TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOPIC P AG E

TOPIC 1 : TESTING FOR STARCH .................................................................................. 3

TOPIC 2 : TESTING FOR SUGAR ................................................................................... 7

TOPIC 3 : PROPERTIES OF LIGHT ................................................................................11

TOPIC 4 : THE REACTION BETWEEN A METAL AND AN ACID ....................................17

TOPIC 5 : THE DENSITY OF OBJECTS .........................................................................21

TOPIC 6 : THE VOLTAGE IN SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS .................................25

TOPIC 7 : MICROSCOPY WORK WITH HUMAN CELLS .................................................31

TOPIC 8 : TESTING FOR EXOTHERMIC OR ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS ....................35

TOPIC 9 : TESTING THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON PAPER

CHROMATOGRAPHY ..................................................................................41
TO PI C 1 : TE S TI NG FO R S T AR C H

NOTES
 TO PI C 1 : TE S TI NG FO R S T AR C H

TOPIC 1 :
TESTING FOR STARCH

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 TO PI C 1 : TE S TI NG FO R S T AR C H

AIM
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..……………………………………………… ……………………………
(1)
QUESTION
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..……………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………..
(1)
HYPOTHESIS
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..……………………………………………… ……………………………
(1)
METHODOLOGY:

1. Observe the texture of the leaf and record it in the table.

2. Add boiling water to the 250 cm3 glass beaker and add the green leaf to the water (to get rid of
the waxy coating on the leaf and to rupture the cell membranes).
3. After 2 minutes, remove the leaf from the hot water by using forceps.
4. Observe the texture once again and record it in the table.
5. Add 20 cm3 of ethanol to the boiling tube and add the leaf.
6. Place the boiling tube with ethanol and the leaf inside the beaker of hot water and leave for 5 –
10 minutes. The ethanol will remove the colour from the leaf because the chlorophyll is soluble
in the ethanol.
7. Remove the leaf from the ethanol and dip it into the water to soften it and to rinse off the ethanol.
This also rehydrates the cells.
8. Observe the colour of the leaf and record it in the table.
9. Spread out the leaf on the white tile and add iodine solution by using a pipette. Iodine combines
with the starch.
10. Pour off the excess iodine solution and examine the leaf carefully to see where there’s starch.
Record your observations.

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 TO PI C 1 : TE S TI NG FO R S T AR C H

O BS E RV ATI O NS AN D R ES U L TS :

Type of sample used

Texture of sample before adding to

the hot water
Texture of sample after 2 minutes
in hot water
Colour of sample after 5 – 10
minutes in ethanol
Colour of the iodine solution

Colour of sample after adding

iodine solution
Is starch present in the sample?

Labelled diagram of your results

(8)

CONCLUSION

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… .
……………………..…………………………………………………………………………… .
………………………………………………..……………………………………………… …
(2)

QUESTIONS

1. Why was the leaf placed in boiling water?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……...………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)

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 TO PI C 1 : TE S TI NG FO R S T AR C H

2. Why was the leaf placed in ethanol?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……...………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)

3. Why was the leaf placed back in the water after it has been in ethanol?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……...………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
4. Why was iodine solution added to the leaf? What happened to the colour?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……...………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)

5. You want to repeat this experiment a few times, to receive more results. Name two
variables/components that you should keep constant in the repeated experiments.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……...………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)

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 TO PI C 2 : TE S TI NG FO R S UG AR

TOPIC 2 :
TESTING FOR SUGAR

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 TO PI C 2 : TE S TI NG FO R S UG AR

One can test for the presence of sugars by adding Benedict’s solution to a
food product and heating it. If the food contains sugar, then the colour will
change gradually from blue, through green, yellow and orange, and finally to
red, depending on how much sugar is present. If no sugar is present, then
the Benedict’s solution remains blue.

AIM
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..……………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………..
(1)

QUESTION
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..……………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………..
(1)

HYPOTHESIS
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..……………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………..
(1)

METHODOLOGY

1. Use the scalpel blade and cut the different food products into very small pieces and place each
food product into its own test tube. Please note: rinse the scalpel blade with water before cutting
each food product.

2. By using the pipette, add 5 cm3 of water to the different food products and shake it gently.

3. Use the pipette to add 10 cm3 of Benedict’s solution to each of the samples.

4. Heat the tubes for 5 - 10 minutes in a glass beaker containing hot water.

5. Record each of your results in the table.

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 TO PI C 2 : TE S TI NG FO R S UG AR

O BS E RV ATI O N AN D R E SU L TS

Food product Colour with Benedict’s Presence or absence of

solution after heating sugar?

(3)

DISCUSSION
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………..…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………..………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………… ………
(3)
CONCLUSION
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..……………………………………………… ……………………………
(2)
QUESTIONS

1. Which variable/component did you change in the experiment?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)

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 TO PI C 2 : TE S TI NG FO R S UG AR

2. Name two variables that you kept the same in the experiment.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……...………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
3. What is the function of sugars in a balanced diet?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)

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 TOPIC 3 : PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

TOPIC 3 :
PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

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 TOPIC 3 : PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

A. When light moves through an area, there are very specific rules that determine its path. These
rules were developed by Pierre Fermat in 1605 and are called Fermat’s Theory.
In the picture below, circle the path of light that best follows Fermat’s Theory. Then, explain what
is wrong with the other two paths.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………
(3)

B. When light hits a shiny surface, like a mirror, we say it is reflected. In the pictures below, draw
lines to show how light from a light source hits a mirror and how it bounces back.

(4)

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 TOPIC 3 : PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

C. Using what you know about light, decide what periscope design would be the best tool and
circulate the number. Indicate an illustration to show the path of light through the periscopes.

1. 2.

(3)

D. On the following diagram, draw the reflection of the object. Also indicate how the light travels.

object

(3)

E. Predict the path of light in this following activity. Use the light source and mirrors with the help
of your teacher.

(3)

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 TOPIC 3 : PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

QUESTIONS

1. What are the correct names for these angles in the diagram?

Angle Y?
…………………………………………………………………

Angle X?
…………………………………………………………

(2)
2. Look at these two diagrams. Which diagram shows a light ray being scattered?

(1)

3. Look at the diagram of a light ray being reflected by a mirror. Which is the correct reflected
ray?

(1)

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TOPIC 3 : PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

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TO PI C 4 : TH E REAC TI O N B E TW E EN A ME T AL AN D AN AC I D

NOTES

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 TO PI C 4 : TH E REAC TI O N B E TW E EN A ME T AL AN D AN AC I D

TOPIC 4 :
THE REACTION BETWEEN
A METAL AND AN ACID

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 TO PI C 4 : TH E REAC TI O N B E TW E EN A ME T AL AN D AN AC I D

Magnesium is a soft metal that can react with hydrochloric acid. This
demonstration can be used to illustrate the c haracteristic reaction of metals
with acid, a single replacement reaction, or to demonstrate the generation of
hydrogen gas. The flammability of hydrogen gas can be demonstrated by
carefully holding a match or burning splinter up to the hydrogen bubbles. A n
audible “pop” sound is heard as the hydrogen burns with oxygen, to create
water.

AIM
..…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………
(1)
QUESTION
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..…………………..……………………… …………………………………
(1)
HYPOTHESIS
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..……………………………………………………………………… ……
(1)

METHODOLOGY

1. Place 12 cm3 of hydrochloric acid into a test tube.

2. Add a small amount of magnesium ribbon to the acid.
3. Place the stopper/cork into the opening of the test tube.
4. Wait for 20 - 30 seconds.
5. Before removing the stopper, first ignite the wooden splinter by using the Bunsen burner.
6. Remove the stopper and insert the burning splinter into the test tube.

RESULTS

Type of metal Type of acid Observation of metal Observation with burning

used used reacting with acid splinter

(4)

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 TO PI C 4 : TH E REAC TI O N B E TW E EN A ME T AL AN D AN AC I D

DISCUSSION
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)

CONCLUSION
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..……………………………………………… ……………………………
(2)

QUESTIONS

a) Write the word equation for the reaction between the metal and the acid.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)

b) What were the reactants and the products?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……...………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)

c) Name the salt that was created in the experiment.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)

d) What happened to the gas when the flame was inserted into the test tube? What other product
was produced?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)

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 TO PI C 4 : TH E REAC TI O N B E TW E EN A ME T AL AN D AN AC I D

e) Name two safety precautions you took during the experiment.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)

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 TOPIC 5 : THE DENSITY OF OBJECTS

TOPIC 5 :
THE DENSITY OF
OBJECTS

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 TOPIC 5 : THE DENSITY OF OBJECTS

AIM
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..……………………………………………… ……………………………
(1)

QUESTION
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..……………………………………………… ……………………………
(1)

HYPOTHESIS
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………… ……………………………………
(1)
METHODOLOGY

1. Calculate the volume of the blocks and write down the measurements in the table.
2. Measure the mass of each block and write down the measurements in the table.
3. Place the different blocks into the bowl of water and record your observation in the table.
4. Calculate the density of the blocks and write down the measurements in the table.

RESULTS

Type of material Volume/cm3 Mass/g Does it sink or Density g/cm3

float in water?

(5)
Discussion
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………..…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………..………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
.…………………………………………………………………………………………… ………
(2)

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 TOPIC 5 : THE DENSITY OF OBJECTS

CONCLUSION
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..……………………………………………… ……………………………
(2)

QUESTIONS

a) Why could some of the blocks float on water, and others could not?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……..………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)

b) Assume you have a piece of metal with an irregular shape. Describe in your own words, how
you would determine the density of this object.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………..………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………….....................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
(4)

c) Mercury is a liquid metal. Its density is 13.6 g/cm³. Mercury is supplied in a plastic bottle whose
volume is 50 cm3. The empty bottle has a mass of 25.0 g. Calculate the mass of the bottle when
it is filled with mercury.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……..………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………..………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………
(3)

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TOPIC 5 : THE DENSITY OF OBJECTS

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 TO PI C 6 : TH E VOL T AG E I N S E RI E S AN D P AR AL L E L CI R C UI TS

TOPIC 6 :
THE VOLTAGE IN SERIES
AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS

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 TO PI C 6 : TH E VOL T AG E I N S E RI E S AN D P AR AL L E L CI R C UI TS

AIM
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………..……………………………………………………………… ………………
(1)

QUESTION
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………..………………………………………………………… ……………………………
(1)

HYPOTHESIS
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..…………………………………………………………… ……………………………
(1)

M ATE R I AL S FO R S E RI ES CI RC UI T:

 Two cells/batteries
 One cell/battery holder
 One circuit board
 Three torch bulbs
 Copper connectors or wires
 Four Volt meters

M ATE R I AL S FO R P AR AL L E L CI R C UI T:

 Two cells/batteries
 One cell/battery holder
 One circuit board
 Three torch bulbs
 Copper connectors or wires
 Four Volt meters

P R E C AU TI O N S

 First discuss the theory of Series and Parallel circuits in groups before
building the circuits.
 Pay attention at how the Volt meters should be connected to the circuit
boards.

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 TO PI C 6 : TH E VOL T AG E I N S E RI E S AN D P AR AL L E L CI R C UI TS

METHODOLOGY

1. First draw the sketches of a series and parallel circuit with only one
torch bulb, then with two torch bulbs, and then with three torch bulbs in
the provided area bellow.
2. Build the circuits according to the sketches.
3. Take note of all the Voltmeter readings and the brightness of the light
bulbs.

Series – one bulb Series – two bulbs Series – three bulbs

Parallel – one bulb Parallel – two bulbs Parallel – three bulbs

(3)

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 TO PI C 6 : TH E VOL T AG E I N S E RI E S AN D P AR AL L E L CI R C UI TS

RESULTS

Amount of torch Voltmeter VT Voltmeter V1 Voltmeter V2 Voltmeter V3

bulbs in the series
circuit
1
2
3

(4)

Amount of torch Voltmeter VT Voltmeter V1 Voltmeter V2 Voltmeter V3

bulbs in the parallel
circuit
1
2
3

(4)

DISCUSSION
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………..…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………..………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
.……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………..…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………..………………………………………………
(4)

CONCLUSION
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………… ……………………
(2)

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TO PI C 6 : TH E VOL T AG E I N S E RI E S AN D P AR AL L E L CI R C UI TS

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TO PI C 7 : MI CRO SC O P Y WO R K WI TH HUM AN C EL L S

NOTES

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TO PI C 7 : MI CRO SC O P Y WO R K WI TH HUM AN C EL L S

TOPIC 7 :
MICROSCOPY WORK
WITH HUMAN CELLS

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 TO PI C 7 : MI CRO SC O P Y WO R K WI TH HUM AN C EL L S

METHODOLOGY

1. By using a pipette, place a drop of water on a clean microscope slide. Gently scrape the inside
of your cheek with the end of a clean straw and stir the material on the straw in the drop of water
on the slide.
2. Add one drop of methylene blue stain to the microscope slide and then add a cover slip.
3. Focus and examine the microscope slide under low magnification before moving to the higher
magnifications.

O BS E RV ATI O NS/ RE S UL TS

Draw a labelled diagram showing a cell of the cheek and label the structures
you can identify. Provide a proper heading for the diagram, by including the
magnification of the cell.

(7)

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 TO PI C 7 : MI CRO SC O P Y WO R K WI TH HUM AN C EL L S

QUESTIONS

1. Which cell structure makes up the largest part of the above cell?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1)

2. Some of the cells you saw may have been folded or wrinkled. What does this indicate to you
about the thickness of the cells?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1)

3. Explain how the structure of these cells differ from plant cells.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………...………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………...……………………………………………………
(2)
4. Why was methylene blue added to the cells?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……...………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)

5. How many chromosomes can be found in each of the cells that you have observed?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)

6. In which structure of the cell would one find the chromosomes?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)

7. In what way would a sperm cell be different compared to the cells you have observed?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)

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TO PI C 7 : MI CRO SC O P Y WO R K WI TH HUM AN C EL L S

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TO PI C 8 : TE S TI NG FO R E XO TH ERMI C O R EN DO TH E RMI C R E AC TI O N S

TOPIC 8 :
TESTING FOR
EXOTHERMIC OR
ENDOTHERMIC
REACTIONS

35
 TO PI C 8 : TE S TI NG FO R E XO TH ERMI C O R EN DO TH E RMI C R E AC TI O N S

Chemical reactions can be classified as exothermic reaction or endothermic

reactions. W hen magnesium is placed into diluted hydrochloric acid, a
temperature change occurs. A thermomete r can be used to determine the
change in temperature.

AIM
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..…………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)

QUESTION
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………..………………………………………………………… ……………………………
(1)

HYPOTHESIS
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..…………………………………………………………… ……………………………
(1)

METHODOLOGY

1. Place 20 cm3 of hydrochloric acid into a test tube.

2. Insert the thermometer and record the initial temperature of the acid (time 0).
3. Add a piece of magnesium ribbon to the acid.
4. Start the timer on the stopwatch and observe the temperature change.
5. Record the temperature every 10 seconds, for 180 seconds.
6. Complete the results table by adding the headings (including the units) and the recordings.

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 TO PI C 8 : TE S TI NG FO R E XO TH ERMI C O R EN DO TH E RMI C R E AC TI O N S

RESULTS

(4)

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 TO PI C 8 : TE S TI NG FO R E XO TH ERMI C O R EN DO TH E RMI C R E AC TI O N S

PLOT A LINE GRAPH OF YOUR RESULTS .

(4)

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 TO PI C 8 : TE S TI NG FO R E XO TH ERMI C O R EN DO TH E RMI C R E AC TI O N S

DISCUSSION
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..……………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………..………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………
(2)

CONCLUSION
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..…………………………………………………………… ……………………………
(2)

QUESTIONS

1) Which safety precaution did you take during this investigation? Explain your answer.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……..………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)

2) Identify a source of error in the above investigation that may have had an influence on your
results.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……..………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)

3) Define the terms “exothermic reaction” and “endothermic reaction”.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……..………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………..………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………...……………………………………………………………
(2)

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TO PI C 8 : TE S TI NG FO R E XO TH ERMI C O R EN DO TH E RMI C R E AC TI O N S

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40
TOPIC 9 : TESTING THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY

TOPIC 9 :
TESTING THE EFFECT OF
TEMPERATURE ON
PAPER
CHROMATOGRAPHY

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TOPI C 12 : INVESTI G ATI NG THE EQUILIBRIUM OF A LO AD ED WOODEN STRIP

AIM
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..…………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)

QUESTION
…………………………………………………………………………………… ………………
…………..………………………………………………………… ……………………………
(1)

HYPOTHESIS
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..…………………………………………………………… ……………………………
(1)

METHODOLOGY

1. Take two strips of chromatography paper and label them at the top as A and B.
2. Draw a pencil line about 1 cm from the end of the paper labelled A.
3. Place a spot of the ink on the pencil line of paper A. The spot should be as small as possible.
Dry the spot and then add a little more ink.
4. Place about 2 cm depth of water (at room temperature) in the bottom of a beaker. Measure the
temperature.
5. Hang the paper, labelled A, over a spill or glass rod so that the end with the ink spot is just in
the water. Make sure that the ink spot stays above the level of the water.
6. Start the timer and watch what happens as the water moves up the strip of paper.
7. Stop the timer and remove the strip of paper carefully before the water reaches the top.
8. Record the time and the distance the ink has travelled in the table.
9. Repeat steps 2 – 8 with the paper labelled B in warm water (at 60°C).

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TOPI C 12 : INVESTI G ATI NG THE EQUILIBRIUM OF A LO AD ED WOODEN STRIP

RESULTS

Paper sample Temperature of Time/seconds Distance/mm

water/°C

(4)

DISCUSSION
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… …………………………
(4)

CONCLUSION
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..……………………………………………………………………………
(2)

QUESTIONS

1. Name the dependent variable(s) in the experiment?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)

2. Name the independent variable in the experiment?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)

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TOPI C 12 : INVESTI G ATI NG THE EQUILIBRIUM OF A LO AD ED WOODEN STRIP

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