SPECIALIZED SUBJECT - STEM

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
___ SEMESTER, SY ______
QUARTER 2, MODULE 1
MATTER OF SPONTANEITY

i
General Chemistry 2
Self-Learning Module
___ Semester, SY ______Quarter 2 – Module 1: Matter of Spontaneity
First Edition, 2021

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ii
 INTRODUCTION

Hello Senior High School learners! In this module you will learn to:

1. predict the spontaneity of a process based on entropy;

2. explain the 2nd Law of Thermodynamic and its significance; and
3. use Gibbs’ free energy to determine the direction of reaction.

Before we proceed, do you know that there are various processes in our surroundings
that continuously happening every day without the help of any external factors? Most of these
are visible in our naked eye and some of them just occurred without our knowledge. However,
these phenomena that occur unceasingly with the absence of outside force must first meet
the factors for them to be considered as spontaneous (natural-occurring) process or not.

Remember your lesson in endothermic and exothermic reaction, it will help you
understand this module better.

This module will help you demonstrate your understanding about the different
chemical processes happening in our environment, the scientific concept which involved in
the occurrence of these processes, computation using a given formula and relation of derived
answer in the topic presented.

1
 LESSON 1 Spontaneous and Non-
Spontaneous Process

Is there any scenario in our environment that occurs only on its way without any
external force driving it to happen? Have you tried to make a drink using powdered juice
without stirring it? How does it taste? Is it good?

LESSON OBJECTIVES
In this lesson, you should be able to:
 Define spontaneity as a process
 Differentiate spontaneous from non-
spontaneous process and
 Distinguish a spontaneous from a non-
spontaneous event.

According to physicists, all things which

are thrown upward will go downward. Do you
agree? Why do you say so? It occurs because of
gravity. Gravity is the natural force making things www.youtube.com

“A boulder rolling downhill shows

spontaneous process”

return to its natural place.

Think of this situation. A ball in the
ground will never go up unless it will not
be acted upon by an external force. Let us
discover how this scenario becomes
possible.

www.youtube.com

“A boulder being pushed upward shows non-

spontaneous process”

2
 LESSON AND PRACTICES

Discussion of the Lesson

There are two types of changes in the system: those that occur spontaneously and by
force. With these, we will understand why some systems are naturally inclined to change in
one direction under certain conditions and how relatively quickly or slowly that natural change
proceeds.
The spontaneity of a process or spontaneous process refers to how it occurs on its
own without the help of any external
factors. Spontaneity only tell whether the
reaction will occur or not. It does not predict
the rate of a process. Situations like; the
combustion of alcohol is fast, while the
rusting of iron is slow; but both processes
occur spontaneously.
However, there are processes that
do not occur spontaneously. These
processes will stop if the force applied on it
will be removed. They only happen as long
as there is an introduction of external
source of energy that drive them. Non-
spontaneous processes are, using of a
water pump in making the water to flow
uphill, the transfer of heat from a cold to a
www.visualphotos.com
hot object, and the combination of carbon
dioxide and water to give back wood.
Figure 1

Figure 1 illustrates the melting of ice into liquid water as you leave it outside is a
spontaneous process while turning it back to ice again without doing an intervention can never
happen making it non-spontaneous.

To further understand spontaneity of a process, let us take a look at Thomsen-Bethelot

principle, and it says that, almost all exothermic chemical processes are spontaneous. This
principle was proposed by Danish chemist Julius Thomsen (1826-1909) and French chemist
Pierre-Eugene-Marcellin Berthelot (1827-1907). Combustion reactions, for example, produce
heat as reflected in their thermochemical equations below.
When you burn magnesium ribbon for example:
2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(g) ∆H = -1203.4kJ
Since ∆H is negative, the process is an exothermic process.
Another formation is the formation of water:
2H(2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g) ∆H = -571.6kJ

3
 In line with the Thomsen-Berthelot principle, there are some spontaneous processes
which do not follow this generalized idea. For instance, ice melts spontaneously into liquid
water as it absorbs heat. Same with, volatile liquids like acetone.
To better understand the lesson, perform the task below.

Directions: Classify whether each process is spontaneous or non-spontaneous. Answer this

in one whole sheet of paper. Provide an explanation for your answer.

Spontaneous or Non-

Process spontaneous Explanation

1. A spoon dipped in boiling

water gets hot.

2. A running water fell down

the cliff.

3. Silverwares tarnish when

exposed to air.

4. Steel bars form rust when

exposed to moisture.

5. Flatiron becomes hot when

switch on with electricity.

4
Direction: Please write your learning in your answer sheet.

Upon reading the lesson above, I learned that

and I realized that

Directions: Classify whether each process is spontaneous or non-spontaneous. Answer this

in one whole sheet of paper. Provide an explanation for your answer.

Spontaneous or Non-
Process Explanation
spontaneous

1. Charging a mobile
phone battery

2. Wood burns to
ashes after being
set on fire

5
3. Table salt
dissociates into
sodium and chlorine
ions in water

4. Water decomposes
into hydrogen and
oxygen gases after
application of
electricity

5. Hot substance when

it is cooled at room
temperature

6
 LESSON Enthalpy, Entropy and
2 Spontaneity of a Process
It was discussed in Lesson 1 that spontaneity of a process occurs on its own even
without the presence of external forces. However, there are factors to be considered to make
a process spontaneous.

LESSON OBJECTIVES

In this lesson you should be able to:

 Differentiate enthalpy and entropy
 Relate enthalpy and entropy with spontaneity of a process and
 Predict spontaneity of a process based on entropy.

In the past lesson, it was emphasized by Thomsen-Berthelot principle that almost all
exothermic chemical processes are spontaneous. Exothermic chemical process is a process
which involves exothermic reaction in which energy is released as the reaction occurs. An
endothermic process involves endothermic reaction in which energy is absorbed during the
reaction can also be spontaneous in nature.

Is it possible to calculate the change in enthalpy,(∆𝐻𝑓𝑜) for a certain chemical reaction?

But, let us define first the word enthalpy,(𝐻𝑓𝑜). It is the total heat absorbed during the process
at constant pressure and it is also the sum of the internal energy of the system and the product
of pressure and volume.

Yes, we can determine the change in enthalpy of a chemical reaction by using

enthalpies of formation.

7
Let us describe exothermic and endothermic reaction in a system.
Refer to figure 2.

Figure 2.1 A B
Energy released Energy
absorbed
ENERGY, H

ENERGY, H
Final heat Final heat

Fig 2. Enthalpy diagrams for A. Exothermic reaction and B. Endothermic reaction

Questions:

1. What does inward and outward arrows mean?

2. How would you differentiate exothermic from endothermic reactions?

_ _
_

3. How is enthalpy related to entropy?

_
_

4. If entropy is the measure of molecular randomness. Do you think metals having rigid
structures have high entropy?

SOLID LIQUID

8
 Based from the diagram above solid has compact arrangement of molecules and has
low entropy while liquid is the opposite. Gases whose molecules are in constant random
motion in different directions are said to have very high entropy. Like enthalpy, entropy
depends on the initial and final states of a system.

∆S = ∆Sfinal - ∆Sinitial

Change in = Entropy of - Entropy of

entropy Products Reactants

A positive ∆S indicates an increase in randomness of a system while a negative ∆S

indicates a decrease in randomness.

Exercise 2

Directions: Predict the sign of the change in entropy of the following processes. The first
one is done for you.

ENTROPY
PROCESS EXPLANATION
CHANGE
1. Freezing of water Particles in ice are more orderly arranged Negative
than those of liquid.

2. Heating liquid to
reach its boiling
point

3. Melting of lard

4. Sublimation of
mothballs

5. Melting of lead
metal at room
temperature

9
Direction: Please answer the following guide questions.

1. In your own words, describe the behavior of the entropy of a substance as it changes

phase such as from liquid to a gas.

2. Discuss in thermodynamic perspective, how ice in the Earth’s polar ice caps melt.

Directions: Predict the sign of the change in entropy of the following processes. The first
one is done for you.

PROCESS EXPLANATION ENTROPY CHANGE

1. Dissociation of
table salt in
water

2. Melting of steel
bar during
heating

10
 3. Condensation
of water vapor

4. Formation of
metallic alloy

5. Melting of dry
ice

Factors That Influence Entropy

1. Change in Phase and Number of Particles.

Among the three states of matter, the solid phase is the most ordered state and thus has
the lowest entropy. For any substance, the solid state is more ordered than the liquid state
and the liquid state is more ordered than gas state.

2. Change in Temperature

Raising the temperature of a system increases the average kinetic energy and the
freedom of motion of particles in the system resulting in increased entropy and vice versa.
Chemical reactions that produce higher number of product particles are usually spontaneous
and it will also increase the entropy while chemical reactions with fewer product particles than
the reactants are having negative entropy and said to be non-spontaneous.

Example of chemical reactions with their corresponding spontaneity:

Illustration A:

Example # 1. Decomposition of calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

(CaCO3)(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g) Spontaneous

I mol I mol + 1 mol

2 mols

In illustration A, decomposition of 1 mol of CaCO3 will produce 1 mol of CaO and 1

mol of CO2 gas. Since the total number of moles of substances in the product is greater than
the amount of reactant, then it is said to be a spontaneous process.

11
Illustration B:

Example # 2. Production of ammonia

N2(g) + 3H2 → 2NH3 Non-spontaneous

1 mol + 3 mol 2 mols

4 mols

Illustration B shows a non-spontaneous reaction. In the production of ammonia to

produce 2 mols of ammonia we need 1 mol of nitrogen gas (N2) and 3 mols of hydrogen gas,
(H2). Since the amount of product is lesser than the amount of reactants this process is a non-
spontaneous.

Direction: Predict the sign of the change in entropy of the following chemical reactions.

1. Decomposition of carbonic acid (H2CO3) into water and carbon dioxide.

H2CO3 (l) H2O(l) + CO2(g)

2. Formation of nitrosyl chloride (NOCl) from nitric acid and chlorine gas.

2NO (g) + Cl2(g) 2NOCl(g)

3. Combustion of ethane (C2H6) gas.

2 C2H6(g) + 7 O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g)

4. Formation of dinitrogen tetroxide N2O4 from nitrogen dioxide.

2NO2(g) N2O4(g)

5. Formation of sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas from sodium and water.

2Na(aq) + 2H2O (l) 2NaOH (s) + H2(g)

12
 LESSON
3
Second Law of Thermodynamics

How do you relate the change in entropy and spontaneity of a process? Is melting of
ice which undergoes change in entropy because of the scattered molecules affected by
spontaneity?

LESSON OBJECTIVES

In this lesson you should be

able to:

 State the Second Law of

Thermodynamics
 Classify the different
processes based on its
randomness and its
Entropy.
 Explain the significance of Britanica.com
the Second Law of
Thermodynamics in classifying the entropy/processes.

The relationship between the change in entropy and spontaneity of a process can be
explained using the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which states that for any spontaneous
process, there is a net increase in the total entropy of the system and the surroundings.

Where: ∆Suniv is the net entropy change of the process.

In equation: ∆Suniv = [∆Ssys + ∆Ssurr ] > 0

In other words, if the ∆Ssys is negative, the process is still spontaneous as long as
∆Ssurr is positive and has greater magnitude than the ∆Ssys.

If the system is a chemical reaction the ∆Ssys is simply ∆Sº of the reaction.

How do we calculate the net entropy of the surrounding, ∆Ssurr?

13
 What does the first law of thermodynamics say? It states that the energy that is
exchanged between the system and its surroundings is in the form of heat and work. What
happened to its surroundings when the entropy of the system change?

The first law of thermodynamics explained that the entropy change in the surroundings
is directly proportional to the enthalpy change of the reaction and inversely proportional to the
absolute temperature (in Kelvin) of the surroundings.
−∆Hrxn
In equation: ∆ Ssurr =
T

Where

∆𝐻𝑟𝑥𝑛 → enthalpy formation of substance (same to ∆𝐻𝑜) 𝑓

𝑇 → absolute temperature, K

To calculate the change in entropy of the surrounding, ∆ Ssurr we need to connect the
first law of thermodynamics with the second law of thermodynamics, the net entropy change
of the system and its surroundings is always positive for spontaneous process.

In equation: Spontaneous process: ∆Suniv = ∆Ssys + ∆Ssurr > 0

Direction: Complete the table below to describe the randomness and entropy of a system.
Number 1 is already given for you.

Processes Randomness Entropy

1. Condensing water vapor Decrease Decrease (∆S < 0)

2. Boiling tap water

3. Melting of candle

4. Evaporation of water

5. Crystallization of salt

14
Exercise 2

Directions: Solve the following problems to determine if the reaction is spontaneous or not.
Use the table for the standard entropies of some common compounds.

1. Combustion of methane(𝐶𝐻4)

𝐶𝐻4(𝑔) + 2𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔) + 2𝐻2𝑂(𝑙)

Substance 𝑪𝑯𝟒 (𝒈) 𝑶𝟐(𝒈) 𝑪𝑶𝟐(𝒈) 𝑯𝟐𝑶(𝒍)

𝐻𝑓𝑜 -74.8 0 -393.51 -285.83

𝑺𝒐 186.2 205 213.6 69.9

Solution:

For products:
𝑆 𝑜 = (𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑂2)(𝑆𝑜 ) + (𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2𝑂)(𝑆𝑜 )
𝐶𝑂2 𝐻2 𝑂

𝐽 𝐽
𝑆 𝑜 = (1 𝑚𝑜𝑙) (213.6 ) + (2 𝑚𝑜𝑙) (69.9 )
𝑚𝑜𝑙 − 𝐾 𝑚𝑜𝑙 − 𝐾

𝑆𝑜 = 213.6 + 139.8
𝐽
𝑆𝑜 = 353.4
𝐾

For reactants:
𝑆 𝑜 = (𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐻4)(𝑆𝑜 ) + (𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑂2)(𝑆𝑜 )
𝐶𝐻4 𝑂2

𝐽 𝐽
𝑆 𝑜 = (1 𝑚𝑜𝑙) (186.2 ) + ( 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙) (205 )
𝑚𝑜𝑙 − 𝐾 𝑚𝑜𝑙 − 𝐾

𝑆𝑜 = 186.2 + 410

𝑆𝑜 = 596.2 𝐽/𝐾

For change in entropy:

∆𝑆𝑜 = (𝑆𝑜)𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 − (𝑆𝑜)𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠

∆𝑆𝑜 = 353.4 − 596.2

15
 ∆𝑺𝒐 = −𝟐𝟒𝟐. 𝟖 𝑱/𝑲

Enthalpy:

For products:

𝐻𝑜 = (𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑂2)(𝐻𝑓𝑜 ) + (𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2𝑂) (𝐻𝑓𝑜 )

𝑓 𝐶𝑂2 𝐻2𝑂

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝐻𝑜 = (1 𝑚𝑜𝑙) (−393.51 ) + (2 𝑚𝑜𝑙) (−285.83 )
𝑓
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝐻𝑓𝑜 = −393.51 + (−571.66)

𝐻𝑓𝑜 = −965.17 𝑘𝐽

For reactants:

𝐻𝑜 = (𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐻4) (𝐻𝑓𝑜 ) + (𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑂2) (𝐻𝑓𝑜 )

𝑓 𝐶𝐻4 𝑂2

𝐻𝑓𝑜 = (1 𝑚𝑜𝑙)(−74.8 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙) + (2 𝑚𝑜𝑙)(0)

𝐻𝑓𝑜 = −74.8 𝑘𝐽

For change in enthalpy:

∆𝐻𝑜 = (𝐻𝑜) − (𝐻𝑜)
𝑓 𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠

∆𝐻𝑓𝑜 = −965.17 − (−74.8)

∆𝐻𝑓𝑜 = −890.37 𝑘𝐽

For change in entropy in surroundings,

∆𝐻
∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 = −
𝑇
−890.37
∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 = − ( )
25 + 273

∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 = 2.98 𝑘𝐽/𝐾

For net entropy change:

∆𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣 = ∆𝑆𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑠 + ∆𝑆𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟

16
 242.8
∆𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣 = (− ) + (2.98)
1000
𝑘𝐽
∆𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣 = 2.737
𝐾
Since ∆𝑺𝒐 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟑𝟕 and ∆𝑺𝒐 > 𝟎 therefore the combustion of methane, (𝑪𝑯𝟒) gas is
𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒗 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒗

a spontaneous process.

2. Formation of sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas from sodium and water.

2Na(aq) + 2H2O (l) 2NaOH(s) + H2(g)

Substance Na(aq) H2O(l) NaOH(s) H2(g)

𝐻𝑓𝑜 -240.34 -285.83 425.6 0

𝑺𝒐 59 69.9 64.5 130.6

Solution:

Entropy

For Products:
𝑆𝑜 = (𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)(𝑆𝑜 ) + (𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2)(𝑆𝑜 )
𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝐻2

𝐽 𝐽
𝑆𝑜 = (2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ) (64.5 ) + (1 𝑚𝑜𝑙) (130.6 )
𝑚𝑜𝑙 − 𝐾 𝑚𝑜𝑙 − 𝐾

𝑆𝑜 = 129 + 130.6

𝑆𝑜 = 259.6 𝐽/𝐾

For reactants:
𝑆𝑜 = (𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎)(𝑆𝑜 ) + (𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2𝑂)(𝑆𝑜 )
𝑁𝑎 𝐻2𝑂

𝐽 𝐽
𝑆𝑜 = (2 𝑚𝑜𝑙) (59 ) + (2 𝑚𝑜𝑙) (69.9 )
𝑚𝑜𝑙 − 𝐾 𝑚𝑜𝑙 − 𝐾

17
 𝑆𝑜 = 118 + 139.8

𝑆𝑜 = 257.8 𝐽/𝐾

For change in entropy:

∆𝑆𝑜 = (𝑆𝑜)𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 − (𝑆𝑜)𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠

∆𝑆𝑜 = 259.6 − 257.8

∆𝑆𝑜 = 1.8 𝐽/𝐾

Enthalpy:

For products:

𝐻𝑜 = (𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻) (𝐻𝑓𝑜 ) + (𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2) (𝐻𝑓𝑜 )

𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝐻2

𝑘𝐽
𝐻𝑜 = (2 𝑚𝑜𝑙) (425.6 ) + (1 𝑚𝑜𝑙)(0)
𝑓
𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝐻𝑓𝑜 = 851.2 𝑘𝐽

For reactants:

𝐻𝑜 = (𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎) (𝐻𝑓𝑜 ) + (𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2𝑂) (𝐻𝑓𝑜 )

𝑓 𝑁𝑎 𝐻2𝑂

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝐻𝑜 = (2 𝑚𝑜𝑙) (−240.34 ) + (2 𝑚𝑜𝑙) (−285.83 )
𝑓
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝐻𝑓𝑜 = −1052.34 𝑘𝐽

For change in enthalpy:

∆𝐻𝑜 = (𝐻𝑜) − (𝐻𝑜)
𝑓 𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠

∆𝐻𝑓𝑜 = 851.2 − (−1052.34)

∆𝐻𝑓𝑜 = 1903.54 𝑘𝐽

For change in entropy in surroundings,

∆𝐻
∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 = −
𝑇

18
 (1903.34)
∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 = −
25 + 273

∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 = −6.38 𝑘𝐽/𝐾

For net change in entropy:

∆𝑆𝑜 = ∆𝑆𝑜 + ∆𝑆𝑜
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣 𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟

1.8
∆𝑆𝑜 =( ) + (−6.38)
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣
1000

∆𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣
𝑜 = −6.372 𝑘𝐽/𝐾
Since ∆𝑺𝒐 = −𝟔. 𝟑𝟕𝟐 and ∆𝑺𝒐 < 𝟎 therefore, the formation sodium hydroxide and
𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒗 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒗
hydrogen gas from sodium and water is a non-spontaneous process.

Direction: Complete the table below to describe the randomness and entropy of a system.

Processes Randomness Entropy

1. Melting of butter

2. Dissolving of Potassium
Chloride

3. Combustion of Ethanol

4. Curdling of Milk

5. Formation of solid
precipitate

19
 LESSON Gibbs Free Energy and
4 Spontaneity
We have learned from previous topics that there are many processes that happened
in our environment that are said to be spontaneous which means it just happened naturally.
The spontaneity of these processes depends on two thermodynamic quantities, the enthalpy
and entropy.

LESSON OBJECTIVES

In this lesson, you will be guided by the following objectives:

 Define Gibbs’ free energy
 Explain the significance of Gibbs’ free energy in determining the direction of reaction
 Compute the Gibbs’ energy to determine the direction reaction

When enthalpy and entropy combined, it gives us the third thermodynamic quantity
that ultimately determines spontaneity of the reaction and this is called the Gibbs free energy
(G). It was named after the American mathematician and physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs. This
Gibbs free energy is referring to the portion of the total energy of the system available to do
useful work.

In equation: 𝐺 = 𝐻 − 𝑇𝑆
Where: G is the Gibbs free energy
H is the enthalpy
T is the standard temperature
S is the entropy
The equation above is modified and called Gibbs-Hemholtz equation:
∆𝑮𝒐 = ∆𝑯𝒐 − 𝑻∆𝑺𝒐
Where:

∆𝑮𝒐 determines the spontaneity of a chemical reaction at constant pressure, temperature.

- when ∆𝑮𝒐 is negative the reaction is spontaneous
- when ∆𝑮𝒐 is positive the reaction is non-spontaneous
∆𝑯𝒐 is negative when ∆S is positive
∆𝑯𝒐 is positive when ∆S is high or when the Temperature is higher to make ∆G negative.

20
 At standard conditions the standard temperature and pressure (STP) is 1.0 atm and
25 C, the standard free energy change (∆G0) of a chemical reaction can be obtained from the
0

enthalpy change (∆H0) and the standard entropy change (∆S0).

The Gibbs-Helmholtz equation become:∆𝐺𝑜 = (∆𝐺𝑜𝑓) − (∆𝐺𝑓𝑜)

𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
Note: Similar to enthalpy, ∆𝐺𝑓𝑜of elements is zero.

From examples in lesson 3 numbers 1 and 2 on pages 15-20, with the application of Gibbs
free energy.

Problem # 1: Combustion of methane(𝐶𝐻4)

𝐶𝐻4(𝑔) + 2𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔) + 2𝐻2𝑂(𝑙)

∆𝐺𝑜 = ∆𝐻𝑜 − 𝑇∆𝑆𝑜

242.8
∆𝐺𝑜 = −890.37 − (25 + 273) (− )
1000

∆𝑮𝒐 = −𝟖𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟏 𝒌𝑱

Since, ∆𝑮𝒐 is negative the reaction is spontaneous.

Problem # 2: Formation of sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas from sodium and

water. 2Na(aq) + 2H2O (l) 2NaOH(s) + H2(g)

∆𝐺𝑜 = ∆𝐻𝑜 − 𝑇∆𝑆𝑜

1.8
∆𝐺𝑜 = 1903.54 − (25 + 273) ( )
1000

∆𝑮𝒐 = 𝟏, 𝟗𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝑱

Since, ∆𝑮𝒐 is positive the reaction is non-spontaneous.

21
Direction: Complete the concept map using the following words found on the box below.

Spontaneity of a process First Law of Thermodynamics Entropy

Second Law of Thermodynamics Thermodynamic Properties Enthalpy

Gibbs’ Free Energy

INCLUDES

(MEASURE OF
(MEASURE OF HEAT) (MEASURE OF RANDOMNESS)
AVAILABLE ENERGY)

ARE GOVERNED BY THE

ARE USED TO PREDICT

22
 I. Problem Solving

Directions: Calculate the ∆𝐻, ∆G0, ∆S0 and predict if the following chemical reactions are
spontaneous or not at standard conditions. Use the table for the standard entropies of the
involve compounds (15 points each item).

1. Photosynthesis in plants converts CO2 and H2O into glucose (C6H12O6) and O2.

6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l) C6H12O6(s) + O2

Substance CO2(g) H2O(l) C6H12O6(s) O2(g)

𝑯𝒐(kJ/mol) -393.5 -285.8 -1273.3 0

𝒇

𝑺𝒐(J/mol-K) 213.6 69.9 209.2 205

2. The reaction between CO and O2 to form CO2.

2CO(g) + O2(g) 2 CO2(g)

Substance CO2(g) CO(g) O2(g)

𝑯𝒐 (kJ/mol) -393.5 -110.5 0

𝒇

𝑺𝒐(J/mol-K) 213.6 197.6 205

3. Formation of rusts in iron

4𝐹𝑒(𝑠) + 3𝑂2(𝑔) → Fe(s) O2(g) Fe2O3(s)

2𝐹𝑒2𝑂3(𝑠)Substance

𝑯𝒐 (kJ/mol) 0 0 -824.2
𝒇

𝑺𝒐(J/mol-K) 27.3 205 87.4

23
II. Essay

Directions: Answer the following questions.

1. Explain the effect of the enthalpy and entropy in the existence of Gibbs free
energy in the spontaneity of the process.

2. Discuss the relationship of the laws of thermodynamics about spontaneity of

the process.

24
Rubrics for Essay Writing

Fairly
Criteria Unsatisfactory Needs Satisfactory Satisfactory Outstanding
Improvement
Score
1 2 3 4 5

- Content is - Content is not - Content - Content is - Content is

Content incomplete. comprehensive, is accurate. comprehensi
- Major points are -Major points accurate. - Major points ve and
not clear. are addressed, - Major are stated. accurate.
-Specific but not well points are - - Major points
examples are not supported. stated. Response s are stated
used. - Responses - are adequate clearly and are
are inadequate Response s and address well
or do not are topic. supported.
address topic. adequate - Responses
-Specific
- Content is
and address clear. are excellent,
examples do topic. -Specific timely and
not support address topic.
topic.
- Content examples are
is clear. used. - Content is
-Specific clear.
examples -Specific
are used. examples are
used.

- - Structure of - Structure is - Structure is -Structure of

Organization and the paper is mostly clear mostly clear the paper is
structure detract not easy to and easy to and easy to clear and
from the follow. follow. follow. easy to
Organization & message. follow.
- Transitions - -
Structure - Writing is need Transition s Transition s - Transitions
disjointed and improvement. are present. are present. are logical
lacks transition of and maintain
thoughts.
- Conclusion is -
missing, or if Conclusion is the flow of
provided, does logical. thought
not flow from throughout
the body of the the paper.
paper. - Conclusion
is logical and
flows from
the body of
the paper.

Grammar - Rules of
,Punctuation - Paper contains - Paper grammar, - Rules of - Rules of
&Spelling numerous contains few usage, and grammar, grammar,
grammatical, grammatical, punctuation usage, and usage, and
punctuation, and punctuation are followed punctuation punctuation
spelling errors. and spelling with minor are followed are followed;
errors. errors. with minor spelling is
Spelling is errors. correct.
correct. Spelling is
correct.

Total

25
Bayquen, Aristea V. et. al.General Chemistry 2. Quezon City. Phoenix Publishing, Inc.,
2016

Chang, Raymond, Chemistry 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill College, 2005

Ilao, Luciana V. et. al., General Chemistry 2. Rex Book Store, Inc., 2017

Nueva España, Rebecca C. et. al., Science and Technology Chemistry III.2008

Oxtoby, David W. et. al. Sixth Edition, 2008. Principles of Modern Chemistry.
Edition ABIVA Publishing House, Inc., 2008

Padolina, Ma. Cristina D. et. al.Conceptual and Functional Chemistry Modular Approach.
Quezon City: Vibal Publishing House Inc., 2010

Online Resources:
https://chem.libretexts.org
Retrieved Date: 03/01/2021
https://lumenlearning.com
Retrieved Date: 03/01/2021
https://www.ck12.org
Retrieved Date: 03/01/2021
https://www.linkedin.com
Retrieved Date: 03/01/2021

26
Lesson 1 Practice Exercise # 1 Lesson 2 Practice Exercise # 1

ENTROPY
Spontaneous or
PROCESS EXPLANATION CHANGE
Process Non-spontaneous
1. Freezing of Particles in ice are more
1. A spoon dipped in boiling water gets Spontaneous
water orderly arranged than Negative
hot.
those of liquid.
2. A running water falls down the cliff. Spontaneous
2. Heating liquid Particles are more
3. Silverwares tarnish when exposed Spontaneous
to reach its energetic at higher Positive
to air.
boiling point temperature.
4. Steel bars form rust when exposed Spontaneous
3. Melting of lard Particles are more free to
to moisture.
move than in the solid Positive
5. Flatiron becomes hot when switch Non-spontaneous
phase.
on with electricity.
4. Sublimation of Particles of mothballs turn

mothballs into gas directly from solid. Positive

5. Melting of Particles of lead metal

lead metal at become loose when it Positive

room melted.

temperature

Lesson 2 Practice Exercise 1

Answers may vary.
Lesson 2 Practice Exercise 2 Lesson 4
1. 1 mole → 2 moles(Spontaneous) Performance Tasks:
2. 3 moles → 2 moles (Non-spontaneous) 1. ∆𝐻𝑓𝑜= 2802.68 𝑘𝐽 ; ∆𝑆 =𝑜 −261.8 ; ∆𝐺𝐾𝐽 = 80,819.08 𝑘𝐽
3. 9 moles → 10 moles (Spontaneous)
4. 2 moles → 1 mol (Non-spontaneous)
2. ∆𝐻𝑓𝑜= −565.96𝑘𝐽 ; ∆𝑆 =𝑜 −173 ; ∆𝐺𝐾𝐽 = 50988.04 𝑘𝐽
5. 4 moles → 3 moles (Non-spontaneous) 3. ∆𝐻𝑓𝑜= −1648.4𝑘𝐽 ; ∆𝑆 =𝑜 680.6 ; ∆𝐺𝐾𝐽 = −204,467 𝑘𝐽
Lesson 3 Practice Exercise # 1
Processes Randomness Entropy

1. Condensing water vapor Decrease Decrease (∆S < 0)

2. Boiling tap water Increase Increases (∆S > 0)

3. Melting of candle Increase Increases (∆S > 0)

4. Evaporation of water Increase Increases (∆S > 0)

5. Crystallization of salt Decrease Decrease (∆S < 0)

27