2022-23
2022-23
I 2022-2023
st
1 Exam of January 25, 2023 - 1 round
p
f (x) = x2 + 3x − |x|.
(a) Determine the domain dom f , possible symmetry properties, the limits at the extreme points
(b) Study the ontinuity and dierentiability of the fun tion, lo ate and lassify possible points
( ) Determine the monotoni ity intervals, and possible lo al maximum and lo al minimum points
(e) Study the behaviour when n −→ +∞ of the real sequen e (an )n∈N where,
p
an = cos(2π n2 + 3n).
(a) Give the denition of global maximum point for a fun tion f : [a, b] → R.
( ) Show that a ontinuous fun tion f : [1, 3] → R su h that f (1) = −3, f (3) = −4 and f (2) = −2
is not inje tive.
(a) Give the denition of global minimum point for a fun tion f : [a, b] → R.
( ) Show that a ontinuous fun tion f : [−1, 3] → R su h that f (−1) = 2, f (3) = 4 and f (2) = −1
is not inje tive.
SOLUTION
Exer ise 1.
√
Consider the fun tion f : dom f ⊆ R → R dened by f (x) = x2 + 3x − |x|.
(a) Determine the domain dom f , possible symmetry properties, the limits at the extreme points
of dom f and at ±∞, and possible asymptotes.
The argument of the square root must be non negative, therefore the domain of the fun tion
is
Sin e the domain of f isn't symmetri with respe t to 0, the fun tion is neither odd nor even.
Therefore
3 |x| 3 3
lim f (x) = lim · = lim = ,
x→+∞ x→+∞ 2 x x→+∞ 2 2
3 |x| 3 3
lim f (x) = lim · = lim (−1) = − .
x→−∞ x→−∞ 2 x x→−∞ 2 2
√
The fun tion h(x) = x2 + 3x is the omposition of the polynomial P (x) = x2 + 3x (whi h is
√
ontinuous in R) with the fun tion g(t) = t ( ontinuous if t ≥ 0), therefore it's ontinuous
on its domain. Sin e f is the sum of h with the ontinuous fun tion −|x|, we have that f is
ontinuous on its domain. Therefore lim f (x) = f (−3) = 0 and lim f (x) = f (0) = 0. The
x→−3 x→0
fun tion f has no verti al asymptotes.
f has right horizontal asymptote y = 3/2 and left horizontal asymptote y = −3/2.
(b) Study the ontinuity and dierentiability of the fun tion, lo ate and lassify possible points of
dis ontinuity and non-dierentiability in dom f and ompute its derivative.
We have already showed that f is ontinuous on its domain.
As far as dierentiability is on erned, the fun tion h(x) and the fun tion −|x| are dieren-
tiable in all the points where they are dierent from zero, that is for x 6= 0 and x 6= −3, whi h
are the endpoints respe tively of the half-lines (−∞, −3] and [0, +∞): at these points it is
not possible to ompute the derivative of f. At most we an verify the existen e of the left
2x + 3
√ − 1 x > 0,
2 x2 + 3x
2x + 3
f ′ (x) = √ − sign(x) =
2 x2 + 3x
2x + 3
√ 2 + 1 x < −3.
2 x + 3x
We verify now if there exists the lateral derivatives at x = 0 and at x = 3.
2x + 3
lim f ′ (x) = lim √ − 1 = +∞
x→0+ x→0+ 2 x2 + 3x
and
2x + 3
lim f ′ (x) = lim √ + 1 = −∞.
x→(−3)− x→(−3)− 2 x2 + 3x
Sin e f is ontinuous at x=0 and at x = −3, by a onsequen e of de l'Hopital Theorem we
on lude that the right derivative at x=0 and the left one at x = −3 do not exist.
( ) Determine the monotoni ity intervals, and possible lo al maximum and lo al minimum points
of f , spe ifying whether they are global or not.
√
We study the sign of f ′. Observe that x2 + 3x > 0 for all x ∈ (−∞, −3) ∪ (0, +∞).
If x > 0:
√
2x + 3 2x + 3 − 2 x2 + 3x p
√ −1= √ ≥0 ⇐⇒ 2x + 3 ≥ 2 x2 + 3x
2 x2 + 3x 2 x2 + 3x
From the Mean Value Theorem follows that a fun tion is monotoni on every interval where
stri tly de reasing in (−∞, −3] and stri tly in reasing in [0, +∞).
From the monotoni ity it follows that x = −3 and x = 0 lo al minimum points. Furthermore,
by the monotoni ity intervals of f we get that f (−3) < f (x) ∀x < −3. Moreover, f (−3) =
−3 < 0 = f (0) ≤ f (x) for all x ≥ 0, therefore x = −3 is a global minimum point.
3
2
−3 O x
− 23
b
−3
√
(e) Study the behaviour when n −→ +∞ of the real sequen e (an )n∈N where an = cos(2π n2 + 3n).
In order to study the behaviour of this sequen e, we may use at least two dierent methods;
Method 1.
p p 3 1 3
n2 + 3n = n 1 + 3/n = n 1 + +o = n + + o(1),
2n n 2
Hen e
p
lim cos 2π n2 + 3n = lim cos(3π + o(1)) = cos 3π = −1.
n→∞ n→∞
√
Noti e: the equivalen e n2 + 3n ∼ n as n → +∞ annot be used in the omposition of
fun tions! A tually, if we substitute it in the argument of osine, we would obtain the wrong
Method 2.
Sin e osine has period 2π , we may add −2πn to the argument of the osine without hanging
p p p
lim cos 2π n2 + 3n = lim cos 2π n2 + 3n − 2πn = lim cos 2π n2 + 3n − n
n→∞ n→∞ n→∞
p
2
3
= lim cos 2π n + 3n − n = lim cos 2π + o(1)
n→∞ n→∞ 2
= cos 3π = −1.
(a) Give the denition of global maximum point for a fun tion f : [a, b] → R.
A global maximum point of f on the interval [a, b] is a point x ∈ [a, b] su h that f (x) ≤ f (x),
for all x ∈ [a, b].
Let f : [a, b] → R be ontinuous on [a, b] =⇒ f ([a, b]) (that is the image -or range-
of the interval [a, b] via f) ontains the interval with endpoints f (a) and f (b).
( ) Show that a ontinuous fun tion f : [1, 3] → R su h that f (1) = −3, f (3) = −4 and f (2) = −2
is not inje tive.
By the intermediate value theorem, the interval f (3), f (2) = [−4, −2] is ontained in
f ([a, b]), therefore there exists a point x ∈ (2, 3) su h that f (x) = −3. Sin e x 6= 1 and
(a) Give the denition of global minimum point for a fun tion f : [a, b] → R.
A global minimum point of f on the interval [a, b] is a point x ∈ [a, b] su h that f (x) ≥ f (x),
for all x ∈ [a, b].
( ) Show that a ontinuous fun tion f : [−1, 3] → R su h that f (−1) = 2, f (3) = 4 and
f (2) = −1 is not inje tive.
Sin e f is ontinuous in [−1, 2], su h that f (−1) = 2 and f (2) = −1, by the existen e of
Analogously, sin e f (2) = −1 and f (3) = 4, there exists x2 ∈ (2, 3) su h that f (x2 ) = 0.
Sin e x1 6= x2 and f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) = 0, f is not inje tive.
(a) Establish possible symmetry properties, zeroes and sign of the fun tion, limits at the extreme
(b) Study the ontinuity and dierentiability of the fun tion, lo ate and lassify possible points
( ) Find the monotoni ity intervals, and possible lo al maximum and lo al minimum points of f,
( ) Let f ∈ C 2 (R) (that is, twi e ontinuously dierentiable). Determine whether it is possible
SOLUTION
(a) Establish possible symmetry properties, zeroes and sign of the fun tion, limits at the extreme
points of dom f and possible asymptotes.
First
of all, re all that = et . Sin e the exponential fun tion has no simmetries, f (−x) =
exp t
1 1
exp = exp − 6= ±f (x); therefore f is neither even nor odd.
sin(−x) sin x
Moreover, exp t > 0 for all t ∈ R, so that f (x) = 0 only at x = −π, 0, π , whi h are the zeroes
of f.
In order to simplify the omputation of the limits, remark that g(x) = 1/ sin x < 0 is odd,
1 1 1
Sin e lim = lim = +∞, setting t = we get
x→π − sin x x→0+ sin x sin x
1
lim exp = lim et = +∞,
x→π − sin x t→+∞
1
lim exp = lim et = +∞.
x→0+ sin x t→+∞
(b) Study the ontinuity and dierentiability of the fun tion, lo ate and lassify possible points of
dis ontinuity and non-dierentiability in dom f .
f is ontinuous in [−π, π] \ {−π, 0, π}, sin e it is the omposition of the exponential fun tion
with the re ipro al of the non-zero, ontinuous and dierentiable fun tion sin x. By the limits
omputed above, it turns out that f is ontinuous at x = −π , sin e lim f (x) = 0 = f (−π).
x→−π +
The fun tion is not ontinuous at x=0 and at x = π.
For sake of ompleteness, we may observe that f is left- ontinuous at x = 0, sin e lim f (x) =
x→0−
0 = f (0).
The fun tion is dierentiable at (−π, π) \ {0}, sin e the fun tions involved are dierentiable
cos x 1
f ′ (x) = − exp .
sin2 x sin x
Therefore
′ cos x 1
lim f (x) = lim − 2 exp = lim f ′ (x) = 0.
x→0 − x→0 − sin x sin x x→(−π)+
By the onsequen es of de l'Hopital Theorem we get that there exists f+′ (−π) = 0 and
f−′ (0) = 0.
( ) Find the monotoni ity intervals, and possible lo al maximum and lo al minimum points of f,
spe ifying whether they are global or not.
Sin e et > 0 for all t∈R and sin2 x > 0 for all x ∈ (−π, π) \ {0}, in order to study sign and
zeroes of f′ it's su ient to study those of − cos x. Hen e f ′ (x) = 0 if and only if x = ±π/2,
f ′ (x) > 0 if x ∈ (−π, −π/2) ∪ (π/2, π) and f ′ (x) < 0 if x ∈ (−π/2, 0) ∪ (0, π/2). Sin e f is
• f is stri tly in reasing on the intervals [−π, −π/2] and [π/2, π);
• x = π/2 is a lo al maximum point; it's not global sin e f unbounded from above;
• x = π/2 is a lo al minimum point; it's not global sin e f (π/2) = e > f (0) = 0;
• x = 0, x = −π e x=π are global minimum points, sin e f (0) = f (−π) = f (π) = 0 <
f (x), for all x ∈ [−π, π] \ {±π, 0}.
b b b
−π − π2 O
π
2 π x
it.
Sin e f is unbounded on the interval [0, π], f isn't Riemann-integrable on it. However, f is
ontinuous (hen e Riemann-integrable) on every interval [a, b] ⊆ (0, π), we may he k whether
Sin e f is improper at both endpoints of [0, π], it's ne essary to analyze separately the two
Z π/2 Z π
improper integrals f (x) dx and f (x) dx.
0 π/2
A tually, sin e f (x + π/2) = f (x − π/2), for all x ∈ (0, π), f is symmetri with respe t to
x = π/2: therefore, it's su ient to study only one of the two integrals.
Method 1.
1 1 1 1
Sin e 0 < sin x < x, for all x ∈ (0, π/2), > and e sin x > e x . We study the behaviour
sin x x
Z π/2 1
of e x dx.
0
1
ex et 1
Sin e lim 1 = lim = +∞ ( on t = 1/x), e x is an innity of order bigger than 1 with
x→0+ t→+∞ t
x Z π/2 1
respe t to 1/x, as x → 0+ , by the Asymptoti omparison test e x dx diverges.
0
Z π/2
By the Comparison test, also f (x) dx diverges. Thus we get that f is not integrable, in
0
the improper sense, in the interval (0, π).
Method 2.
1 1
First of all we show that exp ∼ exp . Sin e
sin x x
1
e sin x 1 1
1 = e sin x − x
e x
and, as x→0
1
1 1 sin x − x x− x3 + o(x3 ) 1 2
− = = 3!
= x + o(x2 )
sin x x x x 3!
we have
1
e sin x 1
x2 +o(x2 )
lim 1 = lim e 3! = e0 = 1
x→0 e x x→0
Z π/2 1
Sin e the two fun tions are equivalent and we have proven above that e x dx diverges,
0
by the asymptoti omparison test we have that the given integral diverges too.
Exer ise 2
Method 1. Consider any fun tion satisfying all the hypothesis but the last one. We show that
su h a fun tion has at least one point where f ′′ (x) > 0. We may apply twi e the Lagrange
Theorem.
SIn e f is ontinuous in [0, 2] and dierentiable in (0, 2), there exists c ∈ (0, 2) su h that
Sin e f is of lass C 2, f ′ is ontinuous in R hen e also in the interval [0, c]. Therefore, we an
′
apply Lagrange theorem to the fun tion f in [0, c] so that there exists d ∈ (0, c) su h that
5
f ′ (c) − f ′ (0) 2 −1 3
(f ′ )′ (d) = f ′′ (d) = = = >0
c−0 c 2c
Therefore it doesn't exists a fun tion satisfying all the hypotheses given above.
Method 2. By absurd, if f ′′ (x) < 0 for all x ≥ 0 then f ′ (x) is de reasing in [0, +∞). If
we apply Lagrange theorem to f in the interval [0, 2], we get a point c ∈ (0, 2) su h that
f (2) − f (0) 9 − 4 5
f ′ (c) = = = > 1 = f ′ (0): therefore f ′ is not de reasing in [0, +∞).
2−0 2 2
x+2
f (x) = x + ln .
x−2
(a) Determine the domain domf , possible symmetry properties, the limits at the extreme points
(b) Study the ontinuity and dierentiability of the fun tion, lo ate and lassify possible points
( ) Determine the monotoni ity intervals, and possible lo al maximum and lo al minimum points
(e) Determine an interval I wherein the restri tion of f admits inverse fun tion and spe ify the
( ) Find a fun tion f : [1, +∞[→ R, ontinuous, su h that lim f (x) = +∞ and whose improper
x→+∞
integral
Z +∞
e−f (x) dx
1
is divergent.
SOLUTION
Exer ise 1.
x+2
Consider the fun tion f : dom f ⊆ R → R dened by f (x) = x + ln .
x−2
(a) Determine the domain domf , possible symmetry properties, the limits at the extreme points
of domf and possible asymptotes.
Sin e the logarithmi fun tion is dened if and only if its argument is stri tly positive, we
−x + 2 x−2
f (−x) = −x + log = −x + log
−x − 2 x+2
!
−1
x+2 x+2
= −x + log = −x − ln = −f (x),
x−2 x−2
x+2
Sin e lim = 1, we have f (x) = x + o(1) per x → ±∞. Moreover, taking into
x→±∞ x−2
x+2 x+2
a ount that lim = +∞ and lim = 0, we are able to ompute the required
x→2 x − 2 x→−2 x − 2
limits:
x+2
lim x + ln = lim [x + o(1)] = +∞
x→+∞ x−2 x→+∞
x+2
lim x + ln = lim [x + o(1)] = −∞
x→−∞ x−2 x→−∞
x+2
lim x + ln = +∞
x→2 x−2
x+2
lim x + ln = −∞.
x→−2 x−2
As far as the asymptotes are on erned, using the omputations above we get that
(b) Study the ontinuity and dierentiability of the fun tion, lo ate and lassify possible points of
dis ontinuity and non-dierentiability in dom f .
x+2
The fun tion g(x) = is ontinuous and dierentiable in its domain; omposing it with
x−2
the absolute value we get a fun tion whi h is ontinuous and dierentiable where g(x) 6= 0,
that is if x 6= −2; the further omposition with the logarithmi fun tion gives a ontinuous
and dierentiable fun tion on its domain. We get f by summing this fun tion with the
1
Taking into a ount that (ln |x|)′ = , for all x 6= 0, we get
x
x − 2 x + 2 − (x − 2) 4 x2 − 8
f ′ (x) = 1 + · = 1 + = .
x+2 (x − 2)2 (x − 2)(x + 2) x2 − 4
( ) Determine the monotoni ity intervals, and possible lo al maximum and lo al minimum points
of f , spe ifying whether they are global or not.
We may get the monotoni ity intervals of f by studying the sign of its derivative. By looking
x2 − 8
at the signs of its numerator and denominator we get that f ′ (x) =
> 0 if and only if
√ √ x2 − 4√ √
x ∈ (−∞, −2 2)∪(−2, 2)∪(2 2, +∞) and f ′ (x) < 0 if and only if x ∈ (−2 2, −2)∪(2, 2 2).
′
√ √
Moreover f (x) = 0 if and only if x = ±2 2. By noting that f is ontinuous at x = ±2 2
√ √
• f is stri tly in reasing in (−∞, −2 2], (−2, 2) and in [2 2, +∞);
√ √
• f is stri tly de reasing in [−2 2, −2) and in (2, 2 2];
√
• x = −2 2 is a lo al maximum point; it's not global, sin e f unbounded from above;
√
• x=2 2 is a lo al minimum point; it's not global, sin e f unbounded from below.
In order to sket h a more a urate graph of f it's useful to remind that f is odd and to observe
√ √
√ √ 2 2+2 √ 2 2+2
that f (2 2) = 2 2 + ln √ > 2 2, sin e √ > 1. A qualitative graph of f is
2 2−2 2 2−2
√
−2 2
√
−2 O 2 2 2 x
(e) Determine an interval I wherein the restri tion of f admits inverse fun tion and spe ify the
domain of the orresponding inverse fun tion.
A fun tion is ertainly invertible in every intervale where it's stri tly monotone. In our ase,
we may onsider for instan e the interval I = (−2, 2), where f is stri tly in reasing. Therefore
the restri tion g(x) = f |(−2,2) (x) is invertible. Sin e lim g(x) = +∞, lim g(x) = −∞
x→+∞ x→−∞
and g is ontinuous in I, by the intermediate values theorem im g = dom g −1 = R.
Exer ise 2
(a) Consider a ontinuous fun tion g : [2, +∞[→ R. ZWrite the denition of onvergent, divergent
+∞
and indeterminate improper integral in the ase g(x) dx.
2
Sin e it's ontinuous in [2, +∞), g is integrable on every interval [2, t], with t ≥ 2. Hen e the
Z t
integral fun tion F (t) = g(x) dx. is well dened. We say that
2
Z +∞ Z t
• the improper integral g(x) dx is onvergent if lim F (t) = g(x) dx = ℓ ∈ R;
2 t→+∞ 2
Z +∞
• the improper integral g(x) dx is divergent if lim F (t) = +∞ or lim F (t) = −∞;
2 t→+∞ t→+∞
Z +∞
• the improper integral g(x) dx is indeterminate if lim F (t) doesn't exist.
2 t→+∞
Z +∞
Study the behaviour of the improper integral
3
(b) e−4x dx.
2
In order to study this integral we may use at least two dierent methods.
Method 1.
Whereas 4x3 > x3 , −4x3 < −x3 for all x ≥ 2. Sin e the exponential fun tion is stri tly
By the omparison test, sin e 0<e −x3 < e−x , the assigned improper integral onverges too.
Method 2.
Sin e the exponential fun tion has order of innity larger than every power of x,
e−4x3 x3
lim 1 = lim = 0.
x→+∞
x3
x→+∞ e4x3
−4x3 is 1
Therefore e o as x → +∞: by the asymptoti omparison test, the given integral
x3
onverges.
For example, the fun tion f (x) = ln x is ontinuous in [1, +∞) and su h that lim ln x = +∞.
x→+∞
1
Moreover, e−f (x) = e− ln x = .
x
Z +∞ +∞
1
Z
−f (x)
Therefore, the integral e dx = dx diverges.
1 1 x