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Egyptian Invasion and Yohanis IV

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31 views2 pages

Egyptian Invasion and Yohanis IV

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yaabaat3
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Southwest Academy, bullet note for grade 10 history

These materials engage students in critical thinking and analyzing key historical events and
their impact on Ethiopian sovereignty during the 19th century. It is designed and prepared for
a competence based lesson, where students involve in active learning processes like group
discussion and presentation

Struggle to Maintain Sovereignty during the Reign of Emperor Yohannes IV

Competencies

1. Analyze key historical events and their impact on Ethiopian sovereignty during
the 19th century.
2. Evaluate the role of internal and external factors in shaping Ethiopia's resistance
against colonial and regional powers.

Bullet Notes

 British and Egyptian Influence:


o After the British completed their 1868 expedition and withdrew from Ethiopia,
the Egyptians saw an opportunity to expand their control over Northeast
Africa.
o Their primary goal was to dominate the source of the Nile for political and
economic control.
o Khedive Ismael Pasha also wanted to establish Egyptian Empire in Northeast
Africa
 Egyptian Invasion (1875-1876):
o Khedive Ismail Pasha launched a three-front military campaign:
1. Zeila Front: Led to the occupation of the Harar Emirate for 10 years
(1875-1885). It was led by Mohamed Rauf Pasha.
2. Tajura (Djibouti) Front: Egyptian forces led by Werner Munzinger
(the architect of Egyptian invasion of Ethiopia) were defeated by the
Afar.
3. Massawa Front: Led by Colonel Arendrup and Arakel Bey. Emperor
Yohannes IV and Ras Alula led a decisive Ethiopian victory at Gundat
(1875) and Gura (1876).
 Italian Threat:
o Italy acquired strategic ports like Assab in 1869.
o Besides, Britain secretly transferred Massawa (1885) from Egypt to Italy.
o Italy used these as springboard to establish a foothold in the Horn of Africa.
o However, in 1887, Ras Alula Engida defeated Italian forces at the Battle of
Dogali, showcasing Ethiopian resilience.
Guiding Questions for Group Discussion

1. What were the main motivations behind Egypt's and Italy's attempts to invade
Ethiopia in the 19th century?
Focus Area: Understanding external interests in Ethiopian sovereignty and resources (e.g.,
the Nile and Red Sea ports).

2. How did Emperor Yohannes IV manage to defend Ethiopia against multiple threats?
Focus Area: Highlighting Ethiopian military strategies and the leadership of Yohannes IV.

Prepared by Metiku K.

Dec. 2024

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