Energy Science and Engineering

Unit-I Energy and its Usage: Units and scales of energy use, Mechanical energy and transport,
Heat energy: Conversion between heat and mechanical energy, Electromagnetic energy: Storage,
conversion, transmission and radiation, Introduction to the quantum, energy quantization, Energy
in chemical systems and processes, flow of CO2, Entropy and temperature, carnot and Stirling
heat engines, Phase change energy conversion, refrigeration and heat pumps, Internal combustion
engines, Steam and gas power cycles, the physics of power plants. Solid-state phenomena
including photo, thermal and electrical aspects

Unit-II Nuclear Energy: Fundamental forces in the universe, Quantum mechanics relevant for
nuclear physics, Nuclear forces, energy scales and structure, Nuclear binding energy systematics,
reactions and decays, Nuclear fusion, Nuclear fission and fission reactor physics, Nuclear fission
reactor design, safety, operation and fuel cycles

Unit-III Solar Energy: Introduction to solar energy, fundamentals of solar radiation and its
measurement aspects, Basic physics of semiconductors, Carrier transport, generation and
recombination in semiconductors, Semiconductor junctions: metal-semiconductor junction & p-n
junction, Essential characteristics of solar photovoltaic devices, First Generation Solar Cells,
Second Generation Solar Cells, Third Generation Solar Cells

Unit-IV Conventional & non-conventional energy source: Biological energy sources and
fossil fuels, Fluid dynamics and power in the wind, available resources, fluids, viscosity, types of
fluid flow, lift, Wind turbine dynamics and design, wind farms, Geothermal power and ocean
thermal energy conversion, Tidal/wave/hydro power

Unit-V Systems and Synthesis: Overview of World Energy Scenario, Nuclear radiation, fuel
cycles, waste and proliferation, Climate change, Energy storage, Energy conservation.
Engineering for Energy conservation: Concept of Green Building and Green Architecture; Green
building concepts, LEED ratings; Identification of energy related enterprises that represent the
breath of the industry and prioritizing these as candidates; Embodied energy analysis and use as a
tool for measuring sustainability. Energy Audit of Facilities and optimization of energy
consumption

Reference/Text Books
1. Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability, World Energy Assessment, UNDP, New
York, (2000).
2. Perspective of Modern Physics, A. Beiser, McGraw-Hill International Editions (1968).
3. Introduction to Modern Physics, H.S. Mani and G.K.Mehta, East-West Press (1988).
4. Introduction to Electrodynamics, D. J. Griffiths, Fourth Edition, Prentice Hall (2013).
5. Introductory Nuclear Physics, R. K. Puri and V.K. Babbar, Narosa Publishing House
(1996).
6. Physics of Solar Cells: From Basic Principles to Advanced Concepts by Peter Wurfel,
John Wiley & Sons, 2016
7. Principles of Solar Engineering, D.Y. Goswami, F.Kreith and J.F. Kreider, Taylor and
Francis, Philadelphia, 2000.
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1
Electricity Companies in India 2021
According to the Central Electricity Authority, the total installed power generation capacity of the
country stood at 3,56,818 MW in May 2019. This included 2,26,279 MW of thermal power
generation capacity, 45,399 MW of hydropower generation, and 78,359 MW of renewable energy
generation capacity.

Top Electricity Companies in India

1. NTPC Ltd
2. Tata Power Company Ltd
3. Adani Power Limited
4. Torrent Power Ltd
5. JSW Energy Ltd
6. SJVN Ltd
7. Adani Green Energy Ltd

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• All India Installed Capacity (MW) As on 31.10.2016 (In MW)

Grand Sector
Sector Thermal Nuclear Hydro Renewable
Total wise %
Central 58,751 5,780 11,651 - 76,182 25%
State 71,155 28,341 1,975 1,01,471 33%
Private 82,563 3,120 43,942 1,29,625 42%
All India 2,12,469 5,780 43,112 45,917 3,07,278
Discipline wise % 69% 2% 14% 15%

In MW
• Summary of Capacity Addition Targets for XII Plan
Thermal Nuclear Hydro Total Sector wise %
Central 14,878 5,300 6,004 26,182 30%
State 13,922 - 1,608 15,530 18%
Private 43,540 - 3,285 46,825 52%
Total 72,340 5,300 10,897 88,537
Discipline wise % 82% 6% 12%

• Per capita power consumption at 1075 kWh - Low as compared to world average (2015-16)
• Present Peak shortage – 3.20% (2015-16)
• Present Energy shortage – 2.10% (2015-16)

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 Increase in demand of power due to following factors
- Rural Electrification
- GDP Growth Rate
- 24x7 Power for All

Push to Renewables
Target by 2022 : 100 GW of solar and 60 GW of wind energy
•Solar projects 20,900 MW tendered
•Green Energy Corridors of $ 5.6 billion envisaged for transmission of renewable energy
•33 Solar parks in 20 states are envisaged

24X7 Power For All (PFA) by 2019 - Uninterrupted power supply 24X7

A comprehensive programme encompasses overall development of power

sector including reforms at all India level
•Envisages building generation, transmission and distribution capacities
•Operational efficiency & reform measures
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Energy the capacity for doing work.
It may exist in potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other various forms. There are,
moreover, heat and work—i.e., energy in the process of transfer from one body to another. After it has been
transferred, energy is always designated according to its nature. Hence, heat transferred may become thermal
energy, while work done may manifest itself in the form of mechanical energy.

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Mechanical Energy Transfers Heat is a form of energy that transfers from
Any time a force causes energy to go from one store into another, it the higher temperature object to the lower
is a mechanical energy transfer. A mechanical energy transfer takes temperature object, and is transferred through
place when work is done by a force over a displacement (parallel the conduction, the convection and the radiation.
with that force).

Temperature is the degree of hotness

or coldness of a body.
Any object that possesses
mechanical energy -
whether it is in the form Thermal energy refers to the energy
of potential energy or contained within a system that is responsible for
kinetic energy - is able to its temperature.
do work. That is, its
mechanical energy
enables that object to
apply a force to another
object in order to cause it
to be displaced.

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The importance of the heat
• The heat is very important in our daily life in warming
the house, cooking, heating the water and drying the
washed clothes.

• The heat has many usages in the industry as making and

processing the food and manufacture of the glass, the
paper, the textile, ………etc.

• The steam has a high specific heat (more than the

water), It is used to carry a lot of heat energy at high
pressures to run the rail engines or the rotors in AC
generators.

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converting mechanical energy to thermal energy

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Energy storage is the capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time.

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Electromagnetic energy: Storage,
conversion, transmission and radiation

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Quantum mechanics is the study of how atomic particles exist and interact with each other.
Classical mechanics allows scientists to make very accurate predictions for big objects. But these predictions do not work as
well when you look at objects on a smaller scale. This is where quantum mechanics comes in. It describes laws of energy on
the scale of atoms. The best way to understand quantum mechanics is through the history of its major discoveries.

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Chemical systems and processes, flow of CO2

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n and p type semiconductor

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 Nuclear power in India
• Nuclear Power is the fifth-largest source of
generating electricity in India after coal, gas,
wind power and hydroelectricity. At present,
India has 22 operating nuclear reactors with an
installed capacity of 6,780 MW in 7 nuclear
power plants.

• Asia's first nuclear reactor is the Apsara

Research Reactor situated in Mumbai. The
domestic uranium reserve in India is small and
the country is dependent on uranium imports
from other countries to provide fuel to its
nuclear power industry. Since the 1990s, Russia
has been a major supplier of nuclear fuel to
India.

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Nuclear binding energy is the energy required to split
a nucleus of an atom into its component parts:
protons and neutrons.

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Nuclear reaction change in the identity or
characteristics of an atomic nucleus, induced by
bombarding it with an energetic particle.

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Uranium-235 is used as a fuel in different concentrations. Some reactors, such as
the CANDU reactor, can use natural uranium with uranium-235 concentrations of
only 0.7%, while other reactors require the uranium to be slightly enriched to
levels of 3% to 5%.
Plutonium-239 is produced and used in reactors (specifically fast breeder reactors)
that contain significant amounts of uranium-238. It can also be recycled and used
as a fuel in thermal reactors. Current research is being done to investigate12how
thorium-232 can be used as a fuel.
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Parts of nuclear power plant

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1. Define Neutron Generation Time

A neutron generation is described as the absorption of a

neutron which causes fission to the absorption of the neutrons
from that fission. The time associated with this is known as the
neutron generation time. By comparing the number of
neutrons produced from fission in one generation to the
number of neutrons produced from fission in the next
generation, an indication of the rate of change in neutron
population is obtained.

2. Define effective multiplication factor and discuss its

relationship to the state of the reactor.

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3. Define critical, subcritical and super critical with 4. Describe the Neutron Life Cycle using the following terms:
respect to the reactor and in terms of the effective 4A: Fast Fission Factor - ()
neutron multiplication factor.

4B: Fast Non-Leakage Probability Factor - (Lf)

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Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR)
“CANDU”

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Gas cooled nuclear reactor

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Fast neutron reactor (FNR)/FBR
Some reactors do not have a moderator
and utilise fast neutrons, generating power
from plutonium while making more of it
from the U-238 isotope in or around the
fuel. While they get more than 60 times as
much energy from the original uranium
compared with normal reactors, they are
expensive to build. Further development of
them is likely in the next decade, and the
main designs expected to be built in two
decades are FNRs. If they are configured to
produce more fissile material (plutonium)
than they consume they are called fast
breeder reactors (FBR).

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1
The three relevant bands, or ranges, along the solar radiation
spectrum are ultraviolet, visible (PAR), and infrared. Of the light
that reaches Earth’s surface, infrared radiation makes up 49.4%
of while visible light provides 42.3%. Ultraviolet radiation
makes up just over 8% of the total solar radiation. Each of these
bands has a different impact on the environment.
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components of solar radiation Attenuation of solar radiation

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Thermosiphon is a method of passive heat exchange, based on natural
convection, which circulates a fluid without the necessity of a
mechanical pump. Thermosiphoning is used for circulation of liquids
and volatile gases in heating and cooling applications such as heat
pumps, water heaters, boilers and furnaces.

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Electricity Generation
The ability to harness sunlight and use that energy to generate
electricity is achieved mainly through solar thermal power
plants (Concentrated solar power) and photovoltaic cells.

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Conduction Band and Valence Band in Semiconductors
Valence Band:
The energy band involving the energy levels of valence electrons is known as the valence
band. It is the highest occupied energy band. When compared with insulators, the bandgap in
semiconductors is smaller. It allows the electrons in the valence band to jump into the
conduction band on receiving any external energy.

Conduction Band:
It is the lowest unoccupied band that includes the energy levels of positive (holes) or negative
(free electrons) charge carriers. It has conducting electrons resulting in the flow of current.
The conduction band possess high energy level and are generally empty. The conduction band
in semiconductors accepts the electrons from the valence band.

What is Fermi Level in Semiconductors?

Fermi level (denoted by EF) is present between the valence and conduction bands. It is the
highest occupied molecular orbital at absolute zero. The charge carriers in this state have
their own quantum states and generally do not interact with each other. When the
temperature rises above absolute zero, these charge carriers will begin to occupy states above
Fermi level.

In a p-type semiconductor, there is an increase in the density of unfilled states. Thus,

accommodating more electrons at the lower energy levels. However, in an n-type
semiconductor, the density of states increases, therefore, accommodating more electrons at
higher energy levels. 23
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n and p type semiconductor

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During choosing a particular solar cell for specific project it Open Circuit Voltage of Solar Cell
is essential to know the ratings of a solar panel. These It is measured by measuring voltage across the terminals of
parameters tell us how efficiently a solar cell can convert the the cell when no load is connected to the cell. This voltage
light to electricity. depends upon the techniques of manufacturing and
temperature but not fairly on the intensity of light and area
Solar cell characteristics: of exposed surface. Normally open circuit voltage of solar
cell nearly equal to 0.5 to 0.6 volt. It is normally denoted
Short Circuit Current of Solar Cell by Voc.
• The maximum current that a solar cell can deliver without Maximum Power Point of Solar Cell
harming its own constriction. It is measured by short The maximum electrical power one solar cell can deliver at
circuiting the terminals of the cell at most optimized its standard test condition. If we draw the v-i
condition of the cell for producing maximum output. characteristics of a solar cell maximum power will occur at
the bend point of the characteristic curve. It is shown in the
• Solar cell also depends upon the intensity of light and the v-i characteristics of solar cell by Pm.
angle at which the light falls on the cell. As the current
production also depends upon the surface area of the cell
exposed to light
Maximum current density

Isc is short circuit current, Jsc maximum current density and A

is the area of solar cell. 36
Current at Maximum Power Point Efficiency of Solar Cell
It is defined as the ratio of maximum electrical power
The current at which maximum power occurs. Current at output to the radiation power input to the cell and it is
Maximum Power Point is shown in the v-i characteristics of expressed in percentage. It is considered that the radiation
solar cell by Im. power on the earth is about 1000 watt/square metre hence
if the exposed surface area of the cell is A then total
Voltage at Maximum Power Point radiation power on the cell will be 1000 A watts. Hence
The voltage at which maximum power occurs. Voltage at the efficiency of a solar cell may be expressed as
Maximum Power Point is shown in the v-i characteristics of
solar cell by Vm.

Fill Factor of Solar Cell

The ratio between product of current and voltage at maximum

power point to the product of short circuit current and open
circuit voltage of the solar cell.

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Third Generation Solar Cells
• Solar cells which use concepts that allow for a more efficient
utilization of the sunlight than FG and SG solar cells
• The biggest challenge is reducing the cost/watt of delivered solar
electricity
• Third generation solar cells pursue
• More efficiency
• More abundant materials
• Non-toxic material
• Durability

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Top five solar power plants in India
.NS Energy profiles the five largest solar power
plants currently operating in India.
1. Bhadla Solar Park – 2,250MW
2. Shakti Sthala solar power project – 2,050MW
3. Ultra Mega Solar Park – 1,000MW
4.Rewa Solar Power Project – 750MW
5. Kamuthi solar power plant – 648MW
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The Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) is an extremely
important factor in wind turbine design. TSR
refers to the ratio between the wind speed
and the speed of the tips of the wind turbine
blades.

• If the rotor of the wind turbine spins tooslowly, most of the

wind will pass straight through the gap between the blades,
therefore giving it no power!
• But if the rotor spins too fast, the blades will blur and act
like a solid wall to the wind. Also, rotor blades create
turbulence as they spin through the air. If the next blade
arrives too quickly, it will hit that turbulent air.
• Sometimes it is actually better to slow down your blades!
• Wind turbines must be designed with optimal tip speed
ratios to get the maximum amount of power from the wind.
Airflow over any surface creates two types of aerodynamic
forces— drag forces, in the direction of the airflow, and lift
forces, perpendicular to the airflow. Either or both of these
can be used to generate the forces needed to rotate the blades
of a wind turbine.
Drag-based wind turbine: In drag-based wind turbines, the
force of the wind pushes against a surface, like an open sail. In
fact, the earliest wind turbines, dating back to ancient Persia,
used this approach. The Savonius rotor is a simple drag-based
windmill. It works because the drag of the open, or concave,
face of the cylinder is greater than the drag on the closed or
convex section.

Lift-based Wind Turbines

More energy can be extracted from wind using lift rather than
drag, but this requires specially shaped airfoil surfaces, like
those used on airplane wings (Figure2). The airfoil shape is
designed to create a differential pressure between the upper
and lower surfaces, leading to a net force in the direction
perpendicular to the wind direction. Rotors of this type
must be carefully oriented (the orientation is referred to as the
rotor pitch), to maintain their ability to harness the power of
the wind as wind speed changes.
India averaged annual mean wind speed has decreased Wind power is one of the key renewable energy sources for
from 9.7 kmph in 1961 to 5.0 kmph in 2008 resulting i electricity generation in India. With 37.5GW of capacity installed,
n a 49% decrease. All India averaged rate of decrease i the country currently ranks fourth in the world in wind power
n annual mean wind speed is -0.88 kmph/decade. generation after China, the US and Germany

NS Energy profiles the top five wind farms in India.

1. Muppandal Wind Farm: 1,500MW

FACTS
Situated in Kanyakumari district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu
•Wind Power potential in the country
is over 695 GW at 120m Hub Height 2. Jaisalmer Wind Park: 1,064MW
•India Ranks 4th in Wind Energy Installation Globally Developed by Suzlon Energy, the Jaisalmer wind park is the country’s
•Only country to have a dedicated Ministry second-largest onshore wind project.
for Renewable Energy
3. Brahmanvel Wind Farm: 528MW
The 528MW Brahmanvel wind farm, located in Dhule district of
Target Maharashtra, has been developed by Parakh Agro Industries.
•60 GW by 2022
•Balance 20 GW under implimentation 4. Dhalgaon Wind Farm: 278MW
•About 5 Million Jobs to be created in next 20 yrs Gadre Marine Exports developed the 278MW Dhalgaon wind farm in
•Better Land Reforms & Evacuation Facility Sangli, Maharashtra. The wind farm, commissioned in 2005, features
•Achieve NAPCC target of 15% from turbines from Suzlon and Enercon.
renewable by 2020
5. Vankusawade Wind Park: 259MW
Maharashtra is also home to the 259MW Vankusawade wind park,
which is one of India’s largest wind power production facilities.
A) Dry steam plant b) Flash steam plant c) Binary cycle plant
In India, exploration and study of geothermal fields started in 1970. The
GSI (Geological Survey of India) has identified 350 geothermal energy
locations in the country. The most promising of these is in Puga valley of
Ladakh. The estimated potential for geothermal energy in India is about
10000 MW.
Following are the six most promising geothermal energy sites in India −
Tattapani in Chhattisgarh
Puga in Jammu & Kashmir
Cambay Graben in Gujarat
Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh
Surajkund in Jharkhand
Chhumathang in Jammu & Kashmir
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Ocean Thermal Energy: Conversion (OTEC)

Principle of OTEC:
• Temperature diference between warm water at the
surface and colder water approximately 1km below
the surface is used to run a heat engine and energy is
extracted from the same.
• Temperature diference can be of the order of 15 oC
to 25 oC
Thermal profle of sea water
First 20 m absorbs sunlight. Surface freezing at poles to
36 oC in the Persian Gulf Water turbulent and mixed
for a few hundred meters Boundary of a few hundred
meters between mixed layer and undisturbed water
below. Called Thermocline 90% of sea water below
thermocline, temperature around 3 oC
Closed cycle: Low boiling point liquid, ammonia, -33oC. Warm water makes it evaporate and run turbine, cold water
condenses it aferwards

Open Cycle: Warm sea water evaporates at low pressure, runs turbine, condensed by cold sea water. Desalinated water
becomes available
According to the estimates of the Indian government, the
country has a potential of 8,000 MW of tidal energy. This
includes about 7,000 MW in the Gulf of Cambay in Gujarat,
1,200 MW in the Gulf of Kutch and 100 MW in the Gangetic
delta in the Sunderbans region of West Bengal.
Overview of World Energy Scenario

The energy system has transformed dramatically since

the Industrial Revolution. We see this transformation of
the global energy supply in the interactive chart shown
here. It graphs global energy consumption from 1800
onwards.
Climate change is a long-term
change in the average weather patterns that
have come to define Earth's local, regional and
global climates. These changes have a broad
range of observed effects that are synonymous
with the term.
The 5 Most Promising Long-Duration Storage 4. Underground compressed air
Technologies The basic concept is to use excess electricity to pump
compressed air into a suitable underground formation
1. Pumped hydro that acts like a giant storage tank. Releasing the
This gravity-based concept physically moves water from pressurized air allows the plant to re-generate electricity
a low to a high reservoir, from which the water descends, when needed.
when needed, to generate electricity.
5. Flow batteries
2. Stacked blocks A flow battery, or redox flow battery, is a type of
Instead of using batteries or pumping water, you stored electrochemical cell where chemical energy is provided by
surplus power by automating a six-armed robotic crane two chemical components dissolved in liquids that are
to stack thousands of purpose-built, 35-metric-ton pumped through the system on separate sides of a
monoliths into a Babel-like tower and drop them down membrane.
again when you needed to release the power?

3. Liquid air
The company’s mechanism cools down air and stores it
in pressurized above-ground tanks. The compression
equipment and power generators come from established
supply chains in mature industries. The technological
innovation here is using them for grid storage.
Improved energy storage technologies have several
benefits:
1. Security: A more efficient grid that is more resistant
to disruptions.
2. Environment: Decreased carbon dioxide emissions
from a greater use of clean electricity.
3. Economy: Increase in the economic value of wind
and solar power and strengthened U.S.
competitiveness in the clean energy race.
4. Jobs: New income sources for rural landowners and
tax revenues for wind and solar development areas.
More jobs in supporting sectors such as
manufacturing, engineering, construction,
transportation and finance.
 What are Green Buildings?
Green buildings are…
Buildings or homes that are more energy
efficient, produce less waste and are
healthier to be inside

Green buildings don’t literally mean…

Buildings that produce zero-emissions or
totally green or totally environmentally
friendly

Green building certification systems

The buildings and buildings construction sectors combined are Certification systems by different
responsible for over one-third of global final energy organizations/institutions that setup
consumption and nearly 40% of total direct and indirect CO2 standards to quantify how ‘green’ a
emissions. Energy demand from buildings and buildings building is • Different standards world
construction continues to rise, driven by improved access to wide, but similar in concept.
energy in developing countries, greater ownership and use of
energy-consuming devices, and rapid growth in global buildings
floor area.
Green Building Certifications
• Australia: Nabers / Green Star • Portugal: Lider A
• Brazil: AQUA / LEED Brasil • Qatar: QSAS
• Canada: LEED Canada / Green Globes / • Republic of China (Taiwan): Green
Built Green Canada Building Label
• China: GBAS • Singapore: Green Mark
• Finland: PromisE • South Africa: Green Star SA
• France: HQE • Spain: VERDE
• Germany: DGNB / CEPHEUS • Switzerland: Minergie
• Hong Kong: HKBEAM • United States: LEED / Living Building
• India: Indian Green Building Council Challenge / Green Globes / Build it
(IGBC) / GRIHA Green / NAHB NGBS / International
• Indonesia: Green Building Council Green Construction Code (IGCC) /
Indonesia (GBCI) / Greenship ENERGY STAR
• Italy: Protocollo Itaca / Green Building • United Kingdom: BREEAM
Council Italia • United Arab Emirates: Estidama
• Japan: CASBEE • IAPGSA Pakistan Institute of
• Korea: KGBC Architecture Pakistan Green Sustainable
• Malaysia: GBI Malaysia Architecture
• Mexico: LEED Mexico • Jordan: EDAMA
• Netherlands: BREEAM Netherlands • Czech Republic: SBToolCZ
• New Zealand: Green Star NZ
• Philippines: BERDE / Philippine Green
Building Council
Perceived Business Benefits to Going Green
• Researches found…
• 8-9% operating cost decreases
• 7.5% building value increases
• 6.6% return on investment improves
• 3.5% occupancy rate increases
• 3% rent ratio increases

Other benefits
•Green building occupants are healthier and
more productive
• In the U.S., people spend, on average, 90% or
more of their time indoors
• Green buildings typically have better indoor air
quality and lighting
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-UpvqgeRkk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vh4gZdFhGjc
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