab to teach women how to
become an obedient wife.
e. The Khalsa Tract Society also wrote about the
good qualities of women. It was basically in the
form of dialogues.
f. The Battala in the central Calcutta was known
for the printing of the popular books including
the religious as well as obscene and scandalous
literatures.
34. How did a new reading public emerge with the printing
press? Explain. [CBSE 2009]
Ans :
a. The introduction of printing press brought the
following changes - a new culture of reading
emerged, cost of the books came down, reduced
the time and labour engaged in publishing,
produced multiple copies and the market got
flooded with books.