r - - - - - - - - -~-:--= :.

s of root, stem and leaf

4. Study of modifica(1on Date :

Modifications of roots: ! ts have undergone . certain modific .

1 1
· some Pan ati
All the different types of roots ~ , ·
perform modified or unusual functions ,:
Modified Tap Root for Storage
·~ usiform root - ,
. . h (R hanus sativig).
They are present in plants hke rad1s ap . . d They are spindle shaped.
They have a swollen median part and tapering en s.

I
I
I.
Fig. Fusiform root - Radish
i:
2. Modified Fleshy Adventitious roots for food storage
Fasciculated rootr - The roots are swollen into spindle shaped structures. They fo
cluster. Such roots are seen in Dahlia and Asparagus.

c - - - -~~\\W
\ ~'x\~~ s
~-
Fig. Fasciculated roots A
.r - _ - sparagus.
~-----------J: · 84
 cti\'jty ; , I
A Collect the mformation of dift . ,
.
oUD dlll
g area. erent fusifo~m
•
root and fleshy adventitious root's your
surr ,- . ~o
:: :·:~ :::::': ~·::.~~:
. • ............... .~
:~:' :_.......~~~\:,.\- f'S~~
.. .. ·· · ···· ......... .
·~ ......... ~····· .. ······•·"·"··
i ............... ...
········· . .. ..~...... ...... .......~ ~ Y .... , ... ~\.t:.~~ .: ........ .
······················ .............................................................:.............................................. .... ............. .
········· .. •.. •·· .. •······················································· ................................................................................ .
.....................................................................................'........................................................................
········ .. •········································································'······································· ... ·........................... .
.... .. ......... ......................................................... .................. ................................................................·............ .
................................................................................... :...................................................................... .
................................................................................... ;.......................................................................
Observe and label the all diagram given be11 ow proper
•
1y.
E~ oots (Clinging and aerial roots):

Fig. Epiphytic roots-vanda

Plants that grow on other plants (trees) are called epiphytes.
Agroup of plants called orchids and aroids have many epiphytes.
These aerial roots produced from nodes have a special tissue called velamen. The velamen is
adapted to absorb atomospheric water vapour Which is used by the epiphyte. e.g Vanda.
Haustorial or sucking roots : .
Plants which are holoparasites or total parasistes produce such haustorial roots from the stem.
The stem of the parasite coils around the stem of the:host plant and the haustorial roots penetrates
the xylem and phloem tissue of the host plant to obtain water and food respectively.
Such roots are produced by parastitic plants like Cufcuta.

Fig. Haustorial root Cuscuta.

----------------OIJi------ - - - - - -
 I
J

Stilt . ·d ) and maize (Zea l!l!!JJ.).

Th roots - These are seen in screw pme (Pan anus w down at angle in a oblique directio
ey develop from the lower nodes of the stem and gro
supports the main stem.
n,
°NO~~
3:-('\ "'(:){l~ '
L.o~~.\-
. t)+~."""
~'J~~..v,~

Fig. Stilt root - Maize

Respiratory r oots :-
Penumatophores - These roots are common in a group of plants called mangroves.
These plants grow in the sea coasts where the soil is covered with water.
As a result there is less soil aeration. Fr~m ·the underground lateral roots pneumatophores
breathin roots develop.
These roots come aebove the water level and through minute apertures present on the surf
atomospheric air enters the entire root system.
Such roots are found in plants like Rhizophora and Avicennia.

Fig. Penumatophores - Rhizophora

Study of Different Modifications of Stem
Underground stems:
Many Plants have stems that are subterranean or underground. These stems help in the survi11
of the plants duri.ng unfavourable enviromental conditions (= perennation), in vegetati
propogation (=reproduction) and such stems also help in food storage. In fact, food·sto~
is a requirement for perennation.

Rh• me : It is a horizontally growing underground stem with nodes and intemodes. At the noii
~ on-func_tional (Photosynthetically non-functional) leaves are present. The leaves an: ~
.__/ ~dvent1t10us roots_are produced from ?odes. The axillary buds present in the leaf axils prod!'
new rhizomes wh1c~ _help m vege~tive multiplication of the rhizomes. During favourab}
environmental cond1t1ons the tenmnal bud produces aerial shoot system and flowers.

--- ---------,®-r--------___./
 izorne that_gr~ws verti~ally in the soil is called a root stock. Rhizomes are seen in plants like
pl1 g1·nger
. (Zmg1ber officmale), Canna ' Turmeri·c (C'urcuma 1.onga. )

,~,----.;;
-~~·
ll~~~~tj-J'S
Fig. rhizome- ginger
sub-aerial ste~s: These stem_s are found at the air soil interface and they bring about vegetative
reproduction (=propagation) very rapidly.
Runner : They are slender stems developing from the axillary buds of parent plant. They grow
out in all directions. They develop adventitious roots at the nodes and also new plants at the
nodes. The runner creeps horizontally on the soil surcface. It is seen in Oxalis, Centella. and
cynadon.

Fig. Runner - cynadon

Aerial stems : The aerial stems are variously modified to perform special fuctions like
\ photosynthesis, protection, vegetative reproduction ad mechanical suppor.
Ph~es :These modified stems are found in a group of plants called xerophytes (plants that
V grow in regions with a shortage of water). In most of these plants the leaves are reduced
to scales to prevent water loss by foliar transpiration. In the absence of leaves of the stems
becomes flat and green to harness maximum light for photosynthesis such a flat, green stem
with many intemodes is called a phylloclade. In prickly pear (opuntia) the phylloclade are
fleshy.
~~e...
' c;q__\t\fl5""

Fig. Phylloclade-opuntia

--------- - - - - @ ~ - - - - - - - - -
 ·
l .k Ruscus.and Asparasgus
. the caldocte is.
· Plants .k
Cladodes - They are found in xerophytic 1 e the phyllocald e wh1ch as manY 1Uteru
· ~a-~
R.
But un 1
1 e 0
green stem similar to a phyllocade. • i
cladode had just one or two intemode.

Fig. Cladode-Asparagus.
limb over objects vertically. Tendrils
Tendrils - They are structures that help a plant t~ c a be roduced from vegetative bu ar1
produced by plants with weak stems. Tendnls m Y P ds
from floral buds e.g. Cucurbita.

1 - - -f\cUJ~ .
=----Lem.-t- .
'°"ef)~~\ .
ig. Tendril- Cucurbita.

Identify and study the different modifications of leaf and Phyllotaxy Also explaiJ
Inflorescence Seen in plants
Modifica ·ons of Leaves
odes : These are modifications that help a plant to conserve water (by reducing the ratei
water loss by transpiration)
In species of Acacia, the Rachis and many Rachillae of the Bipinnately compound leaf beco~
highly flattened and green phyllodes for photosynthesis.
Phyllodes are different parts ofleaflike petiole, rachis or rachillae (which generraly are cylindrid
and non-green) but which in the plants mentioned above tum flat and green. They perform
the fuction of the leaflets which fall off (to conserve water )
'r\~\\o~
~ \~~'fh

Fig. Phyllodcs

- -- -- - - - - -® - - - - - --------
1
!P.,,al<endrils
/. : leaf1as a whole 0 r part of it or .
sternm<d Pants .
these·tendrils he! . ,ts. associated parts are modified into tendrils.
10 aphaca (Wild pe )- P In chmbing .
) . a ' the wh 1 1
a 10 fiW!!1. satzvum (garden pea) . o e eaf is changed to tendril
b) ~ · ' some antenor
· leaflets are modified to
· tendriJs.

~~\~ G:l

Lathyrus aphaca leaf Pisurn 8~ftvum Upper leaflets Naravelia. Terminal leaflet
modified into tendril modified into tendrils. modified into tendrils.

Fig. Leaf Tendrils

Multiple choice questions
·J. phyllodes are modification of - - - -
a. Stems b. Roots
~ aves . d. Bud's
2. scale leaves are present on underground
A'Stem b. Root ----
c. Fasciculated root d. Bulbas root
3. ____ is an example of subaerial modification of stem.
~ aw berry b. Colocasia · .1
c. Onion d. Potato
4. In orchid's clinging root's help's in ____
v--a'Support b. Absorption of moi~ture
c. Negetative propagation d. Sexual reproduction
.5. Stilt root is the midification for the purpose of _ _ _ __
-...¥.'fowar b. Orchid
c. Mangroves d. Cuscuta
6. Fusiform root is the modification for the purpose of _ _ __
~ rage of food b. Vegetative reproduction
c. Respiration d. Support
?. Pheumatophores is mangroves deyelop's l~_µti~les for----
a. Photosynthesis ~ espiratto~
c. Additional support d. Reproductwn

8· In cucurbita tendrils develops from modified---·

~ m b.Root
c. Leaf d. Stipule
Rem k dS" t o,JTeacher ·················· .... •.. •.................................................................... .
ar an 1gna ure ································································ ····················
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