Electromagnetic

Induction
Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction) is a
process where a conductor placed in a changing magnetic field
(or a conductor moving through a stationary magnetic field
causes the production of a voltage across the conductor. This
process of electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an electrical
current – it is said to induce the current.

Theory
While Oersted's surprising discovery of electromagnetism paved
the way for more practical applications of electricity, it was
Michael Faraday who gave us the key to the
practical generation of electricity: electromagnetic induction.
Faraday discovered that a voltage would be generated across a
length of wire if that wire was exposed to a perpendicular
magnetic field flux of changing intensity.
An easy way to create a magnetic field of changing intensity is to
move a permanent magnet next to a wire or coil of wire. The
magnetic field must increase or decrease in intensity
perpendicular to the wire (so that the lines of flux “cut across” the
conductor), or else no voltage will be induced.

Faraday’s
Experiment
The following experiment performed by Faraday led to the
 discovery of the electromagnetic induction.

When the strength of magnetic

field is varied
Consider two coils P and S wound on an iron rod. Iron rod is
connected with galvanometer, battery and tapping key. When
tapping key is pressed and when it is released galvanometer
shows deflection showing the presence of induced current.
 Explanation:
When the tapping key is pressed then magnetic flux linked with
the coil S changed because of increase in magnetic field of coil P
and induced current is produced and when it is released magnetic
flux is again changed and induced current is produced. But when
the tapping key is kept pressed then the magnetic flux linked with
coil do not changed and induced current do not produce so
galvanometer shows no deflection.

Faraday’s Laws of
Electromagnetic
Induction
The results of Faraday’s experiment on electromagnetic induction
are known as “Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction”.
These
are stated as below:

1. Whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit (a loop of wire or

a
coil or an electric circuit in general) changes, induced e.m.f. is
 produced.
2. The induced e.m.f. lasts as long as the change in magnetic flux
continuous.
3. The magnitude of induced e.m.f. is directly proportional to the
rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.

Faraday was able to mathematically relate the rate of change of

the magnetic filed flux with induced voltage (the lower-case letter
"e" represents voltage. This refers to instantaneous voltage, or
voltage at a specific point in time, rather than a steady, stable
Voltage.

The “d” terms are standard calculus notation.

 Lenz’s Law
Lenz’s rule is a convenient method to determine the direction of
induced current produced in the circuit.
Lenz’s law states that the induced current produced in a circuit
always flows in such a direction that it opposes the change or
cause that produce it.

Applications
The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied in many
devices and systems. Induction is used in power generation and
power transmission. Electric generators and electric motors are
based on electromagnetic induction.

Electric Generator
An electric generator is a device for transforming mechanical
energy into electrical energy. Generators have a wire coil in a
magnetic field. When the device is used as a generator, the coil
is spun which induces current in the coil.
An AC (alternating current) generator utilizes Faraday’s law of
induction, spinning a coil at a constant rate in a magnetic field to
induce an oscillating emf. A coil turning in a magnetic field can
 also be used to generate DC power.

Electric Motor
An electric motor is a device which converts electric energy into
mechanical energy. It also has a coil. When a current is passed
through the coil, the interaction of the magnetic field with the
current causes the coil to spin.
 Mutual
Inductance
Consider two coils P and S are placed very close to each other.
Coil P consists of battery and tapping key and coil S consists of
galvanometer G. When the key of coil P is pressed then magnetic
flux is building and induced e.m.f. produced in it opposes the flow
of magnetic flux. Because coil P and coil S are very close to each
other. So magnetic flux also changed in coil S and induced current
is produced which opposes the direction of flow of magnetic lines
of force of coil P.

The phenomenon according to which an opposing e.m.f. is

produced in a coil as a result of change in current or magnetic
flux
linked with a neighboring coil is called mutual induction.
Coefficient of Mutual Induction :
Suppose that current I is flowing through coil P and be the
magnetic flux linked with coil S

I
= MI
M = Coefficient of mutual induction.
Let be the induced e.m.f. in coil S.

= dϕ/dt=-d(MI)/dt – (-ive sign shows opposition of

induced e.m.f.)
= MdI/dt
M = /dI/dt

The mutual inductance of two coils is said to be one Henry, if a

rate of change of current of 1 ampere per second in one coil
induces an e.m.f. of 1 volt in neighboring coil.
A device specifically designed to produce the effect of mutual
 inductance between two or more coils is called a transformer.

A transformer designed to output more voltage than it takes in

across the input coil is called a "step-up" transformer, while one

designed to do the opposite is called a "step-down," in reference

to the transformation of voltage that takes place. The current
through each respective coil, of course, follows the exact opposite
proportion.

Self Inductance
Consider a coil connected to a battery and a tapping key. When
key K is pressed magnetic lines of forces starts growing through it
and induced e.m.f. is produced. Direction of induced e.m.f. is
opposite to that of growth of current. On the other hand when key
 is released the current in the coil decreases and e.m.f. is
produced
in opposite direction. Thus during both growth and decay of
current an opposite induced e.m.f. is produced. This e.m.f. is
called back e.m.f.
The phenomenon according to which an opposing induced e.m.f.
is produced in the coil as a result of change in current or
magnetic
flux linked with the coil is called self induction.

Coefficient of Self Induction :

Suppose when key is pressed, current I flows through the coil and
magnetic flux linked with the coil.
I
= LI
L is called coefficient of self induction.
Let be the induced e.m.f.
= dϕ/dt=-d(LI)/dt – (-ive sign shows opposition of induced
e.m.f.)
= LdI/dt
M = /dI/dt

Self inductance of a coil is said to be one Henry if a rate of change

of current of 1 ampere per second induces an e.m.f. of one volt.
 Experiment
Aim:
To study the phenomenon of mutual induction
using two coils of wire and calculate the
mutual inductance of the coil used.

Apparatus:
Insulated copper wire (Gauge : 28 SWG),
Transistor
(2N 2222A), Resistor (10K Ω), LED light
(5mm),
Battery (9V), 9V Battery clip connector,
Soldering
Iron, Solder wire (preferably Pb), Solder flux,
Face
mask (As a safety measure while soldering),
Sand
paper, Wire cutter.

Theory:
When two coils are brought in proximity to
each
other, the magnetic field in one of the coils
tends to
link with the other. This further leads to the
generation of voltage in the second coil. This
property of a coil which affects or changes the
current and voltage in a secondary coil is
called
mutual inductance.
Mutual Inductance, M = (μ0πR22)/(2R1)

Procedure:
● Using the insulated copper wire, prepare a
30
turn wire coil (15 turns - 1 loop - 15 turns)
with
the help of a round object. This will be the
Primary coil.
● Prepare another 30 turn coil (30 turns) for
the
receiver coil. This will be the Secondary coil.
● Using a sandpaper, carefully remove the
insulation in the connecting ends of the coil
alone.
● Connect the negative terminal of the
battery to
the Emitter terminal of the transistor using a
soldering iron.
● Connect the positive terminal of the battery
to
the switch and the other end of the switch to
the
loop end of the Primary Coil using a soldering
iron.
● Connect one end of the resistor to the Base
terminal of the transistor and the other end of
the transistor to one of the two connected
ends
in the Primary Coil using a soldering Iron.
● Connect the 3rd connecting end of the
Primary
Coil to the Collector terminal of the transistor
using a soldering iron. (Primary coil circuit is
completed)
● Connect the anode and cathode of the LED
to
the two connecting ends of the Secondary coil
using a soldering iron. (Secondary coil circuit
is
completed)
● By bringing near the Receiver coil (as
shown in
Figure), the glowing of the LED can be
observed.

Observations:
● The LED glows when the secondary coil is
brought
near the primary coil, even though there is no
physical connection. This verifies the
phenomena
of Mutual Induction.
● The LED ‘s light intensity is higher when the
two
coils are closer and the light intensity is lower
when the two coils are farther. This shows
that the
strength of the magnetic field decreases as
the
second coil moves away.
Result:
Hence studied the phenomenon of mutual
induction
using two coils of wire.
Precautions:
● Connections must be tight.
● Instruments should be handled carefully.
● The removal of insulations in the copper
wire
should be done only at the connecting ends.
● Only insulated copper wire should be used.
● A mask must be used while soldering.

Sources Of Error:
● Connections may not be tight.
● The insulations may not be removed at the
connecting ends.
● The connections may not be done
appropriately
with the transistor.
 Bibliography
● Physics – Textbook for XII (NCERT)
● WWW.wikipedia.org
● WWW.khanacademy.org
● Laboratory Manual(Arihant)
 www.howstuffworks.com
 www.scienceforall.com
 www.allaboutcircuits.com
 www.allprojectreports.com