FINAL - TERM REPORT

OF
RAZORPAY CLONE

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for award of Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

(COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING)

SESSION : 2022 - 2026

SUBMITTED BY : SUBMITTED TO:

Dr.Vipul Sharma
Assisant Professor
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering

IK. Gujral Punjab Technical University, Amritsar Campus

Certificate

I hereby certify that the project entitled “ RAZORPAY CLONE”

Submitted by ___________________, University Roll no – ______________,

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of the B. Tech. (Computer
Science & Engineering) submitted in I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University Amritsar Campus
is an authentic record of my own work carried out during a period from _____ 2024 to _____
2024 to under the guidance of Dr .Vipul Sharma (Department of Computer Science &
Engineering). The matter presented in this project has not formed the basis for the award of any
other degree, diploma, fellowship or any other similar titles.

Signature of Student:
Place:
Date:

Signature of Coordinator
Department of CS
Heart disease cases are rising rapidly, making early prediction crucial and concerning. Diagnosing such
conditions is a complex task that demands precision and efficiency. This project focuses on identifying
individuals more likely to have heart disease based on various medical attributes.

I developed a heart disease prediction system that analyses a patient's medical history to predict the
likelihood of being diagnosed with heart disease. Machine learprining algorithms such as logistic
regression and KNN were employed for prediction and classification.

Effective techniques were applied to enhance the accuracy of heart attack prediction for individuals.
The proposed model demonstrated satisfactory performance, outperforming previous classifiers like
Naive Bayes in accuracy. This system significantly eases the burden of correctly and accurately
identifying heart disease.

Additionally, the heart disease prediction system improves medical care while reducing associated
costs. A dashboard was created using Tableau to visualize survival status and associated risks, including
factors like blood pressure, gender differences, and more. This project provides valuable insights into
predicting heart disease and supports better decision-making in healthcare.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I/WE are highly grateful to the Dr. Ashish Arora Director, IKGPTU Amritsar Campus
for providing this opportunity to carry out the project work at the Campus.
 The constant guidance and encouragement received from Dr. Vipul Sharma,
Coordinator CSE Department, has been of great help in carrying out the project
work and is acknowledged with reverential thanks.

I/WE would like to express a deep sense of gratitude and thanks profusely to Dr.
Vipul Sharma wise counsel and able guidance, it would have been impossible to
complete the project in this manner.

I/WE express gratitude to other faculty members of computer science and

engineering department of IKGPTU Amritsar Campus for their intellectual support
throughout the course of this work.

Finally, I/WE are indebted to all whosoever have contributed in this report work.

Aryan Pandey

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page No

S. No. Title Sub - Title Remark

s

1 Project 1a.Problem Statement

Introduction 1b.Objectives
1c.Overview of Data
Visualization
 2 Data Preparation 2a. Data Collection

2b. Cleaning and Preprocessing

2c. Data Attributes

(Diabetes Survival, Age, etc.)

3 Hardware and 3a. Hardware Requirements

Software
Requirements 3b. Software Requirements

3c. Tools used for development

of the Project

3d. Techniques used for the

development of the Project 3e.
Learning Algorithm Used for
the Development of the project.

4 Dashboard Design 4a. Graphs and Plots Overview

4b. Key Metrics Analyzed

(Survival Status, Anaemia, etc.)

4c. Dashboard Layout and

Functionality

5 Analysis and Insights 5a.Observations and Trends

5b.Interpretation of Graphs

6 Result and Discussion 6a.Summary of Findings.

6b.Visual Snapshots of the

Dashboard
7 Conclusion and 7a. Conclusion
Future Scope
7.Recommendations and Next Steps
 LIST OF FLOWCHARTS AND DIAGRAMS

No. Figure Description Page No.

1.1 Design Of Project 17

1.2

1.3
 Chapter – 1
Project Introduction: -

(1a). Problem Statement: -

Heart Disease Analysis using DATA VISUALIZATION Techniques

Heart failure is a critical global health challenge, affecting millions of individuals and often
leading to severe complications or mortality. Early identification of key factors influencing
survival is essential for timely interventions. Understanding and analyzing variables such as
survival rates, age, blood pressure, and other medical attributes provide actionable insights into
disease management. This knowledge aids healthcare professionals in predicting outcomes,
designing personalized treatments, and improving the overall quality of care. By leveraging data
analysis and visualization, significant patterns can be uncovered to address this pressing issue
effectively.

(1b). Objectives
1. Analyze Survival Status o Examine the survival rates of heart failure patients to
understand trends and factors contributing to mortality or survival.
o

2. Understand Impact of Medical Factors o Explore the influence of critical medical

parameters such as:
▪ Anaemia: A condition marked by a lack of healthy red blood cells, which
can exacerbate heart-related issues.
▪ Diabetes: A common comorbidity that significantly impacts heart health and
recovery.
▪ Smoking: A lifestyle factor linked to increased cardiovascular risks.
▪ High Blood Pressure: A major contributor to heart failure progression.

3. Visualize Insights with Tableau o Create interactive and intuitive dashboards to

effectively communicate findings.
o Identify patterns and relationships among variables to inform better decision-making
and treatment planning.

(1c). Overview of Data Visualization with Tableau

Tableau is a state-of-the-art data visualization tool designed to transform complex datasets into
comprehensible visual representations. It plays a pivotal role in uncovering trends, correlations,
and actionable insights through an array of visualization techniques.
• Interactive Dashboards o Tableau allows the creation of interactive dashboards that
provide a holistic view of data. Users can filter and drill down into specific details to
uncover hidden patterns.
• Graphs and Plots o From bar charts to scatter plots and heatmaps, Tableau offers a
diverse range of visualization options to represent data in an engaging and informative
way.
• Ease of Use o The tool's drag-and-drop interface makes it accessible to both technical
and nontechnical users, ensuring that insights can be drawn quickly and efficiently.
• Advanced Analysis o Tableau enables users to identify correlations between variables,
such as the impact of age and blood pressure on survival rates, through statistical
visualizations.
• Real-Time Insights o With live connections to datasets, Tableau facilitates real-time
analysis, ensuring decisions are based on the latest data.

Chapter – 2

2a. Data Collection

The dataset used for this analysis was sourced from a reputable medical database, ensuring
reliability and relevance. It consists of data from over 300 patients diagnosed with heart failure.
The dataset captures a diverse range of attributes, each contributing to a comprehensive
understanding of patient health and survival factors. Key attributes include:
• Survival Status: Indicates whether the patient survived (1) or not (0) during the observation
period.
• Age: Represents the age of the patient at the time of diagnosis.
• Sex: Denotes the gender of the patient.
• Serum Creatinine: Measures kidney function, which is crucial in heart failure management.
• Ejection Fraction: Indicates the percentage of blood pumped out of the heart's left ventricle,
a critical marker of heart health.

2b. Cleaning and Preprocessing

To ensure the dataset was ready for analysis and visualization, several cleaning and
preprocessing steps were undertaken:
1. Handling Missing Values o Missing values were addressed using appropriate techniques
such as removal or imputation with mean, median, or mode values, ensuring data
integrity without significant loss of information.
2. Outlier Detection and Management o Statistical methods like the interquartile range
(IQR) and Z-scores were applied to identify outliers.
o Detectedoutliers were either capped to acceptable limits or carefully removed if
deemed inaccurate or irrelevant.
3. Normalization o Continuous variables like serum creatinine and sodium levels were
normalized to bring them to a standard scale, facilitating accurate and consistent
visualizations.
These steps ensured a clean, consistent dataset, ready for meaningful analysis and visualization.

2c. Data Attributes

The dataset includes the following categories of attributes:

1. Demographics o Age: The age of patients, a critical factor in understanding survival
trends and risks.
o Sex: Categorical data indicating gender (male or female), essential for gender-based
analysis.
2. Medical Conditions o Anaemia: A binary indicator of whether the patient has a
deficiency in healthy red blood cells.
o Diabetes: A binary indicator of diabetes presence, affecting heart health and
survival.
o High Blood Pressure: Indicates if the patient has hypertension, a significant heart
failure risk factor.
o Smoking: A binary indicator of whether the patient smokes, which contributes to
cardiovascular risks.
3. Laboratory Results o Serum Creatinine: Reflects kidney function, providing insights into
the systemic impact of heart failure.
o Serum Sodium: Low levels often correlate with poor heart failure prognosis. o
Platelets: Platelet count data helps in understanding blood clotting and related risks.
o Creatinine Phosphokinase (CPK): Indicates levels of this enzyme, which may rise
due to heart muscle damage.
4. Outcome Variables o Survival Status: A binary indicator of whether the patient survived
(1) or not (0) during the observation period.
o Time: Represents the duration (in days) of the follow-up period, essential for
survival analysis.
 Chapter 3. Hardware and Software Requirements

3a. System Requirements

1. Hardware Requirements
o RAM: A minimum of 8GB RAM to ensure smooth processing and handling of data-
intensive tasks, including loading datasets and rendering visualizations in Tableau.
o Storage: At least 1TB storage capacity to accommodate datasets, intermediate files,
and Tableau workbook outputs.
o Processor: A dual-core processor or higher for efficient computation and
multitasking.
2. Software Requirements
o Operating System: Windows 10 or macOS, ensuring compatibility with Tableau
Desktop and other tools.
o Tableau Desktop: The latest version of Tableau Desktop, equipped with advanced
visualization features for creating professional dashboards.
o Additional Software: Standard utilities like Excel or CSV viewers for preliminary
data inspection and manipulation.

3b. Tools Used: Tableau Desktop

Tableau Desktop is the primary tool used for this project, offering a comprehensive platform for
creating visually compelling and interactive data dashboards. Its robust capabilities include:
1. Data Import and Connectivity o Supports importing data from multiple sources,
including Excel, CSV files, SQL databases, and cloud services.
o Ensures seamless integration of diverse datasets for consolidated analysis.

2. Interactive Dashboard Creation o Provides a drag-and-drop interface for building

dashboards, making it accessible to users with minimal technical expertise.
o Enables the addition of filters, tooltips, and action buttons to create an interactive
user experience.

3. Visualization Techniques o Allows the creation of diverse visual elements like bar charts,
scatter plots, heatmaps, and more. o Offers advanced charting options, such as dual-axis
charts, treemaps, and area charts, for detailed insights.
4. Customization o Offers extensive formatting options to align dashboards with specific
themes or requirements.
o Includes the ability to adjust color schemes, fonts, and layouts to enhance visual
appeal and readability.
5. Data Analysis and Insights o Facilitates trend analysis, correlations, and pattern
discovery through intuitive visualizations.
o Supports real-time data updates for dynamic and current insights.
6. Collaboration and Sharing o Dashboards can be shared online or exported in various
formats like PDFs or images for easy dissemination.
o Tableau Public and Tableau Server provide additional options for collaborative
analysis.
 Chapter 4. Dashboard Design

4a. Graphs and Plots Overview

The Tableau dashboard provides a diverse range of visualizations to uncover meaningful

insights into heart failure data. Key visualizations include:
1. Bar Charts o Age Distribution: Displays the count of patients across different age groups,
offering an understanding of the demographic distribution.
o Survival Rates: Highlights the proportion of survivors versus non-survivors,
enabling a quick overview of outcomes.
2. Line Graphs o Time vs Survival Status: Depicts how survival status changes over the
follow-up period, revealing patterns in patient outcomes over time. o Ejection Fraction
 Trends: Tracks variations in ejection fraction values across time, helping identify critical
thresholds for heart health.
3. Pie Charts o Smoking Status: Represents the percentage of smokers versus non-smokers,
offering insights into lifestyle impacts on survival.
o Anaemia Percentages: Illustrates the proportion of patients with and without
anaemia, emphasizing its role in heart failure prognosis.
4. Scatter Plots o Serum Creatinine vs Survival: Shows the correlation between kidney
function (serum creatinine levels) and survival status.
o Age vs Ejection Fraction: Explores the relationship between patient age and heart
performance, identifying potential age-related trends.
These visualizations collectively provide a comprehensive view of the data, making complex
relationships easily interpretable.

4b. Key Metrics Analyzed

 The analysis focuses on the following critical metrics to understand heart failure outcomes:
1. Survival Status by Age and Sex o Examines how survival rates vary across different
age groups and between genders, highlighting demographic vulnerabilities.
2. Impact of Medical Conditions on Survival o High Blood Pressure: Assesses how
hypertension influences survival rates.
o Smoking: Analyzes the effects of smoking habits on patient outcomes.
o Anaemia: Investigates the role of anaemia in exacerbating heart failure risks.
3. Relationships Between Key Variables o Serum Creatinine and Survival: Explores
how kidney function affects patient outcomes.
o Ejection Fraction and Survival Rates: Examines the connection between heart
pumping efficiency and survival likelihood.
These metrics provide actionable insights for healthcare professionals to focus on high-risk
areas.

4c. Dashboard Layout and Functionality

The Tableau dashboard is designed for simplicity, interactivity, and efficiency, ensuring users
can explore insights effortlessly:
1. Layout Design o Clear Sections: The dashboard is organized into sections such as
demographic data, medical conditions, and outcome trends.
o Highlight Areas: Key insights are emphasized with bold titles and color-coded
visualizations.
o Interactive Panels: Users can select tabs or sections to focus on specific aspects, like
survival trends or demographic comparisons.
2. Functionality Features o Filters:
▪ Users can filter data based on attributes like sex, age group, smoking status,
and medical conditions.
 ▪ This allows targeted analysis, such as isolating survival trends in a specific
age group or gender.
o Drill-Down Options:
▪ Visualizations support drill-downs to view detailed data points when
required. o Dynamic Updates:
▪ Charts and graphs update dynamically when filters are applied, providing
real-time exploration of trends.
o Tooltips:
▪ Hovering over visual elements reveals additional details, such as exact data
values or specific metrics.
3. User Experience o Designed to accommodate both technical and non-technical users. o
Simplified navigation ensures ease of use, even for those with limited experience in data
analysis.

Chapter 5. Analysis and Insights

5a. Observations and Trends

Key insights derived from the data analysis include:

1. Age Impact
o Older patients, especially those aged 60+, exhibit significantly lower survival rates.
This emphasizes the need for targeted interventions and regular check-ups for older
demographics.
2. Anaemia and Survival o Patients with anaemia are at a higher risk of mortality,
underlining the importance of early detection and management of anaemia in heart failure
patients.
3. Ejection Fraction o A low ejection fraction (<40%) strongly correlates with reduced
survival chances. This metric is crucial in assessing the heart's pumping efficiency and
guiding treatment plans.
4. Serum Creatinine and Sodium o Abnormal levels of these biochemical markers indicate
severe conditions and are strongly associated with poor survival outcomes. Monitoring
these levels is essential for timely intervention.
5b. Interpretation of Graphs

The visualizations in the Tableau dashboard provide actionable insights, including:

• Age Distribution Charts: Clearly show a declining survival rate with advancing age,
underscoring the vulnerability of older patients.
• Scatter Plots: Reveal strong correlations, such as the impact of serum creatinine on survival,
aiding in identifying high-risk patients.
• Trend Graphs: Highlight time-based fluctuations in medical conditions like high blood
pressure and ejection fraction, offering insights for periodic monitoring.
The graphs collectively emphasize the critical role of regular health assessments and
personalized medical interventions to improve patient outcomes.
 Chapter 6.Results and Discussion

6a. Summary of Findings

The analysis revealed the following:

1. Influential Factors o Medical conditions like anaemia, high blood pressure, and diabetes
significantly impact survival rates.
o Age plays a crucial role, while gender differences in survival were not statistically
significant.
2. Key Indicators o Serum creatinine and ejection fraction emerged as critical biomarkers
of heart failure severity, aiding in risk stratification.
3. Data-Driven Insights o The results underscore the importance of focusing on specific
medical attributes to improve heart failure outcomes.
6b. Visual Snapshots of the Dashboard

The following visuals provide a snapshot of the insights:

1. Age Group Distribution and Survival Status: Bar charts illustrate the correlation between
age and survival rates.
2. Smoking and Survival Correlation: Pie charts highlight the negative impact of smoking
on survival, reinforcing the importance of lifestyle changes.
3. Time-Based Trends: Line graphs for high blood pressure and serum sodium trends reveal
critical periods requiring medical attention.
All visuals were exported directly from Tableau, ensuring accuracy and professional
presentation.

Chapter 7. Conclusion and Future Scope

7a. Conclusion (Elaboration)

This project effectively showcased the power of Tableau in analyzing complex heart
failure data. Through intuitive and interactive dashboards, the analysis provided
valuable insights into survival trends and the impact of various medical factors like
age, anaemia, and serum creatinine levels. By simplifying the visualization of large
datasets, Tableau enabled healthcare professionals to quickly identify critical patterns,
assess risk factors, and make data-driven decisions.

The project underscores the significance of data visualization in healthcare, bridging

the gap between raw data and actionable insights, thereby improving the overall
decision-making process and patient care outcomes.
7b. Recommendations and Next Steps (Elaboration)
1. Larger Datasets o Objective: Enhancing the depth and reliability of
insights.
o Implementation: Integrate data from multiple sources, including larger hospitals
and diverse patient demographics, to ensure the findings are more generalizable
across populations.
o Impact: A larger dataset will reduce biases, improve accuracy, and provide a
broader perspective on heart failure trends and risk factors.
2. Predictive Modeling o Objective: Transition from descriptive analysis to
predictive capabilities.
o Implementation: Employ machine learning algorithms like Random Forest,
Gradient Boosting, or Neural Networks to forecast survival probabilities based on
historical medical records.
o Impact: Early prediction of high-risk patients will enable preventive measures,
reducing hospitalizations and improving patient outcomes.
3. Lifestyle Impact Analysis o Objective: Assess how non-clinical factors
influence survival rates.
o Implementation: Collect additional data on lifestyle habits such as diet, exercise,
alcohol consumption, and sleep patterns. Perform correlation and regression analysis
to quantify their impact.

o Impact: The insights will aid in designing personalized lifestyle intervention

programs for at-risk patients.

Additional Notes (Elaboration)

1. Effective Use of Visuals

o Key Strategies:
▪ Include a variety of charts (e.g., bar, scatter, and pie charts) to cater to diverse
analytical needs.
▪ Use color coding and legends for clarity and consistency.
o Outcome: Well-designed visuals will make complex insights easier to understand,
enhancing the report's impact.
2. Formatting o Key
Strategies:
▪ Use a professional font like Arial or Times New Roman, maintaining font
size between 10-12 points for the body and slightly larger for headings.
 ▪ Ensure uniform margins and alignment for a polished appearance. o
Outcome: A neatly formatted report will reflect professionalism and
ensure readability, particularly for stakeholders and healthcare professionals.
3. Diagrams and Graphs o
Key Strategies:
▪ Export visuals in PNG or SVG format to maintain quality.
▪ Position visuals adjacent to the corresponding text sections for seamless
interpretation.
▪ Annotate graphs with concise explanations, making them self-explanatory.
o Outcome: High-quality, well-placed visuals will enhance the comprehension of
key findings, making the report more engaging and impactful.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

DataSet Downloaded from- Kaggle.com Reference from-

Research Gate Reference from- Real-Python