微甲 及 模 組 班 期 末 考 解 答 和 評 分 標 準

1071微

1. Evaluate the integrals:

1 4
(a) (6%) ∫ tan 3 x sec4 x dx (b) (9%) ∫ dx
x(x2 + 2x + 2)

Solution:
(a)
1
Let u = tan 3 x (到此步驟得 1 分)
1 2
⇒ du = tan− 3 x sec2 xdx (到此步驟得 2 分)
3
⇒ sec2 xdx = 3u2 du
Note u6 = tan2 x = sec2 x − 1
⇒ sec2 x = 1 + u6 (到此步驟得 3 分)
Hence
1
I = ∫ (tan 3 x) (sec4 x) dx

= ∫ u ⋅ (1 + u6 ) ⋅ 3u2 du (到此步驟得 4 分)

= ∫ 3(u3 + u9 )du
u4 u10
= 3( + )+C (到此步驟得 5 分)
4 10
3 4 3 10
⇒ I = tan 3 x + tan 3 x + C (到此步驟得 6 分)
4 10

(b)

4 A Bx + C
Write = + (到此步驟得 1 分)
x(x2 + 2x + 2) x x2 + 2x + 2
⇒ 4 = A(x2 + 2x + 2) + (Bx + C)x
⇒ 4 = 2A + 0 ⇒ A = 2 (到此步驟得 1 分)
0 = 2A + C ⇒ C = −4 (到此步驟得 2 分)
0 = A + B ⇒ B = −2 (到此步驟得 3 分)
Perform
4 2 −2x − 4
I =∫ dx = ∫ dx + ∫ 2 dx = I1 + I2 (到此步驟得 4 分)
x(x2 + 2x + 2) x x + 2x + 2
Hence I1 = 2 ln ∣x∣ (到此步驟得 4 分)
−2(x + 1) − 2
I2 = ∫ dx (到此步驟得 5 分)
(x + 1)2 + 1
−2(x + 1) −2
=∫ dx + ∫ dx (到此步驟一半得 5 分，全對得 6 分)
(x + 1) + 1
2 (x + 1)2 + 1
= − ln ∣(x + 1)2 + 1∣ − 2 tan−1 (x + 1) (到此步驟一半得 7 分，全對得 8 分)
In Summary
I = I1 + I2 = 2 ln ∣x∣ − ln ∣(x + 1)2 + 1∣ − 2 tan−1 (x + 1) + C (到此步驟得 9 分)

Page 1 of 12
 2 √ √
2. (12%) Let R be the region bounded by the curves y = ex , y = 0, x = a, and x = a + 1, where a > 0. Find the
number a such that the area of R attains the minimum value.

Solution:
√
a+1 2
A = ∫√ ex dx (寫出這一式得 3 分)
a
√
a+1 2
dA d ∫√a ex dx
= =0 (到此步驟得 6 分)
da da
ea+1 ea
= √ − √ (到此步驟得 8 分)
2 a+1 2 a
1
⇒a= 2 (到此步驟得 10 分)
e −1
ea+1 a
d ( 2√ a+1
− 2e√a ) 1
check > 0, when a = 2 (到此步驟得 12 分)
da e −1

Page 2 of 12
 ∞ tan−1 x
3. (a) (9%) Determine whether ∫ dx converges or diverges. Evaluate the value if it converges.
1 x2
1 tan−1 x
(b) (6%) Determine whether ∫ dx converges or diverges. Evaluate the value if it converges.
−1 x2

Solution:
(a) (Method 1)
∞ tan−1 x b tan−1 x
∫ dx = lim ∫ dx (Definition of improper integral: 1 point)
1 x2 b→∞ 1 x2
denote u = tan−1 x tan u = x ⇒ dx = sec2 udu
b tan−1 x tan−1 b u sec2 u
∴∫ dx = ∫π du (change variables and upper lower limits: 2 points)
1 x2 4 tan2 u
tan−1 b
= ∫π u csc2 udu
4
tan−1 b tan−1 b
= −u cot u∣ π + ∫π cot udu (integration by part: 2 points)
4 4
tan−1 b
= −u cot u + ln ∣ sin u∣∣ π
4
tan−1 b b π 1
=− + ln √ + − ln √ ( 2 points)
b 1 + b2 4 2
tan−1 b π
lim = 0 because lim tan−1 b =
b→∞ b b→∞ 2
b
lim ln √ = ln 1 = 0
b→∞ 1 + b2
(discuss limits and converge + correct integral: 2 points)
∞ tan x −1
tan x π ln 2b −1
∴∫ dx = lim ∫ dx = + converges.
1 x2 b→∞ 1 x2 4 2

1
Remark 1. If do not follow the definition of improper integral, but write the final step as − tan−1 x +
x
x ∞ π 1
ln √ ∣ = − ln √ without discussing how the limit is obtained, it will be deducted 2 points even if
1+x 2 1 4 2
the answer is correct.
Remark 2. If use comparison theorem to conclude that the integral converges without any mistake, it will
get 3 points. (The first 1 point + last 2 points)

(Method 2)

tan−1 x 1 1
∫ dx = − tan−1 x + ∫ dx (2 points)
x2 x x(x2 + 1)
1 1 x
= − tan−1 x + ∫ ( − 2 ) dx (2 points)
x x x +1
1 1
= − tan−1 x + ln ∣x∣ − ln(x2 + 1) + C
x 2
1 ∣x∣
= − tan−1 x + ln √ +C (2 points)
x x2 + 1
∞ tan−1 x b tan−1 x
∴∫ dx = lim ∫ dx (1 point)
1 x2 b→∞ 1 x2
1 x b
= lim − tan−1 x + ln √ ∣
b→∞ x x2 + 1 1
tan b
−1
b 1 π 1
= lim − + ln √ + tan−1 1 − ln √ = − ln √
b→∞ b b +1
2 2 4 2
π tan −1
b b
(∵ lim tan−1 b = ∴ lim = 0 and lim ln √ = ln 1 = 0) (2 points)
b→∞ 2 b→∞ b b→∞ b2 + 1

Page 3 of 12
 tan−1 x
(b) is improper at x = 0
x2
1 tan−1 x
∫ dx
−1 x2
0 tan−1 x 1 tan−1 x
=∫ 2
dx + ∫ dx (1 point)
−1 x 0 x2
a tan−1 x 1 tan−1 x
= lim− ∫ dx + lim ∫ dx (1 point)
a→0 −1 x2 b→0+ b x2

1 π
tan−1 x 4
∫ dx = −u cot u + ln ∣ sin u∣∣ −1 from (a)
b x2 tan u
π 1 tan−1 b b
= − + ln √ + − ln √
4 2 b 1 + b2
a tan−1 x
(1 point) (also can look at ∫ dx)
−1 x2
1
tan−1 b 2
lim Ô
Ô lim 1+b = 1 (1 point)
b→0 b 0
0
b→0 1

b
lim ln √ = −∞ (1 point)
b→0 1 + b2
1 tan−1 x
Because lim+ ∫ dx = ∞
b→0 b x2
1 tan−1 x
∴∫ dx diverges (1 point)
−1 x2

Page 4 of 12
 y2
4. (a) (8%) Show that y = 0 is an orthogonal trajectory of the family of curves x2 + = 1, where k > 0 is an arbitrary
k
constant. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the same family of curves when y ≠ 0.
(b) (8%) Find u(t) that satisfies the ordinary differential equation

u′ (t) + ln(t)u(t) = e−t ln(t) , t>0

and the condition
lim u(t) = 2.
t→0+

Solution:
y2
(a) ● For whatever k > 0, the associated curve passes through the points (±1, 0), and x2 + = 1 ⇒
k
2y
2xdx + dy = 0 ⇒ dx = 0 at these points ⇒ vertical tangents thereon (1%)
k
● The line y = 0 also passes through the two points above, and of course perpendicular to the local
vertical tangent ⇒ y = 0 is an orthogonal trajectory (1%)
2y y 1 − x2
● 2xdx + dy = 0 ⇒ (dx, dy) parallel to (x, ) = (x, ) at any (x, y) with y ≠ 0 on the orthogonal
k k y
family (2%)
dx ydy 1 − x2
● ⇒ = ⇒ ∫ dx = ∫ y dy (2%)
x 1 − x2 x
x2 C y 2
● ⇒ ln ∣x∣ − + = or x2 + y 2 − ln x2 = C (1%)
2 2 2
● y ≠ 0 ⇒ x2 < 1 ⇒ x2 − ln x2 > 1 ⇒ C > 1 (1%)
t t s
(b) ● I = e∫ ln s ds
= et ln t − ∫ s ds
(1%)
● ⇒I =e t(ln t − 1)
(1%)
t
C + ∫ I ⋅ e−s ln s ds
● ⇒ u(t) = (1%)
I
● ⇒ u(t) = et(1−ln t) (C − e−t ) (2%)
● lim+ u(t) = 2 ⇒ 2 = C − 1 (2%)
t→0

● ⇒ u(t) = et(1−ln t) (3 − e−t ) (1%)

Page 5 of 12
 √
4 − x2
5. (a) (8%) Let R be the region bounded by the curves y = √ , y = 0, x = 0, and x = 2. Find the volume
(1 + 4 − x2 )2
of the solid obtained by rotating R about the y-axis.
y

R x

Solution:
Using the method of cylindrical shells, the volume of the solid in question is given by
√
2 4 − x2
V = 2π ∫ x √ 2
dx .
0
(1 + 4 − x2 )

(correct formula: 2 points)

√
Let u ∶= 4 − x2 , which gives u = 4 − x , thus yielding u du = −x dx. We then obtain from the substitution
2 2

rule that
0 u2 du 2 u2 du
V = −2π ∫ 2
= 2π ∫ 2
.
2 (1 + u) 0 (1 + u)
Finally,

integration by parts gives partial fraction decomposition gives

2 −1
V = 2π ∫ u2 d( ) 2 ((1 + u) − 1)2
0 1+u V = 2π ∫ 2
du
2 0 (1 + u)
−u 2
2u 2
= 2π [ ] + 2π ∫ du 2 2 1
1+u 0 0 1+u = 2π ∫ (1 − + ) du
2 0 1 + u (1 + u)2
8π 1
=− + 4π ∫ (1 − ) du 1 2
3 0 1+u = 2π [ u − 2 ln(1 + u) − ]
8π 2 1+u 0
=− + 4π [ u − ln(1 + u) ]0 16π
3 = − 4π ln 3 .
16π 3
= − 4π ln 3 .
3

(computation + answer: 5+1 points)

(b) (8%) Find the area of the infinite surface generated by rotating the curve y = e−x , 0 ≤ x < ∞, about the x-axis
if it is finite (show explicitly in your calculation that you are using the definition of improper integrals).

Solution:
The area of the surface in question is given by
∞ √ ∞ √
2
S = 2π ∫ e−x 1 +(−e−x ) dx = 2π ∫ e−x 1 + e−2x dx
0 0
t √
= 2π lim ∫ e−x 1 + e−2x dx .
t→∞ 0

(correct formula: 2 points)

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 (showing the knowledge of improper integrals: 1 point)
Let u ∶= e −x
, which yields du = −e −x
dx . The substitution rule then gives
e−t √ 1 √
S = −2π lim ∫ 1 + u2 du = 2π lim ∫ 1 + u2 du
t→∞ 1 t→∞ e−t
1√
= 2π ∫ 1 + u2 du ,
0

where the last integral is a proper integral (which follows from the facts that lim e−t = 0 and that the function
t→∞
1√ √
∫ 1 + u2 du in x is continuous on [0, 1] by the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, as the integrand 1 + u2 is
x
continuous on the interval [0, 1]).
As a result, the surface area in question is given by
1√
S = 2π ∫ 1 + u2 du
0
√ 1 1 u2
= 2π [ u 1 + u2 ] − 2π ∫ √ du
0 0 1 + u2
√ 1√ 1 1
= 2 2 π − 2π ∫ 1 + u2 du + 2π ∫ √ du
0 0 1 + u2
√ 1 1
= 2π+π∫ √du
0 1 + u2
(u ∶= tan θ)√ √
π π
4 sec2 θ 4
= 2π+π∫ √ dθ = 2 π + π ∫ sec θ dθ
0 1 + tan2 θ 0
√ π
= 2 π + π [ ln ∣sec θ + tan θ∣ ]0
4

√ √
= 2 π + π ln( 2 + 1) .

(computation + answer: 4+1 points)

[經濟系]
1
(b) (8%) Let R̃ be the region under the curve y = 3 , above the line y = 0, and to the right of x = 1. Find the
(1 + x2 ) 4
volume of the solid obtained by rotating R̃ about the x-axis if it is finite (show explicitly in your calculation that you
are using the definition of improper integrals).

Solution:
∞
V =∫ π(y(x))2 dx
1
∞ 1
= π∫ 3 dx (2 points. Formula for the volume)
1 (1 + x2 ) 2
∞ 1 t 1
∫ 3 dx = lim ∫ 3 dx (1 point. Use the definition of improper integrals.)
1 (1 + x )
2 2 t→∞ 1 (1 + x2 ) 2
tan−1 t 1
= lim ∫ π sec2 θdθ (3 points:)
t→∞
4
sec3 θ
Let x = tan θ (Trigonometric substitution x = tan θ ⇒ 1 point.)
π θ 1
− <θ< (Correct integrand sec2 θ ⇒ 1 point.)
2 2 sec3 θ
dx = sec2 θdθ (Correct upper and lower bounds ⇒ 1 point)
tan−1 t
= lim ∫ π cos θdθ
t→∞
4

π
= lim (sin(tan−1 t) − sin( )) (1 point. Trigonometric integration.)
t→∞ 4
1 1
= 1 − √ , V = π(1 − √ ) (1 point. For taking limits and the final answer.)
2 2

Page 7 of 12
[電機系]
y ′′ (t) + 2y ′ (t) + y(t) = f (t) 2 cos t, for 0 ≤ t < π
Consider the differential equation { where f (t) = {
y(0) = 1, y (0) = 0
′
, 0, for t ≥ π .
(a) (2%) Find the general solution of the related homogeneous equation y ′′ (t) + 2y ′ (t) + y(t) = 0.
0, 0 ≤ t < π
(b) (4%) Write f (t) in terms of the unit step function U(t − π) = { . Compute L{f (t)}, the Laplace
1, t ≥ π
transform of f (t).
(c) (4%) Let Y (s) be the Laplace transform of the solution y(t). Apply Laplace transform to the differential
equation and solve for Y (s).
(d) (6%) Solve the differential equation.

Solution:
(a) The characteristic equation of y ′′ (t) + 2y ′ (t) + y(t) = 0 is

r2 + 2r + 1 = 0 ⇒ (r + 1)2 = 0 ⇒ r = −1 (repeated root) (1 point)

Hence the general solution of the homogeneous equation is

c1 e−t + c2 te−t , where c1 , c2 are constants (1 point)

(b)
f (t) = 2 cos t(1 − U(t − π)) (1 point)
Solution 1:

L{f (t)} = 2L{cos t} − 2L{cos tU(t − π)}

2s 2s
= 2 − 2e−πs L{cos(t + π)} = 2 − 2e−πs L{− cos t}
s +1 s +1
s
=2 2 [1 + e−πs ]
s +1
s
Partial Credits: L{cos t} = 2 (1 point)
s +1
s
L{cos tU(t − π)} = −e−πs (2 points)
1 + s2
Solution 2:

π
L{f (t)} = ∫ e−st ⋅ 2 cos tdt (1 point. For using the definition of Laplace transform)
0
t=π π
= 2 [sin te−st ∣ +∫ s ⋅ sin t ⋅ e−st dt]
t=0 0
t=π π
= 2s [− cos te−st ∣ −∫ (− cos t)(−s)e−st dt]
t=0 0
s
= 2s (e−πs + 1 − L{f (t)})
2
2s
⇒ L{f (t)} = (1 + e−πs ) (2 points)
1 + s2

(c) Apply Laplace transform to the differential equation

L{y ′′ + 2y ′ + y} = L{y ′′ } + 2L{y ′ } + L{y} = L{f (t)} (1 point. Linearity of Laplace transform.)
2s
⇒ (s2 Y (s) − sy(0) − y ′ (0)) + 2(sY (s) − y(0)) + Y (s) = (1 + e−πs )
1 + s2
Partial credits: L{y ′ } = sY (s) − y(0) (1 point)
L{y ′′ } = s2 Y (s) − sy(0) − y ′ (0) (1 point)
2s
(s2 + 2s + 1)Y (s) = s + 2 + 2 (1 + e−πs )
s +1
s+2 2s
Y (s) = + (1 + e−πs ) (1 point)
(s + 1) 2 (s + 1)2 (s2 + 1)

Page 8 of 12
 s+2 2s
(d) Decompose and as sum of partial fractions.
(s + 1) 2 (s + 1)2 (s2 + 1)
s+2 1 1
= + (1 point)
(s + 1)2 s + 1 (s + 1)2
2s 1 1
= − (1 point)
(s + 1)2 (s2 + 1) s2 + 1 (s + 1)2
1 1 1 1
Y (s) = + +( 2 − ) (1 + e−πs )
s + 1 (s + 1)2 s + 1 (s + 1)2
1 1 1 1
= + + e−πs ( 2 − )
s + 1 s2 + 1 s + 1 (s + 1)2
1 1 1 1
y(t) = L−1 {Y (s)} = L−1 { } + L−1 { 2 } + L−1 {e−πs ( 2 − )}
s+1 s +1 s + 1 (s + 1)2
= e−t + sin t + U(t − π) [sin(t − π) − (t − π)e−(t−π) ] (← Good as the final answer.)
= e + sin t + U(t − π) (− sin t − e (t − π)e )
−t −π −t
(← Good as the final answer.)
⎧
⎪
⎪e + sin t, for 0 ≤ t < π
−t
=⎨ (← Good as the final answer.)
⎪
⎩(1 + πe )e − e te , for t ≥ π
π −t π −t
⎪
1
Partial credits: L−1 { } = e−t (1 point)
s+1
1
L−1 { 2 } = sin t (1 point)
s +1
1
L−1 {e−πs 2 } = U(t − π) sin(t − π) (1 point)
s +1
1
L−1 {e−πs } = U(t − π)(t − π)e−(t−π) (1 point)
(s + 1)2

Page 9 of 12
6. A tractrix (the curve below) describes the path an obstinate dog takes when its master walks along the y-axis. One
way to parameterize the curve is by means of

(x(t), y(t)) = (sin t, cos t + ln(csc t − cot t)), 0 < t < π.

(a) (8%) Find the slope of the tangent line at a point P = (x(t0 ), y(t0 )) on the curve, and show that the distance
between P and the y-intercept of the tangent line at P is independent of t0 ∈ (0, π).
π π
(b) (6%) Compute the arc length of the part of the tractrix from t = to t = .
4 2

Solution:
dy/dt
(a) (8 points in total): dy/dx = (two points)
dx/dt
Now compute dy/dt and dx/dt
1 − cos(t)
dy/dt = − sin(t) + = − sin(t) + csc(t) (one point)
sin(t) − sin(t) cos(t)
dx/dt = cos(t) so that
csc(t)
dy/dx = − tan(t) +
cos(t)
csc(t0 )
Finally the slops is − tan(t0 ) + (one point)
cos(t0 )
The equation of the tangent line at t is y − y(t) = m(x − x(t))
so the y−intercept is −mx(t) + y(t) (one point)
Thus if we denote the distance by D, we have D2 = (x(t))2 + (y(t) − (−mx(t) + y(t)))2
csc(t)
= x(t)2 (1 + m2 ), where m = − tan(t) + (one point)
cos(t)
csc(t)2 − 1
Direct computation shows D2 = sin(t)2 ( ) = 1 (two points)
cos(t)2
Thus D is a constant, independent of t.
π/2 √
(b) (6 points in total): L = ∫ (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 dt (two points)
π/4
π/2 √
=∫ cos(t)2 + sin(t)2 − 2 + csc(t)2 dt
π/4
π/2
=∫ cot(t)dt (two points)
π/4
π/2
√
= ln ∣ sin(t)∣∣π/4 = ln( 2) (two points)

Page 10 of 12
7. (a) (3%) Find f (θ) such that r2 = f (θ) is the polar equation of the curve given by x2 +y 2 = (x2 −y 2 )2 , (x, y) ≠ (0, 0).
(b) (3%) Find the points of intersection of the curves x2 + y 2 = (x2 − y 2 )2 and r = 2 (express the intersection points
in terms of polar coordinates).
(c) (6%) Find the area of the region containing the origin and bounded by the curves x2 + y 2 = (x2 − y 2 )2 and r = 2
(the shaded region in the figure below).

1 2

Solution:
(a)

x = r cos θ
{ (1 point)
y = r sin θ
x2 + y 2 = (x2 − y 2 )2 ⇒ r2 = r4 (cos2 θ − sin2 θ)2 = r4 (cos 2θ)2
For (x, y) ≠ (0, 0), r ≠ 0.
⎧
⎪ 2
⎪
⎪
⎪or r2 =
⎪
⎪ 1 + cos 4θ
Hence r2 = r4 (cos 2θ)2 ⇒ 1 = r2 (cos 2θ)2 ⇒ r2 = (sec 2θ)2 ⎨or r2 cos2 2θ = 1 (2 points)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩or r (cos θ − sin θ) = 1
2 2 2 2

(b) To find the points of intersection of the curve and r = 2, we need to solve the equations

r = sec 2θ r = − sec 2θ
{ or { (1 points)
r=2 r=2

π 2 4 5 7 8 10 11
Hence 2θ = , π, π, π, π, π, π or π
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
π π 2 5 7 4 5 11
θ = , , π, π, π, π, π or π (1 point)
6 3 3 6 6 3 3 6
(1 point) π π 2 5 7 4 5 11
ÐÐÐÐÐ→ The points of intersection are (2, ) (2, ) (2, π) (2, π) (2, π) (2, π) (2, π) (2, π) (1 point)
6 3 3 6 6 3 3 6
(用直角坐標且正確: 扣 1 分，(r, θ) 座標寫反不扣分)
Notation:
(1) 只列出一個聯立方程式，解出一半交點: 2 points
(2) 只列出一個聯立方程式，解出一個交點或少於一半交點: 1 point
(3) 無過程，但列出正確的交點: 扣 1 point

(c) Solution 1:
By the symmetry, we only need to compute the area of the shaded region in the first quadrant and multiply

Page 11 of 12
it by 4.
π π π
6 1 3 1 2 1
A = 4 [∫ (sec2 2θ)dθ + ∫ π ⋅ 22 dθ + ∫ π (sec2 2θ)dθ] (4 points)
0 2 6
2 3
2
π π
1 6 π 1 2
= 4 [ tan 2θ∣ + 2 × + tan 2θ∣ π ] (1 point)
4 θ=0 6 4 θ= 3
π 4 2
= (tan + π + tan π − tan( π))
3 3 3
4 √
= π+2 3 (1 point)
3
Partial credits: π π π
6 1 3 1 2 1
A = 4 [∫ (sec2 2θ)dθ + ∫ π ⋅ 22 dθ + ∫ π (sec2 2θ)dθ]
0 2 6
2 3
2
1
4 points : 1 point : For the formula A = ∫ (f (θ)) dθ
2
2
π π π π π π
1 point: For correctly divide the interval [0, ] into [0, ] ∪ [ , ] ∪ [ , ].
2 6 6 3 3 2
2 points: For correct integrands in each intervals.
Solution 2:
First compute the area of the white region inside the circle r = 2.
π
1 26
By symmetry, the area of the white region = 8 ∫ (2 − sec2 2θ)dθ (3 points)
02
π
π 1 6
= 4 [4 × − tan 2θ∣ ]
6 2 0
(1 point, for triagonometric integration)
8 √
= π−2 3 (1 point)
3
π
1 2 6
Partial credits: 8 ∫ (2 − sec2 2θ)dθ (3 points):
2
0
1
1 point: For the formula A = ∫ (f (θ))2 dθ
2
1 point: For correct upper bound and lower bound
1 point: For correct integrand.
8 √ 4 √
Hence the area of the shaded region is π ⋅ (2)2 − ( π − 2 3) = π + 2 3 (1 point)
3 3

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