Written exams of Mathemati al Analysis

I 2022-2023

1 Exam of January 25, 2023 - 1

st round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 Exam of January 25, 2023 - 2

nd round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3 Exam of February 10, 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

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2 Written exams of Mathemati al Analysis I 2022-2023

st
1 Exam of January 25, 2023 - 1 round

Exer ise 1. (9 points) Consider the fun tion f : dom f ⊆ R → R dened by

p
f (x) = x2 + 3x − |x|.

(a) Determine the domain dom f , possible symmetry properties, the limits at the extreme points

of dom f and at ±∞, and possible asymptotes.

(b) Study the ontinuity and dierentiability of the fun tion, lo ate and lassify possible points

of dis ontinuity and non-dierentiability in dom f and ompute its derivative.

( ) Determine the monotoni ity intervals, and possible lo al maximum and lo al minimum points

of f, spe ifying whether they are global or not.

(d) Plot a qualitative graph of f.

(e) Study the behaviour when n −→ +∞ of the real sequen e (an )n∈N where,

p
an = cos(2π n2 + 3n).

Exer ise 2, version A. (6 points)

(a) Give the denition of global maximum point for a fun tion f : [a, b] → R.

(b) State the intermediate value theorem.

( ) Show that a ontinuous fun tion f : [1, 3] → R su h that f (1) = −3, f (3) = −4 and f (2) = −2
is not inje tive.

Exer ise 2, version B. (6 points)

(a) Give the denition of global minimum point for a fun tion f : [a, b] → R.

(b) State the existen e of zeroes theorem.

( ) Show that a ontinuous fun tion f : [−1, 3] → R su h that f (−1) = 2, f (3) = 4 and f (2) = −1
is not inje tive.

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1 Exam of January 25, 2023 - 1st round 3

SOLUTION

Exer ise 1.
√
Consider the fun tion f : dom f ⊆ R → R dened by f (x) = x2 + 3x − |x|.

(a) Determine the domain dom f , possible symmetry properties, the limits at the extreme points
of dom f and at ±∞, and possible asymptotes.
The argument of the square root must be non negative, therefore the domain of the fun tion

is

dom f = {x ∈ R | x2 + 3x = x(x + 3) ≥ 0} = (−∞, −3] ∪ [0, ∞).

Sin e the domain of f isn't symmetri with respe t to 0, the fun tion is neither odd nor even.

In order to ompute the required limits, observe that, as x → ±∞,

r !    
p 3 1 3 1 3 |x|
f (x) = x2 + 3x − |x| = |x| 1+ −1 = |x| 1 + · + o −1 = · + o(1).
x 2 x x 2 x

Therefore
3 |x| 3 3
lim f (x) = lim · = lim = ,
x→+∞ x→+∞ 2 x x→+∞ 2 2

3 |x| 3 3
lim f (x) = lim · = lim (−1) = − .
x→−∞ x→−∞ 2 x x→−∞ 2 2
√
The fun tion h(x) = x2 + 3x is the omposition of the polynomial P (x) = x2 + 3x (whi h is
√
ontinuous in R) with the fun tion g(t) = t ( ontinuous if t ≥ 0), therefore it's ontinuous

on its domain. Sin e f is the sum of h with the ontinuous fun tion −|x|, we have that f is

ontinuous on its domain. Therefore lim f (x) = f (−3) = 0 and lim f (x) = f (0) = 0. The
x→−3 x→0
fun tion f has no verti al asymptotes.

f has right horizontal asymptote y = 3/2 and left horizontal asymptote y = −3/2.

(b) Study the ontinuity and dierentiability of the fun tion, lo ate and lassify possible points of
dis ontinuity and non-dierentiability in dom f and ompute its derivative.
We have already showed that f is ontinuous on its domain.

As far as dierentiability is on erned, the fun tion h(x) and the fun tion −|x| are dieren-

tiable in all the points where they are dierent from zero, that is for x 6= 0 and x 6= −3, whi h

are the endpoints respe tively of the half-lines (−∞, −3] and [0, +∞): at these points it is

not possible to ompute the derivative of f. At most we an verify the existen e of the left

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4 Written exams of Mathemati al Analysis I 2022-2023

derivative at x = −3 and of the right derivative at x = 0. We on lude that f is dierentiable

in (−∞, −3) ∪ (0, +∞), where

2x + 3


 √ − 1 x > 0,
 2 x2 + 3x


2x + 3
f ′ (x) = √ − sign(x) =
2 x2 + 3x 
 2x + 3
 √ 2 + 1 x < −3.


2 x + 3x
We verify now if there exists the lateral derivatives at x = 0 and at x = 3.
 
2x + 3
lim f ′ (x) = lim √ − 1 = +∞
x→0+ x→0+ 2 x2 + 3x
and  
2x + 3
lim f ′ (x) = lim √ + 1 = −∞.
x→(−3)− x→(−3)− 2 x2 + 3x
Sin e f is ontinuous at x=0 and at x = −3, by a onsequen e of de l'Hopital Theorem we

on lude that the right derivative at x=0 and the left one at x = −3 do not exist.

( ) Determine the monotoni ity intervals, and possible lo al maximum and lo al minimum points
of f , spe ifying whether they are global or not.
√
We study the sign of f ′. Observe that x2 + 3x > 0 for all x ∈ (−∞, −3) ∪ (0, +∞).

If x > 0:
√
2x + 3 2x + 3 − 2 x2 + 3x p
√ −1= √ ≥0 ⇐⇒ 2x + 3 ≥ 2 x2 + 3x
2 x2 + 3x 2 x2 + 3x

⇐⇒ (2x + 3)2 ≥ 4(x2 + 3x) ⇐⇒ 4x2 + 12x + 9 ≥ 4x2 + 12x ⇐⇒ 9 ≥ 0.

Therefore f ′ (x) > 0 for all x > 0.

Analogously, if x < −3 we have

√
2x + 3 2x + 3 + 2 x2 + 3x p
√ +1= √ ≥0 ⇐⇒ 2x + 3 + 2 x2 + 3x ≥ 0
2 x2 + 3x 2 x2 + 3x

4(x2 + 3x) ≥ (−2x − 3)2 ⇐⇒ 4x2 + 12x ≥ 4x2 + 12x + 9 ⇐⇒ 0≥9

hen e f ′ (x) < 0 for all x < −3.

From the Mean Value Theorem follows that a fun tion is monotoni on every interval where

the sign of f′ is onstant. Moreover, f is ontinuous at x=0 and at x = −3. Therefore f is

stri tly de reasing in (−∞, −3] and stri tly in reasing in [0, +∞).

From the monotoni ity it follows that x = −3 and x = 0 lo al minimum points. Furthermore,

by the monotoni ity intervals of f we get that f (−3) < f (x) ∀x < −3. Moreover, f (−3) =
−3 < 0 = f (0) ≤ f (x) for all x ≥ 0, therefore x = −3 is a global minimum point.

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1 Exam of January 25, 2023 - 1st round 5

(d) Plot a qualitative graph of f .

3
2

−3 O x

− 23

b
−3

√
(e) Study the behaviour when n −→ +∞ of the real sequen e (an )n∈N where an = cos(2π n2 + 3n).

In order to study the behaviour of this sequen e, we may use at least two dierent methods;

both use the periodi ity of the osine fun tion.

Method 1.

If we use the formula (1 + t)1/2 = 1 + 12 t + o(t) as t → 0, we get

  
p p 3 1 3
n2 + 3n = n 1 + 3/n = n 1 + +o = n + + o(1),
2n n 2

so that for all n∈N

  
 p  3
cos 2π n2 + 3n = cos 2π n + + o(1) = cos [2πn + (3π + o(1))] = cos(3π + o(1)).
2

Hen e
 p 
lim cos 2π n2 + 3n = lim cos(3π + o(1)) = cos 3π = −1.
n→∞ n→∞
√
Noti e: the equivalen e n2 + 3n ∼ n as n → +∞ annot be used in the omposition of

fun tions! A tually, if we substitute it in the argument of osine, we would obtain the wrong

result  an ∼ cos(2πn) = 1.

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6 Written exams of Mathemati al Analysis I 2022-2023

Method 2.

Sin e osine has period 2π , we may add −2πn to the argument of the osine without hanging

its value; therefore,

 p   p   p

lim cos 2π n2 + 3n = lim cos 2π n2 + 3n − 2πn = lim cos 2π n2 + 3n − n
n→∞ n→∞ n→∞
 
 p
2

 3
= lim cos 2π n + 3n − n = lim cos 2π + o(1)
n→∞ n→∞ 2
= cos 3π = −1.

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1 Exam of January 25, 2023 - 1st round 7

Exer ise 2, Version A

(a) Give the denition of global maximum point for a fun tion f : [a, b] → R.
A global maximum point of f on the interval [a, b] is a point x ∈ [a, b] su h that f (x) ≤ f (x),
for all x ∈ [a, b].

(b) State the intermediate value theorem.

Intermediate value theorem

Let f : [a, b] → R be ontinuous on [a, b] =⇒ f ([a, b]) (that is the image -or range-

of the interval [a, b] via f) ontains the interval with endpoints f (a) and f (b).

( ) Show that a ontinuous fun tion f : [1, 3] → R su h that f (1) = −3, f (3) = −4 and f (2) = −2
is not inje tive.
 
By the intermediate value theorem, the interval f (3), f (2) = [−4, −2] is ontained in

f ([a, b]), therefore there exists a point x ∈ (2, 3) su h that f (x) = −3. Sin e x 6= 1 and

f (1) = −3, f is not inje tive.

Exer ise 2, Version B

(a) Give the denition of global minimum point for a fun tion f : [a, b] → R.
A global minimum point of f on the interval [a, b] is a point x ∈ [a, b] su h that f (x) ≥ f (x),
for all x ∈ [a, b].

(b) State the Existen e of zeroes theorem.

Existen e of zeroes theorem

Let f : [a, b] → R be ontinuous on [a, b], su h that f (a) · f (b) < 0

=⇒ there exists x ∈ (a, b) su h that f (x) = 0.

( ) Show that a ontinuous fun tion f : [−1, 3] → R su h that f (−1) = 2, f (3) = 4 and
f (2) = −1 is not inje tive.

Sin e f is ontinuous in [−1, 2], su h that f (−1) = 2 and f (2) = −1, by the existen e of

zeroes theorem there exists x1 ∈ (−1, 2) su h that f (x1 ) = 0.

Analogously, sin e f (2) = −1 and f (3) = 4, there exists x2 ∈ (2, 3) su h that f (x2 ) = 0.
Sin e x1 6= x2 and f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) = 0, f is not inje tive.

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8 Written exams of Mathemati al Analysis I 2022-2023

2 Exam of January 25, 2023 - 2nd round

Exer ise 1. (9 points)

Consider the fun tion f : dom f ⊆ R → R dened by

 
1

exp x ∈ [−π, π] \ {±π, 0}
f (x) = sin x
0 x ∈ {±π, 0}.


(a) Establish possible symmetry properties, zeroes and sign of the fun tion, limits at the extreme

points of dom f and possible asymptotes.

(b) Study the ontinuity and dierentiability of the fun tion, lo ate and lassify possible points

of dis ontinuity and non-dierentiability in dom f .

( ) Find the monotoni ity intervals, and possible lo al maximum and lo al minimum points of f,

spe ifying whether they are global or not.

(d) Sket h a qualitative graph of f.

(e) Study the integrability of f on [−π, 0] and on [0, π].

Exer ise 2 (6 points)

(a) Give the denition of monotone in reasing fun tion.

(b) State Lagrange theorem (Mean value theorem).

( ) Let f ∈ C 2 (R) (that is, twi e ontinuously dierentiable). Determine whether it is possible

that f (0) = 5, f (2) = 9, f ′ (0) = 1 and f ′′ (x) < 0 for all x ≥ 0.

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2 Exam of January 25, 2023 - 2nd round 9

SOLUTION

Exer ise 1. Consider the fun tion f : [−π, π] → R dened by

 
1

exp x ∈ [−π, π] \ {−π, 0, π}
f (x) = sin x
0 x ∈ {−π, 0, π}.


(a) Establish possible symmetry properties, zeroes and sign of the fun tion, limits at the extreme
points of dom f and possible asymptotes.
First
of all, re all that  = et . Sin e the exponential fun tion has no simmetries, f (−x) =
exp t
1 1
exp = exp − 6= ±f (x); therefore f is neither even nor odd.
sin(−x) sin x
Moreover, exp t > 0 for all t ∈ R, so that f (x) = 0 only at x = −π, 0, π , whi h are the zeroes

of f.

In order to simplify the omputation of the limits, remark that g(x) = 1/ sin x < 0 is odd,

g(x) < 0 in (−π, 0) and g(x) > 0 in (0, π).

1 1 1
Sin e lim = lim = −∞, setting t = we get
x→(−π)+ sin x x→0− sin x sin x
 
1
lim exp = lim et = 0,
x→(−π)+  sinx t→−∞
1
lim exp = lim et = 0.
x→0− sin x t→−∞

1 1 1
Sin e lim = lim = +∞, setting t = we get
x→π − sin x x→0+ sin x sin x
 
1
lim exp = lim et = +∞,
x→π −  sin x  t→+∞
1
lim exp = lim et = +∞.
x→0+ sin x t→+∞

From these results we obtain that

• x=0 is a right verti al asymptote of f;

• x=π is a left verti al asymptote of f.

(b) Study the ontinuity and dierentiability of the fun tion, lo ate and lassify possible points of
dis ontinuity and non-dierentiability in dom f .
f is ontinuous in [−π, π] \ {−π, 0, π}, sin e it is the omposition of the exponential fun tion

with the re ipro al of the non-zero, ontinuous and dierentiable fun tion sin x. By the limits

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10 Written exams of Mathemati al Analysis I 2022-2023

omputed above, it turns out that f is ontinuous at x = −π , sin e lim f (x) = 0 = f (−π).
x→−π +
The fun tion is not ontinuous at x=0 and at x = π.

For sake of ompleteness, we may observe that f is left- ontinuous at x = 0, sin e lim f (x) =
x→0−
0 = f (0).

The fun tion is dierentiable at (−π, π) \ {0}, sin e the fun tions involved are dierentiable

at those points; the derivative is

 
cos x 1
f ′ (x) = − exp .
sin2 x sin x

By the ontinuity of f at x = −π and by the left- ontinuity at x = 0, we may he k the

existen e of the right derivative at x = −π and of the left derivative at x = 0.

1
By setting t= and working as at point (b), we get
sin x
   
1 1 1 1
lim exp = lim exp = lim t2 et = 0
x→0− sin2 x sin x x→(−π)+ sin2 x sin x t→−∞

Therefore
 
′ cos x 1
lim f (x) = lim − 2 exp = lim f ′ (x) = 0.
x→0 − x→0 − sin x sin x x→(−π)+

By the onsequen es of de l'Hopital Theorem we get that there exists f+′ (−π) = 0 and

f−′ (0) = 0.

( ) Find the monotoni ity intervals, and possible lo al maximum and lo al minimum points of f,
spe ifying whether they are global or not.
Sin e et > 0 for all t∈R and sin2 x > 0 for all x ∈ (−π, π) \ {0}, in order to study sign and

zeroes of f′ it's su ient to study those of − cos x. Hen e f ′ (x) = 0 if and only if x = ±π/2,
f ′ (x) > 0 if x ∈ (−π, −π/2) ∪ (π/2, π) and f ′ (x) < 0 if x ∈ (−π/2, 0) ∪ (0, π/2). Sin e f is

ontinuous at x = −π and left- ontinuous at x = 0, we on lude that

• f is stri tly in reasing on the intervals [−π, −π/2] and [π/2, π);

• f is stri tly de reasing on the intervals [−π/2, 0] and (0, π/2];

• x = π/2 is a lo al maximum point; it's not global sin e f unbounded from above;

• x = π/2 is a lo al minimum point; it's not global sin e f (π/2) = e > f (0) = 0;

• x = 0, x = −π e x=π are global minimum points, sin e f (0) = f (−π) = f (π) = 0 <
f (x), for all x ∈ [−π, π] \ {±π, 0}.

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2 Exam of January 25, 2023 - 2nd round 11

(d) Sket h a qualitative graph of f .

b b b

−π − π2 O
π
2 π x

(e) Study the integrability of f on [−π, 0] and on [0, π].

The restri tion of f to the interval [−π, 0] is ontinuous, therefore it's Riemann-integrable on

it.

Sin e f is unbounded on the interval [0, π], f isn't Riemann-integrable on it. However, f is

ontinuous (hen e Riemann-integrable) on every interval [a, b] ⊆ (0, π), we may he k whether

the improper integral of f on [0, π] onverges.

Sin e f is improper at both endpoints of [0, π], it's ne essary to analyze separately the two
Z π/2 Z π
improper integrals f (x) dx and f (x) dx.
0 π/2
A tually, sin e f (x + π/2) = f (x − π/2), for all x ∈ (0, π), f is symmetri with respe t to

x = π/2: therefore, it's su ient to study only one of the two integrals.

We analyze the rst one, using two dierent methods.

Method 1.

1 1 1 1
Sin e 0 < sin x < x, for all x ∈ (0, π/2), > and e sin x > e x . We study the behaviour
sin x x
Z π/2 1
of e x dx.
0

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12 Written exams of Mathemati al Analysis I 2022-2023

1
ex et 1
Sin e lim 1 = lim = +∞ ( on t = 1/x), e x is an innity of order bigger than 1 with
x→0+ t→+∞ t
x Z π/2 1
respe t to 1/x, as x → 0+ , by the Asymptoti omparison test e x dx diverges.
0
Z π/2
By the Comparison test, also f (x) dx diverges. Thus we get that f is not integrable, in
0
the improper sense, in the interval (0, π).

Method 2.
   
1 1
First of all we show that exp ∼ exp . Sin e
sin x x
1
e sin x 1 1
1 = e sin x − x
e x

and, as x→0
1
1 1 sin x − x x− x3 + o(x3 ) 1 2
− = = 3!
= x + o(x2 )
sin x x x x 3!

we have
1
e sin x 1
x2 +o(x2 )
lim 1 = lim e 3! = e0 = 1
x→0 e x x→0
Z π/2 1
Sin e the two fun tions are equivalent and we have proven above that e x dx diverges,
0
by the asymptoti omparison test we have that the given integral diverges too.

Exer ise 2

(a) Give the denition of monotone in reasing fun tion.

A fun tion f : dom f ⊆ R → Ris said to be f monotone in reasing on its domain if for all

x1 , x2 ∈ dom f su h that x1 < x2 then f (x1 ) ≤ f (x2 ).

(b) State Lagrange theorem (Mean value theorem).

Lagrange theorem. Let f : [a, b] → R be a fun tion, ontinuous in [a, b] and dierentiable in
f (b) − f (a)
(a, b) =⇒ there existsc ∈ (a, b) su h that f ′ (c) = .
b−a
( ) Let f ∈ C 2 (R) (that is, twi e ontinuously dierentiable). Determine whether it is possible
that f (0) = 5, f (2) = 9, f ′(0) = 1 and f ′′(x) < 0 for all x ≥ 0.

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2 Exam of January 25, 2023 - 2nd round 13

Method 1. Consider any fun tion satisfying all the hypothesis but the last one. We show that

su h a fun tion has at least one point where f ′′ (x) > 0. We may apply twi e the Lagrange

Theorem.

SIn e f is ontinuous in [0, 2] and dierentiable in (0, 2), there exists c ∈ (0, 2) su h that

f (2) − f (0) 9−4 5

f ′ (c) = = =
2−0 2 2

Sin e f is of lass C 2, f ′ is ontinuous in R hen e also in the interval [0, c]. Therefore, we an

′
apply Lagrange theorem to the fun tion f in [0, c] so that there exists d ∈ (0, c) su h that

5
f ′ (c) − f ′ (0) 2 −1 3
(f ′ )′ (d) = f ′′ (d) = = = >0
c−0 c 2c

Therefore it doesn't exists a fun tion satisfying all the hypotheses given above.

Method 2. By absurd, if f ′′ (x) < 0 for all x ≥ 0 then f ′ (x) is de reasing in [0, +∞). If

we apply Lagrange theorem to f in the interval [0, 2], we get a point c ∈ (0, 2) su h that
f (2) − f (0) 9 − 4 5
f ′ (c) = = = > 1 = f ′ (0): therefore f ′ is not de reasing in [0, +∞).
2−0 2 2

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14 Written exams of Mathemati al Analysis I 2022-2023

3 Exam of February 10, 2023

Exer ise 1. (9 points) Consider the fun tion f : dom f ⊆ R → R dened by

x+2
f (x) = x + ln .
x−2

(a) Determine the domain domf , possible symmetry properties, the limits at the extreme points

of domf and possible asymptotes.

(b) Study the ontinuity and dierentiability of the fun tion, lo ate and lassify possible points

of dis ontinuity and non-dierentiability in dom f .

( ) Determine the monotoni ity intervals, and possible lo al maximum and lo al minimum points

of f, spe ifying whether they are global or not.

(d) Plot a qualitative graph of f.

(e) Determine an interval I wherein the restri tion of f admits inverse fun tion and spe ify the

domain of the orresponding inverse fun tion.

Exer ise 2 (6 points)

(a) Consider a ontinuous fun tion g : [2, +∞[→ R. Write

Z +∞ the denition of onvergent, divergent

and indeterminate improper integral in the ase g(x) dx.

2
Z +∞
3
(b) Study the behaviour of the improper integral e−4x dx.
2

( ) Find a fun tion f : [1, +∞[→ R, ontinuous, su h that lim f (x) = +∞ and whose improper
x→+∞
integral
Z +∞
e−f (x) dx
1
is divergent.

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3 Exam of February 10, 2023 15

SOLUTION

Exer ise 1.
x+2
Consider the fun tion f : dom f ⊆ R → R dened by f (x) = x + ln .
x−2

(a) Determine the domain domf , possible symmetry properties, the limits at the extreme points
of domf and possible asymptotes.
Sin e the logarithmi fun tion is dened if and only if its argument is stri tly positive, we

have dom f = R \ {−2, 2}.

Repla ing x with −x we get

−x + 2 x−2
f (−x) = −x + log = −x + log
−x − 2 x+2
!
−1
x+2 x+2
= −x + log = −x − ln = −f (x),
x−2 x−2

so that the fun tion f is odd.

x+2
Sin e lim = 1, we have f (x) = x + o(1) per x → ±∞. Moreover, taking into
x→±∞ x−2
x+2 x+2
a ount that lim = +∞ and lim = 0, we are able to ompute the required
x→2 x − 2 x→−2 x − 2
limits:
 
x+2
lim x + ln = lim [x + o(1)] = +∞
x→+∞ x−2 x→+∞

 
x+2
lim x + ln = lim [x + o(1)] = −∞
x→−∞ x−2 x→−∞

 
x+2
lim x + ln = +∞
x→2 x−2
 
x+2
lim x + ln = −∞.
x→−2 x−2

As far as the asymptotes are on erned, using the omputations above we get that

• the line y=x is a bilateral asymptote of f;

• the line x=2 is a verti al asymptote of f;

• the line x = −2 is a verti al asymptote of f.

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16 Written exams of Mathemati al Analysis I 2022-2023

(b) Study the ontinuity and dierentiability of the fun tion, lo ate and lassify possible points of
dis ontinuity and non-dierentiability in dom f .

x+2
The fun tion g(x) = is ontinuous and dierentiable in its domain; omposing it with
x−2
the absolute value we get a fun tion whi h is ontinuous and dierentiable where g(x) 6= 0,
that is if x 6= −2; the further omposition with the logarithmi fun tion gives a ontinuous

and dierentiable fun tion on its domain. We get f by summing this fun tion with the

identity fun tion x, whi h is ontinuous and dierentiable in R. Therefore f is ontinuous

and dierentiable on its domain.

1
Taking into a ount that (ln |x|)′ = , for all x 6= 0, we get
x

x − 2 x + 2 − (x − 2) 4 x2 − 8
f ′ (x) = 1 + · = 1 + = .
x+2 (x − 2)2 (x − 2)(x + 2) x2 − 4

( ) Determine the monotoni ity intervals, and possible lo al maximum and lo al minimum points
of f , spe ifying whether they are global or not.
We may get the monotoni ity intervals of f by studying the sign of its derivative. By looking
x2 − 8
at the signs of its numerator and denominator we get that f ′ (x) =
> 0 if and only if
√ √ x2 − 4√ √
x ∈ (−∞, −2 2)∪(−2, 2)∪(2 2, +∞) and f ′ (x) < 0 if and only if x ∈ (−2 2, −2)∪(2, 2 2).
′
√ √
Moreover f (x) = 0 if and only if x = ±2 2. By noting that f is ontinuous at x = ±2 2

and using the mean value theorem, we get

√ √
• f is stri tly in reasing in (−∞, −2 2], (−2, 2) and in [2 2, +∞);
√ √
• f is stri tly de reasing in [−2 2, −2) and in (2, 2 2];
√
• x = −2 2 is a lo al maximum point; it's not global, sin e f unbounded from above;

√
• x=2 2 is a lo al minimum point; it's not global, sin e f unbounded from below.

(d) Plot a qualitative graph of f .

In order to sket h a more a urate graph of f it's useful to remind that f is odd and to observe
√ √
√ √ 2 2+2 √ 2 2+2
that f (2 2) = 2 2 + ln √ > 2 2, sin e √ > 1. A qualitative graph of f is
2 2−2 2 2−2

2023 Polite ni o di Torino

3 Exam of February 10, 2023 17

√
−2 2
√
−2 O 2 2 2 x

(e) Determine an interval I wherein the restri tion of f admits inverse fun tion and spe ify the
domain of the orresponding inverse fun tion.
A fun tion is ertainly invertible in every intervale where it's stri tly monotone. In our ase,

we may onsider for instan e the interval I = (−2, 2), where f is stri tly in reasing. Therefore

the restri tion g(x) = f |(−2,2) (x) is invertible. Sin e lim g(x) = +∞, lim g(x) = −∞
x→+∞ x→−∞
and g is ontinuous in I, by the intermediate values theorem im g = dom g −1 = R.

2023 Polite ni o di Torino

18 Written exams of Mathemati al Analysis I 2022-2023

Exer ise 2

(a) Consider a ontinuous fun tion g : [2, +∞[→ R. ZWrite the denition of onvergent, divergent
+∞
and indeterminate improper integral in the ase g(x) dx.
2
Sin e it's ontinuous in [2, +∞), g is integrable on every interval [2, t], with t ≥ 2. Hen e the
Z t
integral fun tion F (t) = g(x) dx. is well dened. We say that
2
Z +∞ Z t
• the improper integral g(x) dx is onvergent if lim F (t) = g(x) dx = ℓ ∈ R;
2 t→+∞ 2
Z +∞
• the improper integral g(x) dx is divergent if lim F (t) = +∞ or lim F (t) = −∞;
2 t→+∞ t→+∞
Z +∞
• the improper integral g(x) dx is indeterminate if lim F (t) doesn't exist.
2 t→+∞
Z +∞
Study the behaviour of the improper integral
3
(b) e−4x dx.
2
In order to study this integral we may use at least two dierent methods.

Method 1.

Whereas 4x3 > x3 , −4x3 < −x3 for all x ≥ 2. Sin e the exponential fun tion is stri tly

in reasing, also e −x3 < e−x , for all x ≥ 2. Moreover,

Z t
e−x dx = lim −e−t + e−2 = e−2 .
 
lim
t→+∞ 2 t→+∞

By the omparison test, sin e 0<e −x3 < e−x , the assigned improper integral onverges too.

Method 2.

Sin e the exponential fun tion has order of innity larger than every power of x,
e−4x3 x3
lim 1 = lim = 0.
x→+∞
x3
x→+∞ e4x3
 
−4x3 is 1
Therefore e o as x → +∞: by the asymptoti omparison test, the given integral
x3
onverges.

( ) Find a fun tion f : [1, +∞[→ R, ontinuous, su h that x→+∞

lim f (x) = +∞ and whose improper
integral is divergent.
R +∞
1 e−f (x) dx

For example, the fun tion f (x) = ln x is ontinuous in [1, +∞) and su h that lim ln x = +∞.
x→+∞
1
Moreover, e−f (x) = e− ln x = .
x
Z +∞ +∞
1
Z
−f (x)
Therefore, the integral e dx = dx diverges.
1 1 x

2023 Polite ni o di Torino