Word Part of speech

Unit 1 Live and learn

1.1 Vocabulary

accessible adj

appeal v

appealing adj

armour n

attend a lecture v phr

be of interest to v phr

bully n

chemical composition n phr

core adj

deepen your knowledge v phr

design n

disruptive adj
dyslexic adj

engaging adj

enrol on a course v phr

fall behind phr v

get a degree v phr

get a scholarship v phr

get expelled (from school) v phr

get top marks v phr

gifted adj

give a lecture v phr

give up on phr v

go into phr v

go on to phr v
graduate v

have a passion for v phr

have an impact on v phr

hero n

inclined towards phr

keen to do sth v phr

lenient adj

major in phr v

management n

music industry n phr

nutrition n

principle n

scrape through phr v

self-disciplined adj

settle down phr v

sit an exam v phr

strict adj

swot

villain n

work in the field of v phr

write a dissertation v phr

youth culture n phr

1.2 Grammar

annoying adj

complain about v

disturb v

educationalist n

fidget v

hand in v phr

handwriting n
learning disorder n

lose your temper v phr

make a successful living v phr

pay attention in class v phr

1.4 Reading

a great deal n phr

academic training n phr

acquire a skill v phr

advance n

bang on the head n phr

be found unconscious v phr

be hit by lightning v phr

be left unconscious v phr

be made up of v phr

be struck by lightning v phr

be the brains behind sth v phr

boot n

brainstorm v

brainy adj

bring about phr v

charge royalties v phr

come out of a coma v phr

compensate for v phr

complex adj
develop a desire v phr

essential part n phr

fall into a coma v phr

feel an urge v phr

geometric pattern n phr

get an urge v phr

have a brainwave v phr

have sth on the brain v phr

knock sb out phr v

lose consciousness v phr

modest adj

nerve cell n phr

neurotransmitter n
number theorist n phr

overnight adv

payphone n

personality n

rack your brains v phr

recall v

recover from an injury v phr

regain consciousness v phr

release v

remain a mystery v phr

remarkable adj

savant syndrome n phr

sharpen a skill v phr

solve a mystery v phr

suffer an injury v phr

telephone exchange n phr

unlock v

vision n

wire n

1.5 Grammar

clumsy adj

enable v

fancy v

handedness n

hemisphere n

left-handed adj

left-hander n
natural inclination n phr

perception n

swap v

tend to do sth v phr

urge sb to do sth v phr

1.7 Use of English

address v

announcement n

assembly hall n phr

be up to your eyes in idiom

chapel n

consist of v phr

custom n

confiscate v
dazzle v

deal with v phr

delighted adj

demolish v

exchange student n phr

exchange trip n phr

get-together n

greet v

guided tour n phr

hold v

host family n phr

in honour of phr

incidentally adv
leave sth out phr v

omit v

postpone v

pull down phr v

put sth off phr v

put up with phr v

reception n

refreshments n

reject v

reprimand v

require v

tell sb off phr v

the Crown Jewels n phr

turn sb down phr v

welcome party n phr

welcome speech n phr

1.8 Writing

apply for a position v phr

at your convenience phr

be passionate about v phr

childcare n

competent user of n phr

considerable adj

contribute to v phr

coordinate v

covering letter n phr

dedicated member of n phr

excellent command of n phr

gain work experience v phr

health and safety regulations n phr

image editing software n phr

in response to phr

kindergarten n

lead a team v phr

leadership skills n phr

meet deadlines v phr

part-time job n phr

practical experience of n phr

preschoolers n

proven ability to n phr

pursue a career v phr

relevant adj

sit in phr v

staff n

summer job n phr

supervise v

valuable adj

volunteer v

welcome an opportunity v phr

well suited adj phr

well-developed adj phr

work alongside v phr

work placement n phr

Definition

easy to understand and enjoy

to seem interesting or attractive

interesting or attractive

strong clothing worn by soldiers or police officers to protect their bodies

to go to a talk on a particular subject given to a group of people, especially to

students in a university

to be interesting to someone

someone who uses their strength or power to frighten or hurt someone who is
weaker

the different elements and chemicals that a substance is made of and the way in
which they are combined

core subjects are the most important ones that all students have to study at a school
or college

to increase how much you know about a subject

the way that something has been planned and made, including its appearance, how
it works, etc.

causing problems and preventing something from continuing in its usual way
having a condition that makes it difficult for someone to read and spell

pleasant and attracting your interest

to officially arrange to join a course of study

to make less progress than others

to obtain the qualification that is given to you when you have successfully
completed a course of study at a university or college

to be given an amount of money by an educational organization to help pay for

your education

to be officially forced to leave a school

to be given the highest marks (mark = a letter or number given by a teacher to

show how good a student’s work is) in a class

having a lot of natural ability or intellegence

to give a talk on a particular subject to a group of people, especially to students in

a university

to stop hoping that someone will change or improve

to start to do a particular type of job

to do something after you have finished doing something else

to obtain a degree, especially a first degree, from a college or university

to have a very strong liking for or interest in something

to influence or have an effect on someone or something, especially in a powerful

way

the main male character in a book, film, play, etc., especially someone who does
brave things

interested in or good at something

wanting to do something very much

not strict in the way you punish someone or in the standard you expect

to study something as your main subject at college or university

the activity of controlling and organizing the work that a business or organization
does

the people and activities involved in producing and performing music

the science that deals with the effects of food, vitamins, etc. on people’s health

a scientific rule which explains or controls how something works or why it

happens

to only just succeed in passing an examination

able to make yourself do the things you know you ought to do, without someone
making you do them

to become quieter and less excited

to take an examination

expecting people to obey rules or to do what you say

someone who spends a lot of time studying and seems to have no other interests

the main bad character in a film, play or story

to be involved in a particular area of activity as part of your work

to write a long piece of writing on a particular subject, especially for a university

degree

the interests and activities of young people, especially the music, films, etc. they
enjoy

making you feel slightly angry

to say that you are annoyed, not satisfied or unhappy about something or someone

to interrupt someone so that they cannot continue what they are doing

someone who knows a lot about ways of teaching and learning

to keep moving your hands or feet, especially because you are bored or nervous

to give something to someone in authority

the style of someone’s writing

a mental problem that affects someone’s ability to learn

to suddenly become very angry so that you cannot control yourself

to do well in your career or profession and earn enough money pay for everything
you need

to watch and listen carefully to what a teacher is saying or doing in a class

a large quantity of something

the process of studying a subject, especially at college or university level

to learn and practise how to do something well

a change, discovery or invention that brings progress

a painful blow to the head when you hit against something or something hits you

to be discovered in a state like sleep and unable to see, move, feel, etc. in the
normal way, as a result of injury or illness

to be hit by a powerful flash of light in the sky caused by electricity

to be made to stay in a place in a state like sleep and unable to see, move, feel, etc.
in the normal way, as a result of injury or illness
to be formed from a number of things combined together

to be hit by a powerful flash of light in the sky caused by electricity

to be the person who thought of and developed a particular plan, system or

organization, especially a successful one

an enclosed space at the back of a car, used for carrying bags, etc.

to have a discussion or meeting with other people at work, to suggest a lot of ideas
for an activity or for solving a problem

very intelligent

to make something happen

to ask people to pay for using your idea, invention, etc. to make money

to become conscious again after being unconscious for a long time, usually
because of a serious illness or injury

to replace or balance the effect of something bad

consisting of many different parts and often difficult to understand

to start to have a strong wish to do or have something

an extremely important and necessary part of something

to pass into a state in which you are unconscious for a long time, usually because
of a serious illness or injury

to have a strong wish or need to do something

a regular repeated arrangement of simple shapes such as circles, squares or

triangles

to have a strong wish or need to do something

to suddenly have a clever idea

to be always thinking about something

to make someone become unconscious

to go into a state like sleep and be unable to see, move, feel, etc. in the normal way

not wanting to talk about your abilities or achievements

a type of cell that makes up the nervous system and sends messages to other parts
of the body or the brain

a chemical that sends messages from nerve cells to other nerve cells
someone who studies integers (integer = a whole number) and their relation to one
another

suddenly or surprisingly quickly

a public telephone that you can use when you put in a coin or a credit card

someone’s character, especially the way they behave towards other people

to try very hard to remember or think of something

to remember a particular fact, event or situation from the past

to get better after suffering a wound or damage to part of your body

to be able to see, move and understand what is happening around you again

to cause a substance, chemical, etc. to flow or spread into the surrounding area

to continue to be something that is difficult to understand or cannot be explained

unusual or surprising and therefore deserving attention

a rare condition in which someone who has mental problems and may have lower
intelligence than average, can nevertheless do one thing very well, such as adding
numbers very quickly
to improve your ability to do something well

to find the explanation for something that is difficult to understand

to experience a wound or damage to part of your body

an office where telephone calls are connected

to release something or let it loose

a person's ability to see

a piece of thin metal in the form of a thread, used for carrying electrical currents or
signals

moving or doing things in a careless way, especially so that you drop things, knock
into things, etc.

to make it possible for someone to do something

to like or want something, or want to do something

a tendancy to use either the right or the left hand more than the other

one of the two halves of your brain

using your left hand for writing, throwing, etc.

someone who uses their left hand for writing, throwing, etc.
a feeling that makes you want to do something that you have had from an early age

the way that you notice things with your senses of sight, hearing, etc.

to stop using of one thing and use something else instead

to be likely to do something because this is what often happens

to strongly suggest that someone does something

to start trying to solve or deal with a problem or situation

an important or official statement

a large room used to hold regular meetings of all the teachers and students of a
school

to be very busy doing something

a small church or a room in which Christians pray and have religious services

to be formed from two or more things or people

something that is done by people in a particular society because it is traditional

to officially take private property away from someone, usually as a punishment

to make someone feel strong admiration

to take the necessary action, especially in order to solve a problem

very pleased and happy

to completely destroy a building

a student who goes to a foreign country to study, usually as a part of a programme

an arrangement in which a student, teacher, etc. visits another school or university

to work or study

a friendly informal meeting or party

to say hello to someone or welcome them

a short trip around a place of interest with someone who shows you around and
tells you all about it

to have a meeting, party or other event in a particular place or at a particular time

a family who invite a student from a foreign country to stay with them for a period
of time

in order to show how much you admire and respect someone

in a way that was not planned, but as a result of something else

to not include something

to not include something, either deliberately or because you forget to do it

to change the date or time of a planned event or action to a later one

to destroy something or make it stop existing

to delay doing something or to arrange to do something at a later time or date

to accept an unpleasant situation or person without complaining

a large formal party to celebrate an event or to welcome someone

small amounts of food and drink that are provided at a meeting, sports event, etc.

to refuse to accept something

to tell someone officially that something they have done is very wrong

to need something

to speak angrily to someone about something wrong that they have done

the crown, sword, jewels, etc. worn by a king or queen for official ceremonies

to refuse an offer or request

a party to welcome or greet someone who has recently arrived

a speech that someone gives to welcome people who have recently arrived or who
are attending an event

to make a formal request, usually written, for a job

at a time that is best and easiest for someone

to have a strong interest in or enthusiasm for something

the job of looking after children while the parents are at work

someone who has enough skill or knowledge to use something to a satisfactory

standard

fairly large in amount, especially large enough to have an effect or be important

to do things that help to achieve something that other people are also involved in

to organize an activity so that the people involved in it work well together and
achieve a good result

a letter that you send with a document or package that gives information about its
contents
a member of a team who works very hard because they care a lot about what they
do

a very good knowledge of a language and ability to speak it

to get experience of working in a particular type of job

official rules that are intended to protect employees from illness or injury at work

computer programs used for changing and improving digital images

as an answer to something

a school for children aged two to five

to be in charge of a group of people who are working together to do a particular

job

the abilities needed in order to be a good leader

to finish things on time

a job that someone does for only part of each day or week

experience gained by actually doing something, rather than knowledge from

books, etc.

young children who do not yet go to school

an ability to do something that has been tested and shown to be true or good
to continue doing a particular type of work over a long period of time

directly relating to the subject being discussed or considered

to be present at a meeting but not take an active part in it

the people who work for an organization

a job that someone such as a student does in the summer

to be in charge of a group of people and make sure that they are behaving properly

very useful because it helps you to do something

to work somewhere without getting paid for it

to be glad to have the chance to do something

having the right qualities to do something

fully developed and able to function very well

work together with someone in the same place

a job, usually as part of a course of study, which gives you experience of a

particular type of work
Example

These lectures will be given in a more engaging and accessible way.

None of the traditional subjects appeal.

What are the three most appealing subjects?

What is the chemical composition of Captain America’s armour?

You’ll attend lectures on the principles of physics.

This course will be of interest to those working in the field of cultural studies.

The father was a bully.

What is the chemical composition of Captain America’s armour?

Core modules include ecology and scientific aspects of health, fitness and sports nutrition.

If you enrol on this course, you’ll deepen your knowledge of music.

How about writing a dissertation on handbag and accessories design?

She was noisy and disruptive in class.

Their father is dyslexic.

These lectures will be given in a more engaging and accessible way.

If you enrol on this course, you’ll deepen your knowledge of music.

He is falling behind with his school work.

She worked hard and got a good degree.

He got a scholarship to Iowa State University.

My sister nearly got expelled because of her bad behaviour.

Jackie spends all her time studying and always gets top marks.

In the past, gifted children have not always been given appropriate educational support.

He regularly gives lectures on modern French literature.

His teachers seem to have given up on him.

This course will be of interest to people wanting to go into the music industry.

I know you’re keen to go on to higher education.

What are you going to do after you graduate?

She had a passion for music.

The Beatles had a big impact on youth culture and fashion.

His legend, like the stories of most heroes, begins badly.

Are you more inclined towards fashion?

I know you’re keen to go on to higher education.

Her teachers are too lenient with her.

He is majoring in art history.

There is a need for more effective financial management.

She would really like to work in the music industry.

An accomplished sportswoman, she presents seminars and courses on sports nutrition.

You’ll attend lectures on the principles of physics.

He somehow managed to scrape through his exams.

I know I need to be more self-disciplined.

Come on, everybody, settle down!

Are you sitting any exams this year?

She has some very strict teachers.

He is definitely a swot compared to his brother.

Most of the parts he plays are villains.

This course will be of interest to those working in the field of cultural studies.

She wrote her dissertation on sports equipment design.

The Beatles had a big impact on youth culture and fashion.

Complete the sentences about annoying habits

Her teachers would complain about her disruptive behaviour.

She’s always disturbing people and her homework’s always late.

Ken Robinson is an educationalist and writer.

Stop fidgeting and pay attention.

She was always handing in her homework late.

His handwriting has always been awful.

They told her mother that she had a learning disorder.

Before, Dave was always losing his temper.

He interviewed people who have made a successful living doing what they love.

She never pays attention in class – she’ll get up and move around instead of listening to the
teacher.

There is still a great deal about the human brain that remains a mystery.

He had little formal academic training.

He spent years acquiring his skills as a surgeon.

Despite some recent advances, there is still a great deal about the human brain that remains
a mystery.

There are some fascinating cases of where a bang on the head has brought about changes in
personality.

He was was attacked and later found unconscious.

Where was Tony Cicoria when he was hit by lightning?

He survived the attack, but was left unconscious.

We know that the brain is made up of about 100 billion nerve cells, called neurons.

Tony Cicoria was struck by lightning as he was leaving a public payphone.

Berners-Lee, a modest engineer and computer scientist is the brains behind the World Wide
Web.

The boot door crashed down onto her head.

An essential part of his job was to brainstorm ideas with his colleagues.

Why don't you ask Tom to help you with your homework - he's incredibly brainy.

There are some fascinating cases of where a bang on the head has brought about changes in
personality.

He could have become a multi-billionaire by charging royalties for his invention.

Alice wanted to be there when he came out of his coma.

Researchers believe that the right side of the brain can compensate for an injury to the left
side.

Padgett began to see patterns in everything he looked at, and to draw complex geometric
figures.
She developed a strong desire to listen to classical piano music.

An essential part of his job was to brainstorm ideas with his colleagues.

Twenty-four-year-old McMahon fell into a coma after a car crash.

These days he often feels an urge to paint.

Padgett began to draw complex geometric patterns.

When did Heather Thompson first get an urge to paint?

I’ve had a brainwave! Let’s go this weekend instead.

You always have food on the brain!

Orlando suffered a head injury when he was knocked out in a baseball game.

Although she never lost consciousness, the accident changed her life.

He was always modest about his role in the discovery.

The human brain is made up of about 100 billion nerve cells, called neurons.

Messages jump from one neuron to the next when chemicals known as neurotransmitters
are released.
He ended up pursuing a career in mathematics as a number theorist.

Overnight she became an internet sensation.

There is a payphone in the hallway of the hotel.

There are some fascinating cases of where a bang on the head has brought about changes in
personality.

I waved back, racking my brains to remember who she was.

He was able to recall the day of the week of any given date.

It took her six months to recover from the injury.

When he regained consciousness, he felt OK and finished the game.

Messages jump from one neuron to the next when chemicals known as neurotransmitters
are released.

There is still a great deal about the human brain that remains a mystery

He had developed remarkable mathematical abilities.

All cases of acquired savant syndrome involve a head injury.

We will give you the opportunity to sharpen your skills.

The police never solved the mystery of Gray’s disappearance.

Ten people suffered minor injuries.

These nerve cells, called neurons, are connected like wires in a giant telephone exchange.

It has been known for brain damage of some kind to unlock extreme mental abilities.

Soon afterwards, he noticed that his vision had changed.

These nerve cells, called neurons, are connected like wires in a giant telephone exchange.

She was very clumsy and was always walking into doors.

Dominance of the left hemisphere enables left-handers to be better at 3D perception.

Sorry, but I don’t fancy going out tonight.

Why waste time trying to change someone’s natural handedness?

Dominance of the left hemisphere enables left-handers to be better at 3D perception.

As a child I don’t remember deciding that I was left-handed.

Left-handers tend to choose creative professions.

She didn’t manage to change my natural inclination, and I didn’t stop writing with my left
hand.

Dominance of the left hemisphere enables left-handers to be better at 3D perception.

When my primary school teacher saw me using my left hand for writing, she encouraged
me to swap hands.

Left-handers tend to choose creative professions.

I got a note from Moira urging me to get in touch.

Those issues will be addressed tomorrow.

I have a couple of short announcements to make.

The reception will be held in the school assembly hall from 5 p.m. to 6:30 p.m.

I’ve been up to my eyes in my school work.

Unfortunately it is not possible to enter the chapel.

The audience consisted mainly of teenagers.

The guide offers information on local customs.

Turn off your mobile phones, otherwise they will be confiscated.

Prepare to be dazzled by the Crown Jewels.

I’ll deal with those issues tomorrow.

We are delighted that you have chosen our school for your exchange trip.

The old hall will be demolished next week.

Where would you take an exchange student in your area?

We are delighted that you have chosen our school for your exchange trip.

We are having a little get-together in the main hall.

Please enter through the front entrance where student representatives will greet you.

Visitors will be given a guided tour.

The reception will be held in the school assembly hall from 5 p.m. to 6:30 p.m.

Young people can experience life with a host family.

You are invited to attend a reception in honour of the exchange group from Switzerland.

Quite incidentally, I got some useful information at the party.

You can leave out question 7.

Question 7 can be omitted.

The decision has been postponed till next week.

They are pulling down the old hall next week.

We’ve put off the decision till next week.

I will not put up with bad behaviour.

You are invited to attend a reception in honour of the exchange group from Switzerland.

The welcome speech will be followed by light refreshments.

Our proposal was rejected.

He has been reprimanded twice already.

If you require more information please consult our website.

I’ve told him off twice already.

Prepare to be dazzled by the Crown Jewels.

Unfortunately, the city council turned down our proposal.

I’ve been thinking about having a welcome party for the Swiss exchange students.

The Head of English will give a welcome speech.

I wish to apply for the position of children’s activity coordinator.

I would be delighted to attend an interview at your convenience.

I am passionate about working with children.

I am an eighteen-year-old childcare student.

I am a competent user of Microsoft Office.

I gained considerable work experience at a local kindergarten last summer.

I worked alongside teachers, contributed to classes and supervised the children at break
times.

I also sat in on staff meetings and coordinated a very successful sports day.

I can write a CV and covering letter to describe my skills, education and work experience.
I am a dedicated member of care team assisting learning through play.

I have an excellent command of Danish and Spanish.

I gained considerable work experience at a local kindergarten last summer.

I have a relevant knowledge of health and safety regulations.

I am a competent user of image editing software.

I am writing in response to your online advertisement seeking staff.

I gained considerable work experience at a local kindergarten last summer

I have some practical experience of leading a team.

I have well-developed leadership skills.

I have a proven ability to meet deadlines.

Have you ever applied for a part-time or summer job?

I have practical experience of leading a team.

Between 2017 and 2019 I babysat two preschoolers for family friends

I have a proven ability to meet deadlines.

I intend to pursue a career as a kindergarten teacher when I finish my education.

I hope to gain as much relevant experience as possible while I am still a student.

I also sat in on staff meetings.

Our department has a staff of seven.

Have you ever applied for a part-time or summer job?

I worked alongside teachers and supervised the children at break times.

I gained valuable knowledge of common pet illnesses.

While volunteering at the animal hospital, I gained valuable knowledge of common pet
illnesses.

I would welcome the opportunity to work here.

I feel confident I would be well suited to the position.

I have well-developed communication skills.

I worked alongside teachers and contributed to classes.

During my work placement there, I worked alongside teachers and contributed to classes.
Translation

1.1 Woordenschat
easy to understand and enjoy
bereikbaar These lectures will be given in a more engaging and
accessible way.
to seem interesting or attractive
aantrekken None of the traditional subjects appeal.
interesting or attractive
aantrekkelijk What are the three most appealing subjects?
strong clothing worn by soldiers or police officers to
protect their bodies
harnas What is the chemical composition of Captain America’s
armour?

to go to a talk on a particular subject given to a group of

een lezing bijwonen people, especially to students in a university
You’ll attend lectures on the principles of physics.

to be interesting to someone
interessant zijn voor This course will be of interest to those working in the
field of cultural studies.

someone who uses their strength or power to frighten or

pestkop hurt someone who is weaker
The father was a bully.

the different elements and chemicals that a substance is

made of and the way in which they are combined
chemische samenstelling What is the chemical composition of Captain America’s
armour?

core subjects are the most important ones that all

students have to study at a school or college
kern Core modules include ecology and scientific aspects of
health, fitness and sports nutrition.

to increase how much you know about a subject

je kennis verdiepen If you enrol on this course, you’ll deepen your
knowledge of music.

the way that something has been planned and made,

including its appearance, how it works, etc.
ontwerp How about writing a dissertation on handbag and
accessories design?

causing problems and preventing something from

verstorend continuing in its usual way
She was noisy and disruptive in class.
 having a condition that makes it difficult for someone to
dyslectisch read and spell
Their father is dyslexic.

pleasant and attracting your interest

boeiend These lectures will be given in a more engaging and
accessible way.

to officially arrange to join a course of study

(je) inschrijven voor een cursus If you enrol on this course, you’ll deepen your
knowledge of music.

to make less progress than others

achter raken He is falling behind with his school work.
to obtain the qualification that is given to you when you
have successfully completed a course of study at a
een diploma halen university or college
She worked hard and got a good degree.

to be given an amount of money by an educational

een beurs krijgen organization to help pay for your education
He got a scholarship to Iowa State University.

to be officially forced to leave a school

(van school) weggestuurd worden My sister nearly got expelled because of her bad
behaviour.
to be given the highest marks (mark = a letter or number
given by a teacher to show how good a student’s work
is) in a class
hoge cijfers halen Jackie spends all her time studying and always gets top
marks.

having a lot of natural ability or intellegence

begaafd In the past, gifted children have not always been given
appropriate educational support.

to give a talk on a particular subject to a group of people,

een lezing geven especially to students in a university
He regularly gives lectures on modern French literature.

to stop hoping that someone will change or improve

opgeven His teachers seem to have given up on him.
to start to do a particular type of job
betreden This course will be of interest to people wanting to go
into the music industry.

to do something after you have finished doing something

verder gaan naar / doorstromen else
I know you’re keen to go on to higher education.
 to obtain a degree, especially a first degree, from a
afstuderen college or university
What are you going to do after you graduate?

to have a very strong liking for or interest in something

een passie hebben voor She had a passion for music.
to influence or have an effect on someone or something,
een impact op iets hebben especially in a powerful way
The Beatles had a big impact on youth culture and
fashion.
the main male character in a book, film, play, etc.,
held especially someone who does brave things
His legend, like the stories of most heroes, begins badly.

interested in or good at something

geneigd naar Are you more inclined towards fashion?
wanting to do something very much
graag iets doen I know you’re keen to go on to higher education.
not strict in the way you punish someone or in the
mild standard you expect
Her teachers are too lenient with her.

to study something as your main subject at college or

een graad halen in university
He is majoring in art history.

the activity of controlling and organizing the work that a

management business or organization does
There is a need for more effective financial management.

the people and activities involved in producing and

muziekindustrie performing music
She would really like to work in the music industry.

the science that deals with the effects of food, vitamins,

etc. on people’s health
voeding An accomplished sportswoman, she presents seminars
and courses on sports nutrition.

a scientific rule which explains or controls how

beginsel something works or why it happens
You’ll attend lectures on the principles of physics.

to only just succeed in passing an examination

(je) erdoor slepen He somehow managed to scrape through his exams.
able to make yourself do the things you know you ought
zelfdiscipline to do, without someone making you do them
I know I need to be more self-disciplined.

to become quieter and less excited

rustig aan doen Come on, everybody, settle down!
 to take an examination
een examen afleggen Are you sitting any exams this year?
expecting people to obey rules or to do what you say
streng She has some very strict teachers.
someone who spends a lot of time studying and seems to
streber have no other interests
He is definitely a swot compared to his brother.

the main bad character in a film, play or story

schurk Most of the parts he plays are villains.
to be involved in a particular area of activity as part of
your work
werken op het gebied van This course will be of interest to those working in the
field of cultural studies.

to write a long piece of writing on a particular subject,

een proefschrift schrijven especially for a university degree
She wrote her dissertation on sports equipment design.

the interests and activities of young people, especially

jeugdcultuur the music, films, etc. they enjoy
The Beatles had a big impact on youth culture and
fashion.
1.2 Grammatica

making you feel slightly angry

vervelend Complete the sentences about annoying habits
to say that you are annoyed, not satisfied or unhappy
about something or someone
klagen over Her teachers would complain about her disruptive
behaviour.

to interrupt someone so that they cannot continue what

they are doing
storen She’s always disturbing people and her homework’s
always late.

someone who knows a lot about ways of teaching and

pedagoog learning
Ken Robinson is an educationalist and writer.

to keep moving your hands or feet, especially because

onrustig zijn you are bored or nervous
Stop fidgeting and pay attention.

to give something to someone in authority

inleveren She was always handing in her homework late.
the style of someone’s writing
handschrift His handwriting has always been awful.
 a mental problem that affects someone’s ability to learn
leerstoornis They told her mother that she had a learning disorder.
to suddenly become very angry so that you cannot
je geduld verliezen control yourself
Before, Dave was always losing his temper.

to do well in your career or profession and earn enough

money pay for everything you need
een succesvol leven leiden He interviewed people who have made a successful
living doing what they love.

to watch and listen carefully to what a teacher is saying

or doing in a class
opletten tijdens de les She never pays attention in class – she’ll get up and
move around instead of listening to the teacher.

1.4 Lezen

a large quantity of something

een groot deel / veel There is still a great deal about the human brain that
remains a mystery.

the process of studying a subject, especially at college or

academische opleiding university level
He had little formal academic training.

to learn and practise how to do something well

een vaardigheid verwerven He spent years acquiring his skills as a surgeon.
a change, discovery or invention that brings progress
vordering Despite some recent advances, there is still a great deal
about the human brain that remains a mystery.

a painful blow to the head when you hit against

something or something hits you
klap op het hoofd There are some fascinating cases of where a bang on the
head has brought about changes in personality.

to be discovered in a state like sleep and unable to see,

move, feel, etc. in the normal way, as a result of injury or
bewusteloos gevonden worden illness
He was was attacked and later found unconscious.

to be hit by a powerful flash of light in the sky caused by

geraakt worden door de bliksem electricity
Where was Tony Cicoria when he was hit by lightning?

to be made to stay in a place in a state like sleep and

unable to see, move, feel, etc. in the normal way, as a
bewusteloos achterblijven result of injury or illness
He survived the attack, but was left unconscious.
 to be formed from a number of things combined together
bestaan uit We know that the brain is made up of about 100 billion
nerve cells, called neurons.

to be hit by a powerful flash of light in the sky caused by

electricity
getroffen worden door de bliksem Tony Cicoria was struck by lightning as he was leaving a
public payphone.

to be the person who thought of and developed a

particular plan, system or organization, especially a
het brein achter iets zijn successful one
Berners-Lee, a modest engineer and computer scientist is
the brains behind the World Wide Web.
an enclosed space at the back of a car, used for carrying
kofferbak bags, etc.
The boot door crashed down onto her head.

to have a discussion or meeting with other people at

work, to suggest a lot of ideas for an activity or for
solving a problem
brainstormen An essential part of his job was to brainstorm ideas with
his colleagues.

very intelligent
intelligent Why don't you ask Tom to help you with
your homework - he's incredibly brainy.

to make something happen

tot stand brengen There are some fascinating cases of where a bang on the
head has brought about changes in personality.

to ask people to pay for using your idea, invention, etc.

to make money
royalty's in rekening brengen He could have become a multi-billionaire by charging
royalties for his invention.

to become conscious again after being unconscious for a

uit coma komen long time, usually because of a serious illness or injury
Alice wanted to be there when he came out of his coma.

to replace or balance the effect of something bad

compenseren voor Researchers believe that the right side of the brain can
compensate for an injury to the left side.

consisting of many different parts and often difficult to

understand
complex Padgett began to see patterns in everything he looked at,
and to draw complex geometric figures.
 to start to have a strong wish to do or have something
een verlangen ontwikkelen She developed a strong desire to listen to classical piano
music.

an extremely important and necessary part of something

essentieel deel An essential part of his job was to brainstorm ideas with
his colleagues.

to pass into a state in which you are unconscious for a

long time, usually because of a serious illness or injury
in coma raken Twenty-four-year-old McMahon fell into a coma after a
car crash.

to have a strong wish or need to do something

een drang voelen These days he often feels an urge to paint.
a regular repeated arrangement of simple shapes such as
geometrisch patroon circles, squares or triangles
Padgett began to draw complex geometric patterns.

to have a strong wish or need to do something

aandrang krijgen When did Heather Thompson first get an urge to paint?
to suddenly have a clever idea
een brainwave krijgen I’ve had a brainwave! Let’s go this weekend instead.
to be always thinking about something
iets an je hoofd hebben You always have food on the brain!
to make someone become unconscious
niemand neerslaan Orlando suffered a head injury when he was knocked out
in a baseball game.

to go into a state like sleep and be unable to see, move,

feel, etc. in the normal way
het bewustzijn verliezen Although she never lost consciousness, the accident
changed her life.

not wanting to talk about your abilities or achievements

bescheiden He was always modest about his role in the discovery.
a type of cell that makes up the nervous system and
sends messages to other parts of the body or the brain
zenuwcel The human brain is made up of about 100 billion nerve
cells, called neurons.

a chemical that sends messages from nerve cells to other

nerve cells
neurotransmitter Messages jump from one neuron to the next when
chemicals known as neurotransmitters are released.
 someone who studies integers (integer = a whole
number) and their relation to one another
getaltheoreticus He ended up pursuing a career in mathematics as a
number theorist.

suddenly or surprisingly quickly

van de ene op de andere dag Overnight she became an internet sensation.
a public telephone that you can use when you put in a
telefooncel coin or a credit card
There is a payphone in the hallway of the hotel.

someone’s character, especially the way they behave

towards other people
persoonlijkheid There are some fascinating cases of where a bang on the
head has brought about changes in personality.

to try very hard to remember or think of something

je hersens breken I waved back, racking my brains to remember who she
was.
to remember a particular fact, event or situation from the
oproepen past
He was able to recall the day of the week of any given
to get better after suffering a wound or damage to part of
herstellen van een blessure your body
It took her six months to recover from the injury.

to be able to see, move and understand what is

happening around you again
bij bewustzijn komen When he regained consciousness, he felt OK and
finished the game.

to cause a substance, chemical, etc. to flow or spread into

the surrounding area
loslaten Messages jump from one neuron to the next when
chemicals known as neurotransmitters are released.

to continue to be something that is difficult to understand

or cannot be explained
een mysterie blijven There is still a great deal about the human brain that
remains a mystery

unusual or surprising and therefore deserving attention

opmerkelijk He had developed remarkable mathematical abilities.
a rare condition in which someone who has mental
problems and may have lower intelligence than average,
can nevertheless do one thing very well, such as adding
savant-syndroom numbers very quickly
All cases of acquired savant syndrome involve a head
injury.
 to improve your ability to do something well
een vaardigheid scherpen We will give you the opportunity to sharpen your skills.
to find the explanation for something that is difficult to
understand
een mysterie oplossen The police never solved the mystery of Gray’s
disappearance.

to experience a wound or damage to part of your body

een verwonding oplopen Ten people suffered minor injuries.
an office where telephone calls are connected
telefooncentrale These nerve cells, called neurons, are connected like
wires in a giant telephone exchange.

to release something or let it loose

ontgrendelen It has been known for brain damage of some kind to
unlock extreme mental abilities.

a person's ability to see

zicht Soon afterwards, he noticed that his vision had changed.
a piece of thin metal in the form of a thread, used for
carrying electrical currents or signals
draad These nerve cells, called neurons, are connected like
wires in a giant telephone exchange.

1.5 Grammatica

moving or doing things in a careless way, especially so

onhandig that you drop things, knock into things, etc.
She was very clumsy and was always walking into
doors.
to make it possible for someone to do something
mogelijk maken Dominance of the left hemisphere enables left-handers to
be better at 3D perception.

to like or want something, or want to do something

zin hebben Sorry, but I don’t fancy going out tonight.
a tendancy to use either the right or the left hand more
than the other
links- of rechtshandig zijn Why waste time trying to change someone’s natural
handedness?

one of the two halves of your brain

halfrond Dominance of the left hemisphere enables left-handers to
be better at 3D perception.

using your left hand for writing, throwing, etc.

linkshandig As a child I don’t remember deciding that I was left-
handed.
someone who uses their left hand for writing, throwing,
linkshandige etc.
Left-handers tend to choose creative professions.
 a feeling that makes you want to do something that you
have had from an early age
natuurlijke neiging She didn’t manage to change my natural inclination, and
I didn’t stop writing with my left hand.

the way that you notice things with your senses of sight,
hearing, etc.
perceptie Dominance of the left hemisphere enables left-handers to
be better at 3D perception.

to stop using of one thing and use something else instead

wisselen (van) When my primary school teacher saw me using my left
hand for writing, she encouraged me to swap hands.

to be likely to do something because this is what often

de neiging hebben iets te doen happens
Left-handers tend to choose creative professions.

to strongly suggest that someone does something

dring er bij sb op aan om sth te doen I got a note from Moira urging me to get in touch.

1.7 Gebruik van Engels

to start trying to solve or deal with a problem or situation

aanpakken / aan de orde stellen Those issues will be addressed tomorrow.
an important or official statement
aankondiging I have a couple of short announcements to make.
a large room used to hold regular meetings of all the
teachers and students of a school
aula The reception will be held in the school assembly hall
from 5 p.m. to 6:30 p.m.

to be very busy doing something

tot over je oren I’ve been up to my eyes in my school work.
a small church or a room in which Christians pray and
kapel have religious services
Unfortunately it is not possible to enter the chapel.

to be formed from two or more things or people

bestaan ​uit The audience consisted mainly of teenagers.
something that is done by people in a particular society
gewoonte because it is traditional
The guide offers information on local customs.

to officially take private property away from someone,

usually as a punishment
in beslag nemen Turn off your mobile phones, otherwise they will be
confiscated.
 to make someone feel strong admiration
verblinden Prepare to be dazzled by the Crown Jewels.
to take the necessary action, especially in order to solve a
oplossen problem
I’ll deal with those issues tomorrow.

very pleased and happy

verheugd We are delighted that you have chosen our school for
your exchange trip.

to completely destroy a building

slopen The old hall will be demolished next week.
a student who goes to a foreign country to study, usually
uitwisselingsstudent as a part of a programme
Where would you take an exchange student in your area?

an arrangement in which a student, teacher, etc. visits

another school or university to work or study
uitwisselingsreis We are delighted that you have chosen our school for
your exchange trip.

a friendly informal meeting or party

samenkomst We are having a little get-together in the main hall.
to say hello to someone or welcome them
begroeten Please enter through the front entrance where student
representatives will greet you.

a short trip around a place of interest with someone who

begeleide tour shows you around and tells you all about it
Visitors will be given a guided tour.

to have a meeting, party or other event in a particular

place or at a particular time
houden The reception will be held in the school assembly hall
from 5 p.m. to 6:30 p.m.

a family who invite a student from a foreign country to

gastgezin stay with them for a period of time
Young people can experience life with a host family.

in order to show how much you admire and respect

someone
ter ere van You are invited to attend a reception in honour of the
exchange group from Switzerland.

in a way that was not planned, but as a result of

something else
toevallig Quite incidentally, I got some useful information at the
party.
 to not include something
iets weglaten You can leave out question 7.
to not include something, either deliberately or because
weglaten you forget to do it
Question 7 can be omitted.

to change the date or time of a planned event or action to

uitstellen a later one
The decision has been postponed till next week.

to destroy something or make it stop existing

neerhalen They are pulling down the old hall next week.
to delay doing something or to arrange to do something
iets uitstellen at a later time or date
We’ve put off the decision till next week.

to accept an unpleasant situation or person without

verdragen complaining
I will not put up with bad behaviour.

a large formal party to celebrate an event or to welcome

someone
receptie You are invited to attend a reception in honour of the
exchange group from Switzerland.

small amounts of food and drink that are provided at a

versnaperingen meeting, sports event, etc.
The welcome speech will be followed by light
refreshments.
to refuse to accept something
afwijzen Our proposal was rejected.
to tell someone officially that something they have done
berispen is very wrong
He has been reprimanded twice already.

to need something
nodig hebben If you require more information please consult our
website.
to speak angrily to someone about something wrong that
iemand vertellen they have done
I’ve told him off twice already.

the crown, sword, jewels, etc. worn by a king or queen

de kroonjuwelen for official ceremonies
Prepare to be dazzled by the Crown Jewels.

to refuse an offer or request

iemand afwijzen Unfortunately, the city council turned down our
proposal.
 a party to welcome or greet someone who has recently
arrived
welkomstfeestje I’ve been thinking about having a welcome party for the
Swiss exchange students.

a speech that someone gives to welcome people who

welkomstspeech have recently arrived or who are attending an event
The Head of English will give a welcome speech.

1.8 Schrijven

to make a formal request, usually written, for a job

solliciteren voor een functie I wish to apply for the position of children’s activity
coordinator.

at a time that is best and easiest for someone

voor uw gemak I would be delighted to attend an interview at your
convenience.

to have a strong interest in or enthusiasm for something

gepassioneerd zijn over I am passionate about working with children.
the job of looking after children while the parents are at
kinderopvang work
I am an eighteen-year-old childcare student.

someone who has enough skill or knowledge to use

bekwame gebruiker van something to a satisfactory standard
I am a competent user of Microsoft Office.

fairly large in amount, especially large enough to have an

effect or be important
aanzienlijk I gained considerable work experience at a local
kindergarten last summer.

to do things that help to achieve something that other

people are also involved in
bijdragen aan I worked alongside teachers, contributed to classes and
supervised the children at break times.

to organize an activity so that the people involved in it

work well together and achieve a good result
coördineren I also sat in on staff meetings and coordinated a very
successful sports day.

a letter that you send with a document or package that

gives information about its contents
begeleidende brief I can write a CV and covering letter to describe my
skills, education and work experience.
 a member of a team who works very hard because they
care a lot about what they do
toegewijd lid van I am a dedicated member of care team assisting learning
through play.

a very good knowledge of a language and ability to

uitstekende beheersing van speak it
I have an excellent command of Danish and Spanish.
to get experience of working in a particular type of job
werkervaring opdoen I gained considerable work experience at a local
kindergarten last summer.

official rules that are intended to protect employees from

gezondheids- en veiligheidsvoorschriften illness or injury at work
I have a relevant knowledge of health and safety
regulations.
computer programs used for changing and improving
beeldbewerkingssoftware digital images
I am a competent user of image editing software.

as an answer to something
als reactie op I am writing in response to your online advertisement
seeking staff.

a school for children aged two to five

kleuterschool I gained considerable work experience at a local
kindergarten last summer

to be in charge of a group of people who are working

een team leiden together to do a particular job
I have some practical experience of leading a team.

the abilities needed in order to be a good leader

leiderschapskwaliteiten I have well-developed leadership skills.
to finish things on time
deadlines halen I have a proven ability to meet deadlines.
a job that someone does for only part of each day or
deeltijdbaan / parttime baan week
Have you ever applied for a part-time or summer job?
experience gained by actually doing something, rather
praktische ervaring van than knowledge from books, etc.
I have practical experience of leading a team.

young children who do not yet go to school

kleuters Between 2017 and 2019 I babysat two preschoolers for
family friends

an ability to do something that has been tested and

bewezen vermogen om shown to be true or good
I have a proven ability to meet deadlines.
 to continue doing a particular type of work over a long
period of time
een carrière nastreven I intend to pursue a career as a kindergarten teacher
when I finish my education.

directly relating to the subject being discussed or

relevant considered
I hope to gain as much relevant experience as possible
while I am still a student.
to be present at a meeting but not take an active part in it
zitting hebben in I also sat in on staff meetings.
the people who work for an organization
staf Our department has a staff of seven.
a job that someone such as a student does in the summer
vakantiebaantje Have you ever applied for a part-time or summer job?
to be in charge of a group of people and make sure that
they are behaving properly
toezicht houden I worked alongside teachers and supervised the children
at break times.

very useful because it helps you to do something

waardevol I gained valuable knowledge of common pet illnesses.
to work somewhere without getting paid for it
vrijwilliger While volunteering at the animal hospital, I gained
valuable knowledge of common pet illnesses.

to be glad to have the chance to do something

een mogelijkheid / kans verwelkomen I would welcome the opportunity to work here.
having the right qualities to do something
zeer geschikt I feel confident I would be well suited to the position.
fully developed and able to function very well
goed ontwikkeld I have well-developed communication skills.
work together with someone in the same place
samenwerken met I worked alongside teachers and contributed to classes.
a job, usually as part of a course of study, which gives
you experience of a particular type of work
stage During my work placement there, I worked alongside
teachers and contributed to classes.
Word Part of speech
Unit 2 Human nature
2.1 Vocabulary

adventurous adj

affectionate adj

agreeable adj

daring adj

excel in v phr

fair-minded adj

feel strongly about sth v phr

(be) full of oneself v phr

good-natured adj

have a love of learning v phr

honest adj

hopeless adj

humble adj
imaginative adj

insecure adj

intellectual adj

kind-hearted adj

laid-back adj

larger than life idiom

level-headed adj

make sb feel at ease v phr

moody adj

party n

pay attention to detail v phr

perceptive adj

plan in advance v phr

self-centred adj
self-conscious adj

self-critical adj

short-tempered adj

small talk n phr

sociable adj

speak up phr v

spontaneous adj

strong-willed adj

tactful adj

the life and soul of the party idiom

think outside the box idiom

thorough adj

trusting adj
witty adj

2.2 Grammar

assume v

compassionate adj

drift apart phr v

late adj

long-distance relationship n phr

lose touch v phr

love at first sight n phr

make an impression v phr

mantelpiece n

pluck up the courage v phr

propose to sb v phr

remain v

separate from sb v phr

slip down phr v

widowed adj

2.3 Listening

addiction n

adore v

be attracted to v phr

confusion n

fall for phr v

fall in love with v phr

fancy v

feature n
generosity n

go out with phr v

heartbroken adj

(be) madly in love with v phr

measure n

novelist n

(be) obsessed with v phr

passionate adj

pleasure n

pressure n

reduced adj

relationship n

see sb v phr
self-sacrifice n

shrine n

split up with phr v

unconditional adj

worship v

2.4 Reading

adjust v

agonizing adj

astonishment n

bachelor pad n phr

be up to sth phr v

bend v

bloodcurdling adj

box-office success n phr

brighten v
broad accent n phr

carer n

chest n

collarless adj

confidently adv

contorted adj

crack n

crouch down phr v

cushioned adj

deaf adj

decent adj

deceptively adv

dependent adj
disabled adj

emerge v

entirely adv

face a challenge v phr

faint adj

feeble n

fence n

find common ground v phr

firmly adv

flicker across v phr

flinch v

footrest n

from the corner of your eye phr

furnished adj

gaze v

get yourself into phr v

give a wave v phr

glance v

glimpse v

grimace v

grip v

have nothing in common v phr

hesitate v

keyhole n

knuckle n
let out a groan v phr

make an effort v phr

manipulate v

minder n

neurotic adj

passage n

peaceful adj

peep v

peer v

position v

push through phr v

put sb in a head-lock v phr

screenwriter n

scrubs n

shaggy adj

sheepskin n

solidly built n phr

spacious adj

stare v

steadily adv

stiffen v

straighten v

swallow v

tasteful adj

tilt v
tremulous adj

twist your mouth v phr

uncharacteristically adv

unearthly adj

unkempt adj

wonder v

wood burner n phr

wool throw n phr

2.5 Grammar

accustomed to adj

argumentative adj

attentive adj

boss sb around phr v

bursting with confidence adj

carefree adj

carry out research v phr

(be) the centre of attention n phr

feel left out v phr

firstborn n

fussy eater n phr

protective adj

reliable adj

sibling n

undivided attention n phr

well-behaved adj

2.6 Speaking
all of a sudden adv phr

attend a workshop v phr

funnily adv

get the hang of v phr

have a go v phr

initially adv

memorable adj

out of the blue adv phr

pour with rain v phr

predictably adv

unexpectedly adv

2.7 Use of English

accidents happen n phr

binge-watch v phr
bitterly disappointed adj phr

break the law v phr

burst into tears v phr

casual acquaintance n phr

common sense n phr

deeply depressed adj phr

deeply disappointed adj phr

equally important adj phr

free spirit n phr

full-time course n phr

go out phr v

good company n phr

hang around phr v

have a baby v phr

have a day off v phr

have a laugh v phr

have a shower v phr

healthy lifestyle n phr

high standards n phr

highly intelligent adj phr

keep quiet v phr

like-minded adj

look miserable v phr

loud and clear phr

meet the requirements v phr

miserable adj

nasty habit n phr

neat and tidy phr

painfully shy adj phr

perfectly normal adj phr

post a video v phr

quiet life n phr

reach an agreement v phr

roar with laughter v phr

roommate n

sense of humour n phr

set high standards v phr

share an interest v phr

shrug your shoulders v phr

sleep badly v phr

smile politely v phr

soulmate n

spare room n phr

strong feeling n phr

supremely confident adj phr

turn up phr v

vivid imagination n phr

2.8 Writing

apparently adv

attract sb’s attention

come of age v phr

cope with v

differ v

embarrassment n

envy n

for the common good phr

gender-based stereotype n phr

gossip v

heartbreak n

hold sb’s attention v phr

in equal measure phr

outweigh v

regardless of phr

roller coaster ride n phr

self-doubt n

Focus Review 2

accept an invitation v phr

anecdotal adj

attracted to phr

be full of oneself adj

birth n

bitterly disappointed adj phr

centre of attention n phr

competitiveness n

concerted efforts n phr

cousin n

cry v

date v

decade n

draw v

emotional connection n phr

establish v
exhausted adj

experience v

flicker across v

fraternal twins n

friction n

gene n

generation gap n phr

get engaged v phr

glimpse v

grow up phr v

healthy lifestyle n phr

honeymoon n
identical twins n

intriguing idea n phr

introduce sb to sb v

kick off phr v

look after sb phr v

make your bed v phr

married adj

newlyweds n

obsessed adj

only child n

parallel n

parental attention n phr

perfectly normal adj phr

psychic bond n phr

psychological characteristics n phr

recall v

reception n

reunite v

spiritual connection adj

spouse n

take a break v phr

twins n

vividly adv

wedding n

whose adv
Definition

not afraid of taking risks or trying new things

showing in a gentle way that you love someone and care about them

pleasant and enjoyable

brave enough to do risky things

to do something very well, or much better than most people

able to understand and judge situations fairly and always considering other
people’s opinions

to have a strong opinion about something

to have a high opinion of yourself

naturally kind and helpful and not easily made angry

to greatly enjoy gaining knowledge of a subject or skill by studying it

always telling the truth and never cheating or stealing

not good or skilful at doing something

not considering yourself or your ideas to be as important as other people’s

good at thinking of new and interesting ideas

not feeling at all confident about yourself, your abilities or your relationships with
people

well-educated and interested in serious ideas and subjects such as science,

literature, etc.

kind and generous

relaxed and seeming not to be worried about anything

very amusing or exciting in an attractive way

calm and sensible in making judgments or decisions

to make someone feel relaxed, especially in a situation in which they might feel a
little nervous

quickly becoming annoyed or unhappy, often for no particular reason

a social event when a lot of people meet together to enjoy themselves by eating,
drinking, dancing, etc.

to notice and think about carefully all the small separate features and pieces of
information about something

noticing things quickly and understanding situations, people’s feelings, etc. well

to prepare for something by thinking carefully about how you will do it before the
time that it happens

paying so much attention to yourself that you do not notice what is happening to
other people
worried and embarrassed about what you look like or what other people think of
you

judging your own behaviour or character, especially when you have done
something bad

tending to become angry very quickly

polite friendly conversation about unimportant subjects

friendly and enjoying being with other people

to say what you think, especially in support of someone or something

often doing things without planning them first

knowing exactly what you want to do and being determined to achieve it, even if
other people advise you against it

not likely to upset or embarrass other people

someone who enjoys social occasions and is fun and exciting to be with

to think of new, different or unusual ways of doing something

careful to do things properly so that you avoid mistakes

willing to believe that other people are good and honest

using words in a clever and amusing way

to think that something is true, although you do not have definite proof

feeling sympathy for people who are suffering

to gradually become less friendly with someone so that your relationship with
them ends

(a person) no longer alive

a relationship between two people who live far apart and cannot see each other
very often

to no longer have any contact with someone because you gradually stopped
communicating with them

used to say that two people fell in love as soon as they met

to make other people notice and admire you so that they remember you

a wooden or stone shelf which is the top part of a frame surrounding a fireplace
(fireplace = special place in the wall of a room, where you can make a fire)

to force yourself to be brave and do something you are afraid of doing

to ask someone to marry you, especially in a formal way

to continue to be in the same state or condition

to stop living with your wife, husband or partner and start to live apart from them

to move or fall down smoothly, especially without being noticed

used to describe someone whose husband or wife has died

the need to take a harmful drug regularly, without being able to stop

to love someone very much and feel very proud of them

be interested in someone in a romantic or sexual way

when you do not understand what is happening or what something means because
it is not clear

to start to love someone

to start to love someone

to feel sexually attracted to someone

a part of something that you notice because it seems important, interesting or

typical
a tendency to deal with other people in a sympathetic way and to see their good
qualities

to have a romantic or sexual relationship with someone

extremely sad because of something that has happened

to love someone very much

an action, especially an official one, that is intended to deal with a particular

problem

someone who writes novels (novel = a long written story in which the characters
and events are usually imaginary)

to think about someone all the time and be unable to think about anything else

showing or involving very strong feelings of sexual love

the feeling of happiness, enjoyment or satisfaction that you get from an experience

an attempt to persuade someone by using influence, arguments or threats

made smaller or less in size or amount

a situation in which two people spend time together or live together, and have
romantic or sexual feelings for each other

to spend time with someone

when you decide not to do or have something you want or need, in order to help
someone else

a place that people visit and respect because it is connected with a famous person
or event

to end a marriage or relationship with someone

not limited by or depending on any conditions

to admire and love someone very much

to move something slightly so that it is in the right place or will work better

extremely painful or upsetting

complete surprise

an apartment where an unmarried man lives

to be good or well enough to do something

to move part of your body so that it is not straight or so that you are not upright

extremely frightening

a film or play that made a lot of money because a large number of people paid to
see it

to become happier or more excited

a way of pronouncing words that clearly shows which country or which part of a
country you come from

someone who looks after an old or ill person at home

the front part of your body between your neck and your stomach

not having a collar

in a way that shows you are sure that you have the ability to do things well and do
not feel shy or nervous

twisted out of the normal shape and looking strange or unattractive

a very narrow space between two things or two parts of something

to lower your body close to the ground by bending your knees completely

covered with with soft material to make it more comfortable

physically unable to hear anything or unable to hear well

following moral standards that are acceptable to society

in a way that seems to be one thing but is in fact very different

needing someone or something in order to exist, be successful, be healthy, etc.

not able to use a part of your body properly or not able to learn easily, because of a
permanent problem

to appear or come out from somewhere

completely and in every possible way

to have to deal with something difficult that tests your strength, determination or
ability

not strong or clear

very weak and without any force

a structure made of wood, metal, etc. that surrounds a piece of land

to have some things that two people can agree about or are both interested in, even
though they do not agree about other things

tightly and strongly

to appear somewhere for only a short time

to move your face or body away from someone or something because you are in
pain, frightened or upset

something that supports your feet when you are sitting, for example on a chair or
motorcycle

without looking at something directly or turning your head towards it

containing furniture

to look at someone or something for a long time, giving it all your attention

to become involved in a situation

to raise your arm and move your hand from side to side

to quickly look at someone or something

to see someone or something for a moment without getting a complete view of

them

to twist your face in an ugly way because you do not like something or you are
feeling pain

to hold something tightly

to have none of the same interests, attitudes, etc. as someone else

to pause before saying or doing something because you are nervous or not sure

the hole in a lock that you put the key in

the joints in your fingers, including the ones where your fingers join your hands
to make a long deep sound because you are in pain, upset or disappointed, or
because something is very enjoyable

to try to do something, especially when this involves hard work or determination

to use skill in moving or handling something

someone who is employed to protect another person

unreasonably anxious or afraid

a short part of a book, poem, speech, piece of music, etc.

quiet and calm

to look at something quickly and secretly, especially through a hole or opening

to look very carefully at something, especially because you are having difficulty
seeing it

to carefully put something in a particular place

to use your hands, arms or body to make people move, so that you can get past
them

to hold someone around their neck so that they cannot move

someone who writes the words that actors say in a film, and the instructions that
tell them what they should do

the special clothes worn by doctors and nurses during medical operations

having long and untidy hair or fur

the skin of a sheep with the wool still on it

having a large broad body that looks strong

large and with plenty of space to move around in

to look at something or someone for a long time without moving your eyes, for
example because you are surprised, angry or bored

in a calm way, without stopping

to make your body suddenly become firm, straight and still because you feel angry
or anxious

to become straight and no longer bent

to make some of the liquid in your mouth go down your throat because you are
frightened or nervous

attractive and chosen with good judgment

to move a part of your body, especially your head or chin, upwards or to the side
shaking slightly, especially because you are nervous

to smile in an unpleasant way

in a way that is not typical of someone or something and therefore surprising

very strange and unnatural, and probably frightening

that has not been cut and kept neat

to think about something that you are not sure about and try to decide what to do

a device for burning wood, used for heating a room

a large piece of cloth made of wool that you put loosely over a chair to cover it and
make it look attractive

familiar with something and accepting it as normal

often arguing and disagreeing with other people

making sure someone has everything they need

to tell someone to do things, give them orders, etc., especially when you have no
authority to do it
strongly believing that you have the ability to do things well or deal with situations
successfully

having no worries or problems

to study a subject in detail, in order to discover new facts or test new ideas

the person that everyone is giving attention to

to feel that you are not accepted or welcome in a situation

someone's first child

someone who eats only particular things

wanting to protect someone from harm or danger

able to be trusted or depended on

a brother or sister

complete attention (attention = when you carefully listen to, look at or think about
someone or something) given to someone

behaving in a calm polite way, and not being rude or violent

suddenly and unexpectedly

to go to a meeting at which people try to improve their skills by discussing their

experiences and doing practical exercises

used to say that something is unexpected or strange

to learn how to do something or use something

to try to do something

at the beginning

very good, enjoyable or unusual, and worth remembering

unexpectedly

to rain heavily without stopping

used to say that you know what will happen or what it will be like

in a way that is surprising because you were not expecting it

events takes place in which a car, train, plane, etc. is damaged and often someone
is hurt

watch several episodes of a TV series one after another in a short time

extremely unhappy because something you hoped for did not happen, or because
someone or something was not as good as you expected

to do something that is illegal

to suddenly start crying

someone you know, but who is not a close friend

the ability to behave in a sensible way and make practical decisions

extremely unhappy about something

extremely unhappy because something you hoped for did not happen, or because
someone or something was not as good as you expected

important to the same degree as something else

someone who lives as they want to rather than in the way that society considers
normal

a series of lessons or period of study on a particular subject that is done for all the
hours of a week during which it is usual for people to study

to stop shining or burning

a cheerful person who is enjoyable to be with

to spend time somewhere, doing nothing

if a woman has a baby, it is born from her body

to not go to work, school, etc. on a particular day because you have a holiday or
because you are sick

to have fun and enjoy yourself when you are doing something

to wash your body while standing under a shower

the way in which someone lives when they do things that are good for their health

a high level of quality that is considered to be acceptable

having a very high level of mental ability

to not make any noise

having similar interests and opinions

to appear to be extremely unhappy

in a way that is very easy to understand

to have or do what is necessary or asked for

extremely unhappy

something unpleasant that someone does regularly or usually, often without

thinking about it because they have done it so many times before

liking to keep things clean and carefully arranged

extremely nervous and embarrassed about meeting and speaking to other people,
especially people you do not know
not unusual or unexpected in any way

to put a video online so that other people can see it

a way of living your life without much activity or without many people

to make a decision with someone else about something after discussing it with
them

to laugh loudly and continuously

someone who you share a room or apartment with, especially at college

the ability or tendency to think that things are funny

to decide and state that the quality of something that is considered to be acceptable
is at a high level

to enjoy the same activity or subject as someone else does

to raise and then lower your shoulders in order to show that you do not know
something or do not care about something

to have trouble sleeping

to give someone a friendly smile in a way that shows good manners

someone you have a very close relationship with because you share or understand
the same emotions and interests

a bedroom in your house for guests

a powerful emotion that someone feels

extremely sure that you have the ability to do things well and not at all shy or
nervous in social situations

to arrive at a place, especially in a way that is unexpected

an ability to imagine unlikely situations very clearly

used to say that you have heard that something is true, although you are not
completely sure about it

to make someone notice or be interested in something

to reach the age when you are legally considered to be a responsible adult

to succeed in dealing with a difficult problem or situation

to be different from something else in some way

the feeling you have when you are uncomfortable or nervous and worrying about
what people think of you

the feeling of wanting something that someone else has

for the advantage of everyone

a belief or idea about a person's qualities or abilities based only on whether the
person is male or female
to talk about other people’s behaviour and private lives, often including remarks
that are unkind or untrue

great sadness or disappointment

to make someone stay interested and keep reading

used when the amount of one thing is the same as the amount of another thing

to be more important or valuable than something else

without being affected or influenced by something

a situation that keeps changing very quickly

the feeling that you and your abilities are not good enough

to agree to someone's request to go somewhere or do something

based on someone’s personal experience rather than on facts or research

feeling that you like someone and want to have a sexual relationship with them

to have too high an opinion of yourself

the time when a baby comes out of its mother’s body

extremely unhappy because something you hoped for did not happen, or because
someone or something was not as good as you expected

the person that everyone is giving attention to

the desire to be more successful than other people

an attempt to achieve something that is done in a carefully planned and very

determined way

the child of your uncle or aunt

to produce tears from your eyes, usually because you are unhappy or hurt

to have a romantic or sexual relationship with someone

a period of 10 years

to produce a picture of something using a pencil, pen, etc.

a strong sense that two people have that they have the same feelings and
understand each other

to make something start to exist

extremely tired

to have something happen to you or affect you

to appear somewhere for only a short time

two children born at the same time to the same mother, who developed from
different eggs rather than from the same egg, and who do not look alike

disagreement, angry feelings or unfriendliness between people

a part of a cell in a living thing that controls what it looks like, how it grows and
how it develops. People get their genes from their parents.

the lack of understanding or the differences between older people and younger
people

to agree to marry

to see someone or something for a moment without getting a complete view of

them

to develop from being a child to being an adult

the way in which someone lives when they do things that are good for their health

a holiday taken by two people who have just got married

pair of brothers or sisters born at the same time, who develop from the same egg
and look almost exactly alike

a plan, suggestion or opinion that is very interesting because it is strange or

unexpected

to tell someone the name of a person they are meeting for the first time

to start a discussion, meeting or event

to take care of someone by helping them, giving them what they need or keeping
them safe

to tidy the sheets and covers on your bed after you get up

having a husband or a wife

two people who have recently married

thinking or worrying about something all the time and not able to think about
anything else

a child who has no brothers or sisters

a relationship or similarity between two things, especially things that exist or

happen in different places or at different times

the fact of parents spending time with, listening to and showing interest in their
children
not unusual or unexpected in any way

a shared ability that two people have to know what each other is thinking

a quality or feature of someone that is typical of them and relates to the way that
their mind works and the way that this affects their behaviour

to remember a particular fact, event, or situation from the past

a large formal party to celebrate an event or to welcome someone

to come together again

a strong sense that two people have that their thoughts and feelings are connected
even when they are apart

a husband or wife

to stop doing something for a period of time before you start again

two children born at the same time to the same mother

in a very clear and detailed way

a marriage ceremony, especially one with a religious service

used to give additional information about a person or thing

Example

You’re daring and you’re not afraid to do adventurous things.

You’re affectionate and show your feelings.

We spent a most agreeable couple of hours.

You’re daring and you’re not afraid to do adventurous things.

In future, you will excel in leadership positions.

He’s a fair-minded man – I’m sure he’ll listen to what you have to say.

If you feel strongly about something, you’re not afraid to speak up.

Also, there are times when you appear a little self-centred and full of yourself.

You're good-natured, friendly and popular.

You’re also quite perceptive and intellectual and have a love of learning.

Harry believes that most people are good and honest.

I was hopeless. I should have done so much better.

You’re not insecure, but you are quite humble, and you can be a little self-conscious.
He’s an imaginative child.

You’re not insecure, but you are quite humble.

You’re also quite perceptive and intellectual and have a love of learning.

You’re kind-hearted and sensitive to the needs of others.

Being relaxed, trusting and laid-back, you work well with others.

You’re larger than life and good fun to be around.

You’re level-headed and you think things through carefully.

In fact, you’re very good at making people feel at ease.

On bad days you can be moody and short-tempered.

Are you going to the party tonight?

I pay attention to detail.

You’re also quite perceptive and intellectual and have a love of learning.

We try to plan well in advance.

Also, there are times when you appear a little self-centred and full of yourself.
You can be a little self-conscious or even self-critical at times.

You can be a little self-conscious or even self-critical at times.

On bad days you can be moody and short-tempered.

You’re a deep thinker and you’re not comfortable with small talk.

She's a friendly, sociable woman.

Above all, you’re fair-minded and if you feel strongly about something, you’re not afraid to
speak up.

People enjoy your company because you’re witty and spontaneous

Being quite strong-willed, you usually get what you want.

In difficult situations, you’re tactful and avoid hurting people.

You’re the life and soul of the party and love being the centre of attention.

You’re artistic and creative and so you have the ability to think outside the box.

You’re thorough – you like to plan things carefully.

Being relaxed, trusting and laid-back, you work well with others.
People enjoy your company because you’re witty and spontaneous.

He had been thinking about Amelie too, but he assumed she had got married to somebody
else.

Vilma was a very compassionate person and had been working for a charity for a few years.

They tried to keep a long-distance relationship going, but they drifted apart.

Had Vilma had any children with her late husband?

They tried to keep a long-distance relationship going, but they drifted apart.

When Vilma moved away, we lost touch, but she had made a big impression on me.

It was love at first sight and they spent a wonderful summer together.

When Vilma moved away, we lost touch, but she had made a big impression on me.

Amelie’s mother put the letter on the mantelpiece.

Amelie finally plucked up courage and they arranged to meet.

When we met again, I proposed immediately.

During that time, Amelie had remained single and had never forgotten the love of her life.

When my wife and I separated, I decided to ask my friends if anyone had heard from Vilma.

The letter must have slipped down the back of the fireplace.

She was widowed and didn’t have children.

According to Dr Niverton, romantic love is like an addiction.

She adores her grandchildren and is always buying them presents.

At the beginning you’re just attracted to somebody.

There was some confusion as to whether we had won or lost.

When you fall for someone, it’s similar to hunger or thirst, but more permanent.

Then you start going out with them and before you know it, you’ve fallen in love.

All the girls fancied him.

Air bags are a standard feature in most new cars.

Love is kindness, generosity and self-sacrifice.

Then you start going out with them and before you know it, you’ve fallen in love.

When the relationship ended, she was heartbroken.

Well, we searched for people to put in a brain scanner – we wanted people who were madly
in love.

We are taking measures to improve the situation.

Charles Dickens was one of the greatest 19th century novelists.

You will take enormous risks to win this person that you’re obsessed with.

The more passionate the love, the more activity there was in that area.

She sipped her drink with obvious pleasure.

The minister was under pressure to resign.

Their symptoms were significantly reduced.

Can you put these possible stages in a relationship in a logical order?

Also, like an addict, you need to see them more and more.
Love is kindness, generosity and self-sacrifice.

The museum is a shrine to the great Spanish artist.

We put people into the brain scanner just after their partner had split up with them.

Love is unconditional.

He absolutely worships her.

He was crouching down, adjusting her feet on the footrests of the wheelchair.

It was a terrible, agonizing noise.

To our astonishment, the car was gone.

The mood of the room was tasteful, and peaceful – a Scandinavian bachelor pad.

Oh God, I thought. I’m not up to this.

Bend your knees, but keep your back straight.

His eyes met mine and after a pause, he let out a bloodcurdling groan.

The film based on the book was also a huge box-office success

I felt myself brightening.

She spoke with a broad New Zealand accent.

Me Before You is a love story between a man paralysed after a motorcycle accident and his
new carer.

Another prehistoric sound emerged from somewhere near his chest.

A solidly built man in white collarless scrubs was crouching down.

Lou spoke to Will confidently.

He stared at me through contorted features.

We peeped through a crack in the fence.

A solidly built man in white collarless scrubs was crouching down.

In the centre of the room stood a black wheelchair, its seat and back cushioned by
sheepskin.

I had never had a disabled friend before – only Treen’s friend David, who was deaf.

The majority of residents here are decent citizens.

The annexe’s living room was deceptively large.

Jan’s mother was dependent on her for physical care.

I had never had a disabled friend before – only Treen’s friend David, who was deaf.

Another prehistoric sound emerged from somewhere near his chest.

One wall consisted entirely of glass doors.

The passage shows the challenges facing Will in his day-to-day life.

There was a faint note of hysteria in his mother’s voice.

I gave them a feeble wave.

We peeped through a crack in the fence.

If he liked music and films, surely we could find some common ground?

The boy was holding his mum's hand firmly.

Will Traynor gazed at me steadily, the faintest of smiles flickering across his face.

I tried not to flinch.

He was crouching down, adjusting her feet on the footrests of the wheelchair.

From the corner of my eye, I glimpsed a man running out of the store.
When Mrs Traynor opened Will’s door, Lou saw a spacious elegantly furnished room.

I lay back on the sand and gazed at the stars above.

The passage shows what kind of situation Lou is getting herself into.

I wondered whether to hold out a hand but gave a feeble wave instead.

He glanced over his shoulder and saw that the man was coming towards him.

From the corner of my eye, I glimpsed a man running out of the store.

She grimaced at her reflection in the mirror.

He has some movement in his fingers, although he finds it hard to grip.

Before she went in to meet Will, Lou thought that she had nothing in common with him.

We hesitated outside the door and Mrs Traynor knocked.

I looked through the keyhole and saw a cat in the garden.

I realized that where I held my bag, my knuckles had turned white.

His eyes met mine and after a pause, he let out a bloodcurdling groan.

Mrs Traynor was hoping that Lou would make an effort with her clothes.

If you position it near his hand, he can usually manipulate it himself.

‘Good morning, Miss Clark,’ he said. ‘I hear you’re my latest minder.’

I just got really neurotic about not wanting to spend any money.

The passage shows the challenges facing Will in his day-to-day life.

The mood of the room was tasteful, and peaceful – a Scandinavian bachelor pad.

We peeped through a crack in the fence.

Roger peered into the dark corridor to see what was making the noise.

If you position it near his hand, he can usually manipulate it himself.

The man was coming towards him, pushing through the crowd.

David was deaf, but would put you in a head-lock if you suggested that meant disabled.
Jojo Moyes is an English journalist, novelist and screenwriter.

A young man dressed in scrubs came into the room.

I was wearing the very shaggy waistcoat thing that Dad says makes me look like an emu.

In the centre of the room stood a black wheelchair, its seat and back cushioned by
sheepskin.

A solidly built man in white collarless scrubs was crouching down.

When Mrs Traynor opened Will’s door, Lou saw a spacious elegantly furnished room.

She stared at me in disbelief.

Will Traynor gazed at me steadily.

I felt his mother stiffen.

Then to my astonishment his features cleared, and his head straightened on his shoulders.

Leo swallowed hard and walked into the room.

The mood of the room was tasteful, and peaceful – a Scandinavian bachelor pad.

His head tilted and sunk into his shoulders.

My voice, uncharacteristically tremulous, broke into the silence.

His mouth twisted in a humourless smile.

My voice, uncharacteristically tremulous, broke into the silence.

Then his mouth twisted, and he let out another unearthly cry.

As we stepped into the room, the man in the wheelchair looked up from under shaggy,
unkempt hair.

I wondered, briefly, whether to hold out a hand.

A wood burner glowed quietly in the corner.

A low beige sofa faced a huge flat-screen television, its seats covered by a wool throw.

Firstborns, who are accustomed to accepting rules, are better-behaved at school.

Middle-born children, growing up with a younger and older sibling, can be argumentative.

Parents learning to bring up their first child tend to be extremely attentive and protective.

Middle children whose older siblings boss them around feel life is unfair.
Firstborns tend to be perfectionists bursting with confidence.

Youngest children, who have fewer responsibilities, are carefree and easy-going.

Here are some generalisations that have come out of research carried out over the years.

The typical only child likes being the centre of attention, which sometimes makes them
appear self-centred.

They often believe their other siblings get all the attention, which can make them feel left
out.

Firstborns tend to be perfectionists bursting with confidence.

Children who have been brought up as the baby of the family are often fussy eaters.

Parents learning to bring up their first child tend to be extremely attentive and protective.

Firstborn children, who have their parents’ undivided attention, are responsible, reliable and
well-behaved.

Middle children whose older siblings boss them around feel life is unfair.

Now he’s gone, I can give you my undivided attention.

Firstborn children, who have their parents’ undivided attention, are responsible, reliable and
well-behaved.
All of a sudden, the weather changed.

I’m going to attend a DJing workshop this summer.

Funnily enough, the best days are often the ones you don’t really plan.

Predictably, it was really difficult at first, but after a while I started to get the hang of it.

When we had understood the basics, it was time to have a go.

Initially, we were the only people there.

In your opinion, what factors make a memorable day out?

Out of the blue, it started pouring with rain.

Out of the blue, it started pouring with rain.

Predictably, it was really difficult at first, but after a while I started to get the hang of it.

Unexpectedly, it started pouring with rain.

The accident happened at the junction of Forest Road and Pine Walk.

I don’t want you to binge-watch TV programmes.

If you expect me to be your friend, you’ll be bitterly disappointed.

Have you ever broken the law?

How likely are you to burst into tears?

She was a casual acquaintance of my family in Vienna.

Basically, I’d like you to use your common sense.

The divorce left him deeply depressed.

I was deeply disappointed with the grade I got in my Maths exam.

You must have a good education, but practical training is equally important.

Um, I’d say he’s a bit of a free spirit – he’s very independent and sure of himself.

You need to be on a full-time course because I don’t want you hanging around the flat in
the daytime.

Lights go out here at 11 p.m.

But he’s good company on a night out, very popular.

You need to be on a full-time course because I don’t want you hanging around the flat in
the daytime.
She had the baby at home.

I usually go to visit my parents whenever I have a day off.

I have an excellent sense of humour and I like to have a laugh.

Mary loves having a hot shower after she’s been swimming.

I eat well and try to lead a healthy lifestyle.

I set high standards of cleanliness here.

He’s supremely confident and highly intelligent.

I’ve gone to bed, I expect you to keep quiet.

I’m sociable, so I’d love to live with like-minded people.

Jan looks really miserable.

The message came through loud and clear.

Only people who meet the requirements below should apply.

Jan looks really miserable.

He had the nasty habit of eating with his mouth open.

I like people who are neat and tidy.

I’m painfully shy and I can’t stand being the centre of attention.
Her reaction to the news was perfectly normal.

Someone’s posted a funny video on the school website.

I don’t need a soulmate, I just want a quiet life.

When you move in, we can reach an agreement about how we share the cleaning.

I sleep badly, so I don’t want you to binge-watch TV programmes or roar with laughter late
at night.

We were roommates back in Chicago.

It’s vital to have a sense of humor in this job.

I set high standards of cleanliness here.

I hope we may share the same interests.

I just shrugged my shoulders and ignored him.

I sleep badly, so I don’t want you to binge-watch TV programmes.

I shook his hand and smiled politely.

I don’t need a soulmate, I just want a quiet life.

I’m a twenty-one-year-old student with a spare room to rent.

There was a strong feeling of anger among the workers.

Do you sometimes doubt yourself or are you always supremely confident?

Friends are okay, but if more than three guests turn up, it’s too much.

My sister has a vivid imagination and draws incredible pictures.

Apparently, it's going to be hot this weekend.

Attract the reader’s attention from the start.

Send us an article in which you describe some of the very best things about coming of age.

She feared she wouldn’t be able to cope with all her schoolwork.

Men and women differ in many ways, but individuals also differ regardless of their gender.

For many of us this change is accompanied by feelings of self-doubt, envy and

embarrassment.

For many of us this change is accompanied by feelings of self-doubt, envy and

embarrassment.

We should cooperate to use our strengths for a common good.

There are many unfair gender-based stereotypes concerning the interests and attitudes of
adolescents.
Girls in our class are always gossiping.

The journey from teenager to adult can bring joy and pain, success and failure, friendship
and heartbreak.

Define the topic and hold the reader’s attention.

I can reliably report that the process brings pain and pleasure in equal measure.

Despite the challenges, as far as I am concerned, the pleasure of being a young adult
outweighs the pain.

Men and women differ in many ways, but individuals also differ regardless of their gender.

Adolescence is sometimes described as ‘a roller coaster ride’.

For many of us this change is accompanied by feelings of self-doubt, envy and

embarrassment.

Maria accepted Niko’s invitation to the cinema, which made him really happy.

As we move away from science toward anecdotal evidence, we find many intriguing
parallels in the lives of twins.

When my uncle saw his future wife for the first time, he was immediately attracted to her.

She’s confident, but not too full of herself.

He only weighed 2 kilos at birth.

Cathy’s parents were bitterly disappointed Dan wasn’t at the party.

A number of twins do report a greater need to be the centre of attention.

A number of twins do report a higher degree of competitiveness.

Some twins will often make concerted efforts to study different subjects,

Would you like to meet my cousin who I told you about yesterday?

When I saw Jane the other day, I could see she had been crying but I didn’t know why.

Dad, how long had you been dating Mum before you got engaged?

They were separated at birth but reunited decades later to find that they both married
spouses with the same surnames.

Our teacher asked us to draw a picture of a scene from a book.

The reporter asks if it is true that twins have a special mental and emotional connection.

How does a twin go about establishing a greater sense of self?

Stewart was really exhausted because he had been looking after the twins the whole
afternoon.

Have you personally experienced something like this?

When Mum saw my new haircut, a look of shock flickered across her face.

You’re a fraternal twin. Have you personally experienced something like this?

Twins tend to develop different interests in order to avoid competitive situations that can
create friction between them.

But we can’t escape our genes.

Tomorrow’s topic in our series on the family looks at ways of coping with the generation
gap…

Dad, how long had you been dating Mum before you got engaged?

I only briefly glimpsed the message on her phone, but I’m sure it was from Bianca.

Having left the village where she grew up, my granny enjoyed living in the city.

Most participants see running as part of a healthy lifestyle.

Here are some lovely photos from Greece taken on our honeymoon.
Some reports suggest that the special psychic bond is shared mostly by identical twins.

It’s an intriguing idea, but is there any truth behind it?

Let me introduce you to the woman whose husband originally set up the gallery.

Let’s kick off by asking the question which I’m sure all the people at home are most keen to
know.

Stewart was really exhausted because he had been looking after the twins the whole
afternoon.

Mark says he never has time to make his bed in the morning, which irritates me a lot.

Joshua had already been married twice before he met Carol.

When we got to the reception, we realized that we had left the present for the newlyweds at
home.

Many twins find themselves becoming obsessed by similar hobbies.

In many ways it’s no harder than being a regular sibling or an only child.

We find many intriguing parallels in the lives of twins.

During childhood, twins compete with each other mostly for parental attention.
It’s become perfectly normal to come across hundreds of people gathering every Saturday
morning to run.

Some reports suggest that the special psychic bond is shared mostly by identical twins.

The most important factor responsible for our psychological characteristics is our DNA.

I can recall quite vividly when my sister and I were fifteen.

When we got to the reception, we realized that we had left the present for the newlyweds at
home.

They reunited decades later.

There’s a common belief that twins share some sort of unexplained mental or spiritual
connection.

They reunited decades later to find that they both married spouses with the same surnames.

After working for ages, I decided to take a break.

Some reports suggest that the special psychic bond is shared mostly by identical twins.

I can recall quite vividly when my sister and I were fifteen.

She’s busy planning her daughter’s wedding.

Last week I bumped into the Smiths, whose son used to be in my class at school.
Translation

2.1 Woordenschat
not afraid of taking risks or trying new things
avontuurlijk You’re daring and you’re not afraid to do adventurous
things.

showing in a gentle way that you love someone and care

aanhankelijk about them
You’re affectionate and show your feelings.

pleasant and enjoyable

aangenaam We spent a most agreeable couple of hours.
brave enough to do risky things
gedurfd You’re daring and you’re not afraid to do adventurous
things.

to do something very well, or much better than most

uitblinken in people
In future, you will excel in leadership positions.
able to understand and judge situations fairly and always
considering other people’s opinions
eerlijk He’s a fair-minded man – I’m sure he’ll listen to what
you have to say.

to have a strong opinion about something

sterk zijn in iets If you feel strongly about something, you’re not afraid to
speak up.

to have a high opinion of yourself

(vol) van jezelf zijn Also, there are times when you appear a little self-
centred and full of yourself.

naturally kind and helpful and not easily made angry

goedaardig You're good-natured, friendly and popular.
to greatly enjoy gaining knowledge of a subject or skill
by studying it
een liefde hebben voor leren You’re also quite perceptive and intellectual and have a
love of learning.

always telling the truth and never cheating or stealing

eerlijk Harry believes that most people are good and honest.
not good or skilful at doing something
hopeloos I was hopeless. I should have done so much better.
not considering yourself or your ideas to be as important
as other people’s
bescheiden You’re not insecure, but you are quite humble, and you
can be a little self-conscious.
 good at thinking of new and interesting ideas
fantasierijk He’s an imaginative child.
not feeling at all confident about yourself, your abilities
onzeker or your relationships with people
You’re not insecure, but you are quite humble.

well-educated and interested in serious ideas and

subjects such as science, literature, etc.
intellectueel You’re also quite perceptive and intellectual and have a
love of learning.

kind and generous

goedhartig You’re kind-hearted and sensitive to the needs of others.
relaxed and seeming not to be worried about anything
ontspannen Being relaxed, trusting and laid-back, you work well
with others.

very amusing or exciting in an attractive way

meer dan levensgroot You’re larger than life and good fun to be around.
calm and sensible in making judgments or decisions
nuchter You’re level-headed and you think things through
carefully.
to make someone feel relaxed, especially in a situation in
iemand zich op zijn/haar gemak laten which they might feel a little nervous
voelen In fact, you’re very good at making people feel at ease.

quickly becoming annoyed or unhappy, often for no

humeurig particular reason
On bad days you can be moody and short-tempered.

a social event when a lot of people meet together to

party / feest enjoy themselves by eating, drinking, dancing, etc.
Are you going to the party tonight?

to notice and think about carefully all the small separate

op details letten features and pieces of information about something
I pay attention to detail.

noticing things quickly and understanding situations,

people’s feelings, etc. well
opmerkzaam You’re also quite perceptive and intellectual and have a
love of learning.

to prepare for something by thinking carefully about how

vooruit plannen you will do it before the time that it happens
We try to plan well in advance.

paying so much attention to yourself that you do not

notice what is happening to other people
egocentrisch Also, there are times when you appear a little self-
centred and full of yourself.
 worried and embarrassed about what you look like or
what other people think of you
zelfbewust You can be a little self-conscious or even self-critical at
times.

judging your own behaviour or character, especially

when you have done something bad
zelfkritisch You can be a little self-conscious or even self-critical at
times.

tending to become angry very quickly

opvliegend On bad days you can be moody and short-tempered.
polite friendly conversation about unimportant subjects
koetjes en kalfjes You’re a deep thinker and you’re not comfortable with
small talk.

friendly and enjoying being with other people

sociaal She's a friendly, sociable woman.
to say what you think, especially in support of someone
or something
je uitspreken Above all, you’re fair-minded and if you feel strongly
about something, you’re not afraid to speak up.

often doing things without planning them first

spontaan People enjoy your company because you’re witty and
spontaneous

knowing exactly what you want to do and being

wilskrachtig determined to achieve it, even if other people advise you
against it
Being quite strong-willed, you usually get what you
not likely to upset or embarrass other people
tactvol In difficult situations, you’re tactful and avoid hurting
people.

someone who enjoys social occasions and is fun and

exciting to be with
het hart / centrum van het feest You’re the life and soul of the party and love being the
centre of attention.

to think of new, different or unusual ways of doing

something
out of the box denken You’re artistic and creative and so you have the ability to
think outside the box.

careful to do things properly so that you avoid mistakes

grondig You’re thorough – you like to plan things carefully.
willing to believe that other people are good and honest
vol vertrouwen Being relaxed, trusting and laid-back, you work well
with others.
 using words in a clever and amusing way
geestig People enjoy your company because you’re witty and
spontaneous.

2.2 Grammatica

to think that something is true, although you do not have

definite proof
uitgaan van He had been thinking about Amelie too, but he assumed
she had got married to somebody else.

feeling sympathy for people who are suffering

medelevend Vilma was a very compassionate person and had been
working for a charity for a few years.

to gradually become less friendly with someone so that

your relationship with them ends
uit elkaar drijven They tried to keep a long-distance relationship going, but
they drifted apart.

(a person) no longer alive

overleden Had Vilma had any children with her late husband?
a relationship between two people who live far apart and
cannot see each other very often
lange afstandsrelatie They tried to keep a long-distance relationship going, but
they drifted apart.

to no longer have any contact with someone because you

gradually stopped communicating with them
het contact verliezen When Vilma moved away, we lost touch, but she had
made a big impression on me.

used to say that two people fell in love as soon as they

liefde op het eerste gezicht met
It was love at first sight and they spent a wonderful
summer together.
to make other people notice and admire you so that they
remember you
indruk maken When Vilma moved away, we lost touch, but she had
made a big impression on me.

a wooden or stone shelf which is the top part of a frame

surrounding a fireplace (fireplace = special place in the
schoorsteenmantel wall of a room, where you can make a fire)
Amelie’s mother put the letter on the mantelpiece.

to force yourself to be brave and do something you are

afraid of doing
moed verzamelen Amelie finally plucked up courage and they arranged to
meet.
 to ask someone to marry you, especially in a formal way
iemand ten huwelijk vragen When we met again, I proposed immediately.
to continue to be in the same state or condition
blijven During that time, Amelie had remained single and had
never forgotten the love of her life.

to stop living with your wife, husband or partner and

start to live apart from them
scheiden van iemand When my wife and I separated, I decided to ask my
friends if anyone had heard from Vilma.

to move or fall down smoothly, especially without being

vanaf vallen noticed
The letter must have slipped down the back of the
fireplace.
used to describe someone whose husband or wife has
verweduwd died
She was widowed and didn’t have children.
2.3 Luisteren

the need to take a harmful drug regularly, without being

able to stop
verslaving According to Dr Niverton, romantic love is like an
addiction.

to love someone very much and feel very proud of them

dol zijn op She adores her grandchildren and is always buying them
presents.

be interested in someone in a romantic or sexual way

zich aangetrokken voelen tot At the beginning you’re just attracted to somebody.
when you do not understand what is happening or what
something means because it is not clear
verwarring There was some confusion as to whether we had won or
lost.

to start to love someone

vallen voor When you fall for someone, it’s similar to hunger or
thirst, but more permanent.

to start to love someone

verliefd worden op Then you start going out with them and before you know
it, you’ve fallen in love.

to feel sexually attracted to someone

leuk vinden All the girls fancied him.
a part of something that you notice because it seems
onderdeel / uitrusting important, interesting or typical
Air bags are a standard feature in most new cars.
 a tendency to deal with other people in a sympathetic
vrijgevigheid way and to see their good qualities
Love is kindness, generosity and self-sacrifice.

to have a romantic or sexual relationship with someone

uitgaan met Then you start going out with them and before you know
it, you’ve fallen in love.

extremely sad because of something that has happened

diepbedroefd When the relationship ended, she was heartbroken.
to love someone very much
smoorverliefd (zijn) op Well, we searched for people to put in a brain scanner –
we wanted people who were madly in love.

an action, especially an official one, that is intended to

maatregel deal with a particular problem
We are taking measures to improve the situation.

someone who writes novels (novel = a long written story

in which the characters and events are usually imaginary)
romanschrijver Charles Dickens was one of the greatest
19th century novelists.

to think about someone all the time and be unable to

think about anything else
geobsedeerd (zijn) door You will take enormous risks to win this person that
you’re obsessed with.

showing or involving very strong feelings of sexual love

hartstochtelijk The more passionate the love, the more activity there
was in that area.

the feeling of happiness, enjoyment or satisfaction that

genoegen you get from an experience
She sipped her drink with obvious pleasure.

an attempt to persuade someone by using influence,

druk arguments or threats
The minister was under pressure to resign.

made smaller or less in size or amount

verminderd Their symptoms were significantly reduced.
a situation in which two people spend time together or
live together, and have romantic or sexual feelings for
relatie each other
Can you put these possible stages in a relationship in a
logical order?
to spend time with someone
iemand zien Also, like an addict, you need to see them more and
more.
 when you decide not to do or have something you want
zelfopoffering or need, in order to help someone else
Love is kindness, generosity and self-sacrifice.

a place that people visit and respect because it is

altaar connected with a famous person or event
The museum is a shrine to the great Spanish artist.

to end a marriage or relationship with someone

uit elkaar gaan We put people into the brain scanner just after their
partner had split up with them.

not limited by or depending on any conditions

onvoorwaardelijk Love is unconditional.
to admire and love someone very much
aanbidden He absolutely worships her.

2.4 Lezen

to move something slightly so that it is in the right place

or will work better
verplaatsen He was crouching down, adjusting her feet on the
footrests of the wheelchair.

extremely painful or upsetting

pijnlijk It was a terrible, agonizing noise.
complete surprise
verbazing To our astonishment, the car was gone.
an apartment where an unmarried man lives
vrijgezellenhonk The mood of the room was tasteful, and peaceful – a
Scandinavian bachelor pad.

to be good or well enough to do something

klaar voor iets Oh God, I thought. I’m not up to this.
to move part of your body so that it is not straight or so
buigen that you are not upright
Bend your knees, but keep your back straight.

extremely frightening
bloedstollend His eyes met mine and after a pause, he let out a
bloodcurdling groan.

a film or play that made a lot of money because a large

number of people paid to see it
kassucces The film based on the book was also a huge box-office
success

to become happier or more excited

helder worden I felt myself brightening.
 a way of pronouncing words that clearly shows which
zwaar accent country or which part of a country you come from
She spoke with a broad New Zealand accent.

someone who looks after an old or ill person at home

verzorger Me Before You is a love story between a man paralysed
after a motorcycle accident and his new carer.

the front part of your body between your neck and your
stomach
borst Another prehistoric sound emerged from somewhere
near his chest.

not having a collar

zonder kraag A solidly built man in white collarless scrubs was
crouching down.

in a way that shows you are sure that you have the ability
vol vertrouwen to do things well and do not feel shy or nervous
Lou spoke to Will confidently.

twisted out of the normal shape and looking strange or

verwrongen unattractive
He stared at me through contorted features.

a very narrow space between two things or two parts of

barst something
We peeped through a crack in the fence.

to lower your body close to the ground by bending your

knees completely
kruipen A solidly built man in white collarless scrubs was
crouching down.

covered with with soft material to make it more

bekleed comfortable
In the centre of the room stood a black wheelchair, its
seat and back cushioned by sheepskin.
physically unable to hear anything or unable to hear well
doof I had never had a disabled friend before – only Treen’s
friend David, who was deaf.

following moral standards that are acceptable to society

degelijk The majority of residents here are decent citizens.
in a way that seems to be one thing but is in fact very
bedrieglijk different
The annexe’s living room was deceptively large.

needing someone or something in order to exist, be

afhankelijk successful, be healthy, etc.
Jan’s mother was dependent on her for physical care.
 not able to use a part of your body properly or not able to
learn easily, because of a permanent problem
gehandicapt I had never had a disabled friend before – only Treen’s
friend David, who was deaf.

to appear or come out from somewhere

opstijgen uit / klinken uit Another prehistoric sound emerged from somewhere
near his chest.

completely and in every possible way

geheel One wall consisted entirely of glass doors.
to have to deal with something difficult that tests your
strength, determination or ability
een uitdaging aangaan The passage shows the challenges facing Will in his day-
to-day life.

not strong or clear

flauw There was a faint note of hysteria in his mother’s voice.
very weak and without any force
zwak I gave them a feeble wave.
a structure made of wood, metal, etc. that surrounds a
hek piece of land
We peeped through a crack in the fence.

to have some things that two people can agree about or

are both interested in, even though they do not agree
about other things
gemeenschappelijke interesses vinden If he liked music and films, surely we could find some
common ground?

tightly and strongly

stevig The boy was holding his mum's hand firmly.
to appear somewhere for only a short time
flikkeren over Will Traynor gazed at me steadily, the faintest of smiles
flickering across his face.

to move your face or body away from someone or

terugdeinzen something because you are in pain, frightened or upset
I tried not to flinch.

something that supports your feet when you are sitting,

for example on a chair or motorcycle
voetensteun He was crouching down, adjusting her feet on the
footrests of the wheelchair.

without looking at something directly or turning your

head towards it
vanuit je ooghoeken From the corner of my eye, I glimpsed a man running
out of the store.
 containing furniture
gemeubileerd When Mrs Traynor opened Will’s door, Lou saw a
spacious elegantly furnished room.

to look at someone or something for a long time, giving

staren it all your attention
I lay back on the sand and gazed at the stars above.

to become involved in a situation

ergens in geraken The passage shows what kind of situation Lou is getting
herself into.

to raise your arm and move your hand from side to side
zwaaien naar I wondered whether to hold out a hand but gave a feeble
wave instead.

to quickly look at someone or something

gluren He glanced over his shoulder and saw that the man was
coming towards him.

to see someone or something for a moment without

getting a complete view of them
een glimp opvangen From the corner of my eye, I glimpsed a man running
out of the store.

to twist your face in an ugly way because you do not like

grijnzen something or you are feeling pain
She grimaced at her reflection in the mirror.

to hold something tightly

grijpen / beetpakken He has some movement in his fingers, although he finds
it hard to grip.

to have none of the same interests, attitudes, etc. as

someone else
niets gemeen hebben Before she went in to meet Will, Lou thought that she
had nothing in common with him.

to pause before saying or doing something because you

aarzelen are nervous or not sure
We hesitated outside the door and Mrs Traynor knocked.

the hole in a lock that you put the key in

sleutelgat I looked through the keyhole and saw a cat in the garden.
the joints in your fingers, including the ones where your
fingers join your hands
knokkel I realized that where I held my bag, my knuckles had
turned white.
 to make a long deep sound because you are in pain, upset
or disappointed, or because something is very enjoyable
kreunen His eyes met mine and after a pause, he let out a
bloodcurdling groan.

to try to do something, especially when this involves

hard work or determination
een inspanning leveren Mrs Traynor was hoping that Lou would make an effort
with her clothes.

to use skill in moving or handling something

manipuleren If you position it near his hand, he can usually
manipulate it himself.

someone who is employed to protect another person

oppas ‘Good morning, Miss Clark,’ he said. ‘I hear you’re my
latest minder.’

unreasonably anxious or afraid

neurotisch I just got really neurotic about not wanting to spend any
money.

a short part of a book, poem, speech, piece of music, etc.

passage The passage shows the challenges facing Will in his day-
to-day life.

quiet and calm

vredig The mood of the room was tasteful, and peaceful – a
Scandinavian bachelor pad.

to look at something quickly and secretly, especially

gluren through a hole or opening
We peeped through a crack in the fence.

to look very carefully at something, especially because

you are having difficulty seeing it
turen Roger peered into the dark corridor to see what was
making the noise.

to carefully put something in a particular place

positioneren If you position it near his hand, he can usually
manipulate it himself.

to use your hands, arms or body to make people move,

so that you can get past them
duwen door The man was coming towards him, pushing through the
crowd.

to hold someone around their neck so that they cannot

iemand in de houdgreep nemen move
David was deaf, but would put you in a head-lock if you
suggested that meant disabled.
 someone who writes the words that actors say in a film,
and the instructions that tell them what they should do
scenarioschrijver Jojo Moyes is an English journalist, novelist and
screenwriter.

the special clothes worn by doctors and nurses during

verplegershemd medical operations
A young man dressed in scrubs came into the room.

having long and untidy hair or fur

ruig I was wearing the very shaggy waistcoat thing that Dad
says makes me look like an emu.

the skin of a sheep with the wool still on it

schapenvacht In the centre of the room stood a black wheelchair, its
seat and back cushioned by sheepskin.

having a large broad body that looks strong

stevig gebouwd A solidly built man in white collarless scrubs was
crouching down.

large and with plenty of space to move around in

ruim When Mrs Traynor opened Will’s door, Lou saw a
spacious elegantly furnished room.

to look at something or someone for a long time without

moving your eyes, for example because you are
staren surprised, angry or bored
She stared at me in disbelief.

in a calm way, without stopping

strak Will Traynor gazed at me steadily.
to make your body suddenly become firm, straight and
verstijven still because you feel angry or anxious
I felt his mother stiffen.

to become straight and no longer bent

rechtop gaan Then to my astonishment his features cleared, and his
head straightened on his shoulders.

to make some of the liquid in your mouth go down your

slikken throat because you are frightened or nervous
Leo swallowed hard and walked into the room.

attractive and chosen with good judgment

smaakvol The mood of the room was tasteful, and peaceful – a
Scandinavian bachelor pad.

to move a part of your body, especially your head or

kantelen chin, upwards or to the side
His head tilted and sunk into his shoulders.
 shaking slightly, especially because you are nervous
trillend My voice, uncharacteristically tremulous, broke into the
silence.

to smile in an unpleasant way

je mond verdraaien His mouth twisted in a humourless smile.
in a way that is not typical of someone or something and
therefore surprising
ongebruikelijk My voice, uncharacteristically tremulous, broke into the
silence.

very strange and unnatural, and probably frightening

onaards Then his mouth twisted, and he let out another unearthly
cry.
that has not been cut and kept neat
onverzorgd As we stepped into the room, the man in the wheelchair
looked up from under shaggy, unkempt hair.

to think about something that you are not sure about and
afvragen try to decide what to do
I wondered, briefly, whether to hold out a hand.

a device for burning wood, used for heating a room

houtbrander A wood burner glowed quietly in the corner.
a large piece of cloth made of wool that you put loosely
over a chair to cover it and make it look attractive
wollen plaid A low beige sofa faced a huge flat-screen television, its
seats covered by a wool throw.

2.5 Grammatica

familiar with something and accepting it as normal

gewend aan Firstborns, who are accustomed to accepting rules, are
better-behaved at school.

often arguing and disagreeing with other people

argumentatief / ruziezoekend Middle-born children, growing up with a younger and
older sibling, can be argumentative.

making sure someone has everything they need

attent Parents learning to bring up their first child tend to be
extremely attentive and protective.

to tell someone to do things, give them orders, etc.,

especially when you have no authority to do it
iemand commanderen Middle children whose older siblings boss them around
feel life is unfair.
 strongly believing that you have the ability to do things
well or deal with situations successfully
barstensvol medeleven Firstborns tend to be perfectionists bursting with
confidence.

having no worries or problems

zorgeloos Youngest children, who have fewer responsibilities, are
carefree and easy-going.

to study a subject in detail, in order to discover new facts

or test new ideas
onderzoek doen Here are some generalisations that have come out of
research carried out over the years.

the person that everyone is giving attention to

het middelpunt van de aandacht (zijn) The typical only child likes being the centre of attention,
which sometimes makes them appear self-centred.

to feel that you are not accepted or welcome in a

buitengesloten voelen situation
They often believe their other siblings get all the
attention, which can make them feel left out.
someone's first child
eerstgeborene Firstborns tend to be perfectionists bursting with
confidence.

someone who eats only particular things

kieskeurige eter Children who have been brought up as the baby of the
family are often fussy eaters.

wanting to protect someone from harm or danger

beschermend Parents learning to bring up their first child tend to be
extremely attentive and protective.

able to be trusted or depended on

betrouwbaar Firstborn children, who have their parents’ undivided
attention, are responsible, reliable and well-behaved.

a brother or sister
broer / zus Middle children whose older siblings boss them around
feel life is unfair.

complete attention (attention = when you carefully listen

to, look at or think about someone or something) given
onverdeelde aandacht to someone
Now he’s gone, I can give you my undivided attention.

behaving in a calm polite way, and not being rude or

welgemanierd violent
Firstborn children, who have their parents’ undivided
attention, are responsible, reliable and well-behaved.
2.6 Spreken
 suddenly and unexpectedly
plotseling All of a sudden, the weather changed.
to go to a meeting at which people try to improve their
een workshop bijwonen skills by discussing their experiences and doing practical
exercises
I’m going to attend a DJing workshop this summer.
used to say that something is unexpected or strange
grappig Funnily enough, the best days are often the ones you
don’t really plan.

to learn how to do something or use something

onder de knie krijgen Predictably, it was really difficult at first, but after a
while I started to get the hang of it.

to try to do something
het proberen When we had understood the basics, it was time to have
a go.

at the beginning
aanvankelijk Initially, we were the only people there.
very good, enjoyable or unusual, and worth remembering
gedenkwaardig In your opinion, what factors make a memorable day
out?
unexpectedly
uit het niets Out of the blue, it started pouring with rain.
to rain heavily without stopping
regenen dat het giet Out of the blue, it started pouring with rain.
used to say that you know what will happen or what it
will be like
voorspelbaar Predictably, it was really difficult at first, but after a
while I started to get the hang of it.

in a way that is surprising because you were not

onverwacht expecting it
Unexpectedly, it started pouring with rain.
2.7 Gebruik van Engels

events takes place in which a car, train, plane, etc. is

damaged and often someone is hurt
ongelukken gebeuren The accident happened at the junction of Forest Road
and Pine Walk.

watch several episodes of a TV series one after another

binge-watchen in a short time
I don’t want you to binge-watch TV programmes.
 extremely unhappy because something you hoped for did
not happen, or because someone or something was not as
good as you expected
diep teleurgesteld If you expect me to be your friend, you’ll be bitterly
disappointed.

to do something that is illegal

de wet overtreden Have you ever broken the law?
to suddenly start crying
in tranen uitbarsten How likely are you to burst into tears?
someone you know, but who is not a close friend
informele kennismaking She was a casual acquaintance of my family in Vienna.
the ability to behave in a sensible way and make
gezond verstand practical decisions
Basically, I’d like you to use your common sense.

extremely unhappy about something

zwaar depressief The divorce left him deeply depressed.
extremely unhappy because something you hoped for did
not happen, or because someone or something was not as
good as you expected
diep teleurgesteld I was deeply disappointed with the grade I got in my
Maths exam.

important to the same degree as something else

(net zo) belangrijk You must have a good education, but practical training is
equally important.

someone who lives as they want to rather than in the way

that society considers normal
vrije geest Um, I’d say he’s a bit of a free spirit – he’s very
independent and sure of himself.

a series of lessons or period of study on a particular

subject that is done for all the hours of a week during
which it is usual for people to study
fulltime cursus You need to be on a full-time course because I don’t
want you hanging around the flat in the daytime.

to stop shining or burning

uitgaan Lights go out here at 11 p.m.
a cheerful person who is enjoyable to be with
goed gezelschap But he’s good company on a night out, very popular.
to spend time somewhere, doing nothing
rondhangen You need to be on a full-time course because I don’t
want you hanging around the flat in the daytime.
 if a woman has a baby, it is born from her body
een baby krijgen She had the baby at home.
to not go to work, school, etc. on a particular day
een vrije dag hebben because you have a holiday or because you are sick
I usually go to visit my parents whenever I have a day
off.
to have fun and enjoy yourself when you are doing
something
lachen I have an excellent sense of humour and I like to have a
laugh.

to wash your body while standing under a shower

douchen Mary loves having a hot shower after she’s been
swimming.
the way in which someone lives when they do things that
gezonde levensstijl are good for their health
I eat well and try to lead a healthy lifestyle.

a high level of quality that is considered to be acceptable

hoge standaarden I set high standards of cleanliness here.
having a very high level of mental ability
zeer intelligent He’s supremely confident and highly intelligent.
to not make any noise
stil zijn I’ve gone to bed, I expect you to keep quiet.
having similar interests and opinions
gelijkgestemd I’m sociable, so I’d love to live with like-minded people.
to appear to be extremely unhappy
er ellendig uitzien Jan looks really miserable.
in a way that is very easy to understand
luid en duidelijk The message came through loud and clear.
to have or do what is necessary or asked for
voldoen aan de vereisten Only people who meet the requirements below should
apply.

extremely unhappy
ellendig Jan looks really miserable.
something unpleasant that someone does regularly or
usually, often without thinking about it because they
slechte gewoonte have done it so many times before
He had the nasty habit of eating with his mouth open.

liking to keep things clean and carefully arranged

spik en span I like people who are neat and tidy.
extremely nervous and embarrassed about meeting and
speaking to other people, especially people you do not
uiterst verlegen know
I’m painfully shy and I can’t stand being the centre of
attention.
 not unusual or unexpected in any way
volkomen normaal Her reaction to the news was perfectly normal.
to put a video online so that other people can see it
een video posten Someone’s posted a funny video on the school website.
a way of living your life without much activity or
rustig leven without many people
I don’t need a soulmate, I just want a quiet life.

to make a decision with someone else about something

after discussing it with them
tot een overeenkomst komen When you move in, we can reach an agreement about
how we share the cleaning.

to laugh loudly and continuously

brullen van het lachen I sleep badly, so I don’t want you to binge-watch TV
programmes or roar with laughter late at night.

someone who you share a room or apartment with,

kamergenoot especially at college
We were roommates back in Chicago.

the ability or tendency to think that things are funny

gevoel voor humor It’s vital to have a sense of humor in this job.
to decide and state that the quality of something that is
hoge eisen stellen considered to be acceptable is at a high level
I set high standards of cleanliness here.

to enjoy the same activity or subject as someone else

een interesse delen does
I hope we may share the same interests.
to raise and then lower your shoulders in order to show
je schouders ophalen that you do not know something or do not care about
something
I just shrugged my shoulders and ignored him.
to have trouble sleeping
slecht slapen I sleep badly, so I don’t want you to binge-watch TV
programmes.

to give someone a friendly smile in a way that shows

beleefd glimlachen good manners
I shook his hand and smiled politely.

someone you have a very close relationship with because

zielsverwant you share or understand the same emotions and interests
I don’t need a soulmate, I just want a quiet life.

a bedroom in your house for guests

logeerkamer I’m a twenty-one-year-old student with a spare room to
rent.
a powerful emotion that someone feels
sterk gevoel There was a strong feeling of anger among the workers.
 extremely sure that you have the ability to do things well
and not at all shy or nervous in social situations
uiterst zelfverzekerd Do you sometimes doubt yourself or are you always
supremely confident?

to arrive at a place, especially in a way that is unexpected

opdagen / langskomen Friends are okay, but if more than three guests turn up,
it’s too much.

an ability to imagine unlikely situations very clearly

levendige verbeelding My sister has a vivid imagination and draws incredible
pictures.

2.8 Schrijven

used to say that you have heard that something is true,

blijkbaar although you are not completely sure about it
Apparently, it's going to be hot this weekend.

to make someone notice or be interested in something

iemands aandacht trekken Attract the reader’s attention from the start.
to reach the age when you are legally considered to be a
responsible adult
volwassen worden Send us an article in which you describe some of the
very best things about coming of age.

to succeed in dealing with a difficult problem or situation

omgaan met She feared she wouldn’t be able to cope with all her
schoolwork.

to be different from something else in some way

verschillen Men and women differ in many ways, but individuals
also differ regardless of their gender.

the feeling you have when you are uncomfortable or

nervous and worrying about what people think of you
verlegenheid For many of us this change is accompanied by feelings
of self-doubt, envy and embarrassment.

the feeling of wanting something that someone else has

afgunst For many of us this change is accompanied by feelings
of self-doubt, envy and embarrassment.

for the advantage of everyone

voor het algemeen welzijn We should cooperate to use our strengths for a common
good.

a belief or idea about a person's qualities or abilities

based only on whether the person is male or female
gender-gebaseerd stereotype There are many unfair gender-based stereotypes
concerning the interests and attitudes of adolescents.
 to talk about other people’s behaviour and private lives,
roddel often including remarks that are unkind or untrue
Girls in our class are always gossiping.

great sadness or disappointment

hartzeer The journey from teenager to adult can bring joy and
pain, success and failure, friendship and heartbreak.

to make someone stay interested and keep reading

iemands aandacht vasthouden Define the topic and hold the reader’s attention.
used when the amount of one thing is the same as the
amount of another thing
in gelijke mate I can reliably report that the process brings pain and
pleasure in equal measure.

to be more important or valuable than something else

zwaarder wegen dan Despite the challenges, as far as I am concerned, the
pleasure of being a young adult outweighs the pain.

without being affected or influenced by something

los van Men and women differ in many ways, but individuals
also differ regardless of their gender.

a situation that keeps changing very quickly

ritje in de achtbaan Adolescence is sometimes described as ‘a roller coaster
ride’.

the feeling that you and your abilities are not good
twijfelen aan jezelf enough
For many of us this change is accompanied by feelings
of self-doubt, envy and embarrassment.
Focus Review 2

to agree to someone's request to go somewhere or do

something
een uitnodiging accepteren Maria accepted Niko’s invitation to the cinema, which
made him really happy.

based on someone’s personal experience rather than on

facts or research
anekdotisch As we move away from science toward anecdotal
evidence, we find many intriguing parallels in the lives
of twins.
feeling that you like someone and want to have a sexual
relationship with them
aangetrokken tot When my uncle saw his future wife for the first time, he
was immediately attracted to her.

to have too high an opinion of yourself

vol van jezelf zijn She’s confident, but not too full of herself.
 the time when a baby comes out of its mother’s body
geboorte He only weighed 2 kilos at birth.
extremely unhappy because something you hoped for did
not happen, or because someone or something was not as
good as you expected
diep teleurgesteld Cathy’s parents were bitterly disappointed Dan wasn’t at
the party.

the person that everyone is giving attention to

middelpunt van de aandacht A number of twins do report a greater need to be the
centre of attention.

the desire to be more successful than other people

competitiviteit A number of twins do report a higher degree of
competitiveness.

an attempt to achieve something that is done in a

carefully planned and very determined way
gezamenlijke inspanningen Some twins will often make concerted efforts to study
different subjects,

the child of your uncle or aunt

neef Would you like to meet my cousin who I told you about
yesterday?

to produce tears from your eyes, usually because you are

unhappy or hurt
huilen When I saw Jane the other day, I could see she had been
crying but I didn’t know why.

to have a romantic or sexual relationship with someone

daten Dad, how long had you been dating Mum before you got
engaged?

a period of 10 years
decennium They were separated at birth but reunited decades later to
find that they both married spouses with the same
surnames.
to produce a picture of something using a pencil, pen,
tekenen etc.
Our teacher asked us to draw a picture of a scene from a
book.
a strong sense that two people have that they have the
same feelings and understand each other
emotionele band The reporter asks if it is true that twins have a special
mental and emotional connection.

to make something start to exist

tot stand brengen How does a twin go about establishing a greater sense of
self?
 extremely tired
uitgeput Stewart was really exhausted because he had been
looking after the twins the whole afternoon.

to have something happen to you or affect you

ervaring Have you personally experienced something like this?
to appear somewhere for only a short time
flikkeren over When Mum saw my new haircut, a look of shock
flickered across her face.

two children born at the same time to the same mother,

who developed from different eggs rather than from the
same egg, and who do not look alike
twee-eiige tweelingen You’re a fraternal twin. Have you personally
experienced something like this?

disagreement, angry feelings or unfriendliness between

people
wrijving Twins tend to develop different interests in order to
avoid competitive situations that can create friction
between them.
a part of a cell in a living thing that controls what it looks
like, how it grows and how it develops. People get their
gen genes from their parents.
But we can’t escape our genes.

the lack of understanding or the differences between

older people and younger people
generatiekloof Tomorrow’s topic in our series on the family looks at
ways of coping with the generation gap…

to agree to marry
verloven Dad, how long had you been dating Mum before you got
engaged?

to see someone or something for a moment without

getting a complete view of them
een blik werpen op I only briefly glimpsed the message on her phone, but
I’m sure it was from Bianca.

to develop from being a child to being an adult

opgroeien Having left the village where she grew up, my granny
enjoyed living in the city.

the way in which someone lives when they do things that

gezonde levensstijl are good for their health
Most participants see running as part of a healthy
lifestyle.
a holiday taken by two people who have just got married
huwelijksreis Here are some lovely photos from Greece taken on our
honeymoon.
 pair of brothers or sisters born at the same time, who
develop from the same egg and look almost exactly alike
eeneiige tweeling Some reports suggest that the special psychic bond is
shared mostly by identical twins.

a plan, suggestion or opinion that is very interesting

intrigerend idee because it is strange or unexpected
It’s an intriguing idea, but is there any truth behind it?

to tell someone the name of a person they are meeting

for the first time
iemand introduceren Let me introduce you to the woman whose husband
originally set up the gallery.

to start a discussion, meeting or event

aftrappen Let’s kick off by asking the question which I’m sure all
the people at home are most keen to know.

to take care of someone by helping them, giving them

what they need or keeping them safe
voor iemand zorgen Stewart was really exhausted because he had been
looking after the twins the whole afternoon.

to tidy the sheets and covers on your bed after you get up
je bed opmaken Mark says he never has time to make his bed in the
morning, which irritates me a lot.

having a husband or a wife

getrouwd Joshua had already been married twice before he met
Carol.
two people who have recently married
pasgetrouwden When we got to the reception, we realized that we had
left the present for the newlyweds at home.

thinking or worrying about something all the time and

not able to think about anything else
geobsedeerd Many twins find themselves becoming obsessed by
similar hobbies.

a child who has no brothers or sisters

enig kind In many ways it’s no harder than being a regular sibling
or an only child.

a relationship or similarity between two things,

especially things that exist or happen in different places
parallel or at different times
We find many intriguing parallels in the lives of twins.

the fact of parents spending time with, listening to and

showing interest in their children
ouderlijke aandacht During childhood, twins compete with each other mostly
for parental attention.
 not unusual or unexpected in any way
volkomen normaal It’s become perfectly normal to come across hundreds of
people gathering every Saturday morning to run.

a shared ability that two people have to know what each

other is thinking
psychische band Some reports suggest that the special psychic bond is
shared mostly by identical twins.

a quality or feature of someone that is typical of them

and relates to the way that their mind works and the way
that this affects their behaviour
psychologische kenmerken The most important factor responsible for our
psychological characteristics is our DNA.

to remember a particular fact, event, or situation from the

herinneren past
I can recall quite vividly when my sister and I were
fifteen.
a large formal party to celebrate an event or to welcome
someone
receptie When we got to the reception, we realized that we had
left the present for the newlyweds at home.

to come together again

herenigen They reunited decades later.
a strong sense that two people have that their thoughts
and feelings are connected even when they are apart
spirituele connectie There’s a common belief that twins share some sort of
unexplained mental or spiritual connection.

a husband or wife
echtgenoot They reunited decades later to find that they both
married spouses with the same surnames.

to stop doing something for a period of time before you

pauze nemen start again
After working for ages, I decided to take a break.

two children born at the same time to the same mother

tweelingen Some reports suggest that the special psychic bond is
shared mostly by identical twins.

in a very clear and detailed way

levendig I can recall quite vividly when my sister and I were
fifteen.
a marriage ceremony, especially one with a religious
bruiloft service
She’s busy planning her daughter’s wedding.
used to give additional information about a person or
wiens / wier thing
Last week I bumped into the Smiths, whose son used to
be in my class at school.
Word Part of speech
Unit 3 Living spaces
3.1 Vocabulary

ancient adj

at the roundabout phr

at the town hall phr

at the traffic lights phr

ban v

bustling adj

cobbled street n phr

cycle lane n phr

daily commute n phr

destination n phr

drainage system n phr

early hours n phr

emission n
famed for phr

fine sb v phr

flourish v

get a facelift v phr

home town n phr

in decline phr

in the city centre phr

in the park phr

in the suburbs phr

inhabitant n

limit v

mayor n

medieval adj

noise pollution n phr

on the border phr

on the coast phr

on the outskirts phr

on-street parking n phr

open-air market n phr

pavement n

pedestrian zone n phr

pedestrianisation n

picturesque adj

popular with phr

preserve v

quaint adj

reliable network n phr

replace v

rolling hills n phr

scenery n

shabby adj

smooth adj

surface n

street furniture n phr

surround v

tarmac n

tweet v

underground car park n phr

urban adj
urban development n phr

vibrant adj

vibrant colour n phr

within 500 metres phr

within easy reach phr

within walking distance phr

3.2 Grammar

chart v

embark on phr v

first aid course n phr

route n

set off phr v

take a chance v phr

top-of-the-range adj

voyage of a lifetime n phr

3.3 Listening

affordable adj

casino n

co-housing n

communal adj

communal house n phr

disposable income n phr

dock v

domestic chore n phr

homeowner n
household n

household appliance n phr

housing development n phr

light fixture n phr

multi-storey car park n phr

neighbourly adj

profitable adj

provider n

resident n

residential area n phr

run low v phr

second home n phr

self-contained flat n phr

smart house n phr

social housing n phr

solar panel n

sustainable adj

store v

tower block n phr

well-established adj

wireless adj

3.4 Reading
alert adj

be/become second nature to

v phr
sb

blanket n

blazing adj

canvas camp bed n phr

carve wood v phr

central heating n phr

cramped adj

damp v

directions n

drag v

draughty adj

en suite bathroom n phr

enjoy your own company v phr

fireplace n

fitted kitchen n phr

flickering fire n phr

flint and steel n phr

have a hairy moment v phr

inaccessible adj

keep a cool head idiom

keep your wits about you idiom

kit n

minimalist adj

not be everyone’s cup of tea idiom

practise what you preach idiom

rely on v phr

remote adj

run wild idiom

running water n phr

sauna n

snug adj

supplies n

tan a skin v phr

tribe n

trunk n
wilderness n

3.5 Grammar

bin bag n phr

disgusting adj

drawer n

excuse n

laundry basket n phr

nightmare n

pile n

slob n

stale adj

3.6 Speaking

agree v

compromise n
course of action phr

go halves phr

hall of residence n

meet halfway v phr

object v

privacy n

rent n

security n

share a room v phr

split the cost phr

3.7 Use of English

breathtaking adj
inn n

movie set n phr

shoot v

stunning adj

tourist spot n phr

3.8 Writing

all in all/all things considered phr

appreciate v

argue for/against sth v phr

average cost n phr

balance v

benefit n

bills n
common adj

convenient adj

convincing adj

downside/drawback n

equally adv

go missing v phr

interfere v

kitchen facilities n phr

likewise adv

maintain order v phr

on balance phr

potential adj

persuasive adj
pros and cons n phr

rental price n phr

sense of community n phr

supervisor n

supportive adj

Focus Review 3

according to adv phr

allow for sth v

answer to sth n

asthma attack n phr

attract v
based on sth adj

boast v

breathtaking view n phr

carve sth into sth phr v

carve sth out phr v

cave-dweller n

cavern n

charm n

cobbled backstreets n phr

collapse v
common logic adj phr

cosiness n

cramped adj

current adj

damp adj

demographic trends n phr

due to adv phr

dwell v

essential adj

excess adj

extreme case n phr

face v
fluctuate v

gas fittings n phr

get around phr v

green belt n phr

green spaces n phr

housing crisis n phr

in spite of adv phr

industrial adj

inexpensive adj

ingenious adj

interior n
investigate v

knock sth down phr v

luxurious adj

maintain v

manifesto n

modest adj

moisture n

muffled adj

ordinary adj

overcrowding n

pollution n

problematic adj
prone to sth adj

purchase v

put sb up for the night v phr

put sth in phr v

quaint backstreets n phr

remote adj

renovate v

renowned for adj

rural adj

self-contained adj

southward adv
suburbs n

take out a loan v phr

trigger v

unique selling point n phr

urgent matter n phr

Exam Time NL 2

acclimatise v

adapt v

anti-climax n

barrier n

culture shock n phr

detached adj

disprove v

dissociation n

elaborate v

fall short of phr v

feel at a loose end v phr

hectic adj

idealise v

immerse v

incentive n

jetlag n

justify v

perspective n
restless adj

ridicule v

subside v

tranquil adj

unanticipated adj

whirlwind n
Definition

having existed for a very long time

at the raised circular area where three or more roads join together and which cars
must drive around

at the public building used for a town’s local government

at the set of red, yellow and green lights that control traffic

to say that something must not be done, seen, used, etc.

very busy and lively

a street that is covered with small round stones set in the ground

a part of a wide road that only bicycles are allowed to use

the journey to work that someone does every day

the place that someone is going to

the system by which water or waste liquid flows away

the time between midnight and morning

a gas or other substance that is sent into the air

very well known for something

to make someone pay money as a punishment

to develop well and be successful

to have work or repairs done that make a building or place look newer or better

the place where you were born and spent your childhood

in a state of becoming worse and worse

in the main shopping or business area in a city

in a large open area with grass and trees, especially in a town, where people can
walk, play games, etc.

in the areas where people live which are away from the centre of a town or city

one of the people who live in a particular place

to stop an amount or number from increasing beyond a particular point

the person who has been elected to lead the government of a town or city

connected with the Middle Ages, the period between about 1100 and 1500 AD

very loud or continuous noise which is considered unpleasant and harmful to

people
in the area close to the official line that separates two countries, states or areas

on the land near the sea

in the parts of a town or city that are furthest from the centre

spaces at the side of a public road where cars can be left

a public area outdoors where people buy and sell goods, food, etc.

a hard level surface or path at the side of a road for people to walk on

an area in a street or shopping area where vehicles are not allowed

the act of changing a street or shopping area so that vehicles are no longer allowed

pretty and interesting in an old-fashioned way

liked by a large number of people

to save something or someone from being harmed or destroyed

unusual and attractive, especially in an old-fashioned way

a system of roads, buses, trains, etc. that are connected to each other, that works
well
to start being used instead of another thing

hills with many long gentle slopes

the natural features of a particular part of a country that you can see, such as
mountains, forests, deserts, etc.

old and in bad condition

with no rough parts, lumps or holes, especially in a way that is pleasant and
attractive to touch

the top layer of something

objects such as road signs, street lights, containers for waste, etc. placed at the side
of a road

to be all around something on every side

a mixture of tar (tar = a black substance, thick and sticky when hot but hard when
cold) and very small stones, used for making the surface of roads

to make the short high sound of a small bird

a place below the surface of the ground with spaces for people to park their cars

relating to towns and cities

the process of improving towns and cities or making them bigger by building new
houses, offices, streets, etc.

full of activity or energy in a way that is exciting and attractive

a colour that is bright and strong

less than 500 metres from a particular place

close to a particular place

close enough to walk to a particular place

to record or follow the progress of a ship, aircraft, etc., for example on a map

to start something new, difficult or exciting

a series of lessons to train someone how to give simple medical treatment as soon
as possible to someone who is injured or who suddenly becomes ill

the way that a person or vehicle follows to get from one place to another

to start to go somewhere
to do something that involves risks

used to describe a product that is the best of its kind

the best long journey in a ship that you will ever have

cheap enough for most people to afford

a place where people try to win money by playing card games and other gambling
games

a group of private homes that also have some shared areas and facilities

shared by a group of people who live close together

a house used by a group of people who live close together

the amount of money you have left to spend after you have paid your taxes, bills,
etc.

(ship) to arrive at an area in a port or harbour where passengers can get on and off,
goods can be brought on or off, etc.

a small job that you have to do regularly in the home, such as cleaning or putting
things away

someone who owns their home

all the people who live together in one house

a piece of equipment, especially electrical equipment, such as a cooker or washing

machine, used in people’s homes

a large number of houses that have been built together in a planned way

an electric light that is fixed inside a house or building

a large building with several levels where people can park their cars

behaving in a friendly and helpful way towards the people who live next to you

producing a profit (profit = money that you gain by selling things or doing
business, after your costs have been paid)

a person or organization that supplies someone with goods or services they need

someone who lives or stays in a particular place

a part of a town consisting of private houses, with no offices or factories

to have not much of something left

a house or apartment that you own as well as your main home and which you use,
for example, for holidays

an apartment that has its own kitchen and bathroom

a house in which devices and appliances are connected to the internet and can be
controlled from far way

houses or apartments that the local government provides, which can be rented for a
small amount of money

a piece of equipment, usually kept on a roof, that collects and uses the sun’s
energy to heat water or make electricity

able to continue without causing damage to the environment

to put things away and keep them until you need them

a tall building containing apartments or offices

that has existed for a long time and is respected or trusted by people

relating to a system of communications that does not use electrical or telephone

wires
giving all your attention to what is happening, being said, etc.

to be/become something you have done so often that you do it almost without
thinking

a cover for a bed, usually made of wool

burning very brightly and strongly

a light narrow bed made of strong cloth, that folds flat and is easy to carry

to make an object or pattern by cutting a piece of wood

a system of heating buildings in which water or air is heated in one place and then
sent around the rest of the building through pipes, etc.

with not enough space for the people in it

slightly wet, often in an unpleasant way

instructions about how to get from one place to another

to pull something along the ground, often because it is too heavy to carry

with cold air blowing through

a bathroom that is joined onto a bedroom

to be happy being by yourself and not with other people

a special place in the wall of a room, where you can make a fire

a kitchen that is made to fit a particular space, with cupboards, etc. fixed to the
wall

a fire that burns with an unsteady light that goes on and off quickly

a piece of hard stone and a piece of steel that you hit together to make a small
flame

to experience something dangerous or frightening, often in a way that is exciting

difficult or impossible to reach

to stay calm in a difficult situation

to be ready to think quickly and do what is necessary in a difficult situation

a set of clothes and equipment that you use for a particular purpose

in a style that uses only a very few simple ideas or patterns

to not be the type of thing that everyone likes

to do the things that you advise other people to do

to depend on something in order to continue to live or exist

far from towns or other places where people live

to be free to do what you like because there is no one to control you

water that is provided by a system of pipes to a building's kitchen, bath, toilet, etc.

a room that is heated to a very high temperature by hot air, where people sit
because it is considered healthy

small, warm and comfortable, and making you feel protected

food, clothes and other things necessary for daily life over a period of time

to make animal skin into leather by treating it with a kind of acid

a social group consisting of people of the same race who have the same beliefs,
customs, language, etc., and usually live in one particular area ruled by their leader

a very large box made of wood or metal, in which clothes, books, etc. are stored or
packed for travel
a large area of land that has never been developed or farmed

a plastic bag used inside a bin for holding waste

extremely unpleasant and making you feel sick

a part of a piece of furniture that you pull out and push in and use to keep things in

a reason that you give to explain careless or bad behaviour

a large basket that you put dirty clothes in until you wash them

a very difficult, unpleasant or frightening experience or situation

a group of several things of the same type that are put on top of each other

someone who is lazy and untidy

(bread, cake, etc.) no longer fresh or good to eat

to say yes to an idea, plan, suggestion, etc.

an agreement that is achieved after everyone involved accepts less than what they
wanted at first
a series of actions that someone takes in order to deal with a particular situation

to share something, especially the cost of something, equally between two people

a college or university building where students live

to do some of the things that someone wants, in order to reach an agreement with
them

to feel or say that you oppose or disapprove of something

the state of being able to be alone, and not seen or heard by other people

the money that someone pays regularly to use a room, house, etc. that belongs to
someone else

things that are done to keep a place safe from damage or crime

to use, sleep in or live in a room at the same time as other people

to divide the cost of something into equal amounts and share it between two or
more people

very impressive, exciting or surprising

a small hotel or pub, especially an old one in the countryside

a place where a film is filmed

an occasion when someone makes a film

extremely attractive or beautiful

a place that people visit on holiday

when you consider all the parts or events of a situation

to understand how good or useful someone or something is

to state, giving clear reasons, why you believe something is / is not true, should
/should not be done, etc.

the typical amount of money you have to pay in order to buy or do something

to make sure that opposite forces or influences exist in equal or the correct
amounts, in a way that is good

an advantage, improvement or help that you get from something

written statements showing how much you have to pay for services you have
received, work that has been done, etc.
happening often and to many people or in many places

close to a particular place and and easy to reach

making you believe that something is true or right

a disadvantage or negative aspect of something

used when introducing a second idea or statement that is as important as your first
one

to not be in its usual place because it has been removed

to prevent something from succeeding or from happening in the way that was
planned

the room and equipment that are provided for preparing and cooking food

in the same way

to make sure that people continue to obey rules and respect authority

after considering all the facts

likely to develop into something in the future

able to make other people believe something or do what you ask

the advantages and disadvantages of something, which you consider when making
a decision about it

the amount of money that someone pays regularly to use a room, house, etc. that
belongs to someone else

the feeling that you belong to a group of people who live in the same area, have the
same interests, etc.

someone who is in charge of a group of people or an activity and makes sure that
things are done in the correct way

giving help or encouragement, especially to someone who is in a difficult situation

as shown by something or stated by someone

to make it possible for something to happen, especially something helpful or useful

a way of dealing with a problem

a sudden short period of suffering from a medical condition that causes difficulties
in breathing

to make someone interested in something and want to come to see it

using something as the thing from which it was developed

to have something that is very good

the whole area that you can see from somewhere, when it is very beautiful or
impressive

to make something by cutting into the surface of stone or another hard material

to make something by cutting it from stone or another hard material

a person who lives in a large natural hole in the side of a cliff or hill, or under the
ground

a large cave

a special quality something has that makes it very pleasing and attractive

small quiet streets that are away from the main part of a town, and are covered
with small round stones set in the ground

to fall down suddenly, usually because it is weak or damaged

a way of thinking about something that most people would think is correct and
reasonable

the quality a place has of being is small, comfortable and warm

with not enough space for the people in it

happening or existing now

slightly wet, often in an unpleasant way

changes over a period of time in the type of people that make up the population in
a particular area

because of something

to live in a particular place

extremely important and necessary

additional and not needed because there is already enough of something

a situation that is very unusual and severe or serious

to be looking or pointing in a particular direction

to keep changing and become higher and lower

pipes and other pieces of equipment in a building that are connected to a gas
supply

to go or travel to different places

an area of land around a city where building is not allowed, in order to protect
fields and woods

parks and other areas of grass, trees, etc. for people to use in a city

an urgent situation in which there are not enough homes being built and many
people cannot afford to buy or rent a house, flat, etc.

without being affected or prevented by something

having many industries

not costing much money

working well and resulting from clever thinking and new ideas

the inner part or inside of something

to examine a subject or problem carefully in order to find out the facts about it

to destroy a building or part of a building

very expensive, beautiful and comfortable

to make something stay at the same level or rate

a written statement by a political party or other group, saying what they believe in
and what they intend to do

not very great or big

small amounts of water that are present in the air, in a substance or on a surface

(sound) not able to be heard clearly, for example because it comes from behind a
door or wall

average, common or usual, not different or special

a situation in which there are too many people or things in one place

substances that make air, water, soil, etc. dangerously dirty

involving problems and difficult to deal with

likely to do something or suffer from something, especially something bad or
harmful

to buy something

to let someone stay in your house for one night

to fix a piece of equipment somewhere and connect it so that it is ready to be used

small quiet streets that are away from the main part of a town, and are unusual and
attractive, especially in an old-fashioned way

far from towns or other places where people live

to repair a building or old furniture so that it is in good condition again

known and admired by a lot of people for a special skill, achievement, or quality

happening in or relating to the countryside, not the city

complete and not needing other things or help from somewhere else to work

towards the south

an area where people live which is away from the centre of a town or city

to arrange to borrow money from a bank

to make something happen very quickly, especially a series of events

a feature of a product that makes it different from other similar products, and
therefore more attractive to people who might buy it

something that needs to be dealt with quickly

to become used to a new place or situation

to gradually change your behaviour and attitudes in order to be successful in a new

situation

a situation or event that does not seem exciting because it happens after something
that was much better

a problem that prevents people from doing something, or limits what they can do

the feeling of being confused or anxious that you get when you visit a foreign
country or a place that is very different from the one you are used to
not reacting to or becoming involved in something in an emotional way

to show that something is wrong or not true

a feeling of being separate from and not connected to something

to give more details or new information about something

to be less than what you need, expected or hoped for

to feel that you have nothing to do

very busy or full of activity

to imagine or represent something or someone as being perfect or better than they

really are

to become completely involved in an activity

something that encourages you to work harder, start a new activity, etc.

the tired and confused feeling that you can get after flying a very long distance,
especially because of the difference in time between the place you left and the
place you arrived at

to give an acceptable explanation or reason for something that other people think is
unreasonable

a way of thinking about something, especially one which is influenced by the type
of person you are or by your experiences
unwilling to keep still or stay where you are, especially because you are nervous or
bored

to laugh at an idea or belief and say that it is stupid

to gradually become less or weaker and then stop

pleasantly calm, quiet and peaceful

that you did not expect

a situation in which you experience or do a lot of different things, one after another
Example

Why can’t ancient cobbled streets have cycle lanes, according to Julia?

Turn left at the first roundabout.

The local government officials had an important meeting at the town hall.

She slowed down at the traffic lights by Sloane Street.

So he banned cars – completely!

He was determined to preserve the historic centre of the city with its bustling squares.

Why can’t ancient cobbled streets have cycle lanes, according to Julia?

Why can’t ancient cobbled streets have cycle lanes, according to Julia?

How has Ryan’s daily commute changed?

Less than two hours from the capital, Norwich should definitely become your next
destination.

Pavements, drainage systems, public lighting and street furniture were all renovated.

Pontevedra comes alive at night and the vibrant atmosphere continues well into the early
hours.

CO2 emissions are down by 70 percent.

Norwich is also famed for its huge, busy and noisy open-air food market.

Anybody causing noise pollution should be heavily fined.

By not allowing big shopping malls to be built in the centre, small businesses have
flourished.

With pedestrianisation, the shabby city centre got a facelift.

Why is Julia’s home town very popular with tourists?

It was a city in decline, polluted, with a lot of traffic accidents.

I’m standing in the city centre and I can’t hear any cars!

Let’s go for a walk in the park.

Name a school, a shopping centre or a sports centre located in the suburbs of a nearby city.

The city centre is growing with 12,000 new inhabitants.

The mayor of Pontevedra was determined to limit urban development.

The mayor of Pontevedra was determined to preserve the historic centre of the city.

He transformed the medieval centre into a pedestrian zone.

Anybody causing noise pollution should be heavily fined.

Name a town located on the border of your country.

Name a big city located on the coast.

He opened underground car parks on the outskirts of the city.

He got rid of on-street parking.

Norwich is also famed for its huge, busy and noisy open-air food market.

Pavements, public lighting and street furniture were all renovated.

He transformed the medieval centre into a pedestrian zone.

With pedestrianisation, the shabby city centre got a facelift.

The picturesque old town of Pontevedra comes alive at night.

Why is Julia’s home town very popular with tourists?

The mayor of Pontevedra was determined to preserve the historic centre of the city.

The historic centre of the city is known for its bustling squares and quaint backstreets.

According to Jack, what can a reliable network of buses replace?

Computers have replaced typewriters.

Pontevedra, located on the northwest coast of Spain, is a small city surrounded by rolling
hills.

The best part of the trip was the fantastic scenery.

With pedestrianisation, the shabby city centre got a facelift.

All cobbled streets should be replaced by smooth modern surfaces like tarmac.

All cobbled streets should be replaced by smooth modern surfaces like tarmac.

Pavements, public lighting and street furniture were all renovated.

Pontevedra, located on the northwest coast of Spain, is a small city surrounded by rolling
hills.

All cobbled streets should be replaced by smooth modern surfaces like tarmac.

Noise pollution has been replaced with the tweeting of birds and the sound of human
voices.

He got rid of on-street parking and opened underground car parks on the outskirts of the
city.

The mayor of Pontevedra was determined to limit urban development.

The mayor of Pontevedra was determined to limit urban development.

Pontevedra comes alive at night and the vibrant atmosphere continues well into the early
hours.

Neutral colours in their cubicles would soothe them, while sharp, vibrant colours would
energize them in the public areas.

Name a park or play area within 500 metres of your house.

Name a park or play area within easy reach of your house.

The car parks on the outskirts of the city are within walking distance of the centre.

On the boat, we’ll be using top-of-the-range technology to chart our route.

In a few weeks’ time, the Franklin family will be embarking on a three-year sailing voyage.

Mandy will have learnt how to swim and Eileen will have done an advanced first-aid
course.

On the boat, we’ll be using top-of-the-range technology to chart our route.

And by the time we set off, we’ll have done everything possible to make this a safe trip.
It’s the trip of a lifetime, so we won’t be taking any chances!

On the boat, we’ll be using top-of-the-range technology to chart our route.

It’s the voyage of a lifetime, so we won’t be taking any chances!

The city provides affordable, sustainable social housing.

The club has a casino upstairs.

In Denmark, tens of thousands of people live in co-housing developments.

Residents have their own self-contained flats or houses but share a common house for
communal meals.

People have the opportunity to eat together and meet regularly in a large communal house.

There are people with disposable income who want to invest in the project.

Where will it dock?

Domestic chores just got a lot easier!

Household appliances such as fridges, light fixtures, and thermostats can be controlled by
the homeowner using a mobile device.
Co-housing is a housing development where each household has a self-contained house or
flat.

Household appliances such as fridges, light fixtures, and thermostats can be controlled by
the homeowner using a mobile device.

Co-housing is a housing development where each household has a self-contained house or

flat.

Light fixtures and thermostats can be controlled by the homeowner using a mobile device.

Oh, that’s amazing. It looks like a multi-storey car park!

The neighbourly relations at Springhill will be 100 percent better.

Only if it can be profitable, so if you ask me, I’d be surprised.

The company is a leading provider of engineering and design services.

Well, it’s not a problem for residents of Springhill co-housing project in the southwest of
England.

Springhill is a new housing development of thirty-five homes in a typical residential area.

We’re running low on milk.

There are people with disposable income who want to invest in the project and use it as
their second home.

Co-housing is a housing development where each household has a self-contained house or

flat.

In the smart house of the future all appliances will be connected through wireless
networking systems.

We need to provide more affordable, sustainable social housing.

The house and car would use power that is collected through solar panels and stored.

We need to provide more affordable, sustainable social housing.

The house and car would use power that is collected through solar panels and stored.

They’re planning to build a huge ship that looks like a floating tower block with an airport
on top.

The co-housing idea comes from Denmark where it is well-established.

In the smart house of the future all appliances will be connected through wireless
networking systems.
When do you have to be alert and focussed in your daily life?

I spent so much time with tribes who rely on the land that this became second nature to me.

I sleep on a canvas camp bed, with two old army blankets for warmth.

There’s usually some fire left from the previous day, so the fire is soon blazing while I have
breakfast.

I sleep on an ancient canvas camp bed my grandfather gave me.

I have an open fire and spend my evenings tanning animal and fish skins, and carving
wood.

Does the house have central heating?

The kitchen was small and cramped.

It was a cold damp morning.

I live alone on the Isle of Skye in a tipi almost impossible to find without detailed
directions.

I grew up in a remote home in the Scottish mountains, using cross-country skis to drag food
and supplies to the house.

It's so draughty in here. Is there a window open?

Our bedroom has an en suite bathroom.

I am sociable, but I have always enjoyed my own company.

A fire was burning in the ancient fireplace.

We had a new fitted kitchen put in.

I’m happiest sitting by the flickering fire in perfect silence.

I wake at 6 a.m. and get the fire on straight away using flints and steel.

I’ve had a few hairy moments.

I grew up in a remote and sometimes inaccessible home in the Scottish mountains.

Thanks to Mum’s training, I knew I had to keep a cool head.

I’m aware that I need to keep my wits about me and be prepared.

I get my backpack organised, including any food and kit I need for the day.

Some people like their house to be minimalist, with no clutter.

What I’m doing isn’t everyone’s cup of tea, but it makes me happy.
When I gained a place at the School of Adventure Studies on the Isle of Skye last year, I
decided to live in a tipi, practising what I preach.

I spent so much time with tribes who rely on the land that this became second nature to me.

I grew up in a remote and sometimes inaccessible home in the Scottish mountains.

Mum taught us about possible dangers and how to cope with them, then let us run wild from
an early age.

They have no electricity or running water.

When I rush back to the tipi, it’s like a sauna.

She wished she was back in her snug little house.

I used cross-country skis to drag food and supplies to the house.

I have an open fire and spend my evenings tanning animal and fish skins, and carving
wood.

I spent so much time with tribes who rely on the land that this became second nature to me.

I store clothes and books in an old metal trunk of my mum’s.

Who taught him to live in the wilderness?

Get a couple of bin bags and put the rest in there.

There’s a big difference between messy and disgusting.

Most of them are in a pile because there are not enough drawers to put them in.

Make the bed. There’s no excuse for an unmade bed.

Find a laundry basket and put all the clothes on the floor into it.

I’m sure all of you know what I’m talking about – your room’s a total nightmare.

Most of them are in a pile because there are not enough drawers to put them in.

Very few of your friends know what a slob you are and you want to keep it like that.

Put the biscuits back in the tin or they'll go stale.

If you agree to pay more, I’ll take the smaller room.

OK, that seems like a fair compromise.

I can justify my views when suggesting, agreeing to and objecting to a course of action.

We could go halves.

What do you think about living in halls of residence?

Why don’t we meet halfway and look for shared accommodation, but in a place where we
could have our own rooms?

I can justify my views when suggesting, agreeing to and objecting to a course of action.

With seven people squashed in one house, you don’t get much privacy.

I pay the rent at the beginning of every month.

A large number of homes lack adequate security measures.

The question is do we want to share with other people.

We could split the cost.

We had to climb 199 steps, but once we got there the view was breathtaking.
There were two places to eat and drink: The Shire’s Rest Café and The Green Dragon Inn.

We went to visit the Hobbiton movie set which is located on a sheep farm.

You can’t see all the places in the films because some of them were built just for the shoot.

Both islands are stunning, just like in the films.

It’s a popular tourist spot – all the tourists take hundreds of photos.

All in all, there are pros and cons to living in halls.

Having never lived alone, most new students appreciate this supportive environment.

Baker argued against cutting the military budget.

In 2014 the average cost of renting a room in halls of residence in the UK was £123.96 per
week.

Certainly, residents need to be self-disciplined in order to successfully balance study and

social life.

Although there are several potential downsides to this communal way of living, there are
also numerous benefits.

In most cases, bills are included in the rental price.

Likewise, parties and late nights are common, and can interfere with students’ academic
progress.

Halls of residence are usually very convenient because they are located on, or close to,
university campuses.

I didn't find any of their arguments very convincing.

Although there are several potential downsides to this communal way of living, there are
also numerous benefits.

Equally, parties and late nights are common, and can interfere with students’ academic
progress.

Food can ‘go missing’ from shared fridges and cupboards.

Likewise, parties and late nights are common, and can interfere with students’ academic
progress.

Kitchen facilities are usually shared.

Likewise, parties and late nights are common, and can interfere with students’ academic
progress.

There is often a supervisor, whose job it is to maintain order and support students with
everyday issues.

On balance, there are pros and cons to living in halls.

There are several potential downsides to this communal way of living.

One of the most persuasive arguments for living at home is the amount of money that can
be saved.
All things considered, there are pros and cons to living in halls.

In most cases, bills are included in the rental price.

The halls of residence allow students to experience independent living in a safe place with a
strong sense of community.

There is often a supervisor, whose job it is to maintain order and support students with
everyday issues.

Having never lived alone, most new students appreciate this supportive environment.

According to current demographic trends, by 2050 at least another ten million people will
have moved to Britain.

Most cave homes face southward to allow for natural light to enter through the windows cut
into the rock face.

They were thought to be the answer to the overcrowding and industrial pollution of
Victorian cities.

Excess moisture can become problematic and in extreme cases even trigger asthma attacks.

Some cities attract a lot of tourists.

Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City were the only two towns in the UK based on his
vision.

The largest cave home boasts as many as forty rooms and can be had for as little as 200,000
euros.

I prefer a quiet rural lifestyle, quaint cobbled backstreets and breathtaking views.

There are a large number of luxurious houses carved into the Andalucian mountains.

It’s easy enough to carve yourself out an extra shelf in the wall or even a whole new room.

In Spain, thousands of modern day cave-dwellers call a hole in the ground their home.

You don’t need such a vast, sprawling cavern to feel the charm of a cave home, however.

You don’t need such a vast, sprawling cavern to feel the charm of a cave home, however.

I prefer a quiet rural lifestyle, quaint cobbled backstreets and breathtaking views.

They are not prone to fires or earthquakes and they do not tend to collapse.
Sound is gently muffled and the amount of light seems to ignore common logic.

Cave houses bring a warmth and cosiness which is a unique selling point for many buyers.

But if you’re picturing a cold, damp and cramped space, you’ll need to think again.

According to current demographic trends, by 2050 at least another ten million people will
have moved to Britain.

But if you’re picturing a cold, damp and cramped space, you’ll need to think again.

According to current demographic trends, by 2050 at least another ten million people will
have moved to Britain.

But due to the ingenious layout of many homes and the white matte of the walls, light is
easily transmitted throughout.

Cave dwelling is also surprisingly safe.

A car is essential for getting around.

Excess moisture can become problematic and in extreme cases even trigger asthma attacks.

Excess moisture can become problematic and in extreme cases even trigger asthma attacks.

Most cave homes face southward to allow for natural light to enter through the windows cut
into the rock face.
Being carved into stone, their temperature does not fluctuate much.

Electricity is generally preferred over gas – although when gas fittings are provided, these
tend to be closer to the front of the cave for safety reasons.

A car is essential for getting around.

All candidates said they were concerned that the city should preserve its green belt.

The first wave of new towns were mostly located near to London, every one with its mix of
residential development and green space.

Britain is facing another housing crisis.

This semi has been for sale for a year now, in spite of being relatively cheap.

Pollution became a serious problem in the larger industrial towns.

The provision of inexpensive housing became an urgent matter.

But due to the ingenious layout of many homes and the white matte of the walls, light is
easily transmitted throughout.

A system of mirrors is used to reflect natural light around the interior.

In 1945, the British government created a committee to investigate building new self-
sufficient towns.

How important is it to keep old traditional buildings in our cities and towns and not knock
them down?

There are a large number of luxurious houses carved into the Andalucian mountains.

A steady twenty degrees Celsius is maintained throughout the year.

And now, more than a century after Howard’s manifesto, Britain is again facing a housing
crisis.

She had saved a modest amount of money.

Excess moisture can become problematic and in extreme cases even trigger asthma attacks.

Sound is gently muffled and there is a lot of natural light.

Modern builders often use a system of ordinary mirrors to reflect natural light around the
interior.

They were thought to be the answer to the overcrowding and industrial pollution of
Victorian cities.

Noise and pollution can cause problems when people move to a big town or city.

Excess moisture can become problematic and in extreme cases even trigger asthma attacks.
They are not prone to fires or earthquakes and they do not tend to collapse.

They purchased the property in 2014.

I asked every one of my friends to put me up for the night but none of them was able to do
so.

Will you be putting in new bathroom fittings next weekend?

I prefer a quiet rural lifestyle, quaint cobbled backstreets and breathtaking views.

She grew up in a remote mountain village without electricity or running water.

Despite having taken out a loan, they still don’t have enough money to renovate their house.

At the end of the nineteenth century, Howard became renowned for what he called ‘garden
cities’.

I prefer a quiet rural lifestyle, quaint cobbled backstreets and breathtaking views.

‘Garden cities’ were self-contained communities surrounded by a ‘green belt’ which

provides the best of city and country living.

Most cave homes face southward to allow for natural light to enter through the windows cut
into the rock face.
Currently many families are deciding to move from the city centre to the suburbs.

Despite having taken out a loan, they still don’t have enough money to renovate their house.

Excess moisture can become problematic and in extreme cases even trigger asthma attacks.

Cave houses bring a warmth and cosiness which is a unique selling point for many buyers.

The provision of inexpensive housing has become an urgent matter.

When you arrive in an unknown place, it takes effort to acclimatise to your new
surroundings.

The children are finding it hard to adapt to the new school.

Going back to work after a month travelling in China was bound to be an anti-climax.

Living in China was hard for me at first because of the language barrier.

India is where I first experienced real culture shock.

She watched in silence, with detached interest.

It is easy to disprove this argument.

Getting a part-time job there helped to ease my sense of dissociation from my home town.

I would like now to elaborate upon the points raised in my introduction.

The results fell far short of our expectations.

I felt at a loose end at the end of the term so I decided to take a trip to London.

The last few days had been hectic and exhausting.

People often idealise the past.

He completely immersed himself in his work.

We need to create an incentive for people to recycle their rubbish.

I’m suffering from jet lag but I’ll feel better after a good night’s sleep.

I hope you can justify your actions.

Everyone seems to have a different perspective on the issue.

The children had been indoors all day, and were getting restless.

At the time, his ideas were ridiculed.

The pains in her head had subsided, but she still felt dizzy and sick.

In summer, the normally calm, tranquil streets fill with crowds of tourists.

There were a number of unanticipated consequences of their actions.

Recently, life has been a whirlwind of activity for him.

Translation

3.1 Woordenschat
having existed for a very long time
oude / antiek Why can’t ancient cobbled streets have cycle lanes,
according to Julia?

at the raised circular area where three or more roads join

op de rotonde together and which cars must drive around
Turn left at the first roundabout.

at the public building used for a town’s local government

op het gemeentehuis The local government officials had an important meeting
at the town hall.

at the set of red, yellow and green lights that control

bij de verkeerslichten traffic
She slowed down at the traffic lights by Sloane Street.
to say that something must not be done, seen, used, etc.
verbieden So he banned cars – completely!
very busy and lively
bruisend He was determined to preserve the historic centre of the
city with its bustling squares.

a street that is covered with small round stones set in the

ground
geplaveide straat Why can’t ancient cobbled streets have cycle lanes,
according to Julia?

a part of a wide road that only bicycles are allowed to

fietsstrook use
Why can’t ancient cobbled streets have cycle lanes,
according to Julia?
dagelijks woon-werkverkeer / the journey to work that someone does every day
forensenverkeer How has Ryan’s daily commute changed?
the place that someone is going to
bestemming Less than two hours from the capital, Norwich should
definitely become your next destination.

the system by which water or waste liquid flows away

drainagesysteem Pavements, drainage systems, public lighting and street
furniture were all renovated.

the time between midnight and morning

vroege uren Pontevedra comes alive at night and the vibrant
atmosphere continues well into the early hours.

a gas or other substance that is sent into the air

emissie CO2 emissions are down by 70 percent.
 very well known for something
beroemd om Norwich is also famed for its huge, busy and noisy open-
air food market.

to make someone pay money as a punishment

iemand een boete geven Anybody causing noise pollution should be heavily
fined.
to develop well and be successful
floreren By not allowing big shopping malls to be built in the
centre, small businesses have flourished.

to have work or repairs done that make a building or

een opknapbeurt krijgen place look newer or better
With pedestrianisation, the shabby city centre got a
facelift.
the place where you were born and spent your childhood
geboortestad Why is Julia’s home town very popular with tourists?
in a state of becoming worse and worse
in verval It was a city in decline, polluted, with a lot of traffic
accidents.

in the main shopping or business area in a city

in het stadscentrum I’m standing in the city centre and I can’t hear any cars!
in a large open area with grass and trees, especially in a
in het park town, where people can walk, play games, etc.
Let’s go for a walk in the park.

in the areas where people live which are away from the
centre of a town or city
in de buitenwijken Name a school, a shopping centre or a sports centre
located in the suburbs of a nearby city.

one of the people who live in a particular place

inwoner The city centre is growing with 12,000 new inhabitants.
to stop an amount or number from increasing beyond a
particular point
begrenzen / limiteren The mayor of Pontevedra was determined to limit urban
development.

the person who has been elected to lead the government

of a town or city
burgemeester The mayor of Pontevedra was determined to preserve the
historic centre of the city.

connected with the Middle Ages, the period between

middeleeuws about 1100 and 1500 AD
He transformed the medieval centre into a pedestrian
zone.
very loud or continuous noise which is considered
geluidsoverlast unpleasant and harmful to people
Anybody causing noise pollution should be heavily
fined.
 in the area close to the official line that separates two
aan de grens countries, states or areas
Name a town located on the border of your country.

on the land near the sea

aan de kust Name a big city located on the coast.
in the parts of a town or city that are furthest from the
aan de rand centre
He opened underground car parks on the outskirts of the
city.
spaces at the side of a public road where cars can be left
parkeren op straat He got rid of on-street parking.
a public area outdoors where people buy and sell goods,
food, etc.
openluchtmarkt Norwich is also famed for its huge, busy and noisy open-
air food market.

a hard level surface or path at the side of a road for

people to walk on
bestrating Pavements, public lighting and street furniture were all
renovated.

an area in a street or shopping area where vehicles are

voetgangerszone not allowed
He transformed the medieval centre into a pedestrian
zone.
the act of changing a street or shopping area so that
voetgangersgebied vehicles are no longer allowed
With pedestrianisation, the shabby city centre got a
facelift.
pretty and interesting in an old-fashioned way
pittoresk The picturesque old town of Pontevedra comes alive at
night.

liked by a large number of people

populair bij Why is Julia’s home town very popular with tourists?
to save something or someone from being harmed or
destroyed
behouden / beschermen The mayor of Pontevedra was determined to preserve the
historic centre of the city.

unusual and attractive, especially in an old-fashioned

schilderachtig way
The historic centre of the city is known for its bustling
squares and quaint backstreets.
a system of roads, buses, trains, etc. that are connected to
each other, that works well
betrouwbaar netwerk According to Jack, what can a reliable network of buses
replace?
 to start being used instead of another thing
vervangen Computers have replaced typewriters.
hills with many long gentle slopes
glooiende heuvels Pontevedra, located on the northwest coast of Spain, is a
small city surrounded by rolling hills.

the natural features of a particular part of a country that

landschap you can see, such as mountains, forests, deserts, etc.
The best part of the trip was the fantastic scenery.

old and in bad condition

armoedig With pedestrianisation, the shabby city centre got a
facelift.
with no rough parts, lumps or holes, especially in a way
that is pleasant and attractive to touch
glad All cobbled streets should be replaced by smooth
modern surfaces like tarmac.

the top layer of something

oppervlak All cobbled streets should be replaced by smooth
modern surfaces like tarmac.

objects such as road signs, street lights, containers for

waste, etc. placed at the side of a road
straatmeubilair Pavements, public lighting and street furniture were all
renovated.

to be all around something on every side

omringen Pontevedra, located on the northwest coast of Spain, is a
small city surrounded by rolling hills.

a mixture of tar (tar = a black substance, thick and sticky

when hot but hard when cold) and very small stones,
used for making the surface of roads
asfalt All cobbled streets should be replaced by smooth
modern surfaces like tarmac.

to make the short high sound of a small bird

fluiten Noise pollution has been replaced with the tweeting of
birds and the sound of human voices.

a place below the surface of the ground with spaces for

people to park their cars
ondergrondse parkeergarage He got rid of on-street parking and opened underground
car parks on the outskirts of the city.

relating to towns and cities

stedelijk The mayor of Pontevedra was determined to limit urban
development.
 the process of improving towns and cities or making
them bigger by building new houses, offices, streets, etc.
stedelijke ontwikkeling The mayor of Pontevedra was determined to limit urban
development.

full of activity or energy in a way that is exciting and

attractive
levendig Pontevedra comes alive at night and the vibrant
atmosphere continues well into the early hours.

a colour that is bright and strong

Neutral colours in their cubicles would soothe them,
levendige kleuren while sharp, vibrant colours would energize them in the
public areas.

less than 500 metres from a particular place

binnen 500 meter Name a park or play area within 500 metres of your
house.
close to a particular place
binnen handbereik Name a park or play area within easy reach of your
house.
close enough to walk to a particular place
op loopafstand The car parks on the outskirts of the city are within
walking distance of the centre.

3.2 Grammatica

to record or follow the progress of a ship, aircraft, etc.,

for example on a map
uitzetten On the boat, we’ll be using top-of-the-range technology
to chart our route.

to start something new, difficult or exciting

inschepen voor In a few weeks’ time, the Franklin family will be
embarking on a three-year sailing voyage.

a series of lessons to train someone how to give simple

medical treatment as soon as possible to someone who is
injured or who suddenly becomes ill
EHBO-cursus Mandy will have learnt how to swim and Eileen will
have done an advanced first-aid course.

the way that a person or vehicle follows to get from one

place to another
route On the boat, we’ll be using top-of-the-range technology
to chart our route.

to start to go somewhere
vertrekken And by the time we set off, we’ll have done everything
possible to make this a safe trip.
 to do something that involves risks
een kans wagen It’s the trip of a lifetime, so we won’t be taking any
chances!

used to describe a product that is the best of its kind

topklasse On the boat, we’ll be using top-of-the-range technology
to chart our route.

the best long journey in a ship that you will ever have
reis van je leven It’s the voyage of a lifetime, so we won’t be taking any
chances!

3.3 Luisteren

cheap enough for most people to afford

betaalbaar The city provides affordable, sustainable social housing.
a place where people try to win money by playing card
casino games and other gambling games
The club has a casino upstairs.

a group of private homes that also have some shared

areas and facilities
co-huisvesting In Denmark, tens of thousands of people live in co-
housing developments.

shared by a group of people who live close together

gemeenschappelijk Residents have their own self-contained flats or houses
but share a common house for communal meals.

a house used by a group of people who live close

gemeenschappelijk huis together
People have the opportunity to eat together and meet
regularly in a large communal house.
the amount of money you have left to spend after you
have paid your taxes, bills, etc.
besteedbaar inkomen There are people with disposable income who want to
invest in the project.

(ship) to arrive at an area in a port or harbour where

passengers can get on and off, goods can be brought on
aanleggen or off, etc.
Where will it dock?

a small job that you have to do regularly in the home,

huishoudelijke klus such as cleaning or putting things away
Domestic chores just got a lot easier!

someone who owns their home

Household appliances such as fridges, light fixtures, and
huiseigenaar thermostats can be controlled by the homeowner using a
mobile device.
 all the people who live together in one house
huishouden Co-housing is a housing development where each
household has a self-contained house or flat.

a piece of equipment, especially electrical equipment,

such as a cooker or washing machine, used in people’s
homes
huishoudelijk apparaat Household appliances such as fridges, light fixtures, and
thermostats can be controlled by the homeowner using a
mobile device.
a large number of houses that have been built together in
a planned way
woningbouwontwikkeling Co-housing is a housing development where each
household has a self-contained house or flat.

an electric light that is fixed inside a house or building

lichtpunt Light fixtures and thermostats can be controlled by the
homeowner using a mobile device.

a large building with several levels where people can

parkeergarage met meerdere park their cars
verdiepingen Oh, that’s amazing. It looks like a multi-storey car park!

behaving in a friendly and helpful way towards the

people who live next to you
nabuurschap The neighbourly relations at Springhill will be 100
percent better.

producing a profit (profit = money that you gain by

selling things or doing business, after your costs have
winstgevend been paid)
Only if it can be profitable, so if you ask me, I’d be
surprised.
a person or organization that supplies someone with
goods or services they need
aanbieder The company is a leading provider of engineering and
design services.

someone who lives or stays in a particular place

inwoner Well, it’s not a problem for residents of Springhill co-
housing project in the southwest of England.

a part of a town consisting of private houses, with no

offices or factories
woongebied Springhill is a new housing development of thirty-five
homes in a typical residential area.

to have not much of something left

bijna op zijn We’re running low on milk.
 a house or apartment that you own as well as your main
home and which you use, for example, for holidays
tweede thuis There are people with disposable income who want to
invest in the project and use it as their second home.

an apartment that has its own kitchen and bathroom

zelfstandige flat Co-housing is a housing development where each
household has a self-contained house or flat.

a house in which devices and appliances are connected to

the internet and can be controlled from far way
slim huis In the smart house of the future all appliances will be
connected through wireless networking systems.

houses or apartments that the local government provides,

which can be rented for a small amount of money
sociale huisvesting We need to provide more affordable, sustainable social
housing.

a piece of equipment, usually kept on a roof, that collects

and uses the sun’s energy to heat water or make
zonnepaneel electricity
The house and car would use power that is collected
through solar panels and stored.
able to continue without causing damage to the
environment
duurzaam We need to provide more affordable, sustainable social
housing.

to put things away and keep them until you need them
opslaan The house and car would use power that is collected
through solar panels and stored.

a tall building containing apartments or offices

blok torenflats They’re planning to build a huge ship that looks like a
floating tower block with an airport on top.

that has existed for a long time and is respected or

trusted by people
goed ingeburgerd The co-housing idea comes from Denmark where it is
well-established.

relating to a system of communications that does not use

electrical or telephone wires
draadloos In the smart house of the future all appliances will be
connected through wireless networking systems.

3.4 Lezen
 giving all your attention to what is happening, being
said, etc.
alert When do you have to be alert and focussed in your daily
life?

to be/become something you have done so often that you

do it almost without thinking
een tweede natuur zijn / worden van
I spent so much time with tribes who rely on the land
iemand
that this became second nature to me.

a cover for a bed, usually made of wool

deken I sleep on a canvas camp bed, with two old army
blankets for warmth.

burning very brightly and strongly

laaiend There’s usually some fire left from the previous day, so
the fire is soon blazing while I have breakfast.

a light narrow bed made of strong cloth, that folds flat

and is easy to carry
canvas kampeerbed I sleep on an ancient canvas camp bed my grandfather
gave me.

to make an object or pattern by cutting a piece of wood

houtsnijden I have an open fire and spend my evenings tanning
animal and fish skins, and carving wood.

a system of heating buildings in which water or air is

heated in one place and then sent around the rest of the
centrale verwarming building through pipes, etc.
Does the house have central heating?

with not enough space for the people in it

krap The kitchen was small and cramped.
slightly wet, often in an unpleasant way
vochtig It was a cold damp morning.
instructions about how to get from one place to another
routebeschrijving I live alone on the Isle of Skye in a tipi almost
impossible to find without detailed directions.

to pull something along the ground, often because it is

too heavy to carry
I grew up in a remote home in the Scottish mountains,
slepen using cross-country skis to drag food and supplies to the
house.

with cold air blowing through

tochtig It's so draughty in here. Is there a window open?
a bathroom that is joined onto a bedroom
en suite badkamer Our bedroom has an en suite bathroom.
 to be happy being by yourself and not with other people
genieten van je eigen gezelschap I am sociable, but I have always enjoyed my own
company.

a special place in the wall of a room, where you can

open haard make a fire
A fire was burning in the ancient fireplace.

a kitchen that is made to fit a particular space, with

ingerichte keuken cupboards, etc. fixed to the wall
We had a new fitted kitchen put in.

a fire that burns with an unsteady light that goes on and

flakkerend vuur off quickly
I’m happiest sitting by the flickering fire in perfect
silence.
a piece of hard stone and a piece of steel that you hit
together to make a small flame
vuursteen en ijzer I wake at 6 a.m. and get the fire on straight away using
flints and steel.

to experience something dangerous or frightening, often

een angstig moment beleven in a way that is exciting
I’ve had a few hairy moments.

difficult or impossible to reach

ontoegankelijk I grew up in a remote and sometimes inaccessible home
in the Scottish mountains.

to stay calm in a difficult situation

het hoofd koel houden Thanks to Mum’s training, I knew I had to keep a cool
head.

to be ready to think quickly and do what is necessary in a

difficult situation
je hoofd erbij houden I’m aware that I need to keep my wits about me and be
prepared.

a set of clothes and equipment that you use for a

particular purpose
kit / uitrusting I get my backpack organised, including any food and kit
I need for the day.

in a style that uses only a very few simple ideas or

minimalistisch patterns
Some people like their house to be minimalist, with no
clutter.
to not be the type of thing that everyone likes
niet ieders smaak zijn What I’m doing isn’t everyone’s cup of tea, but it makes
me happy.
 to do the things that you advise other people to do
When I gained a place at the School of Adventure
de daad bij het woord voegen Studies on the Isle of Skye last year, I decided to live in a
tipi, practising what I preach.

to depend on something in order to continue to live or

vertrouwen op exist
I spent so much time with tribes who rely on the land
that this became second nature to me.
far from towns or other places where people live
afgelegen I grew up in a remote and sometimes inaccessible home
in the Scottish mountains.

to be free to do what you like because there is no one to

control you
loslaten Mum taught us about possible dangers and how to cope
with them, then let us run wild from an early age.

water that is provided by a system of pipes to a building's

stromend water kitchen, bath, toilet, etc.
They have no electricity or running water.

a room that is heated to a very high temperature by hot

sauna air, where people sit because it is considered healthy
When I rush back to the tipi, it’s like a sauna.

small, warm and comfortable, and making you feel

knus protected
She wished she was back in her snug little house.

food, clothes and other things necessary for daily life

over a period of time
benodigdheden I used cross-country skis to drag food and supplies to the
house.

to make animal skin into leather by treating it with a kind

of acid
een huid villen I have an open fire and spend my evenings tanning
animal and fish skins, and carving wood.

a social group consisting of people of the same race who

have the same beliefs, customs, language, etc., and
usually live in one particular area ruled by their leader
stam I spent so much time with tribes who rely on the land
that this became second nature to me.

a very large box made of wood or metal, in which

clothes, books, etc. are stored or packed for travel
koffer I store clothes and books in an old metal trunk of my
mum’s.
 a large area of land that has never been developed or
wildernis farmed
Who taught him to live in the wilderness?

3.5 Grammatica

a plastic bag used inside a bin for holding waste

vuilniszak Get a couple of bin bags and put the rest in there.
extremely unpleasant and making you feel sick
walgelijk There’s a big difference between messy and disgusting.
a part of a piece of furniture that you pull out and push in
and use to keep things in
lade Most of them are in a pile because there are not enough
drawers to put them in.

a reason that you give to explain careless or bad

excuus behaviour
Make the bed. There’s no excuse for an unmade bed.
a large basket that you put dirty clothes in until you wash
them
wasmand Find a laundry basket and put all the clothes on the floor
into it.

a very difficult, unpleasant or frightening experience or

situation
nachtmerrie I’m sure all of you know what I’m talking about – your
room’s a total nightmare.

a group of several things of the same type that are put on

top of each other
stapel Most of them are in a pile because there are not enough
drawers to put them in.

someone who is lazy and untidy

sloddervos Very few of your friends know what a slob you are and
you want to keep it like that.

(bread, cake, etc.) no longer fresh or good to eat

muf Put the biscuits back in the tin or they'll go stale.

3.6 Spreken

to say yes to an idea, plan, suggestion, etc.

ermee eens zijn If you agree to pay more, I’ll take the smaller room.
an agreement that is achieved after everyone involved
compromis accepts less than what they wanted at first
OK, that seems like a fair compromise.
 a series of actions that someone takes in order to deal
with a particular situation
werkwijze I can justify my views when suggesting, agreeing to and
objecting to a course of action.

to share something, especially the cost of something,

door de helft doen equally between two people
We could go halves.

a college or university building where students live

studentenhuis What do you think about living in halls of residence?
to do some of the things that someone wants, in order to
reach an agreement with them
Why don’t we meet halfway and look for shared
halverwege tegemoetkomen accommodation, but in a place where we could have our
own rooms?

to feel or say that you oppose or disapprove of

voorwerp something
I can justify my views when suggesting, agreeing to and
objecting to a course of action.
the state of being able to be alone, and not seen or heard
by other people
privacy With seven people squashed in one house, you don’t get
much privacy.

the money that someone pays regularly to use a room,

huur house, etc. that belongs to someone else
I pay the rent at the beginning of every month.

things that are done to keep a place safe from damage or

veiligheid crime
A large number of homes lack adequate security
measures.
to use, sleep in or live in a room at the same time as
een kamer delen other people
The question is do we want to share with other people.

to divide the cost of something into equal amounts and

de kosten delen share it between two or more people
We could split the cost.

3.7 Gebruik van Engels

very impressive, exciting or surprising

adembenemend We had to climb 199 steps, but once we got there the
view was breathtaking.
 a small hotel or pub, especially an old one in the
countryside
herberg There were two places to eat and drink: The Shire’s Rest
Café and The Green Dragon Inn.

a place where a film is filmed

filmset We went to visit the Hobbiton movie set which is located
on a sheep farm.

an occasion when someone makes a film

shoot You can’t see all the places in the films because some of
them were built just for the shoot.

extremely attractive or beautiful

adembenemend Both islands are stunning, just like in the films.
a place that people visit on holiday
toeristische plek It’s a popular tourist spot – all the tourists take hundreds
of photos.

3.8 Schrijven

when you consider all the parts or events of a situation

al met al / alles in aanmerking genomen All in all, there are pros and cons to living in halls.
to understand how good or useful someone or something
op prijs stellen is
Having never lived alone, most new students appreciate
this supportive environment.
to state, giving clear reasons, why you believe something
pleiten voor / tegen iets is / is not true, should /should not be done, etc.
Baker argued against cutting the military budget.

the typical amount of money you have to pay in order to

buy or do something
gemiddelde kosten In 2014 the average cost of renting a room in halls of
residence in the UK was £123.96 per week.

to make sure that opposite forces or influences exist in

equal or the correct amounts, in a way that is good
balanceren Certainly, residents need to be self-disciplined in order to
successfully balance study and social life.

an advantage, improvement or help that you get from

something
voordeel Although there are several potential downsides to this
communal way of living, there are also numerous
benefits.
written statements showing how much you have to pay
rekeningen for services you have received, work that has been done,
etc.
In most cases, bills are included in the rental price.
 happening often and to many people or in many places
normaal Likewise, parties and late nights are common, and can
interfere with students’ academic progress.

close to a particular place and and easy to reach

handig Halls of residence are usually very convenient because
they are located on, or close to, university campuses.

making you believe that something is true or right

overtuigend I didn't find any of their arguments very convincing.
a disadvantage or negative aspect of something
keerzijde / nadeel Although there are several potential downsides to this
communal way of living, there are also numerous
benefits.
used when introducing a second idea or statement that is
as important as your first one
evenzo Equally, parties and late nights are common, and can
interfere with students’ academic progress.

to not be in its usual place because it has been removed

vermist raken Food can ‘go missing’ from shared fridges and
cupboards.
to prevent something from succeeding or from
happening in the way that was planned
interfereren Likewise, parties and late nights are common, and can
interfere with students’ academic progress.

the room and equipment that are provided for preparing

keukenfaciliteiten and cooking food
Kitchen facilities are usually shared.

in the same way

evenzo Likewise, parties and late nights are common, and can
interfere with students’ academic progress.

to make sure that people continue to obey rules and

respect authority
de orde handhaven There is often a supervisor, whose job it is to maintain
order and support students with everyday issues.

after considering all the facts

per saldo On balance, there are pros and cons to living in halls.
likely to develop into something in the future
potentieel There are several potential downsides to this communal
way of living.

able to make other people believe something or do what

you ask
overredend One of the most persuasive arguments for living at home
is the amount of money that can be saved.
 the advantages and disadvantages of something, which
you consider when making a decision about it
voors en tegens All things considered, there are pros and cons to living in
halls.

the amount of money that someone pays regularly to use

huurprijs a room, house, etc. that belongs to someone else
In most cases, bills are included in the rental price.

the feeling that you belong to a group of people who live

in the same area, have the same interests, etc.
The halls of residence allow students to experience
gemeenschapsgevoel independent living in a safe place with a strong sense of
community.

someone who is in charge of a group of people or an

activity and makes sure that things are done in the
correct way
supervisor There is often a supervisor, whose job it is to maintain
order and support students with everyday issues.

giving help or encouragement, especially to someone

who is in a difficult situation
ondersteunend Having never lived alone, most new students appreciate
this supportive environment.

Focus Review 3

as shown by something or stated by someone

volgens According to current demographic trends, by 2050 at
least another ten million people will have moved to
Britain.
to make it possible for something to happen, especially
something helpful or useful
rekening houden met iets Most cave homes face southward to allow for natural
light to enter through the windows cut into the rock face.

a way of dealing with a problem

antwoord zijn op iets They were thought to be the answer to the overcrowding
and industrial pollution of Victorian cities.

a sudden short period of suffering from a medical

condition that causes difficulties in breathing
astma-aanval Excess moisture can become problematic and in extreme
cases even trigger asthma attacks.

to make someone interested in something and want to

aantrekken come to see it
Some cities attract a lot of tourists.
 using something as the thing from which it was
gebaseerd op iets developed
Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City were the only two
towns in the UK based on his vision.
to have something that is very good
opscheppen The largest cave home boasts as many as forty rooms
and can be had for as little as 200,000 euros.

the whole area that you can see from somewhere, when it
is very beautiful or impressive
Adembenemend uitzicht I prefer a quiet rural lifestyle, quaint cobbled backstreets
and breathtaking views.

to make something by cutting into the surface of stone or

another hard material
iets uithaken uit iets There are a large number of luxurious houses carved into
the Andalucian mountains.

to make something by cutting it from stone or another

hard material
iets uithakken It’s easy enough to carve yourself out an extra shelf in
the wall or even a whole new room.

a person who lives in a large natural hole in the side of a

cliff or hill, or under the ground
holbewoner In Spain, thousands of modern day cave-dwellers call a
hole in the ground their home.

a large cave
grot You don’t need such a vast, sprawling cavern to feel the
charm of a cave home, however.

a special quality something has that makes it very

pleasing and attractive
charme You don’t need such a vast, sprawling cavern to feel the
charm of a cave home, however.

small quiet streets that are away from the main part of a
town, and are covered with small round stones set in the
ground
geplaveide straatjes I prefer a quiet rural lifestyle, quaint cobbled backstreets
and breathtaking views.

to fall down suddenly, usually because it is weak or

damaged
instorten They are not prone to fires or earthquakes and they do
not tend to collapse.
 a way of thinking about something that most people
would think is correct and reasonable
gemeenschappelijke logica Sound is gently muffled and the amount of light seems to
ignore common logic.

the quality a place has of being is small, comfortable and

warm
gezelligheid Cave houses bring a warmth and cosiness which is a
unique selling point for many buyers.

with not enough space for the people in it

krap But if you’re picturing a cold, damp and cramped space,
you’ll need to think again.

happening or existing now

actueel According to current demographic trends, by 2050 at
least another ten million people will have moved to
Britain.
slightly wet, often in an unpleasant way
vochtig But if you’re picturing a cold, damp and cramped space,
you’ll need to think again.

changes over a period of time in the type of people that

make up the population in a particular area
demografische trends According to current demographic trends, by 2050 at
least another ten million people will have moved to
Britain.
because of something
But due to the ingenious layout of many homes and the
vanwege white matte of the walls, light is easily transmitted
throughout.

to live in a particular place

(be)wonen Cave dwelling is also surprisingly safe.
extremely important and necessary
essentieel A car is essential for getting around.
additional and not needed because there is already
enough of something
overvloedig Excess moisture can become problematic and in extreme
cases even trigger asthma attacks.

a situation that is very unusual and severe or serious

extreem geval Excess moisture can become problematic and in extreme
cases even trigger asthma attacks.

to be looking or pointing in a particular direction

gericht op Most cave homes face southward to allow for natural
light to enter through the windows cut into the rock face.
 to keep changing and become higher and lower
fluctueren Being carved into stone, their temperature does not
fluctuate much.

pipes and other pieces of equipment in a building that are

connected to a gas supply
Electricity is generally preferred over gas – although
gasaansluitingen when gas fittings are provided, these tend to be closer to
the front of the cave for safety reasons.

to go or travel to different places

er(heen) komen A car is essential for getting around.
an area of land around a city where building is not
allowed, in order to protect fields and woods
groengordel All candidates said they were concerned that the city
should preserve its green belt.

parks and other areas of grass, trees, etc. for people to

use in a city
The first wave of new towns were mostly located near to
groene ruimtes London, every one with its mix of residential
development and green space.

an urgent situation in which there are not enough homes

being built and many people cannot afford to buy or rent
woningcrisis a house, flat, etc.
Britain is facing another housing crisis.

without being affected or prevented by something

ondanks This semi has been for sale for a year now, in spite of
being relatively cheap.

having many industries

industrieel Pollution became a serious problem in the larger
industrial towns.

not costing much money

goedkoop The provision of inexpensive housing became an urgent
matter.

working well and resulting from clever thinking and new

ideas
But due to the ingenious layout of many homes and the
ingenieus white matte of the walls, light is easily transmitted
throughout.

the inner part or inside of something

interieur A system of mirrors is used to reflect natural light
around the interior.
 to examine a subject or problem carefully in order to find
out the facts about it
onderzoeken In 1945, the British government created a committee to
investigate building new self-sufficient towns.

to destroy a building or part of a building

iets neerhalen How important is it to keep old traditional buildings in
our cities and towns and not knock them down?

very expensive, beautiful and comfortable

luxueus There are a large number of luxurious houses carved into
the Andalucian mountains.

to make something stay at the same level or rate

in stand houden A steady twenty degrees Celsius is maintained
throughout the year.

a written statement by a political party or other group,

saying what they believe in and what they intend to do
manifest And now, more than a century after Howard’s manifesto,
Britain is again facing a housing crisis.

not very great or big

bescheiden She had saved a modest amount of money.
small amounts of water that are present in the air, in a
substance or on a surface
vochtigheid Excess moisture can become problematic and in extreme
cases even trigger asthma attacks.

(sound) not able to be heard clearly, for example because

gedempt it comes from behind a door or wall
Sound is gently muffled and there is a lot of natural light.

average, common or usual, not different or special

gewoon Modern builders often use a system of ordinary mirrors
to reflect natural light around the interior.

a situation in which there are too many people or things

in one place
overbevolking They were thought to be the answer to the overcrowding
and industrial pollution of Victorian cities.

substances that make air, water, soil, etc. dangerously

verontreiniging dirty
Noise and pollution can cause problems when people
move to a big town or city.
involving problems and difficult to deal with
problematisch Excess moisture can become problematic and in extreme
cases even trigger asthma attacks.
 likely to do something or suffer from something,
especially something bad or harmful
vatbaar voor iets They are not prone to fires or earthquakes and they do
not tend to collapse.

to buy something
aankoop They purchased the property in 2014.
to let someone stay in your house for one night
iemand een nachtje laten logeren I asked every one of my friends to put me up for the
night but none of them was able to do so.

to fix a piece of equipment somewhere and connect it so

that it is ready to be used
iets erin zetten Will you be putting in new bathroom fittings next
weekend?

small quiet streets that are away from the main part of a
town, and are unusual and attractive, especially in an
old-fashioned way
schilderachtige achterafstraatjes I prefer a quiet rural lifestyle, quaint cobbled backstreets
and breathtaking views.

far from towns or other places where people live

afgelegen She grew up in a remote mountain village without
electricity or running water.

to repair a building or old furniture so that it is in good

condition again
renoveren Despite having taken out a loan, they still don’t have
enough money to renovate their house.

known and admired by a lot of people for a special skill,

achievement, or quality
bekend om At the end of the nineteenth century, Howard became
renowned for what he called ‘garden cities’.

happening in or relating to the countryside, not the city

landelijk I prefer a quiet rural lifestyle, quaint cobbled backstreets
and breathtaking views.

complete and not needing other things or help from

somewhere else to work
‘Garden cities’ were self-contained communities
op zichzelf staand surrounded by a ‘green belt’ which provides the best of
city and country living.

towards the south

zuidwaarts Most cave homes face southward to allow for natural
light to enter through the windows cut into the rock face.
 an area where people live which is away from the centre
of a town or city
buitenwijken Currently many families are deciding to move from the
city centre to the suburbs.

to arrange to borrow money from a bank

een lening afsluiten Despite having taken out a loan, they still don’t have
enough money to renovate their house.

to make something happen very quickly, especially a

series of events
veroorzaken Excess moisture can become problematic and in extreme
cases even trigger asthma attacks.

a feature of a product that makes it different from other

similar products, and therefore more attractive to people
who might buy it
uniek verkoopargument Cave houses bring a warmth and cosiness which is a
unique selling point for many buyers.

something that needs to be dealt with quickly

dringende zaak The provision of inexpensive housing has become an
urgent matter.

to become used to a new place or situation

acclimatiseren When you arrive in an unknown place, it takes effort to
acclimatise to your new surroundings.

to gradually change your behaviour and attitudes in order

aanpassen (aan) to be successful in a new situation
The children are finding it hard to adapt to the new
school.
a situation or event that does not seem exciting because it
happens after something that was much better
anticlimax Going back to work after a month travelling in China
was bound to be an anti-climax.

a problem that prevents people from doing something, or

limits what they can do
barrière Living in China was hard for me at first because of the
language barrier.

the feeling of being confused or anxious that you get

when you visit a foreign country or a place that is very
cultuurschok different from the one you are used to
India is where I first experienced real culture shock.
 not reacting to or becoming involved in something in an
afstandelijk emotional way
She watched in silence, with detached interest.

to show that something is wrong or not true

weerleggen It is easy to disprove this argument.
a feeling of being separate from and not connected to
something
dissociatie /losgeraakt zijn van Getting a part-time job there helped to ease my sense of
dissociation from my home town.

to give more details or new information about something

ingaan op I would like now to elaborate upon the points raised in
my introduction.

to be less than what you need, expected or hoped for

achterblijven bij The results fell far short of our expectations.
to feel that you have nothing to do
je vervelen I felt at a loose end at the end of the term so I decided to
take a trip to London.

very busy or full of activity

hectisch The last few days had been hectic and exhausting.
to imagine or represent something or someone as being
idealiseren perfect or better than they really are
People often idealise the past.

to become completely involved in an activity

onderdompelen / opgaan in He completely immersed himself in his work.
something that encourages you to work harder, start a
new activity, etc.
stimulans We need to create an incentive for people to recycle their
rubbish.

the tired and confused feeling that you can get after
flying a very long distance, especially because of the
difference in time between the place you left and the
jetlag place you arrived at
I’m suffering from jet lag but I’ll feel better after a good
night’s sleep.
to give an acceptable explanation or reason for
verantwoorden something that other people think is unreasonable
I hope you can justify your actions.

a way of thinking about something, especially one which

is influenced by the type of person you are or by your
experiences
perspectief Everyone seems to have a different perspective on the
issue.
 unwilling to keep still or stay where you are, especially
because you are nervous or bored
rusteloos The children had been indoors all day, and were getting
restless.

to laugh at an idea or belief and say that it is stupid

belachelijk maken At the time, his ideas were ridiculed.
to gradually become less or weaker and then stop
verdwijnen The pains in her head had subsided, but she still felt
dizzy and sick.

pleasantly calm, quiet and peaceful

rustig In summer, the normally calm, tranquil streets fill with
crowds of tourists.

that you did not expect

onverwachts There were a number of unanticipated consequences of
their actions.

a situation in which you experience or do a lot of

wervelwind different things, one after another
Recently, life has been a whirlwind of activity for him.
Word Part of speech
Unit 4 Shopping around
4.1 Vocabulary

average adj

bargain price n phr

be on a limited budget v phr

carbon emission n phr

cautious adj

chain store n phr

check up on phr v

clothing industry n phr

cut down on phr v

decompose v phr

delivery n

double v

enter your PIN v phr

ethical values n phr

employment policy n phr

environmental impact n phr

garment n

generate v

go bargain-hunting v phr

have a bad reputation v phr

high street n phr

impulse purchase n phr

latest adj

life expectancy n phr

local brands n phr

look out for phr v

mass-produced product n phr

online shopping n phr

opt for phr v

pay out phr v

pick-up n

polluter n

put sth aside phr v

responsible attitude n phr

responsibly adv

send sth back phr v

shop around phr v

shop locally v phr

sportswear n

spring up phr v

support local producers v phr

synthetic fabric n phr

tempting adj

textile waste n phr

throw-away society n phr

treat yourself to v phr

4.2 Grammar

be concerned about v phr

dye your hair v phr

form a band v phr

hold sth up phr v

risky adj

staff entrance n phr

stage n

transfer money v phr

4.3 Listening

antiques market n phr

auction house n phr

bric-a-brac n

car boot sale n phr

checked bag n phr

claim sth v

clutter n

domestic adj

fashionable adj

flea market n

get hold of v phr

lost property n phr

market stall n

old-fashioned adj

online auction n phr

ornament n

personal belongings n phr

pre-owned goods n phr

reasonably-priced adj

rotten food n phr

second-hand clothes n phr

stall holder n phr

unclaimed adj

unwanted adj

used goods trade n phr

4.4 Reading

afford to do sth v phr

annoying adj

annual adj

available adj
be broke v phr

be loaded v phr

be rolling in money idiom

be short of money idiom

be well-off v phr

bid v

bid for sth (in an auction) v phr

broadcast v

business empire n phr

catch the bug v phr

cause n

come up for auction v phr

consumer behaviour n phr

contribute v

cuddly adj

cult following n phr

disability n
donate v

enterprising adj

entertainer n

fetch v

find it hard to make ends meet v phr

fundraise for charity v phr

have money to burn idiom

hold an auction v phr

human trafficking n phr

hyped adj

increase (your) earnings v phr

in demand phr

jar n

label n
leftover n

limited edition n phr

live from hand to mouth idiom

make a fortune v phr

make a profit v phr

make money v phr

meaning of life n phr

on trend phr

place a bid v phr

publicity stunt n phr

put sth up for sale v phr

raise money v phr

refuse v

resell v

reveal v
shredder n

step in phr v

streetwear n

sum of money n phr

take on a challenge v phr

winning bid n phr

wheelchair n

value n

4.5 Grammar

bother v

bracelet n

exchange v

in advance phr

it’s a pity/it's a shame phr

rash n

receipt n

take sth back phr v

4.6 Speaking

can’t be bothered to do sth v phr

choice n

delivery truck n

eye-catching adj

get the message v phr

halfway across town phr

interact with sb v phr

leaflet n

locally grown phr

miraculous adj

on second thoughts phr

order sth online v phr

poorly adv

take effort v phr

time-consuming adj

4.7 Use of English

a penny saved is a penny earned idiom

allowance n

disadvantaged adj
financial advisor n phr

gain v

get a discount v phr

guidance n

interest on a loan n phr

luxurious adj

miss an opportunity v phr

money-off voucher/coupon n phr

open a bank account v phr

permit v

pocket money n phr

reduction in the price n phr

run a seminar v phr

save for a rainy day v phr

save up for v phr

savings account n phr

stock of n phr

succeed in v phr

waste money v phr

4.8 Writing

accuse somebody of v phr

approach v

bowling alley n

discriminate against sb v phr

draw sb’s attention to v phr

embarrassing adj

feel offended v phr

hang out phr v

humiliated adj

incident n

kick somebody out phr v

make a complaint v phr

on behalf phr

overreaction n

policy n

reason with v

reconsider v

security guard n

threaten v

treat sb unfairly v phr

upset adj

Focus Review 4

a pack of chewing gum n phr

attract customers v phr

automate v

bar code n
be approached by sb v phr

be certain to do sth v phr

be in demand v phr

catch on phr v

checkout operations n phr

come across sth phr v

complain about sth v

complaint n

customer service n phr

damage v

design v

desirable adj

email of complaint n phr

Engineering n

entail v

even though conj

exclusive adj

extensive adj

funding n

get into sth phr v

give sth up phr v

glamorous adj

good value for money n phr

groundbreaking adj

in the shape of something phr

information on sth n

input v

invention n

item n

lack n

launch a campaign v phr

manage to do sth v phr

manually adv
monotonous adj

museum exhibit n phr

mystery shopper n phr

niche n

on a daily basis adv phr

particular adj

price tag n

progression n

provide v

rectangular adj

refund n

retail adj

sale n

scan v

scanner n
secrecy n

service n

specific adj

staff n

succeed in doing sth v phr

take notes v phr

take sth back to the shop v phr

task n

university fees n phr

unpredictability adj

vertical adj

wheelchair n
Definition

having qualities that are typical of most people or things

a price that is lower than usual

to not have very much money to spend

carbon dioxide sent into the air that is likely to cause harm to people or the environment

careful to avoid danger or risks

one of a group of shops in different towns or cities that are all owned by one organization and sell
the same products

to find out information about something to make sure it is satisfactory

businesses that produce and sell clothes

to reduce the amount of something

to be slowly destroyed by a natural chemical process

the act of bringing goods to a particular person or place

to become twice as big or twice as much

to put your PIN (PIN = a number that you use when you pay for something or get money from a
machine using a plastic card) into a computer or machine by pressing buttons

principles of behaviour that are based on what is considered morally correct or acceptable

a company's official set of ideas and plans relating to how it treats the people who work for it

the effects of something on the air, land or water on Earth

a piece of clothing

to produce or cause something

to look for things to buy at low prices

to be known by people for doing bad things

the main street of a town where most of the shops and businesses are

something which is bought without planning or choosing carefully

the most recent or the newest

the length of time that something is expected to continue to work or remain in good condition

products made by companies from the area you live in

to pay attention so that you will notice a particular thing if you see it

something produced in large numbers using machinery, so that each object is the same and can be
sold cheaply

buying goods on the Internet

to choose one thing instead of another

to pay money for something, especially a lot of money

an occasion when something is collected from a place

a person or organization that makes air, water, soil, etc. dangerously dirty and not suitable for
people to use

to keep something so that it can be used or made available later

a sensible way of thinking about something that can be trusted

in a sensible way which makes people trust you

to return something to the place it came from

to compare the price and quality of different things before you decide which to buy

to buy things from shops in or near the area where you are

clothes that you wear to play sports or when you are relaxing

to suddenly appear or start to exist

to help people or companies that make or grow goods, foods, etc. in or near the area where you are
by buying their products

cloth produced by combining different artificial substances, rather than being naturally produced

seeming to be very good and making you want to have it or do it

unwanted clothes and pieces of material used in the production of clothes, that are thrown away

a modern society in which products are not made to last a long time

to buy or do something special for yourself that you know you will enjoy

to be worried about something

to change the colour of your hair using a special liquid or substance

to start to be a group of musicians together, especially a group that plays popular music

to hold something in a high position with your hand

involving the the possibility that something bad, unpleasant or dangerous may happen

the door to enter a building used by the people who work there

the raised area in a theatre which actors or singers stand on when they perform

to move money from one account to another

a place where people buy and sell pieces of furniture, jewellery, etc. that were made a very long
time ago and are therefore valuable

a company that arranges public meetings where land, buildings, paintings, etc. are sold to the
person who offers the most money for them

small objects that are not worth very much money but are interesting or attractive

an outdoor sale where people sell things from the back of their cars

a bag or suitcase that has been left at an official place so it can be put on a plane

to say that something, such as a case or bag, is yours and collect it

a large number of things that are scattered somewhere in an untidy way

used or kept in people's homes

popular at a particular time with people, especially rich people

a market where old or used goods are sold

to find or borrow something so that you can use it

things that people have lost or accidentally left in a public place, which are kept until someone
collects them
a table or a small shop with an open front, especially outdoors, where goods are sold

not considered to be modern or fashionable anymore

a type of website in which you can sell things to the person who offers you the highest price

a small object that you keep in your house because it is beautiful rather than useful

the things someone owns, especially things that they can carry with them

goods for sale that have been owned and used by someone else before

not too expensive

food that has decayed and is no longer fit to eat

clothes that are not new when you get them, because they were owned by someone else before you

someone who sells things from a stall (stall = a table or a small shop with an open front) in a
market

that nobody has claimed as belonging to them

not wanted or needed

the buying and selling of goods that have already had an owner

to have enough money to buy or pay for something

making you feel slightly angry

happening once a year

able to be used, bought or found

to have no money

to be very rich

to have or earn a lot of money

to not have enough money

to have a lot of money, or enough money to have a good standard of living

to offer to pay a particular price for goods, especially in an auction

to offer to pay a particular price for something (in an auction)

to send out radio or television programmes

a group of companies controlled by one person

to became very interested in or enthusiastic about something

an aim, belief or organization that someone supports or fights for

to be to offered for sale in an auction

the study of where and how people buy things, why they choose one thing and not another, etc.

to give money, goods, help, etc. to something that a lot of other people are also involved in

(person or animal) making you want to cuddle them (cuddle = to hold someone very close to you
with your arms around them, especially to show that you love them)

the fact of being very popular among a particular group of people

a physical or mental condition that makes it difficult for someone to use a part of their body
properly, or to learn normally
to give something, especially money, to a person or an organization in order to help them

having the ability to think of new activities or ideas and make them work

someone whose job is to tell jokes, sing, etc. in order to entertain people

to be sold for a particular amount of money, especially at a public sale

to have difficulty earning just enough money to buy the things you need

to collect money for organizations that give money, goods or help to people who are in need

to have more money than you need, so that you spend it on unnecessary things

to organize a public meeting where something is sold to the person who offers the most money for
it

the activity of taking people to another country and forcing them to work

advertised, praised and talked about a lot on television, in newspapers, etc.

to receive more money for the work that you do

wanted by a lot of people

a glass container with a wide top and a lid, used for storing food

a company that makes fashionable or expensive clothes

remaining after all the rest has been used, taken or eaten

a small number of special copies of a book, picture, piece of clothing, etc. which are produced at
one time only

to have only just enough money to buy food

to earn a very large amount of money

to gain money by selling things or doing business, after your costs have been paid

to earn or get money

the purpose or significance of human existence

very fashionable

to offer to pay a particular price for something, especially at an auction

something that is only done in order to make sure that people know about a new product, film, etc.
or what a particular famous person is doing

to make something available for people to buy

to collect money that you can use for a particular purpose

to say firmly that you will not do something that someone has asked you to do

to sell something that you have bought

to make known something that was previously secret or unknown

a machine that cuts documents into small pieces so that no one can read them

to become involved in an activity, discussion or disagreement, often in order to stop trouble or help
people

fashinable casual clothes, worn especially by young people

an amount of money

to attempt to do something difficult that tests your strength, skill or ability, especially in a way that
is interesting

the highest amount of money that is offered for something at an auction

a chair with wheels, used by people who cannot walk

the amount of money that something is worth

to make the effort to do something

a band or chain that you wear around your wrist or arm as a decoration

if a shop or company exchanges something you have bought, they take it back and give you a new
one, for example because the thing you first bought has a fault

before something happens or is expected to happen

used to show that you are disappointed about something and you wish things could happen
differently

a lot of red spots on someone’s skin, caused by an illness

a piece of paper that you are given which shows that you have paid for something

to take something you have bought back to a shop because it is not suitable
used to say that you do not want to make the effort to do something, or that you are not interested
in doing something

the thing that someone decides they want from a number of things

a large road vehicle used to deliver goods

unusual or attractive in a way that makes you notice it

to understand what someone means or what they want you to do

half of the distance from one side of a town to another

to spend time talking to another person, working with them, etc.

a small book or piece of paper advertising something or giving information on a particular subject

grown in or near the area where you are

very good, completely unexpected and often very lucky

used to say that you have changed your mind about something

to use the Internet to ask a company to supply goods or services

badly

need physical or mental energy to do

taking a long time to do

it is good to save even small amounts of money because this will allow you to have more money to
spend in the future

an amount of money that you are given regularly

having social problems, such as a lack of money or education, which make it difficult for you to
succeed
someone whose job is to give people advice about money and investments

to get or achieve something

to pay less than the usual price for something

help and advice that is given to someone

the extra money that you must pay back when you borrow an amount of money

very expensive, beautiful and comfortable

to not do something you have a chance to do

a printed piece of paper given to customers by the seller of a product, allowing the customer to pay
less than usual for the product when they next buy it

to start an account (account = an arrangement between a bank and a customer that allows the
customer to pay in and take out money) at a bank by putting money into it

to allow something to happen, especially by an official decision, rule or law

a small amount of money that parents give regularly to their children, usually every week or month

a decrease in the price of something

to organize and be in charge of a class on a particular subject, usually given as a form of training

to save something, especially money, for a time when you will need it

to keep or collect money to use later to buy something, especially when you gradually add more
money over a period of time
a bank account in which you keep money that you want to save for a period of time, and which
pays you interest on the money you have in it

a supply of something that you keep and can use when you need to

to do what you tried or wanted to do

to use more money than is necessary or sensible

to say that you believe someone is guilty of doing something bad

to move towards or nearer to someone or something

a building where you go bowling (bowling = an indoor game in which you roll a large heavy ball
along a wooden track in order to knock down a group of wooden objects shaped like bottles)

to treat a person or group differently from another in an unfair way

to make someone notice and be concerned or think about something

making you feel ashamed, nervous or uncomfortable

to be angry and upset by someone’s behaviour or remarks

to spend a lot of time in a particular place or with particular people

made to feel ashamed or stupid, especially when other people are present

an event, especially one that is unusual, important or violent

to make someone leave a place

to make a formal statement saying that you are annoyed, not satisfied, or unhappy about something
instead of someone, or as their representative

an act of reacting to something with too much emotion, or by doing something that is unnecessary

a way of doing something that has been officially agreed and chosen by a business or organization

to talk to someone in an attempt to persuade them to be more sensible

to think again about something in order to decide if you should change your opinion or do
something different

someone whose job is to guard a building

to say that you will cause someone harm or trouble if they do not do what you want

to behave towards someone in a way that is not right or fair

unhappy and worried because something unpleasant or disappointing has happened

a small container, usually made of paper, that holds pieces of a sweet that you chew for a long time
but do not swallow, ready to be sold

to get more people who will buy goods or services from a shop, company, etc.

to start using computers and machines to do a job, rather than people

a group of thin and thick lines printed on products you buy in a shop, that a computer can read. It
contains information such as the price.
to be asked to do something by someone, especially when they are asking you for the first time

used to say that someone will definitely do something

to be wanted by people

to become popular and fashionable

the system in a supermarket used for people to pay for the goods they are buying

to find or discover something by chance

to say that you are annoyed, not satisfied or unhappy about something

a statement in which someone says that they are annoyed, not satisfied or unhappy about something

when an organization helps its customers by answering their questions and listening to their
complaints, giving them advice on using the product or service it provides, etc.

to cause physical harm to something

to make a plan of something that will be made or built

worth having or doing

an email in which someone says that they are annoyed, not satisfied or unhappy about something

the work involved in designing and building machines, electrical equipment, roads, bridges, etc.

to involve something as a necessary part or result

used to emphasize that something is true although something else has happened or is true
available or belonging only to particular people, and not shared

containing or dealing with a lot of information and details

money that is provided by an organization for a particular purpose

to enter a place, especially when this is difficult

to stop trying to do something

attractive, exciting and interesting

used to say that something is worth what you pay for it

making new discoveries or using new methods

having a particular shape

facts or details that tell you something about a situation, person, event, etc.

to put information into a computer or machine

a useful machine, tool, instrument, etc. that someone has designed or made for the first time

a single thing, especially one thing in a list, group or set of things

when there is not enough of something, or none of it

to begin a series of actions intended to achieve a particular result

to succeed in doing something difficult, especially after trying very hard

by hand, without the help of electricity, computers, etc.

boring because of always being the same

an object that is put in a museum (museum = a building where important cultural, historical or
scientific objects are kept and shown to the public) so that people can go and see it

someone whose job is to pretend to be a customer in order to find out how good a shop, service,
etc. is

suitable for or of interest to only a particular small group of people who have similar needs,
interests, etc.

every day

specific or special

a piece of paper with a price on it that is attached to something in a shop

the process of moving forwards or towards somewhere

to give something to someone or make it available to them, because they need it or want it

having a shape that has four straight sides, two of which are usually longer than the other two, and
four 90° angles at the corners

an amount of money that is given back to you if you are not satisfied with the goods or services that
you have paid for

relating to the sale of goods in shops to customers, for their own use and not for selling to anyone
else

an event at which goods are sold

to use a machine to pass an electronic beam over something in order to read information on it

a machine that passes an electronic beam over something in order to read information on it
the process of keeping something secret

skilled work or advice from a particular type of worker who you use to help you do something

used to refer to one particular thing, person or group

the people who work for an organization

to do what you tried or wanted to do

to write information down while you are listening to someone or reading something

to take something you have bought back to a shop because it is not suitable

a piece of work that must be done, especially one that is difficult or unpleasant or that must be done
regularly

money paid by or for a student to a university for its courses

the quality of changing a lot so it is impossible to know what will happen

pointing up in a line that forms an angle of 90° with a flat surface

a chair with wheels, used by people who cannot walk

Example

The average person now buys 60 percent more clothes every year.

We were able to buy the table at a bargain price.

Most young people are on a limited budget, so it’s tempting to go bargain-hunting.

You may think that you are cutting down on carbon emissions by not travelling to the shops by car or bus.

I’m always very cautious when I enter my PIN in public.

Large international chain stores can sell the latest fashion at bargain prices.

You can check up on a brand’s employment policies and avoid those that have a bad reputation.

The clothing industry is one of the largest polluters in the world.

You may think that you are cutting down on carbon emissions by not travelling to the shops by car or bus.

Synthetic fabrics can take hundreds of years to decompose – basically, they’re like plastic.

You can expect delivery in a week to ten days.

Since 2000, global clothes production has more than doubled.

I’m always very cautious when I enter my PIN in public.

Support brands that promote ethical values.

You can check up on a brand’s employment policies and avoid those that have a bad reputation.

Shopping in charity or vintage shops will you reduce your environmental impact.
The average life expectancy of garments today is less than three years.

Every year the US generates 15 million tonnes of used textile waste.

Most young people are on a limited budget, so it’s tempting to go bargain-hunting.

You can check up on a brand’s employment policies and avoid those that have a bad reputation.

If you shop in charity or vintage shops, you’ll get something original, unlike the mass-produced products on
the high street.

When you go shopping, cut down on impulse purchases.

Large international chain stores can sell the latest fashion at bargain prices.

The average life expectancy of garments today is less than three years.

You may have to pay out a bit more for local brands but it’s good to support local producers.

If you buy sportswear, look out for labels that use recycled products.

If you shop in charity or vintage shops, you’ll get something original, unlike the mass-produced products on
the high street.

But online shopping can also mean more vehicles on the road for delivery and pick-up.

There are new companies that have sprung up with environmentally-friendly policies – these are the shops you
should opt for.

You may have to pay out a bit more for local brands but it’s good to support local producers.

Online shopping can also mean more vehicles on the road for delivery and pick-up when you want to send
something back.

The clothing industry is one of the largest polluters in the world.

Ask the shop assistant to put the T-shirt aside while you think about it.
New companies have sprung up with more responsible attitudes and environmentally-friendly policies.

When you go bargain-hunting, you should consider these six ways to shop more responsibly.

Online shopping can also mean more vehicles on the road for delivery and pick-up when you want to send
something back.

Shop around for stores that encourage recycling.

I tend to shop locally because I don't like going to supermarkets.

If you buy sportswear, look out for labels that use recycled products.

There are new companies that have sprung up with more responsible attitudes and environmentally-friendly
policies.

You may have to pay out a bit more for local brands but it’s good to support local producers.

Synthetic fabrics can take hundreds of years to decompose – basically, they’re like plastic.

Most young people are on a limited budget, so it’s tempting to go bargain-hunting.

Every year the US generates 15 million tonnes of used textile waste.

We live in a throw-away society!

When I get birthday money, I like to treat myself to something nice.

What is Laura’s mum concerned about?

She wants to dye her hair pink.

They formed a band when they were still at school.

He’s holding up a piece of paper with your name on it.

You know it’s risky buying tickets online, don’t you?

Why are we waiting at the staff entrance?

Let's get closer to the stage, shall we?

I transferred the money to his account online.

Antiques markets – London’s Portobello Market is located in the fashionable Notting Hill.

I go to an auction house in London – they buy the lost property from Heathrow Airport.

The local charity shops mainly sell clothes and bric-a-brac.

Every weekend thousands of people take their unwanted domestic clutter to car boot sales around the country.

Twenty-six million checked bags go missing from international flights around the world every year.

A lot of lost property is never claimed.

Every weekend thousands of people take their unwanted clutter to car boot sales.

Thousands of people try to sell their unwanted domestic clutter at car boot sales.

London’s Portobello market is located in fashionable Notting Hill.

Flea markets – Camden market is the biggest one in London.

How does Martin get hold of the second-hand goods he sells?

I go to an auction house in London – they buy the lost property from Heathrow Airport.
Unclaimed lost property goes to auction houses where market stall holders bid for them.

The room was full of big old-fashioned furniture.

Do you sometimes buy things in online auctions?

One shelf was covered with books and ornaments.

Do you feel a bit strange handling people’s personal belongings?

Where do British people go to buy and sell pre-owned goods?

It sells both second-hand clothes and reasonably-priced new fashion.

The fridge was full of rotten food.

Where do British people go to buy and sell second-hand goods?

Unclaimed lost property goes to auction houses where market stall holders bid for them.

Unclaimed lost property goes to auction houses where market stall holders bid for them.

Every weekend thousands of people take their unwanted domestic clutter to car boot sales.

This episode of the programme is about the increased activity in the used goods trade.

If a family can’t afford to buy their disabled child a new wheelchair, Children in Need will step in.

He is one of the most annoying people I have ever met.

The Children in Need Telethon is an annual event.

How much did someone pay for Girl with Balloon when it became available for auction?
I can't go – I'm broke.

Giles can afford it – he’s loaded.

After all, this man was a tycoon as well as a doctor; he must be rolling in money.

Our libraries are short of money.

Stella’s family is well-off.

The auction house refused to reveal the identity of the buyer who successfully bid for the artwork.

The auction house refused to reveal the identity of the buyer who successfully bid for the artwork.

The Telethon has raised millions of pounds for young people in the UK since it was first broadcast in 1980.

Teens build business empires from their bedrooms.

Seventeen-year-old Lydia also caught the bug for selling clothes online.

Which causes or charities would you like to fundraise for?

Her paintings do not often come up for auction these days.

We have done a lot of research on young people’s consumer behaviour.

I'd like to thank all of you who contributed to the hospital appeal.

A ten-year-old girl from England tried to sell her grandmother on eBay, describing her as ‘annoying’ but
‘cuddly’.

Her products have developed a cult following.

The charity supports families who are short of money, or where there’s a child with a disability or serious
illness.
Children in Need features performances from top entertainers who encourage people to donate money online
or on the phone.

Enterprising teens are selling stuff online and making a fortune!

Children in Need features performances from top entertainers who encourage people to donate money online
or on the phone.

A piece of The Queen’s wedding cake from her marriage in 1947 fetched £500 at auction.

She is unemployed and finds it hard to make ends meet.

BBC Children In Need Telethon is a televised event that fundraises for charity.

It’s not only wealthy people with money to burn who donate.

Leading up to the telethon, schools all over the UK raise money in different ways: selling cakes, hosting a
quiz or film night, holding auctions or simply getting people to guess how many sweets there are in a jar.

The Auction site had to take down the offer as it appeared to be promoting human trafficking.

His much-hyped latest movie is finally about to be released.

To create more publicity and increase her earnings, she models the clothes on Instagram.

She finds out which products are in-demand by checking streetwear focused social media groups.

The kids raised money by getting people to guess how many sweets were in a jar.

Fancy designer labels tend to come with fancy price tags to match.
The leftover breakfast was put up for sale by a DJ and a nineteen-year-old fan placed the winning bid.

Reselling limited edition goods can earn them up to several thousand pounds a month.

We lived from hand to mouth, never knowing where the next meal was coming from.

Enterprising teens are selling stuff online and making a fortune!

She spends about two hours a day reselling and makes about £1,000 profit every month.

How does Lydia use social media to make more money from selling online?

In 2000 a man from North Carolina discovered the meaning of life and decided to sell it on eBay.

She recently bought an on-trend backpack for £120 and sold it for £180, making her a nice profit of £60.

The leftover breakfast was put up for sale by a DJ and a nineteen-year-old fan placed the winning bid.

Cynics are saying that the couple’s relationship is a huge publicity stunt to help sell their new movie.

The leftover breakfast was put up for sale by a DJ and a nineteen-year-old fan placed the winning bid.

Another popular way to raise money is to take on a challenge and ask friends’ parents.

The auction house refused to reveal the identity of the buyer who successfully bid for the artwork.

Wherever I go, I look out for products to resell.

The auction house refused to reveal the identity of the buyer who successfully bid for the artwork.
But then something extraordinary happened – shortly after it was sold, the painting began to pass through a
shredder hidden in the frame.

The military may step in if the crisis continues.

They’re buying popular items from streetwear brands and reselling them on Depop.

How do you explain the large sums of money people spend on works of art?

Another popular way to raise money is to take on a challenge and ask friends’ parents.

The leftover breakfast was put up for sale by a DJ and a nineteen-year-old fan placed the winning bid.

There is special parking for wheelchair users.

The media attention would increase the value of the painting.

I took the bracelet back to the shop but I needn’t have bothered.

Oh dear, did you have to take the bracelet back?

They refused to exchange it because I didn’t have the receipt.

You ought to get her concert tickets in advance.

It’s a pity we didn’t stay at home.

She put it on and got a big rash on her arm.

They refused to exchange it because I didn’t have the receipt.

I took the bracelet back to the shop but I needn’t have bothered.
I really can’t be bothered to go out, Emma.

Therefore, it’s clearly the best choice.

Just then a delivery truck stopped outside.

I like this one because it’s more eye-catching.

OK, OK! I get the message.

I had to carry my heavy bags halfway across town.

It is good to leave the house and interact with other real people sometimes.

Choose the leaflet in Exercise 5 which, in your opinion, is most appropriate and give reasons.

All the food at the market is locally grown.

Click, click, click and it’s done. Miraculous!

On second thoughts, I’ll come with you and help carry the bags.

If you order online, they can send you all the old stuff.

I wouldn’t choose this one because I think it’s poorly designed.

Going to the market is time-consuming and takes effort, but shopping online is quick and convenient.

Going to the market is time-consuming and takes effort, but shopping online is quick and convenient.

My mum always told me not to waste money - a penny saved is a penny earned.

You get your allowance every Friday. What do you do with it?

Improved nutrition will help disadvantaged children perform better in school.

Go to a financial advisor for guidance

He then blogged about his journey and immediately gained 7,000 Twitter followers.

Don’t miss an opportunity to get a discount on all of your online purchases.

Go to a financial advisor for guidance.

She’s paying me interest on the loan.

Buy something luxurious – a car or a house.

Don’t miss an opportunity to get a discount on all of your online purchases.

The reality TV series follows shoppers who try to buy the most shopping for the least money by using money-
off vouchers or coupons.

Everybody must show their ID when they open a bank account.

You are permitted to spend up to €100 a day on this store card.

I never manage to get to the end of the week without spending all my pocket money.

You can get a reduction in the price, and you’re also likely to get free delivery.

A few months later he was running money-saving seminars.

You’re a spender! You need to learn how to save for a rainy day.

I managed to save up for a new phone recently.

I need to put 30 percent into a savings account.

If you have a stock of presents, whenever there’s a birthday you just open the drawer.

Janet didn't succeed in persuading her parents to lend her any more money.

Tom will probably waste all his money on new clothes.

Just then the manager of the café approached our table and accused us of being too noisy.

Just then the manager of the café approached our table and accused us of being too noisy.

I am writing to complain about an incident that took place last night at Skybowl bowling alley.

It is simply unfair to discriminate against young people in this way.

I am writing to draw your attention to an incident that took place at the Queen Plaza Shopping Centre last
Saturday.

It was so embarrassing and a total overreaction.

When was the last time you had to deal with such rude people that you felt offended?

I don’t really know who she hangs out with.

We were so humiliated that we decided to contact you and complain.

I am writing to draw your attention to an incident that took place at the Queen Plaza Shopping Centre last
Saturday.

Last Saturday, my friends and I were kicked out of Queen Plaza Shopping Centre for ... no good reason!

I would like to make a formal complaint about the way we were treated by staff at the centre.
I am writing to you on behalf of myself and my friends.

It was so embarrassing and a total overreaction.

As the manager of the centre, we urge you to reconsider your policies towards teenage customers.

When we tried to reason with him, he immediately called security.

As you are the manager of the centre, we urge you to reconsider your policies towards teenage customers.

To be honest, we are amazed that the centre security guards are allowed to treat customers in this way.

To make matters worse, they threatened to call the police and told us not to return in the future.

I would like to make a formal complaint about the way we were treated by staff at the centre.

We are particularly upset because the fact is we were no noisier than some of the other people in the café.

It was a pack of chewing gum, which is now a museum exhibit, together with the scanner used.

Shops want to attract wealthier customers.

They were approached by a retail food company and asked to find ways to automate checkout operations.

Nowadays, you are likely to come across everything from food to furniture branded with a bar code.
They were approached by a retail food company and asked to find ways to automate checkout operations.

You may have never heard of them, but you are certain to come across their groundbreaking invention on a
daily basis – the bar code.

The services of mystery shoppers are in demand mainly because online shopping is becoming a danger to
regular stores.

The idea didn’t catch on at first.

They were asked to find ways to automate checkout operations.

You may have never heard of them, but you are certain to come across their groundbreaking invention on a
daily basis – the bar code.

I’m going to write an email to the director of the museum and complain about their behaviour.

I wrote an email of complaint to the manager of the museum.

The store has won several awards for customer service.

They said that your wheelchair might damage the delicate exhibits in there!

They managed to design a bar code in the shape of a bull’s eye.

Attracting new customers is desirable through improved customer service.

I wrote an email of complaint to the manager of the museum.

You should, ideally, have a degree in engineering or science.

Can you tell me a little about your job and what it actually entails?

Even though the idea didn’t catch on at first, the food industry didn’t give up looking for an easy way to scan
products.
Your password gives you exclusive access to your personal computer files.

I took extensive notes.

We didn’t succeed in launching a new campaign due to lack of funding.

Look at the queue to get into the shop!

The food industry didn’t give up looking for an easy way to scan products.

It’s not as glamorous as most people think.

Do your clients get good value for money?

You are certain to come across their groundbreaking invention on a daily basis – the bar code.

They managed to design a bar code in the shape of a bull’s eye.

Mystery shoppers do not provide information on the competition.

Employees no longer had to manually input prices for every single product at the checkout.

You are certain to come across their groundbreaking invention on a daily basis – the bar code.

Employees no longer had to replace price tags whenever an item’s cost changed.

We didn’t succeed in launching a new campaign due to lack of funding.

We didn’t succeed in launching a new campaign due to lack of funding.

They managed to design a bar code in the shape of a bull’s eye.

Employees no longer had to manually input prices for every single product at the checkout.
In the interview, Anne suggests that the mystery shopper job isn't monotonous.

It was a pack of chewing gum, which is now a museum exhibit, together with the scanner used.

In the interview, Anne suggests that the mystery shopper job isn't monotonous.

It’s very much a niche job and one that’s full of secrecy.

You are certain to come across their groundbreaking invention on a daily basis – the bar code.

Anne doesn’t have to dress in a particular way.

Employees no longer had to replace price tags whenever an item’s cost changed.

I take extensive notes on the appearance and cleanliness of the store, the progression of the queue and the
quality of customer service.

Mystery shoppers do not provide information on the competition.

Finally, an IBM employee, George Laurer, designed the bar code as a rectangular box with vertical lines and
numbers.

Nobody has received a refund for their cancelled flight, have they?

We are looking for more retail outlets for our products.

The library is holding a sale of second-hand books.

The food industry didn’t give up looking for an easy way to scan products.

It was a pack of chewing gum, which is now a museum exhibit, together with the scanner used.
It’s very much a niche job and one that’s full of secrecy.

The services of mystery shoppers are in demand mainly because online shopping is becoming a danger to
regular stores.

Anne is asked to buy a certain something from a specific department or from a new product range

I’m going to write an email to the director of the museum and complain about the behaviour of the museum
staff.

We didn’t succeed in launching a new campaign due to lack of funding.

The reporter took notes throughout the interview.

We had to find the receipt before we even attempted to take the camera back to the shop.

Being a mystery shopper in expensive restaurants is a task requiring a good memory.

It wasn’t necessary for Sarah to pay her university fees because they were covered by her employer.

It adds to the whole unpredictability of the work which is nice.

Finally, an IBM employee, George Laurer, designed the bar code as a rectangular box with vertical lines and
numbers.

They said that your wheelchair might damage the delicate exhibits in there!
Translation
Unit 4
4.1 Woordenschat
having qualities that are typical of most people or things
gemiddelde The average person now buys 60 percent more clothes every year.
a price that is lower than usual
spotprijs We were able to buy the table at a bargain price.
to not have very much money to spend
een beperkt budget hebben Most young people are on a limited budget, so it’s tempting to go
bargain-hunting.
carbon dioxide sent into the air that is likely to cause harm to people
or the environment
koolstofemissie You may think that you are cutting down on carbon emissions by
not travelling to the shops by car or bus.

careful to avoid danger or risks

voorzichtig I’m always very cautious when I enter my PIN in public.
one of a group of shops in different towns or cities that are all
owned by one organization and sell the same products
winkelketen Large international chain stores can sell the latest fashion at bargain
prices.

to find out information about something to make sure it is

kijken hoe het gaat met satisfactory
You can check up on a brand’s employment policies and avoid those
that have a bad reputation.
businesses that produce and sell clothes
kledingindustrie The clothing industry is one of the largest polluters in the world.
to reduce the amount of something
verminderen You may think that you are cutting down on carbon emissions by
not travelling to the shops by car or bus.
to be slowly destroyed by a natural chemical process
vergaan Synthetic fabrics can take hundreds of years to decompose –
basically, they’re like plastic.
the act of bringing goods to a particular person or place
levering You can expect delivery in a week to ten days.
to become twice as big or twice as much
verdubbelen Since 2000, global clothes production has more than doubled.
to put your PIN (PIN = a number that you use when you pay for
something or get money from a machine using a plastic card) into a
je pincode invoeren computer or machine by pressing buttons
I’m always very cautious when I enter my PIN in public.

principles of behaviour that are based on what is considered morally

ethische waarden correct or acceptable
Support brands that promote ethical values.
a company's official set of ideas and plans relating to how it treats
the people who work for it
werkgelegenheidsbeleid You can check up on a brand’s employment policies and avoid those
that have a bad reputation.

the effects of something on the air, land or water on Earth

milieu-impact Shopping in charity or vintage shops will you reduce your
environmental impact.
 a piece of clothing
kledingstuk The average life expectancy of garments today is less than three
years.
to produce or cause something
genereren Every year the US generates 15 million tonnes of used textile waste.
to look for things to buy at low prices
op koopjesjacht gaan Most young people are on a limited budget, so it’s tempting to go
bargain-hunting.
to be known by people for doing bad things
een slechte reputatie hebben You can check up on a brand’s employment policies and avoid those
that have a bad reputation.
the main street of a town where most of the shops and businesses are
hoofdstraat If you shop in charity or vintage shops, you’ll get something
original, unlike the mass-produced products on the high street.
something which is bought without planning or choosing carefully
impulsaankoop When you go shopping, cut down on impulse purchases.
the most recent or the newest
laatste Large international chain stores can sell the latest fashion at bargain
prices.
the length of time that something is expected to continue to work or
levensverwachting remain in good condition
The average life expectancy of garments today is less than three
years.
products made by companies from the area you live in
lokale merken You may have to pay out a bit more for local brands but it’s good to
support local producers.
to pay attention so that you will notice a particular thing if you see it
letten op If you buy sportswear, look out for labels that use recycled products.
something produced in large numbers using machinery, so that each
object is the same and can be sold cheaply
massageproduceerd product If you shop in charity or vintage shops, you’ll get something
original, unlike the mass-produced products on the high street.

buying goods on the Internet

online winkelen But online shopping can also mean more vehicles on the road for
delivery and pick-up.
to choose one thing instead of another
kiezen voor There are new companies that have sprung up with environmentally-
friendly policies – these are the shops you should opt for.
to pay money for something, especially a lot of money
betalen You may have to pay out a bit more for local brands but it’s good to
support local producers.
an occasion when something is collected from a place
ophalen Online shopping can also mean more vehicles on the road for
delivery and pick-up when you want to send something back.
a person or organization that makes air, water, soil, etc. dangerously
vervuiler dirty and not suitable for people to use
The clothing industry is one of the largest polluters in the world.
to keep something so that it can be used or made available later
iets opzij zetten Ask the shop assistant to put the T-shirt aside while you think about
it.
 a sensible way of thinking about something that can be trusted
verantwoordelijke houding New companies have sprung up with more responsible attitudes and
environmentally-friendly policies.
in a sensible way which makes people trust you
verantwoord When you go bargain-hunting, you should consider these six ways
to shop more responsibly.
to return something to the place it came from
iets terugsturen Online shopping can also mean more vehicles on the road for
delivery and pick-up when you want to send something back.
to compare the price and quality of different things before you
winkelen decide which to buy
Shop around for stores that encourage recycling.
to buy things from shops in or near the area where you are
lokaal winkelen I tend to shop locally because I don't like going to supermarkets.
clothes that you wear to play sports or when you are relaxing
sportkleding If you buy sportswear, look out for labels that use recycled products.
to suddenly appear or start to exist
opkomen / opspringen There are new companies that have sprung up with more responsible
attitudes and environmentally-friendly policies.
to help people or companies that make or grow goods, foods, etc. in
or near the area where you are by buying their products
lokale producenten steunen You may have to pay out a bit more for local brands but it’s good to
support local producers.

cloth produced by combining different artificial substances, rather

than being naturally produced
synthetische stof Synthetic fabrics can take hundreds of years to decompose –
basically, they’re like plastic.

seeming to be very good and making you want to have it or do it

aanlokkelijk Most young people are on a limited budget, so it’s tempting to go
bargain-hunting.
unwanted clothes and pieces of material used in the production of
textielafval clothes, that are thrown away
Every year the US generates 15 million tonnes of used textile waste.
a modern society in which products are not made to last a long time
wegwerpmaatschappij We live in a throw-away society!
to buy or do something special for yourself that you know you will
jezelf trakteren enjoy
When I get birthday money, I like to treat myself to something nice.

4.2 Grammatica

to be worried about something

zorgen maken om What is Laura’s mum concerned about?
to change the colour of your hair using a special liquid or substance
je haar verven She wants to dye her hair pink.
to start to be a group of musicians together, especially a group that
een band vormen plays popular music
They formed a band when they were still at school.
to hold something in a high position with your hand
iets omhoog houden He’s holding up a piece of paper with your name on it.
 involving the the possibility that something bad, unpleasant or
riskant dangerous may happen
You know it’s risky buying tickets online, don’t you?
the door to enter a building used by the people who work there
personeelsingang Why are we waiting at the staff entrance?
the raised area in a theatre which actors or singers stand on when
podium they perform
Let's get closer to the stage, shall we?
to move money from one account to another
geld overmaken I transferred the money to his account online.

4.3 Luisteren

a place where people buy and sell pieces of furniture, jewellery, etc.
that were made a very long time ago and are therefore valuable
antiekmarkt Antiques markets – London’s Portobello Market is located in the
fashionable Notting Hill.

a company that arranges public meetings where land, buildings,

paintings, etc. are sold to the person who offers the most money for
them
veilinghuis
I go to an auction house in London – they buy the lost property from
Heathrow Airport.

small objects that are not worth very much money but are interesting
brocante or attractive
The local charity shops mainly sell clothes and bric-a-brac.
an outdoor sale where people sell things from the back of their cars
kofferbak verkoop Every weekend thousands of people take their unwanted domestic
clutter to car boot sales around the country.
a bag or suitcase that has been left at an official place so it can be
put on a plane
ingecheckte tas Twenty-six million checked bags go missing from international
flights around the world every year.

to say that something, such as a case or bag, is yours and collect it

iets claimen A lot of lost property is never claimed.
a large number of things that are scattered somewhere in an untidy
way
rommel Every weekend thousands of people take their unwanted clutter to
car boot sales.

used or kept in people's homes

huiselijk Thousands of people try to sell their unwanted domestic clutter at
car boot sales.
popular at a particular time with people, especially rich people
in de mode London’s Portobello market is located in fashionable Notting Hill.
a market where old or used goods are sold
vlooienmarkt Flea markets – Camden market is the biggest one in London.
to find or borrow something so that you can use it
te pakken krijgen How does Martin get hold of the second-hand goods he sells?
things that people have lost or accidentally left in a public place,
which are kept until someone collects them
verloren eigendom I go to an auction house in London – they buy the lost property from
Heathrow Airport.
 a table or a small shop with an open front, especially outdoors,
where goods are sold
marktkraam Unclaimed lost property goes to auction houses where market stall
holders bid for them.

not considered to be modern or fashionable anymore

oubollig / ouderwets The room was full of big old-fashioned furniture.
a type of website in which you can sell things to the person who
online veiling offers you the highest price
Do you sometimes buy things in online auctions?
a small object that you keep in your house because it is beautiful
ornament rather than useful
One shelf was covered with books and ornaments.
the things someone owns, especially things that they can carry with
persoonlijke bezittingen them
Do you feel a bit strange handling people’s personal belongings?
goods for sale that have been owned and used by someone else
tweedehands goederen before
Where do British people go to buy and sell pre-owned goods?
not too expensive
redelijk geprijsd It sells both second-hand clothes and reasonably-priced new fashion.
food that has decayed and is no longer fit to eat
verrot voedsel The fridge was full of rotten food.
clothes that are not new when you get them, because they were
tweedehands kleding owned by someone else before you
Where do British people go to buy and sell second-hand goods?
someone who sells things from a stall (stall = a table or a small shop
with an open front) in a market
kraamhouder Unclaimed lost property goes to auction houses where market stall
holders bid for them.

that nobody has claimed as belonging to them

niet opgeëist Unclaimed lost property goes to auction houses where market stall
holders bid for them.
not wanted or needed
ongewenst Every weekend thousands of people take their unwanted domestic
clutter to car boot sales.
the buying and selling of goods that have already had an owner
handel in gebruikte goederen This episode of the programme is about the increased activity in the
used goods trade.

4.4 Lezen

to have enough money to buy or pay for something

je iets kunnen veroorloven If a family can’t afford to buy their disabled child a new wheelchair,
Children in Need will step in.
making you feel slightly angry
vervelend He is one of the most annoying people I have ever met.
happening once a year
jaarlijks The Children in Need Telethon is an annual event.
able to be used, bought or found
beschikbaar How much did someone pay for Girl with Balloon when it became
available for auction?
 to have no money
platzak zijn I can't go – I'm broke.
to be very rich
steenrijk zijn / bulken van het geld Giles can afford it – he’s loaded.
to have or earn a lot of money
zwemmen in het geld After all, this man was a tycoon as well as a doctor; he must be
rolling in money.
to not have enough money
geld tekort hebben Our libraries are short of money.
to have a lot of money, or enough money to have a good standard of
welvarend zijn living
Stella’s family is well-off.
to offer to pay a particular price for goods, especially in an auction
bieden The auction house refused to reveal the identity of the buyer who
successfully bid for the artwork.
to offer to pay a particular price for something (in an auction)
bieden op iets (op een veiling) The auction house refused to reveal the identity of the buyer who
successfully bid for the artwork.
to send out radio or television programmes
uitzending The Telethon has raised millions of pounds for young people in the
UK since it was first broadcast in 1980.
a group of companies controlled by one person
zakenimperium Teens build business empires from their bedrooms.
to became very interested in or enthusiastic about something
besmet raken met het virus Seventeen-year-old Lydia also caught the bug for selling clothes
online.
an aim, belief or organization that someone supports or fights for
zaak Which causes or charities would you like to fundraise for?
to be to offered for sale in an auction
ter veiling komen Her paintings do not often come up for auction these days.
the study of where and how people buy things, why they choose one
thing and not another, etc.
consumentengedrag We have done a lot of research on young people’s consumer
behaviour.

to give money, goods, help, etc. to something that a lot of other

bijdragen people are also involved in
I'd like to thank all of you who contributed to the hospital appeal.
(person or animal) making you want to cuddle them (cuddle = to
hold someone very close to you with your arms around them,
especially to show that you love them)
knuffelig
A ten-year-old girl from England tried to sell her grandmother on
eBay, describing her as ‘annoying’ but ‘cuddly’.

the fact of being very popular among a particular group of people

cultpubliek Her products have developed a cult following.
a physical or mental condition that makes it difficult for someone to
use a part of their body properly, or to learn normally
onbekwaamheid The charity supports families who are short of money, or where
there’s a child with a disability or serious illness.
 to give something, especially money, to a person or an organization
in order to help them
doneren Children in Need features performances from top entertainers who
encourage people to donate money online or on the phone.

having the ability to think of new activities or ideas and make them
ondernemend work
Enterprising teens are selling stuff online and making a fortune!
someone whose job is to tell jokes, sing, etc. in order to entertain
people
entertainer Children in Need features performances from top entertainers who
encourage people to donate money online or on the phone.

to be sold for a particular amount of money, especially at a public

sale
ophalen A piece of The Queen’s wedding cake from her marriage in 1947
fetched £500 at auction.

to have difficulty earning just enough money to buy the things you
het moeilijk vinden om rond te komen need
She is unemployed and finds it hard to make ends meet.
to collect money for organizations that give money, goods or help to
people who are in need
fondsenwerving voor een goed doel BBC Children In Need Telethon is a televised event that fundraises
for charity.

to have more money than you need, so that you spend it on

geld te besteden hebben unnecessary things
It’s not only wealthy people with money to burn who donate.
to organize a public meeting where something is sold to the person
who offers the most money for it
Leading up to the telethon, schools all over the UK raise money in
een veiling houden different ways: selling cakes, hosting a quiz or film night, holding
auctions or simply getting people to guess how many sweets there
are in a jar.

the activity of taking people to another country and forcing them to

work
mensenhandel The Auction site had to take down the offer as it appeared to be
promoting human trafficking.

advertised, praised and talked about a lot on television, in

gehyped newspapers, etc.
His much-hyped latest movie is finally about to be released.
to receive more money for the work that you do
(je) inkomsten verhogen To create more publicity and increase her earnings, she models the
clothes on Instagram.
wanted by a lot of people
gewild She finds out which products are in-demand by checking streetwear
focused social media groups.
a glass container with a wide top and a lid, used for storing food
pot The kids raised money by getting people to guess how many sweets
were in a jar.
a company that makes fashionable or expensive clothes
label Fancy designer labels tend to come with fancy price tags to match.
 remaining after all the rest has been used, taken or eaten
restant The leftover breakfast was put up for sale by a DJ and a nineteen-
year-old fan placed the winning bid.
a small number of special copies of a book, picture, piece of
clothing, etc. which are produced at one time only
limited edition Reselling limited edition goods can earn them up to several
thousand pounds a month.

to have only just enough money to buy food

van de hand in de tand leven We lived from hand to mouth, never knowing where the next meal
was coming from.
to earn a very large amount of money
een fortuin verdienen Enterprising teens are selling stuff online and making a fortune!
to gain money by selling things or doing business, after your costs
have been paid
winst maken She spends about two hours a day reselling and makes about £1,000
profit every month.

to earn or get money

geld verdienen How does Lydia use social media to make more money from selling
online?
the purpose or significance of human existence
de zin van het leven In 2000 a man from North Carolina discovered the meaning of life
and decided to sell it on eBay.
very fashionable
in de mode / trendy She recently bought an on-trend backpack for £120 and sold it for
£180, making her a nice profit of £60.
to offer to pay a particular price for something, especially at an
auction
een bod plaatsen The leftover breakfast was put up for sale by a DJ and a nineteen-
year-old fan placed the winning bid.

something that is only done in order to make sure that people know
about a new product, film, etc. or what a particular famous person is
doing
publiciteitsstunt
Cynics are saying that the couple’s relationship is a huge publicity
stunt to help sell their new movie.

to make something available for people to buy

iets te koop aanbieden The leftover breakfast was put up for sale by a DJ and a nineteen-
year-old fan placed the winning bid.
to collect money that you can use for a particular purpose
geld inzamelen Another popular way to raise money is to take on a challenge and
ask friends’ parents.
to say firmly that you will not do something that someone has asked
you to do
weigeren The auction house refused to reveal the identity of the buyer who
successfully bid for the artwork.

to sell something that you have bought

doorverkopen Wherever I go, I look out for products to resell.
to make known something that was previously secret or unknown
onthullen The auction house refused to reveal the identity of the buyer who
successfully bid for the artwork.
 a machine that cuts documents into small pieces so that no one can
read them
But then something extraordinary happened – shortly after it was
shredder
sold, the painting began to pass through a shredder hidden in the
frame.

to become involved in an activity, discussion or disagreement, often

in actie komen in order to stop trouble or help people
The military may step in if the crisis continues.
fashinable casual clothes, worn especially by young people
streetwear They’re buying popular items from streetwear brands and reselling
them on Depop.
an amount of money
geldbedrag How do you explain the large sums of money people spend on
works of art?
to attempt to do something difficult that tests your strength, skill or
ability, especially in a way that is interesting
een uitdaging aangaan Another popular way to raise money is to take on a challenge and
ask friends’ parents.

the highest amount of money that is offered for something at an

auction
winnend bod The leftover breakfast was put up for sale by a DJ and a nineteen-
year-old fan placed the winning bid.

a chair with wheels, used by people who cannot walk

rolstoel There is special parking for wheelchair users.
the amount of money that something is worth
waarde The media attention would increase the value of the painting.

4.5 Grammatica

to make the effort to do something

moeite doen I took the bracelet back to the shop but I needn’t have bothered.
a band or chain that you wear around your wrist or arm as a
armband decoration
Oh dear, did you have to take the bracelet back?
if a shop or company exchanges something you have bought, they
take it back and give you a new one, for example because the thing
omruilen you first bought has a fault
They refused to exchange it because I didn’t have the receipt.

before something happens or is expected to happen

vooraf You ought to get her concert tickets in advance.
used to show that you are disappointed about something and you
het is jammer / het is een schande wish things could happen differently
It’s a pity we didn’t stay at home.
a lot of red spots on someone’s skin, caused by an illness
uitslag She put it on and got a big rash on her arm.
a piece of paper that you are given which shows that you have paid
bon for something
They refused to exchange it because I didn’t have the receipt.
to take something you have bought back to a shop because it is not
iets terugnemen suitable
I took the bracelet back to the shop but I needn’t have bothered.
4.6 Spreken

used to say that you do not want to make the effort to do something,
niet de moeite kunnen nemen om iets te doen or that you are not interested in doing something
I really can’t be bothered to go out, Emma.
the thing that someone decides they want from a number of things
keuze Therefore, it’s clearly the best choice.
a large road vehicle used to deliver goods
vrachtwagen Just then a delivery truck stopped outside.
unusual or attractive in a way that makes you notice it
in het oog springend I like this one because it’s more eye-catching.
to understand what someone means or what they want you to do
het bericht begrijpen OK, OK! I get the message.
half of the distance from one side of a town to another
dwars door de stad I had to carry my heavy bags halfway across town.
to spend time talking to another person, working with them, etc.
interactie met iemand hebben It is good to leave the house and interact with other real people
sometimes.
a small book or piece of paper advertising something or giving
information on a particular subject
folder Choose the leaflet in Exercise 5 which, in your opinion, is most
appropriate and give reasons.

grown in or near the area where you are

lokaal geteeld All the food at the market is locally grown.
very good, completely unexpected and often very lucky
wonderbaarlijk Click, click, click and it’s done. Miraculous!
used to say that you have changed your mind about something
nu ik er nog eens over nadenk On second thoughts, I’ll come with you and help carry the bags.
to use the Internet to ask a company to supply goods or services
iets online bestellen If you order online, they can send you all the old stuff.
badly
slecht I wouldn’t choose this one because I think it’s poorly designed.
need physical or mental energy to do
de moeite nemen Going to the market is time-consuming and takes effort, but
shopping online is quick and convenient.
taking a long time to do
tijdrovend Going to the market is time-consuming and takes effort, but
shopping online is quick and convenient.

4.7 Gebruik van Engels

it is good to save even small amounts of money because this will

allow you to have more money to spend in the future
iedere cent die je bespaart is er één My mum always told me not to waste money - a penny saved is a
penny earned.

an amount of money that you are given regularly

toelage You get your allowance every Friday. What do you do with it?
having social problems, such as a lack of money or education, which
make it difficult for you to succeed
kansarm Improved nutrition will help disadvantaged children perform better
in school.
 someone whose job is to give people advice about money and
financieel adviseur investments
Go to a financial advisor for guidance
to get or achieve something
erbij krijgen He then blogged about his journey and immediately gained 7,000
Twitter followers.
to pay less than the usual price for something
korting krijgen Don’t miss an opportunity to get a discount on all of your online
purchases.
help and advice that is given to someone
begeleiding Go to a financial advisor for guidance.
the extra money that you must pay back when you borrow an
rente op een lening amount of money
She’s paying me interest on the loan.
very expensive, beautiful and comfortable
luxueus Buy something luxurious – a car or a house.
to not do something you have a chance to do
een kans missen Don’t miss an opportunity to get a discount on all of your online
purchases.
a printed piece of paper given to customers by the seller of a
product, allowing the customer to pay less than usual for the product
when they next buy it
kortingsbon / coupon The reality TV series follows shoppers who try to buy the most
shopping for the least money by using money-off vouchers or
coupons.

to start an account (account = an arrangement between a bank and a

customer that allows the customer to pay in and take out money) at a
een bankrekening openen bank by putting money into it
Everybody must show their ID when they open a bank account.

to allow something to happen, especially by an official decision, rule

toestaan or law
You are permitted to spend up to €100 a day on this store card.
a small amount of money that parents give regularly to their
children, usually every week or month
zakgeld I never manage to get to the end of the week without spending all
my pocket money.

a decrease in the price of something

prijsverlaging You can get a reduction in the price, and you’re also likely to get
free delivery.
to organize and be in charge of a class on a particular subject,
een seminar organiseren usually given as a form of training
A few months later he was running money-saving seminars.
to save something, especially money, for a time when you will need
een appeltje voor de dorst opzij leggen it
You’re a spender! You need to learn how to save for a rainy day.
to keep or collect money to use later to buy something, especially
sparen voor when you gradually add more money over a period of time
I managed to save up for a new phone recently.
 a bank account in which you keep money that you want to save for a
period of time, and which pays you interest on the money you have
spaarrekening in it
I need to put 30 percent into a savings account.

a supply of something that you keep and can use when you need to
voorraad van If you have a stock of presents, whenever there’s a birthday you just
open the drawer.
to do what you tried or wanted to do
erin slagen Janet didn't succeed in persuading her parents to lend her any more
money.
to use more money than is necessary or sensible
geld verspillen Tom will probably waste all his money on new clothes.

4.8 Schrijven

to say that you believe someone is guilty of doing something bad

iemand beschuldigen van Just then the manager of the café approached our table and accused
us of being too noisy.
to move towards or nearer to someone or something
naderen Just then the manager of the café approached our table and accused
us of being too noisy.
a building where you go bowling (bowling = an indoor game in
which you roll a large heavy ball along a wooden track in order to
knock down a group of wooden objects shaped like bottles)
bowlingbaan
I am writing to complain about an incident that took place last night
at Skybowl bowling alley.

to treat a person or group differently from another in an unfair way

iemand discrimineren It is simply unfair to discriminate against young people in this way.
to make someone notice and be concerned or think about something
iemands aandacht vestigen op I am writing to draw your attention to an incident that took place at
the Queen Plaza Shopping Centre last Saturday.
making you feel ashamed, nervous or uncomfortable
gênant It was so embarrassing and a total overreaction.
to be angry and upset by someone’s behaviour or remarks
je beledigd voelen When was the last time you had to deal with such rude people that
you felt offended?
to spend a lot of time in a particular place or with particular people
rondhangen I don’t really know who she hangs out with.
made to feel ashamed or stupid, especially when other people are
vernederd present
We were so humiliated that we decided to contact you and
complain.
an event, especially one that is unusual, important or violent
incident I am writing to draw your attention to an incident that took place at
the Queen Plaza Shopping Centre last Saturday.
to make someone leave a place
iemand eruit schoppen Last Saturday, my friends and I were kicked out of Queen Plaza
Shopping Centre for ... no good reason!
to make a formal statement saying that you are annoyed, not
satisfied, or unhappy about something
een klacht indienen I would like to make a formal complaint about the way we were
treated by staff at the centre.
 instead of someone, or as their representative
namens I am writing to you on behalf of myself and my friends.
an act of reacting to something with too much emotion, or by doing
overreactie something that is unnecessary
It was so embarrassing and a total overreaction.
a way of doing something that has been officially agreed and chosen
by a business or organization
het beleid As the manager of the centre, we urge you to reconsider your
policies towards teenage customers.

to talk to someone in an attempt to persuade them to be more

argumenteren met sensible
When we tried to reason with him, he immediately called security.
to think again about something in order to decide if you should
change your opinion or do something different
heroverwegen As you are the manager of the centre, we urge you to reconsider
your policies towards teenage customers.

someone whose job is to guard a building

bewaker To be honest, we are amazed that the centre security guards are
allowed to treat customers in this way.
to say that you will cause someone harm or trouble if they do not do
what you want
dreigen To make matters worse, they threatened to call the police and told us
not to return in the future.

to behave towards someone in a way that is not right or fair

iemand oneerlijk behandelen I would like to make a formal complaint about the way we were
treated by staff at the centre.
unhappy and worried because something unpleasant or
disappointing has happened
van streek We are particularly upset because the fact is we were no noisier than
some of the other people in the café.

Focus Review 4

a small container, usually made of paper, that holds pieces of a

sweet that you chew for a long time but do not swallow, ready to be
een pakje kauwgom sold
It was a pack of chewing gum, which is now a museum exhibit,
together with the scanner used.
to get more people who will buy goods or services from a shop,
klanten aantrekken company, etc.
Shops want to attract wealthier customers.
to start using computers and machines to do a job, rather than people
automatiseren They were approached by a retail food company and asked to find
ways to automate checkout operations.
a group of thin and thick lines printed on products you buy in a
shop, that a computer can read. It contains information such as the
price.
streepjescode
Nowadays, you are likely to come across everything from food to
furniture branded with a bar code.
 to be asked to do something by someone, especially when they are
asking you for the first time
benaderd worden door iemand They were approached by a retail food company and asked to find
ways to automate checkout operations.

used to say that someone will definitely do something

er zeker van zijn om iets te doen You may have never heard of them, but you are certain to come
across their groundbreaking invention on a daily basis – the bar
code.
to be wanted by people
veelgevraagd zijn The services of mystery shoppers are in demand mainly because
online shopping is becoming a danger to regular stores.
to become popular and fashionable
aanslaan The idea didn’t catch on at first.
the system in a supermarket used for people to pay for the goods
kassawerkzaamheden they are buying
They were asked to find ways to automate checkout operations.
to find or discover something by chance
iemand tegenkomen You may have never heard of them, but you are certain to come
across their groundbreaking invention on a daily basis – the bar
code.
to say that you are annoyed, not satisfied or unhappy about
something
klagen over iets I’m going to write an email to the director of the museum and
complain about their behaviour.

a statement in which someone says that they are annoyed, not

klacht satisfied or unhappy about something
I wrote an email of complaint to the manager of the museum.
when an organization helps its customers by answering their
questions and listening to their complaints, giving them advice on
klantenservice using the product or service it provides, etc.
The store has won several awards for customer service.

to cause physical harm to something

beschadigen They said that your wheelchair might damage the delicate exhibits
in there!
to make a plan of something that will be made or built
ontwerpen They managed to design a bar code in the shape of a bull’s eye.
worth having or doing
wenselijk Attracting new customers is desirable through improved customer
service.
an email in which someone says that they are annoyed, not satisfied
klachten-e-mail or unhappy about something
I wrote an email of complaint to the manager of the museum.
the work involved in designing and building machines, electrical
techniek equipment, roads, bridges, etc.
You should, ideally, have a degree in engineering or science.
to involve something as a necessary part or result
met zich meebrengen Can you tell me a little about your job and what it actually entails?
used to emphasize that something is true although something else
has happened or is true
ondanks dat Even though the idea didn’t catch on at first, the food industry didn’t
give up looking for an easy way to scan products.
 available or belonging only to particular people, and not shared
exclusief Your password gives you exclusive access to your personal
computer files.
containing or dealing with a lot of information and details
uitgebreid I took extensive notes.
money that is provided by an organization for a particular purpose
financiering We didn’t succeed in launching a new campaign due to lack of
funding.
to enter a place, especially when this is difficult
ergens naartoe gaan Look at the queue to get into the shop!
to stop trying to do something
iets opgeven The food industry didn’t give up looking for an easy way to scan
products.
attractive, exciting and interesting
glamoureus It’s not as glamorous as most people think.
used to say that something is worth what you pay for it
waar voor je geld Do your clients get good value for money?
making new discoveries or using new methods
grensverleggend You are certain to come across their groundbreaking invention on a
daily basis – the bar code.
having a particular shape
in de vorm van iets They managed to design a bar code in the shape of a bull’s eye.
facts or details that tell you something about a situation, person,
informatie over iets event, etc.
Mystery shoppers do not provide information on the competition.
to put information into a computer or machine
invoeren Employees no longer had to manually input prices for every single
product at the checkout.
a useful machine, tool, instrument, etc. that someone has designed or
made for the first time
uitvinding You are certain to come across their groundbreaking invention on a
daily basis – the bar code.

a single thing, especially one thing in a list, group or set of things

item Employees no longer had to replace price tags whenever an item’s
cost changed.
when there is not enough of something, or none of it
gebrek We didn’t succeed in launching a new campaign due to lack of
funding.
to begin a series of actions intended to achieve a particular result
een campagne lanceren We didn’t succeed in launching a new campaign due to lack of
funding.
to succeed in doing something difficult, especially after trying very
iets klaarspelen hard
They managed to design a bar code in the shape of a bull’s eye.
by hand, without the help of electricity, computers, etc.
handmatig Employees no longer had to manually input prices for every single
product at the checkout.
 boring because of always being the same
eentonig In the interview, Anne suggests that the mystery shopper job isn't
monotonous.
an object that is put in a museum (museum = a building where
important cultural, historical or scientific objects are kept and shown
to the public) so that people can go and see it
museumexpositie
It was a pack of chewing gum, which is now a museum exhibit,
together with the scanner used.

someone whose job is to pretend to be a customer in order to find

out how good a shop, service, etc. is
mystery shopper In the interview, Anne suggests that the mystery shopper job isn't
monotonous.

suitable for or of interest to only a particular small group of people

niche who have similar needs, interests, etc.
It’s very much a niche job and one that’s full of secrecy.
every day
dagelijks You are certain to come across their groundbreaking invention on a
daily basis – the bar code.
specific or special
bijzonder Anne doesn’t have to dress in a particular way.
a piece of paper with a price on it that is attached to something in a
shop
prijskaartje Employees no longer had to replace price tags whenever an item’s
cost changed.

the process of moving forwards or towards somewhere

progressie I take extensive notes on the appearance and cleanliness of the store,
the progression of the queue and the quality of customer service.
to give something to someone or make it available to them, because
geven they need it or want it
Mystery shoppers do not provide information on the competition.
having a shape that has four straight sides, two of which are usually
longer than the other two, and four 90° angles at the corners
rechthoekig Finally, an IBM employee, George Laurer, designed the bar code as
a rectangular box with vertical lines and numbers.

an amount of money that is given back to you if you are not satisfied
terugbetaling with the goods or services that you have paid for
Nobody has received a refund for their cancelled flight, have they?
relating to the sale of goods in shops to customers, for their own use
retail / detailhandel and not for selling to anyone else
We are looking for more retail outlets for our products.
an event at which goods are sold
uitverkoop The library is holding a sale of second-hand books.
to use a machine to pass an electronic beam over something in order
to read information on it
scannen The food industry didn’t give up looking for an easy way to scan
products.

a machine that passes an electronic beam over something in order to

read information on it
scanner It was a pack of chewing gum, which is now a museum exhibit,
together with the scanner used.
 the process of keeping something secret
geheimhouding It’s very much a niche job and one that’s full of secrecy.
skilled work or advice from a particular type of worker who you use
to help you do something
dienst The services of mystery shoppers are in demand mainly because
online shopping is becoming a danger to regular stores.

used to refer to one particular thing, person or group

specifiek Anne is asked to buy a certain something from a specific department
or from a new product range
the people who work for an organization
personeel I’m going to write an email to the director of the museum and
complain about the behaviour of the museum staff.
to do what you tried or wanted to do
erin slagen iets te doen We didn’t succeed in launching a new campaign due to lack of
funding.
to write information down while you are listening to someone or
notities maken reading something
The reporter took notes throughout the interview.
to take something you have bought back to a shop because it is not
suitable
iets naar de winkel terugbrengen We had to find the receipt before we even attempted to take the
camera back to the shop.

a piece of work that must be done, especially one that is difficult or

unpleasant or that must be done regularly
taak Being a mystery shopper in expensive restaurants is a task requiring
a good memory.

money paid by or for a student to a university for its courses

studiekosten It wasn’t necessary for Sarah to pay her university fees because they
were covered by her employer.
the quality of changing a lot so it is impossible to know what will
onvoorspelbaarheid happen
It adds to the whole unpredictability of the work which is nice.
pointing up in a line that forms an angle of 90° with a flat surface
verticaal Finally, an IBM employee, George Laurer, designed the bar code as
a rectangular box with vertical lines and numbers.
a chair with wheels, used by people who cannot walk
rolstoel They said that your wheelchair might damage the delicate exhibits
in there!
Word Part of speech
Unit 5 Off to work
5.1 Vocabulary

achieve a goal v phr

burn out phr v

carry out phr v

commit to v phr

conscientious adj

conscientiousness n

develop a habit v phr

do sth day in, day out v phr

employment possibilities n phr

enter the job market v phr

enthusiasm n

fulfil an objective v phr

get down to phr v

improve your career

v phr
prospects

increase your output v phr

keep at phr v

knowledge n

knowledgeable adj

map sth out phr v

objective n

outline v

overwork n

overworked adj
pick up a new skill v

punctual adj

purpose n

purposeful adj

put a lot of effort into v phr

put sth off phr v

put your heart into sth phr v

reach your full potential v phr

set sth out phr v

single-minded adj

single-mindedness n

skilled adj
speak your mind phr v

take sth up phr v

think for yourself v phr

time management n phr

to-do list n phr

work to a deadline v phr

work towards v phr

5.2 Grammar

answer the phone v phr

interview n

references n

struggle to do sth v phr

weakness n

5.3 Listening
alternative energy n phr

applied science n phr

be at risk v phr

be constant/unchanged v phr

benefit v

commute to work v phr

concerned about adj

dental patient n phr

do an apprenticeship v phr

elderly adj

fulfilling adj

gradual drop/decline in n phr

gradual rise/increase in n phr

graduate n

growing number n phr

handle sb v

high-powered job n phr

lucrative adj

marked rise/increase in n phr

medical advances n phr

rapid drop/decline in n phr

recruit v

remain constant/ unchanged v phr

retail n
secure adj

sharp drop/decline in n phr

sharp rise/increase in n phr

stable adj

steady drop/decline in n phr

steady rise/increase in n phr

take sth over phr v

take sth apart phr v

tedious adj

trainee n

wind turbine n

5.4 Reading
adaptable adj

approval n

at a rapid rate phr

attendance in the office n phr

be in charge v phr

be suited to v phr

be wired differently v phr

career guidance n phr

career path n phr

combine v

counsellor n
curious about phr

dismiss sb as v phr

diversity n

essential adj

find your niche v phr

flake n

flexitime/flexible working n phr

focus on your strengths v phr

freelancer n

have a vocation v phr

have one true calling n phr

identify v

imaginative adj

intersection n

jack of all trades, master of

idiom
none

job-sharing n phr

keep your options open v phr

lack purpose v phr

multipotentialite n

on a day-to-day basis phr

part-timer n phr

polymath n
quitter n

range of interests n phr

reflect the need v phr

reinforce v

rigid adj

seemingly adv

self-employment n

settle on phr v

split the work v phr

step out of your comfort zone v phr

stick to v phr

thrive v

unrelated adj

unwilling adj

work flexibly v phr

workforce n

workplace n

5.5 Grammar

abandon v

add v

admit v

apologise v
assure v

beg v

blame v

brat n

claim v

congratulate v

convince v

demand n

deny v

encourage v

explain v

family counselling n phr

financial support n phr

fund v

household rules n phr

insist v

neglected adj

object v

order v

persuade v

reckon v

remind v

relax the rules v phr

spoilt adj

sue sb v phr

suggest v
take sb to court v phr

turn eighteen v phr

urge v

voluntarily adv

warn v

work things out v phr

5.6 Speaking

battery n

break off phr v

fuel n

have no clue v phr

it’s worth a try phr

lock n

on purpose phr
solution n

solve a problem v phr

spill v

switch something on/off phr v

5.7 Use of English

acquire v

be tied up with v phr

bring sb up phr v

casual adj

clear-out n phr

come down to phr v

come up against phr v

come up with phr v

downpour n

drop out of phr v

dropout n

entrepreneur n

get on with phr v

get out of phr v

get round to phr v

grow out of phr v

keep up with phr v

leave sb behind phr v

letdown n
look down on phr v

look up to phr v

make up for phr v

off-putting adj

outset n

rejection n

run out of phr v

run-down adj

stand up for phr v

take off phr v

upbringing n

warm-up n
5.8 Writing

acknowledge v

appreciated adj

examine/explore an issue v phr

in terms of phr

intention n

lead to v phr

level of commitment n phr

limited adj

outcome n

question n

school-leaver n phr
stimulating adj

survey n

transferable skills n phr

undeniably adv

viewpoint n

with regard to phr

Focus Review 5

acre n

apply for a job v phr

approach n

as somebody pleases phr

at a cost of adv phr

be out of work v phr

be up to a job v phr

come up with something phr v

congratulate sb on sth v

content with sth adj

convince v

crop n

daydream v

deckchair n

destroy v

earn a high salary v phr

educational background n phr

envious of sth adj

frighten sth away phr v

generously paid adj phr

help sb out phr v

hinder v

interpreter n

livelihood n

low wage n phr

make a difference v phr

make changes v phr

make noise v phr

minimum wage n phr

monotony n

observe the wildlife v phr

offer to do sth v phr

partridge n
pass the time v phr

pay rise n phr

perks n

permanent post n phr

position n

post n

presence n

prove effective v phr

range of sth n

refuse to do sth v phr

relieve the monotony v phr

reportedly adv

respond to sth v
save up phr v

scare sth off phr v

scarecrow n

scholarship n

seem v

set up your own business v phr

show sb around sth v phr

sign up for sth phr v

training course n phr

unemployment benefit n

variety n

worth n
Exam Time NL 3

accelerate v

boom n

carbon emissions n phr

cast-off n

consumerism n

durability n

footprint n

frenzy n

furlough n

homewares n

impetus n

launch v
maritime adj

offload v

pandemic n

refurbish v

scheme n

shift v

shipping n

spur v

surge n

surge v

textile n

vintage adj
Definition

to successfully do something that you hoped to do

to work so hard over a period of time that you become unable to continue working
because you are tired or ill

to do something that needs to be organized and planned

to say that you will definitely do something

careful to do everything that it is your job or duty to do

the quality of being careful to do everything that it is your job or duty to do

to start doing something regularly or often

to do something every day for a long period of time

the types of job you might be able to get

to start looking for a job

a strong feeling of interest and enjoyment about something and an eagerness to be

involved in it

to succeed in doing something that you have been trying hard to achieve
to start doing something that is difficult or needs a lot of time or energy

to do something that increases your chance of getting a better job

to increase the amount of work you produce

to continue to do something, although it is difficult or hard work

the information, skills and understanding that you have gained through learning or
experience

knowing a lot

to plan carefully how something will happen

something that you are trying hard to achieve

to describe something in a general way, giving the main points but not the details

too much hard work

made to work too hard

to learn how to do something well, especially by watching or listening to other
people

arriving or doing something at exactly the time that has been arranged

a feeling of determination to achieve things in life

determined to achieve something

to try very hard to do or achieve something

to delay doing something or to arrange to do something at a later time or date,

especially because there is a problem or you do not want to do it now

to do something with a lot of effort

to succeed as well as you possibly can

to explain or describe something in a clearly organized way, in writing or speech

having one clear aim and working very hard to achieve it

the quality of having one clear aim and working very hard to achieve it

having the training and experience that you need to do something well
to tell people exactly what you think, even if it offends them

to start a new job or have a new responsibility

to have ideas and thoughts of your own rather than believing what other people say

the skill of controlling the way you spend your time in order to work as effectively
as possible

a list of jobs you have to do

to have to finish a piece of work by a particular date or time

to try continuously to achieve a particular thing

to pick up the phone when it rings and speak to the person who is calling

a formal meeting at which someone is asked questions in order to find out whether
they are suitable for a job

people who provide information about your character and abilities

to try extremely hard to achieve something that you find very difficult

a fault in someone’s character

energy produced by the sun, wind, etc. rather than by gas, coal, etc.

science that has a practical use

to be in danger of being lost or damaged

to continue at the same level or rate over a period of time

to get an advantage or help from something

to regularly travel a long distance to get to work

worried about something

someone who is receiving treatment for their teeth

to work for an employer for a fixed period of time in order to learn a particular
skill or job

used as a polite way of saying that someone is old or becoming old

making you feel happy and satisfied because you are doing interesting, useful or
important things

a reduction in the amount, level or number of something that happens slowly over
a long period of time
an increase in the amount, level or number of something that happens slowly over
a long period of time

someone who has completed a university degree, especially a first degree

an increase in the number of something

to deal with a person or behave towards them in a particular way, especially in

order to keep them happy

a powerful and important job with a lot of responsibility

letting you earn a lot of money

an increase in the amount, level or number of something that is very easy to notice

improvements or developments in medicine

a reduction in the amount, level or number of something that happens quickly

to find new people to work in a company or do a job

to continue at the same level or rate over a period of time

the sale of goods in shops to customers, for their own use and not for selling to
anyone else
likely to continue for a long time and not be lost

a large reduction in the amount, level or number of something that happens

suddenly

a large increase in the amount, level or number of something that happens

suddenly

not likely to change or suddenly come to an end

a reduction in the amount, level or number of something that happens slowly and
gradually over a long period of time

an increase in the amount, level or number of something that happens slowly and
gradually over a long period of time

to begin to do something that someone else was doing

to separate something into all its different parts

continuing for a long time and not interesting

someone who is being trained for a job

a modern windmill for providing electrical power

able to change in order to be successful in new and different situations

when someone likes something or someone and thinks that they are good

very fast

the fact of being present in an office as part of your job

to be in control of or have responsibility for something

to have the right qualities to do something

to have very different ways of thinking about things

advice about what jobs and professional training might be suitable for someone

a series of jobs that you do in one or more professions, especially in a planned

way, going from one job to a more important one

to put two or more different things together

someone whose job is to help or advise people

wanting to know about something

to decide that someone is not important and that their ideas, opinions and
achievements do not have any value

a range of different things

most basic and important

to find a job or activity that is very suitable for you

someone who seems strange or who often forgets things

a system in which people work a fixed number of hours each week or month, but
can change the times at which they start and finish each day / arrangements for
work involving people working part-time rather than full-time, job-sharing,
working at home, etc.

to give special attention to the things that you do very well

a person who works independently for different companies rather than being
employed by one particular company

to feel that the purpose of your life is to do a particular type of work, especially
because it allows you to help other people

to have strong desire or feeling of duty to do one particular kind of work

to discover or recognize something

containing new and interesting ideas

the point at which two things have a connection or have the same features

someone who can do many different types of work, but who often is not very
skilled at any of them

an arrangement by which two people both work part-time doing the same job

to wait before making a decision

to be without a reason to achieve things in life

a person who has great ability in several different subjects or areas

every day

someone who only works for part of the week

someone who has a lot of knowledge about many different subjects

someone who does not have the determination or courage to finish something that
is difficult

a number of activities that you enjoy doing or subjects that you enjoy studying

to show or be a sign of the fact that something is necessary

to give support to an opinion, idea or feeling, and make it stronger

very strict and difficult to change

appearing to have a particular quality, when this may or may not be true

the condition of working for yourself and not being employed by a company

to choose or make a decision about something

to divide the duties and activities that are part of someone's job into separate parts
and share them between two or more people

to move away from the range of activities or situations that you feel happy and
confident in
to do or keep doing what you said you would do or what you believe in, even
when it is difficult

to become very successful

not connected to each other in any way

not wanting to do something and refusing to do it

to work in a way that allows changes to be made easily so that you can adapt to
any new situation

all the people who work in a particular industry or company, or are available to
work in a particular country or area

the room, building, etc. where you work

to stop supporting or helping someone

to say more about something that has just been said

to agree unwillingly that something is true or that someone else is right

to tell someone that you are sorry that you have done something wrong
to tell someone that something is definitely true or will definitely happen,
especially when they have doubts about it

to ask for something in an anxious or urgent way, because you want it very much

to say or think that someone is responsible for something bad

a badly behaved child

to state that something is true, even though it has not been proved

to tell someone that you are happy because they have achieved something or
because something nice has happened to them

to persuade someone to do something

a very firm request for something that you believe you have the right to get

to say that something is not true

to persuade someone to do something

to give a reason for something

advice and support given by a trained person to parents and children in a family
who are having problems in their relationship
money that you give a person, group, organization, etc. to help pay for their costs

to provide money for an activity, organization, event, etc.

instructions that say how things must be done by the people living together in a
house

to demand that something should happen

not looked after properly

to feel or say that you oppose or disapprove of something

to tell someone that they must do something, especially using your official power
or authority

to make someone decide to do something, especially by giving them reasons why

they should do it

to think or suppose something

to make someone remember something that they must do

to make rules less strict

(child) badly behaved because they have always been given everything they want,
or allowed to do whatever they want

to make a legal claim against someone, especially for money, because they have
harmed you in some way

to tell someone your ideas about what they should do

to take legal action against someone

to become eighteen years of age

to strongly suggest that someone does something

willingly, without being told or forced to do something

to tell someone that something bad or dangerous may happen, so that they can
avoid it or prevent it

to find a way of dealing with a problem or difficult situation

an object that provides a supply of electricity for something such as a radio, car, or
toy

to come loose and be no longer attached to something else

a substance such as coal, gas, petrol or oil that can be burned to produce heat or
energy

to not have any idea about the answer to a question, how to do something, what a
situation is, etc.

to be worth trying to do because you may succeed

a thing that keeps a door, drawer, etc. fastened and is usually opened with a key or
by moving a small metal bar

deliberately
a way of solving a problem or dealing with a difficult situation

to find or provide a way of dealing with a problem

to accidentally make a liquid flow over the edge of a container

to turn on/off a machine, light, radio, etc. using a button or switch

to obtain something by buying it or being given it

to be to very busy doing something, so that you cannot do anything else

to look after and influence a child until he or she is grown up

knowing someone without wanting a close relationship with them

a process in which you get rid of unwanted objects or possessions

to be able to be explained by one single important thing

to have to deal with problems or difficulties

to think of an idea, answer, etc.

a lot of rain that falls in a short time

to leave a school or university before your course has finished

someone who leaves school or college before they have finished

someone who starts a new business or arranges business deals in order to make
money, often in a way that involves financial risks

to like someone and have a friendly relationship with them

to avoid doing something you have promised to do or are supposed to do

to do something that you have been intending to do for some time

to develop or happen as a result of something else that happened or existed

to go as quickly as someone else

to permanently stop being involved with a person

an event, performance, etc. that is not as good as you expected it to be

to think that you are better than someone else, for example because you are more
successful, or of a higher social class than they are

to admire or respect someone

to make a bad situation better, or replace something that has been lost

unattractive or unpleasant and making you dislike it

the beginning of an event or process

the act of not accepting someone for a job

to use all of something and not have any more left

in very bad condition

to support or defend a person or idea when they are being attacked

to suddenly start being successful

the way that your parents care for you and teach you to behave when you are
growing up

a set of gentle exercises you do to prepare your body for sport, dancing, etc.
to admit or accept that a situation exists or that something is true

to understand how good or useful someone or something is

to consider or study a subject or problem carefully and thoroughly / to discuss or

think about a subject or problem carefully

in relation to a particular fact or aspect

a plan or desire to do something

to cause something to happen or cause someone to do something

the amount of hard work and loyalty that someone gives to an organization,
activity, etc.

not very great in amount or number

the final result of an action, process or event

a sentence or phrase that is used to ask for information or to test someone’s

knowledge

someone who has just left school, especially to do or look for a job rather than
going to college, university, etc.
exciting, interesting and full of new ideas

a set of questions that you ask a large number of people in order to find out about
their opinions or behaviour

skills you have that you are able to use in different jobs

in a way that is definitely true or certain

a particular way of thinking about a problem or subject

concerning or relating to a particular subject

a unit for measuring area, equal to 4,840 square yards or 4,047 square metres

to make a formal request, usually written, for a job

a method of doing something or dealing with a problem

whatever someone likes or wants

having a particular amount of money that needs to be paid

be unemployed

to have the effect or produce the result that is wanted

to think of an idea, answer, etc.

 to tell someone that you are happy because they have achieved something or
because something nice has happened to them

happy and satisfied with something

to persuade someone to do something

a plant such as wheat, rice or fruit that is grown by farmers and used as food

to think about something pleasant, especially when this makes you forget what you
should be doing

a folding chair with a long seat made of cloth, used especially on the beach

to damage something so badly that it no longer exists or cannot be used or repaired

to receive a large amount of money each month as payment from the organization
you work for

the type of education that someone has had

wanting something that someone else has

to make an animal go away by making it feel afraid

paid a larger amount than usual

to help someone because they are busy or have problems

to make it difficult for something to develop or succeed

someone who changes spoken words from one language into another, especially as
their job

the way you earn money in order to live

a small amount of money that someone is paid for the work they do

to have an important effect or influence on something or someone

to do things that make something become different

to make loud sounds, especially unpleasant ones

the lowest amount of money that an employer can legally pay to a worker

the quality of being always the same, which makes something boring, especially
someone’s life or work

to carefully watch animals, birds and plants living in natural conditions

to say that you are willing to do something

a fat brown bird with a short tail which is shot for sport and food
to spend time doing something to help you stop feeling bored

an increase in the amount of money you are paid for doing your job

things that you get from your work in addition to your wages

a job that is intended to continue for a long time

a job in a company

a job, especially an important one in a large organization

when someone or something is present in a particular place

to be successful, and work in the way that was intended

a number of things that are all different, but are all of the same general type

to say firmly that you will not do something that someone has asked you to do

to make something less dull and boring

according to what some people say

to do something as a reaction to something that has been said or done

to keep or collect money to use later, especially when you gradually add more
money over a period of time

to make an animal go away by frightening them

an object in the shape of a person that a farmer puts in a field to frighten birds
away

an amount of money that is given to someone by an educational organization to

help pay for their education

to appear to be something

to start your own company, shop, or factory that produces or sells goods or
provides a service

to go around a place with someone when they first arrive there, to show them what
is interesting, useful, etc.

to put your name on a list for something because you want to take part in it

a series of lessons in which you are taught the skills for a particular job or activity

money paid regularly by the government to people who have no job

a lot of things of the same type that are different from each other in some way

an amount of something measured by its value in money

to make something happen faster than usual or sooner than you expect

a quick increase of activity in a particular business or industry

carbon dioxide sent into the air that is likely to cause harm to people or the
environment

clothes or other goods are not wanted or have been thrown away

the buying and using by people of a lot of goods and services

the quality of staying in good condition for a long time, even if used a lot

the effect that a person’s or organization’s activities have on the environment

a time when people do a lot of things very quickly

a period of time when workers are told not to come to work

objects used in the home, such as furniture, curtains, and kitchen equipment

an influence that makes something happen or makes it happen more quickly

to start something, usually something big or important

relating to the sea or ships

to get rid of something that you do not want by giving it or selling it to someone
else

a disease that affects people over a very large area or the whole world

to clean, repair and decorate something in order to improve its appearance

an official plan or arrangement that is intended to achieve something

to change a situation, policy, opinion, etc. by giving special attention to one idea or
subject instead of to a previous one

ships considered as a group

to encourage someone or make them want to do something

a sudden increase in amount or number

to suddenly increase

any type of woven cloth that is made in large quantities

old, but high quality

Example

If you could only achieve one goal, which one would have the most positive effect on your
life?

Tracy outlines some simple tips to help you reach your full potential and stop you burning
out.

The more knowledgeable and skilled you become, the faster you will carry out the tasks at
hand.

Commit to taking on new challenges, picking up new skills and reading about your future
profession.

Try to be conscientious and get the job done.

His conscientiousness and loyalty to the company are incredible.

I developed a habit of eating porridge for breakfast.

Do these things day in, day out until they become second nature.

How can you make your employment possibilities better?

You’re almost at the end of school and close to going on to further education or entering the
job market.

He never had much enthusiasm for work.

Of all the objectives you’d like to fulfil, which one should you do first?
Focus on that objective first and get down to work straight away.

Improve your career prospects by observing what successful people do.

If you take ten minutes to map out exactly how you will spend your time, you can increase
your output by 25 percent

Make sure it’s the first job you do, and keep at it until it’s done.

Knowledge is power. A good education is important.

The more knowledgeable and skilled you become, the faster you will carry out the tasks at
hand.

If you take ten minutes to map out exactly how you will spend your time, you can increase
your output by 25 percent.

Of all the objectives you’d like to fulfil, which one should you do first?

Tracy outlines some simple tips to help you reach your full potential and stop you burning
out.

Overwork is unhealthy. It causes stress.

Imagine the scenario – you’ve taken up a new job or started a new course, but you’re
overworked.
Commit to taking on new challenges, picking up new skills and reading about your future
profession.

It is a sign of respect to be punctual and not to waste other people’s time.

At work, people with a sense of purpose are motivated and optimistic about the future.

Always be enthusiastic and purposeful.

What specific things should you put a lot of effort into?

When I have English homework I put it off till the last minute.

Identify what you’re good at and then put your heart into doing those specific things very,
very well.

Tracy outlines some simple tips to help you reach your full potential and stop you burning
out.

Set out your objectives.

Focus on the important tasks. Be single-minded.

Thanks to her single-mindedness, Sophia is incredibly successful now.

The more knowledgeable and skilled you become, the faster you will carry out the tasks at
hand.
Be punctual, think for yourself, speak your mind.

Imagine the scenario – you’ve taken up a new job or started a new course, but you’re
overworked.

Be punctual, think for yourself, speak your mind.

How good are you at time management and getting things done?

Write a to-do list and get organised.

Planning can save you time especially when you’re working to a deadline.

Imagine you have to go away for a month and then work towards finishing the job before
you leave.

She has to answer the phone a lot, and she hates that.

They said that he hadn’t prepared well enough for his previous interview.

I’ll be contacting your references tomorrow.

He said he had struggled to get up that morning.

We asked the candidate to tell us about his weaknesses.

There will be a sharp increase in jobs connected with alternative energy.

To work with wind turbines, you need to do a two-year course in applied sciences and this
will teach you the basic technology.

Some jobs are at risk nowadays, e.g. shop assistant.

Jobs in the medical and teaching professions will be constant.

How have dental patients benefited from medical advances?

There’s been a steady rise in people working from home and a sharp drop in the number of
people commuting to work.

The speaker is concerned about some elderly people she meets at work.

How have dental patients benefited from medical advances?

It’s better to do an apprenticeship than go to university.

The speaker is concerned about some elderly people she meets at work.

Some people think my job’s monotonous, but I find this human contact with the customers
very fulfilling.

There will be a gradual decline in jobs in retail.

There will be a gradual increase in jobs connected with alternative energy.

I believe there’s been a sharp drop in law graduates recently because it’s so expensive to
study law at university for six years.

There’s been a growing number of people working from home.

I’m quite good at handling difficult customers.

It’s challenging and potentially well-paid if you get a high-powered job in a top law firm.

On the whole, being a lawyer can be an extremely rewarding and lucrative career.

There will be a marked increase in jobs connected with alternative energy.

How have dental patients benefited from medical advances?

There will be a rapid decline in jobs in retail.

It’s getting more and more difficult to recruit experienced staff.

The need for jobs the medical and teaching professions will remain constant.

There will be a gradual decline in jobs in retail, offices and factories.

But the experts say that there will be a gradual decline in supermarket sales, and so my job
isn’t secure.

There’s been a sharp drop in the number of people commuting to work.

There will be a sharp increase in jobs connected with alternative energy.

What makes law such a stable profession?

There’s been a steady drop in the number of people commuting to work.

There’s been a steady rise in people working from home.

As technology takes over tasks that people used to do, what kind of skills will be useful for
people in the future?

In my free time I enjoy taking car engines apart and putting them back together.

Fortunately, these tend to be tedious tasks that nobody liked doing.

Some law firms are offering apprenticeships so that trainees can start work and earn a salary
while they’re training.

What qualifications and skills do you need to be a wind turbine technician?

In this job you need to be adaptable and able to cope with unexpected situations.

There were murmurs of approval from the crowd.

Reflecting the needs of the modern workforce, the workplace is also changing at a rapid
rate.

The majority of people no longer believe that attendance in an office is required or

necessary on a day-to-day basis.

A growing number of freelancers are choosing self-employment as a way to be in charge of

their own professional lives.

She explains how people like herself are suited to the modern workplace in three essential
ways.

My sister and I are wired differently- it’s incredible to think we’re related.

Career guidance books and counsellors give you tests to help you identify your dream job.

If you’re unable or unwilling to settle on a single career path, you might worry that you
don’t have one true calling.

Firstly, they are used to combining two or more fields and it is at the intersection between
seemingly unrelated ideas that innovation often happens.

Career guidance books and counsellors give you tests to help you identify your dream job.
Let’s say you’re curious about several subjects, and there are many things you’d like to
study.

She didn’t have a vocation, and so could be dismissed as a quitter, a flake or a jack of all
trades, master of none.

Job-sharing is becoming more popular with people who prefer diversity.

She explains how people like herself are suited to the modern workplace in three essential
ways.

Career guidance books and counsellors give you tests to help you find your niche.

She didn’t have a vocation, and so could be dismissed as a quitter, a flake or a jack of all
trades, master of none.

Flexible working is becoming the new norm.

At school there’s pressure to focus on your strengths, and choose a subject to major in at
university.

A growing number of freelancers are choosing self-employment as a way to be in charge of

their own professional lives.

A rare few have a vocation and stick to it.

If you’re unable or unwilling to settle on a single career path, you might worry that you
don’t have one true calling.
Career guidance books and counsellors give you tests to help you identify your dream job.

No doubt the more imaginative your answer, the more approval you would get.

It is at the intersection between seemingly unrelated ideas that innovation often happens.

She didn’t have a vocation, and so could be dismissed as a quitter, a flake or a jack of all
trades, master of none.

Job-sharing is becoming more popular with people who prefer diversity.

I wouldn’t say I lack purpose. I’m just keeping my options open.

You might worry that you don’t have one true calling like everybody else and that your life
lacks purpose.

So, if you’re a generalist, a polymath, a multipotentialite, or whatever you call yourself, you
are the one who will thrive in the twenty-first century workplace.

The majority of people no longer believe that attendance in an office is required or

necessary on a day-to-day basis.

Work traditionally performed by one person can be split between two part-timers

She claims to be a polymath - someone who has a range of interests.

She didn’t have a vocation, and so could be dismissed as a quitter, a flake or a jack of all
trades, master of none.

She claims to be someone who has a range of interests.

Reflecting the needs of the modern workforce, the workplace is also changing at a rapid
rate.

The message that you need to specialise is reinforced in many contexts.

I don’t think I could do the same job day in, day out, even if they had flexitime in place of
rigid nine to five hours.

It is at the intersection between seemingly unrelated ideas that innovation often happens.

There are a growing number of freelancers choosing self-employment as a way to be in

charge of their own professional lives.

If you’re unable or unwilling to settle on a single career path, you might worry that you
don’t have one true calling like everybody else.

Work traditionally performed by one person can be split between two part-timers

People who change roles frequently are less afraid of trying new things and stepping out of
their comfort zones.
A rare few have a vocation and stick to it.

So, if you’re a generalist, a polymath, a multipotentialite, or whatever you call yourself, you
are the one who will thrive in the twenty-first century workplace.

It is at the intersection between seemingly unrelated ideas that innovation often happens.

If you’re unable or unwilling to settle on a single career path, you might worry that you
don’t have one true calling.

In the modern workplace, people are working flexibly and the individual is in control of
their professional life.

Reflecting the needs of the modern workforce, the workplace is also changing at a rapid
rate.

Reflecting the needs of the modern workforce, the workplace is also changing at a rapid
rate.

She accused them of abandoning her when she had turned eighteen and refusing to fund her
college education.

He insisted that they loved and missed their child and added that the situation was having a
terrible effect on them.

Rachel’s parents admitted that they had been terribly upset.

I apologise for losing my temper.

He denied kicking Rachel out and assured the court that she had left voluntarily.

He begged his daughter to come home soon.

Everybody blames me for spoiling our holiday.

Should I tell him his kid is a spoilt brat?

She claimed that they had thrown her out of her home.

I congratulated him on passing his driving test.

I’ve been trying to convince Jean that she should come with me.

The judge rejected the teenager’s demands.

He denied kicking Rachel out and assured the court that she had left voluntarily.

He suggested that Rachel’s friends had encouraged her to take the matter to court.

She explained that she had been living at a friend’s house.

The judge advised Rachel and her family to have family counselling.
US teenager Rachel Canning took her parents to court and tried to sue them for financial
support.

She accused them of abandoning her when she had turned eighteen and refusing to fund her
college education.

She had left after an argument about household rules and her choice of boyfriends.

I insisted on paying for everything.

Is Rachel Canning a spoilt brat or a neglected child?

I objected to having to rewrite the article.

Her doctor had ordered her to rest for a week.

My friends have persuaded me to have a haircut.

We reckon you should take your parents to court.

A friend has reminded me that I owe him some money.

The parents have offered to relax the house rules and in return, Rachel has promised them
that she won’t leave home again.

Is Rachel Canning a spoilt brat or a neglected child?

US teenager Rachel Canning took her parents to court and tried to sue them for financial
support.

Rachel’s friends suggested taking her parents to court.

US teenager Rachel Canning took her parents to court and tried to sue them for financial
support.

She accused them of abandoning her when she had turned eighteen.

The Cannings have urged the media to give the family some privacy while they work things
out.

He denied kicking Rachel out and assured the court that she had left voluntarily.

My teacher has warned me not to copy homework from the Internet.

The Cannings have urged the media to give the family some privacy while they work things
out.

If the lights are working, then it’s not the battery.

Whoops! It’s broken off in the lock

You did remember to put some fuel in it, right?

I haven’t got a clue.

It's worth a try, I suppose.

Whoops! It’s broken off in the lock.

I didn’t do it on purpose.
What would be a better solution in your opinion?

How did Hannah and Daniel try to solve the problem?

I put it on the table during the break and spilled my coffee on it – like an idiot!

Every time I try to switch it on, it beeps and switches off again.

Facebook paid more than $19 billion to acquire WhatsApp.

He rarely saw his father who was usually tied up with work at a government construction
company until 10 o’clock at night.

He was brought up in a small village near Kiev.

She will never be more than a casual acquaintance.

I need to have a clear-out of all the junk in my bedroom.

In the end, the huge success of WhatsApp came down to the excellent user experience.

At school she came up against bullying from other girls and often got into trouble.

He came up with the name WhatsApp because it sounded like ‘What’s up?’
Yesterday there was a downpour on my way home from school.

If I dropped out of college, my parents would never forgive me.

If I became a college dropout, my parents would never forgive me.

Did you know that it was invented by Jan Koum, a Ukrainian-born entrepreneur?

I get on really well with my work colleagues, we are quite a team!

Rich people always try to get out of paying their taxes.

It’s important to keep your social media profile updated, but most people don’t get round to
it.

WhatsApp grew out of the simple idea that it’s good to let people know if you’re available.

I had to walk fast to keep up with him.

In Ukraine Koum had left behind his close group of friends.

The app didn’t take off straight away, which was a real letdown for Koum and Acton.
She looks down on anyone who hasn’t had a college education.

I’ve always looked up to Bill for his courage and determination.

An interesting job that you love doing can make up for a low salary.

I find background music off-putting when I am trying to study.

From the outset it is important to be sure that there is agreement with the patient about what
is planned.

Following rejection from Facebook, the two friends decided to go travelling in South
America.

He’d run out of ideas.

It was a hard time for the family who lived in very run-down accommodation.

It’s time we stood up for our rights.

The app didn’t take off straight away, which was a real letdown for Koum and Acton.

There was nothing in Koum’s upbringing to suggest that the young Ukrainian would one
day change the world of social media.

I like to do a warm-up before I do any sport.

Support your opinion with examples and acknowledge an opposing opinion.

Her abilities are not fully appreciated by her employer.

I will examine the issue in terms of motivation and career success.

I will examine the issue in terms of motivation and career success.

It is my intention to explore this issue.

Many school-leavers choose a degree based on what is likely to lead to a good job rather
than what truly interests them.

The high level of commitment required means that enthusiasm for your chosen subject is
important.

It is true that some subjects appear to offer limited career prospects.

The meeting had a very satisfactory outcome.

This essay will look at this question from the perspective of an international student.

Apart from going to university, what other options do school-leavers have?

Which school subjects do you find most stimulating?

Look at the results of an international student survey about reasons for going to university.

I am of the opinion that studying for any degree teaches valuable transferable skills.

Of course, passion does not guarantee career success, but it is undeniably an important
factor.

We need to consider all the different viewpoints on the issue.

It is also important to consider this issue with regard to career success.

They own 200 acres of farmland.

Marion advised me not to apply for that job.

Some scientists have been trying an alternative approach.

Jamie spends the best part of the day doing largely as he pleases.

They lost thirty acres worth of crops at a cost of thousands of pounds.

Jamie Fox is happy with his job because he thinks it is better than being out of work.

Ordinary scarecrows don’t quite seem up to the job.

She came up with the idea that I could sit in on lectures in different subjects to see if any of
them might suit me better.
Robert congratulated Amanda on getting a scholarship in Brussels.

Fox is quite content with his unique position.

My team leader convinced me to sign up for a training course.

Mr Youngs decided to employ Jamie because he had lost lots of crops previously.

What are you daydreaming about? There’s work to be done.

There is a large terrace and a garden with deckchairs.

The building was destroyed by fire in 2004.

Some famous people, like footballers, earn very high salaries.

I don’t use my educational background in my job.

Colleagues were envious of her success.

The birds didn’t respond to more traditional methods of frightening them away.

Jamie’s friends, including those with more generously paid jobs, are reportedly envious of
his position.

Jamie Fox took up a post to help out a local farmer.

How can a gap year help or hinder your education?

If I'm going to make the speech, I'll need an interpreter.

Youngs has tried a variety of approaches to protect his livelihood.

Mr Youngs decided to employ Jamie because he can pay him a low wage.

Jamie’s presence in the fields is proving very effective and making a real difference.

Our new interpreter suggested making a few changes in the speech so that it would sound
more natural.

He makes a lot of noise.

Despite working from 7.30 a.m. to 4.00 p.m. for a minimum wage, Fox is quite content with
his unique position.

She suggested a card game to relieve the monotony of the journey.

One of the perks of the job is being able to observe the wildlife.

Last month my dad offered to show my class around different departments in his company.

His job is to use a range of musical instruments to scare off partridges that have been
destroying crops.
Fox can do anything he likes to pass the time.

Her boss refused to give her a pay rise.

One of the perks of working for a fashion designer is that you get to wear lots of nice
clothes.

My parents keep asking me when I am going to look for a permanent post.

It's a temporary position initially, for six months.

Unfortunately they were unable to find a suitable person to fill the post.

If he had noticed her presence, he gave no sign.

This new drug is proving very effective and making a real difference to the treatment of the
disease.

He uses a range of musical instruments to scare off the birds.

The other day my mum’s boss refused to give her a pay rise.

Reading helps to relieve the monotony of the work.

Some of Jamie’s friends are reportedly envious of his position.

The partridges didn’t respond to more traditional methods of frightening them away.
He is saving up to finance a trip to New Zealand.

He uses a range of musical instruments to scare off birds that have been destroying crops.

They filled the fields with tattered scarecrows.

Robert congratulated Amanda on getting a scholarship in Brussels.

Ordinary scarecrows don’t quite seem to be working.

Would you like to set up your own business?

Last month my dad offered to show my class around different departments in his company.

My team leader convinced me to sign up for a training course.

My team leader convinced me to sign up for a training course.

I rather be working here than sitting at home doing nothing and claiming unemployment
benefit.

Youngs has tried a variety of approaches to protect his livelihood.

The fire caused thousands of pounds’ worth of damage.

There are fears that higher oil prices would accelerate inflation.

This year has seen a sudden boom in the housing market.

The law is designed to limit harmful carbon emissions.

She looked to see what cast-offs she could buy for young Will.

Green consumerism is on the increase.

These vehicles are known for their safety and durability.

There is increasing pressure to reduce the environmental footprint of the fashion industry.

I've had enough of this shopping frenzy.

She has been on furlough for the last eight months.

Sales of second-hand fashion and homeware items have shot up in the UK over the past
year.

The report may provide further impetus for change.

The organization has launched a campaign to raise $150,000.

The port of San Francisco has lost virtually all its maritime industry.

Shoppers turned to the internet to rid themselves of unwanted items they could not offload
at charity shops.

Nobody guessed that such a rare disease would become a pandemic.

The hotel has recently been refurbished.

The government is introducing a major house-building scheme in the area.

The White House hopes to shift the media’s attention away from foreign policy issues.

The port is closed to all shipping.

Increased tourism has spurred developments in the hotel and leisure-related sectors.

Stores are expecting a surge in demand as Christmas approaches.

Oil prices surged.

Their main. exports are textiles, especially silk and cotton.

At fashion website Asos, vintage sales have risen 92%.

Translation
Unit 5
5.1 Woordenschat
to successfully do something that you hoped to do
een doel bereiken If you could only achieve one goal, which one would
have the most positive effect on your life?

to work so hard over a period of time that you become

unable to continue working because you are tired or ill
een burn out krijgen Tracy outlines some simple tips to help you reach your
full potential and stop you burning out.

to do something that needs to be organized and planned

uitvoeren The more knowledgeable and skilled you become, the
faster you will carry out the tasks at hand.

to say that you will definitely do something

toewijden aan Commit to taking on new challenges, picking up new
skills and reading about your future profession.

careful to do everything that it is your job or duty to do

nauwgezet Try to be conscientious and get the job done.
the quality of being careful to do everything that it is
your job or duty to do
nauwgezetheid His conscientiousness and loyalty to the company are
incredible.

to start doing something regularly or often

een gewoonte ontwikkelen I developed a habit of eating porridge for breakfast.
to do something every day for a long period of time
iets dag in dag uit doen Do these things day in, day out until they become second
nature.

the types of job you might be able to get

arbeidsmogelijkheden How can you make your employment possibilities
better?
to start looking for a job
de arbeidsmarkt betreden You’re almost at the end of school and close to going on
to further education or entering the job market.

a strong feeling of interest and enjoyment about

enthousiasme something and an eagerness to be involved in it
He never had much enthusiasm for work.

to succeed in doing something that you have been trying

hard to achieve
een doel vervullen Of all the objectives you’d like to fulfil, which one
should you do first?
 to start doing something that is difficult or needs a lot of
time or energy
meteen gaan Focus on that objective first and get down to work
straight away.

to do something that increases your chance of getting a

better job
je carrièremogelijkheden verbeteren Improve your career prospects by observing what
successful people do.

to increase the amount of work you produce

If you take ten minutes to map out exactly how you will
je output verhogen spend your time, you can increase your output by 25
percent

to continue to do something, although it is difficult or

hard work
ermee bezig blijven Make sure it’s the first job you do, and keep at it until
it’s done.

the information, skills and understanding that you have

kennis gained through learning or experience
Knowledge is power. A good education is important.

knowing a lot
deskundig The more knowledgeable and skilled you become, the
faster you will carry out the tasks at hand.

to plan carefully how something will happen

If you take ten minutes to map out exactly how you will
iets uitzoeken spend your time, you can increase your output by 25
percent.

something that you are trying hard to achieve

doel Of all the objectives you’d like to fulfil, which one
should you do first?

to describe something in a general way, giving the main

points but not the details
uiteenzetten Tracy outlines some simple tips to help you reach your
full potential and stop you burning out.

too much hard work

overwerk Overwork is unhealthy. It causes stress.
made to work too hard
overwerkt Imagine the scenario – you’ve taken up a new job or
started a new course, but you’re overworked.
 to learn how to do something well, especially by
watching or listening to other people
een nieuwe vaardigheid oppikken Commit to taking on new challenges, picking up new
skills and reading about your future profession.

arriving or doing something at exactly the time that has

been arranged
punctueel It is a sign of respect to be punctual and not to waste
other people’s time.

a feeling of determination to achieve things in life

doelgerichtheid At work, people with a sense of purpose are motivated
and optimistic about the future.

determined to achieve something

doelgericht Always be enthusiastic and purposeful.
to try very hard to do or achieve something
veel moeite steken in What specific things should you put a lot of effort into?
to delay doing something or to arrange to do something
at a later time or date, especially because there is a
problem or you do not want to do it now
iets uitstellen When I have English homework I put it off till the last
minute.

to do something with a lot of effort

je hart en ziel erin leggen Identify what you’re good at and then put your heart into
doing those specific things very, very well.

to succeed as well as you possibly can

je volledige potentieel ontplooien Tracy outlines some simple tips to help you reach your
full potential and stop you burning out.

to explain or describe something in a clearly organized

iets uitzetten way, in writing or speech
Set out your objectives.

having one clear aim and working very hard to achieve it

eigenzinnig Focus on the important tasks. Be single-minded.
the quality of having one clear aim and working very
hard to achieve it
eigenzinnigheid Thanks to her single-mindedness, Sophia is incredibly
successful now.

having the training and experience that you need to do

something well
bekwaam The more knowledgeable and skilled you become, the
faster you will carry out the tasks at hand.
 to tell people exactly what you think, even if it offends
zeggen wat je denkt them
Be punctual, think for yourself, speak your mind.

to start a new job or have a new responsibility

starten met iets Imagine the scenario – you’ve taken up a new job or
started a new course, but you’re overworked.

to have ideas and thoughts of your own rather than

zelfstandig denken believing what other people say
Be punctual, think for yourself, speak your mind.

the skill of controlling the way you spend your time in

order to work as effectively as possible
time management How good are you at time management and getting
things done?

a list of jobs you have to do

to-do list Write a to-do list and get organised.
to have to finish a piece of work by a particular date or
maar een deadline toewerken time
Planning can save you time especially when you’re
working to a deadline.
to try continuously to achieve a particular thing
toewerken naar Imagine you have to go away for a month and then work
towards finishing the job before you leave.

5.2 Grammatica

to pick up the phone when it rings and speak to the

de telefoon beantwoorden person who is calling
She has to answer the phone a lot, and she hates that.

a formal meeting at which someone is asked questions in

order to find out whether they are suitable for a job
interview They said that he hadn’t prepared well enough for his
previous interview.

people who provide information about your character

referenties and abilities
I’ll be contacting your references tomorrow.

to try extremely hard to achieve something that you find

worstelen om iets te doen very difficult
He said he had struggled to get up that morning.

a fault in someone’s character

zwakheid We asked the candidate to tell us about his weaknesses.

5.3 Luisteren
 energy produced by the sun, wind, etc. rather than by
gas, coal, etc.
alternatieve energie There will be a sharp increase in jobs connected with
alternative energy.

science that has a practical use

To work with wind turbines, you need to do a two-year
toegepaste wetenschap course in applied sciences and this will teach you the
basic technology.

to be in danger of being lost or damaged

risico lopen Some jobs are at risk nowadays, e.g. shop assistant.
to continue at the same level or rate over a period of time
constant / onveranderd zijn Jobs in the medical and teaching professions will be
constant.

to get an advantage or help from something

voordeel hebben How have dental patients benefited from medical
advances?
to regularly travel a long distance to get to work
There’s been a steady rise in people working from home
forensen naar het werk and a sharp drop in the number of people commuting to
work.

worried about something

bezorgd over The speaker is concerned about some elderly people she
meets at work.

someone who is receiving treatment for their teeth

tandheelkundige patiënt How have dental patients benefited from medical
advances?
to work for an employer for a fixed period of time in
een stage doen order to learn a particular skill or job
It’s better to do an apprenticeship than go to university.

used as a polite way of saying that someone is old or

becoming old
ouderen The speaker is concerned about some elderly people she
meets at work.

making you feel happy and satisfied because you are

doing interesting, useful or important things
bevredigend Some people think my job’s monotonous, but I find this
human contact with the customers very fulfilling.

a reduction in the amount, level or number of something

geleidelijke daling / daling van that happens slowly over a long period of time
There will be a gradual decline in jobs in retail.
 an increase in the amount, level or number of something
that happens slowly over a long period of time
geleidelijke stijging / stijging van There will be a gradual increase in jobs connected with
alternative energy.

someone who has completed a university degree,

especially a first degree
I believe there’s been a sharp drop in law graduates
afgestudeerde recently because it’s so expensive to study law at
university for six years.

an increase in the number of something

groeiend aantal There’s been a growing number of people working from
home.

to deal with a person or behave towards them in a

omgaan met iemand particular way, especially in order to keep them happy
I’m quite good at handling difficult customers.

a powerful and important job with a lot of responsibility

belangrijke functie It’s challenging and potentially well-paid if you get a
high-powered job in a top law firm.

letting you earn a lot of money

lucratief On the whole, being a lawyer can be an extremely
rewarding and lucrative career.

an increase in the amount, level or number of something

that is very easy to notice
duidelijke stijging / stijging van There will be a marked increase in jobs connected with
alternative energy.

improvements or developments in medicine

medische vooruitgang How have dental patients benefited from medical
advances?
a reduction in the amount, level or number of something
snelle daling / daling van that happens quickly
There will be a rapid decline in jobs in retail.

to find new people to work in a company or do a job

rekruteren/ aannemen It’s getting more and more difficult to recruit
experienced staff.

to continue at the same level or rate over a period of time

constant / ongewijzigd blijven The need for jobs the medical and teaching professions
will remain constant.

the sale of goods in shops to customers, for their own use

and not for selling to anyone else
retail / detailhandel There will be a gradual decline in jobs in retail, offices
and factories.
 likely to continue for a long time and not be lost
veilig But the experts say that there will be a gradual decline in
supermarket sales, and so my job isn’t secure.

a large reduction in the amount, level or number of

something that happens suddenly
scherpe daling / daling van There’s been a sharp drop in the number of people
commuting to work.

a large increase in the amount, level or number of

something that happens suddenly
sterke stijging / stijging van There will be a sharp increase in jobs connected with
alternative energy.

not likely to change or suddenly come to an end

stabiel What makes law such a stable profession?
a reduction in the amount, level or number of something
that happens slowly and gradually over a long period of
time
gestage daling / daling van There’s been a steady drop in the number of people
commuting to work.

an increase in the amount, level or number of something

that happens slowly and gradually over a long period of
gestage stijging / toename van time
There’s been a steady rise in people working from home.

to begin to do something that someone else was doing

iets overnemen As technology takes over tasks that people used to do,
what kind of skills will be useful for people in the
future?
to separate something into all its different parts
iets uit elkaar halen In my free time I enjoy taking car engines apart and
putting them back together.

continuing for a long time and not interesting

saai Fortunately, these tend to be tedious tasks that nobody
liked doing.

someone who is being trained for a job

Some law firms are offering apprenticeships so that
stagiair trainees can start work and earn a salary while they’re
training.

a modern windmill for providing electrical power

windturbine What qualifications and skills do you need to be a wind
turbine technician?

5.4 Lezen
 able to change in order to be successful in new and
different situations
flexibel In this job you need to be adaptable and able to cope
with unexpected situations.

when someone likes something or someone and thinks

goedkeuring that they are good
There were murmurs of approval from the crowd.

very fast
in een hoog tempo Reflecting the needs of the modern workforce, the
workplace is also changing at a rapid rate.

the fact of being present in an office as part of your job

aanwezigheid op kantoor The majority of people no longer believe that attendance
in an office is required or necessary on a day-to-day
basis.
to be in control of or have responsibility for something
A growing number of freelancers are choosing self-
de leiding hebben employment as a way to be in charge of their own
professional lives.

to have the right qualities to do something

geschikt zijn voor She explains how people like herself are suited to the
modern workplace in three essential ways.

to have very different ways of thinking about things

volslagen verschillend zijn My sister and I are wired differently- it’s incredible to
think we’re related.

advice about what jobs and professional training might

be suitable for someone
loopbaanbegeleiding Career guidance books and counsellors give you tests to
help you identify your dream job.

a series of jobs that you do in one or more professions,

especially in a planned way, going from one job to a
more important one
carrière If you’re unable or unwilling to settle on a single career
path, you might worry that you don’t have one true
calling.
to put two or more different things together
Firstly, they are used to combining two or more fields
combineren and it is at the intersection between seemingly unrelated
ideas that innovation often happens.

someone whose job is to help or advise people

raadgever Career guidance books and counsellors give you tests to
help you identify your dream job.
 wanting to know about something
nieuwsgierig naar Let’s say you’re curious about several subjects, and there
are many things you’d like to study.

to decide that someone is not important and that their

ideas, opinions and achievements do not have any value
iets afwijzen als She didn’t have a vocation, and so could be dismissed as
a quitter, a flake or a jack of all trades, master of none.

a range of different things

diversiteit Job-sharing is becoming more popular with people who
prefer diversity.

most basic and important

essentieel She explains how people like herself are suited to the
modern workplace in three essential ways.

to find a job or activity that is very suitable for you

je niche vind en Career guidance books and counsellors give you tests to
help you find your niche.

someone who seems strange or who often forgets things

nietsnut She didn’t have a vocation, and so could be dismissed as
a quitter, a flake or a jack of all trades, master of none.

a system in which people work a fixed number of hours

each week or month, but can change the times at which
they start and finish each day / arrangements for work
flexitime / flexibel werken involving people working part-time rather than full-time,
job-sharing, working at home, etc.
Flexible working is becoming the new norm.

to give special attention to the things that you do very

focussen op je sterke punten well
At school there’s pressure to focus on your strengths,
and choose a subject to major in at university.
a person who works independently for different
companies rather than being employed by one particular
company
freelancer A growing number of freelancers are choosing self-
employment as a way to be in charge of their own
professional lives.
to feel that the purpose of your life is to do a particular
type of work, especially because it allows you to help
een roeping hebben other people
A rare few have a vocation and stick to it.

to have strong desire or feeling of duty to do one

particular kind of work
een echte roeping hebben If you’re unable or unwilling to settle on a single career
path, you might worry that you don’t have one true
calling.
 to discover or recognize something
identificeren Career guidance books and counsellors give you tests to
help you identify your dream job.

containing new and interesting ideas

fantasierijk No doubt the more imaginative your answer, the more
approval you would get.

the point at which two things have a connection or have

the same features
kruispunt It is at the intersection between seemingly unrelated
ideas that innovation often happens.

someone who can do many different types of work, but

who often is not very skilled at any of them
manusje van alles, niemands meester She didn’t have a vocation, and so could be dismissed as
a quitter, a flake or a jack of all trades, master of none.

an arrangement by which two people both work part-

time doing the same job
job-sharing Job-sharing is becoming more popular with people who
prefer diversity.

to wait before making a decision

je opties openhouden I wouldn’t say I lack purpose. I’m just keeping my
options open.

to be without a reason to achieve things in life

een doelstelling ontberen You might worry that you don’t have one true calling
like everybody else and that your life lacks purpose.

a person who has great ability in several different

subjects or areas
So, if you’re a generalist, a polymath, a multipotentialite,
multipotentialiet or whatever you call yourself, you are the one who will
thrive in the twenty-first century workplace.

every day
dagelijks / iedere dag The majority of people no longer believe that attendance
in an office is required or necessary on a day-to-day
basis.
someone who only works for part of the week
parttimer Work traditionally performed by one person can be split
between two part-timers

someone who has a lot of knowledge about many

different subjects
homo universalis She claims to be a polymath - someone who has a range
of interests.
 someone who does not have the determination or
courage to finish something that is difficult
opgever She didn’t have a vocation, and so could be dismissed as
a quitter, a flake or a jack of all trades, master of none.

a number of activities that you enjoy doing or subjects

scala aan interesses that you enjoy studying
She claims to be someone who has a range of interests.

to show or be a sign of the fact that something is

de behoefte weerspiegelen necessary
Reflecting the needs of the modern workforce, the
workplace is also changing at a rapid rate.
to give support to an opinion, idea or feeling, and make it
stronger
versterken The message that you need to specialise is reinforced in
many contexts.

very strict and difficult to change

strak I don’t think I could do the same job day in, day out,
even if they had flexitime in place of rigid nine to five
hours.
appearing to have a particular quality, when this may or
may not be true
schijnbaar It is at the intersection between seemingly unrelated
ideas that innovation often happens.

the condition of working for yourself and not being

employed by a company
There are a growing number of freelancers choosing
zelfstandig ondernemerschap self-employment as a way to be in charge of their own
professional lives.

to choose or make a decision about something

If you’re unable or unwilling to settle on a single career
richten op path, you might worry that you don’t have one true
calling like everybody else.

to divide the duties and activities that are part of

someone's job into separate parts and share them
between two or more people
het werk opsplitsen Work traditionally performed by one person can be split
between two part-timers

to move away from the range of activities or situations

that you feel happy and confident in
uit je comfortzone stappen People who change roles frequently are less afraid of
trying new things and stepping out of their comfort
zones.
 to do or keep doing what you said you would do or what
erbij blijven you believe in, even when it is difficult
A rare few have a vocation and stick to it.

to become very successful

So, if you’re a generalist, a polymath, a multipotentialite,
gedijen or whatever you call yourself, you are the one who will
thrive in the twenty-first century workplace.

not connected to each other in any way

niet verwant It is at the intersection between seemingly unrelated
ideas that innovation often happens.

not wanting to do something and refusing to do it

onwillig / geen zin hebben om If you’re unable or unwilling to settle on a single career
path, you might worry that you don’t have one true
calling.
to work in a way that allows changes to be made easily
so that you can adapt to any new situation
flexibel werken In the modern workplace, people are working flexibly
and the individual is in control of their professional life.

all the people who work in a particular industry or

company, or are available to work in a particular country
or area
personeel Reflecting the needs of the modern workforce, the
workplace is also changing at a rapid rate.

the room, building, etc. where you work

werkplek Reflecting the needs of the modern workforce, the
workplace is also changing at a rapid rate.

5.5 Grammatica

to stop supporting or helping someone

in de steek laten She accused them of abandoning her when she had
turned eighteen and refusing to fund her college
education.
to say more about something that has just been said
He insisted that they loved and missed their child and
toevoegen added that the situation was having a terrible effect on
them.

to agree unwillingly that something is true or that

toegeven someone else is right
Rachel’s parents admitted that they had been terribly
upset.
to tell someone that you are sorry that you have done
verontschuldigen something wrong
I apologise for losing my temper.
 to tell someone that something is definitely true or will
definitely happen, especially when they have doubts
about it
verzekeren He denied kicking Rachel out and assured the court that
she had left voluntarily.

to ask for something in an anxious or urgent way,

smeken because you want it very much
He begged his daughter to come home soon.

to say or think that someone is responsible for something

de schuld geven bad
Everybody blames me for spoiling our holiday.

a badly behaved child

snotaap Should I tell him his kid is a spoilt brat?
to state that something is true, even though it has not
beweren been proved
She claimed that they had thrown her out of her home.

to tell someone that you are happy because they have

achieved something or because something nice has
feliciteren happened to them
I congratulated him on passing his driving test.

to persuade someone to do something

overtuigen I’ve been trying to convince Jean that she should come
with me.

a very firm request for something that you believe you

eisen have the right to get
The judge rejected the teenager’s demands.

to say that something is not true

ontkennen He denied kicking Rachel out and assured the court that
she had left voluntarily.

to persuade someone to do something

aanmoedigen He suggested that Rachel’s friends had encouraged her
to take the matter to court.

to give a reason for something

uitleggen She explained that she had been living at a friend’s
house.
advice and support given by a trained person to parents
and children in a family who are having problems in
their relationship
gezinsbegeleiding The judge advised Rachel and her family to have family
counselling.
 money that you give a person, group, organization, etc.
to help pay for their costs
financiële steun US teenager Rachel Canning took her parents to court
and tried to sue them for financial support.

to provide money for an activity, organization, event, etc.

financieren She accused them of abandoning her when she had
turned eighteen and refusing to fund her college
education.
instructions that say how things must be done by the
people living together in a house
huishoudelijke regels She had left after an argument about household rules and
her choice of boyfriends.

to demand that something should happen

aandringen I insisted on paying for everything.
not looked after properly
verwaarloosd Is Rachel Canning a spoilt brat or a neglected child?
to feel or say that you oppose or disapprove of
voorwerp something
I objected to having to rewrite the article.
to tell someone that they must do something, especially
bestellen using your official power or authority
Her doctor had ordered her to rest for a week.

to make someone decide to do something, especially by

overtuigen giving them reasons why they should do it
My friends have persuaded me to have a haircut.

to think or suppose something

inschatten / denken dat We reckon you should take your parents to court.
to make someone remember something that they must do
herinneren aan A friend has reminded me that I owe him some money.
to make rules less strict
The parents have offered to relax the house rules and in
de regels versoepelen return, Rachel has promised them that she won’t leave
home again.

(child) badly behaved because they have always been

verwend given everything they want, or allowed to do whatever
they want
Is Rachel Canning a spoilt brat or a neglected child?
to make a legal claim against someone, especially for
money, because they have harmed you in some way
iemand vervolgen US teenager Rachel Canning took her parents to court
and tried to sue them for financial support.

to tell someone your ideas about what they should do

voorstellen Rachel’s friends suggested taking her parents to court.
 to take legal action against someone
iemand voor de rechter slepen US teenager Rachel Canning took her parents to court
and tried to sue them for financial support.

to become eighteen years of age

achttien worden She accused them of abandoning her when she had
turned eighteen.

to strongly suggest that someone does something

drang The Cannings have urged the media to give the family
some privacy while they work things out.

willingly, without being told or forced to do something

vrijwillig He denied kicking Rachel out and assured the court that
she had left voluntarily.

to tell someone that something bad or dangerous may

happen, so that they can avoid it or prevent it
waarschuwen My teacher has warned me not to copy homework from
the Internet.

to find a way of dealing with a problem or difficult

situation
dingen uitwerken / op een rijtje zetten The Cannings have urged the media to give the family
some privacy while they work things out.

5.6 Spreken

an object that provides a supply of electricity for

accu something such as a radio, car, or toy
If the lights are working, then it’s not the battery.

to come loose and be no longer attached to something

afbreken else
Whoops! It’s broken off in the lock
a substance such as coal, gas, petrol or oil that can be
brandstof burned to produce heat or energy
You did remember to put some fuel in it, right?

to not have any idea about the answer to a question, how

geen idee hebben to do something, what a situation is, etc.
I haven’t got a clue.

to be worth trying to do because you may succeed

Het is het proberen waard It's worth a try, I suppose.
a thing that keeps a door, drawer, etc. fastened and is
slot usually opened with a key or by moving a small metal
bar
Whoops! It’s broken off in the lock.
deliberately
opzettelijk I didn’t do it on purpose.
 a way of solving a problem or dealing with a difficult
oplossing situation
What would be a better solution in your opinion?

to find or provide a way of dealing with a problem

een probleem oplossen How did Hannah and Daniel try to solve the problem?
to accidentally make a liquid flow over the edge of a
container
morsen I put it on the table during the break and spilled my
coffee on it – like an idiot!

to turn on/off a machine, light, radio, etc. using a button

or switch
iets in- / uitschakelen Every time I try to switch it on, it beeps and switches off
again.

5.7 Gebruik van Engels

to obtain something by buying it or being given it

verkrijgen / kopen Facebook paid more than $19 billion to acquire
WhatsApp.
to be to very busy doing something, so that you cannot
do anything else
He rarely saw his father who was usually tied up with
vastzitten aan work at a government construction company until 10
o’clock at night.

to look after and influence a child until he or she is

iemand opvoeden grown up
He was brought up in a small village near Kiev.

knowing someone without wanting a close relationship

gewoon with them
She will never be more than a casual acquaintance.

a process in which you get rid of unwanted objects or

opruiming possessions
I need to have a clear-out of all the junk in my bedroom.

to be able to be explained by one single important thing

neerkomen op In the end, the huge success of WhatsApp came down to
the excellent user experience.

to have to deal with problems or difficulties

opkomen tegen At school she came up against bullying from other girls
and often got into trouble.

to think of an idea, answer, etc.

bedenken He came up with the name WhatsApp because it
sounded like ‘What’s up?’
 a lot of rain that falls in a short time
stortbui Yesterday there was a downpour on my way home from
school.

to leave a school or university before your course has

finished
afhaken / stoppen met If I dropped out of college, my parents would never
forgive me.

someone who leaves school or college before they have

finished
dropout If I became a college dropout, my parents would never
forgive me.

someone who starts a new business or arranges business

deals in order to make money, often in a way that
involves financial risks
ondernemer Did you know that it was invented by Jan Koum, a
Ukrainian-born entrepreneur?

to like someone and have a friendly relationship with

opschieten met them
I get on really well with my work colleagues, we are
quite a team!
to avoid doing something you have promised to do or are
er onderuit komen supposed to do
Rich people always try to get out of paying their taxes.

to do something that you have been intending to do for

some time
eraan toe komen It’s important to keep your social media profile updated,
but most people don’t get round to it.

to develop or happen as a result of something else that

happened or existed
ergens uit groeien WhatsApp grew out of the simple idea that it’s good to
let people know if you’re available.

to go as quickly as someone else

bijhouden I had to walk fast to keep up with him.
to permanently stop being involved with a person
iemand achterlaten In Ukraine Koum had left behind his close group of
friends.

an event, performance, etc. that is not as good as you

expected it to be
teleurstelling The app didn’t take off straight away, which was a real
letdown for Koum and Acton.
 to think that you are better than someone else, for
example because you are more successful, or of a higher
social class than they are
neerkijken op She looks down on anyone who hasn’t had a college
education.

to admire or respect someone

opkijken naar I’ve always looked up to Bill for his courage and
determination.

to make a bad situation better, or replace something that

has been lost
goedmaken An interesting job that you love doing can make up for a
low salary.

unattractive or unpleasant and making you dislike it

onaangenaam I find background music off-putting when I am trying to
study.

the beginning of an event or process

begin From the outset it is important to be sure that there is
agreement with the patient about what is planned.

the act of not accepting someone for a job

afwijzing Following rejection from Facebook, the two friends
decided to go travelling in South America.

to use all of something and not have any more left

opraken He’d run out of ideas.
in very bad condition
vervallen It was a hard time for the family who lived in very run-
down accommodation.

to support or defend a person or idea when they are

opkomen voor being attacked
It’s time we stood up for our rights.

to suddenly start being successful

opstijgen / aanslaan The app didn’t take off straight away, which was a real
letdown for Koum and Acton.

the way that your parents care for you and teach you to
behave when you are growing up
There was nothing in Koum’s upbringing to suggest that
opvoeding the young Ukrainian would one day change the world of
social media.

a set of gentle exercises you do to prepare your body for

warm-up sport, dancing, etc.
I like to do a warm-up before I do any sport.
5.8 Schrijven

to admit or accept that a situation exists or that

something is true
erkennen Support your opinion with examples and acknowledge
an opposing opinion.

to understand how good or useful someone or something

op prijs gesteld is
Her abilities are not fully appreciated by her employer.
to consider or study a subject or problem carefully and
thoroughly / to discuss or think about a subject or
problem carefully
een probleem onderzoeken / verkennen I will examine the issue in terms of motivation and
career success.

in relation to a particular fact or aspect

im termen van I will examine the issue in terms of motivation and
career success.

a plan or desire to do something

intentie It is my intention to explore this issue.
to cause something to happen or cause someone to do
something
Many school-leavers choose a degree based on what is
leiden tot likely to lead to a good job rather than what truly
interests them.

the amount of hard work and loyalty that someone gives

to an organization, activity, etc.
mate van inzet The high level of commitment required means that
enthusiasm for your chosen subject is important.

not very great in amount or number

beperkt It is true that some subjects appear to offer limited career
prospects.

the final result of an action, process or event

resultaat The meeting had a very satisfactory outcome.
a sentence or phrase that is used to ask for information or
to test someone’s knowledge
vraag This essay will look at this question from the perspective
of an international student.

someone who has just left school, especially to do or

look for a job rather than going to college, university,
schoolverlater etc.
Apart from going to university, what other options do
school-leavers have?
 exciting, interesting and full of new ideas
stimulerend Which school subjects do you find most stimulating?
a set of questions that you ask a large number of people
in order to find out about their opinions or behaviour
enquête Look at the results of an international student survey
about reasons for going to university.

skills you have that you are able to use in different jobs
overdraagbare vaardigheden I am of the opinion that studying for any degree teaches
valuable transferable skills.

in a way that is definitely true or certain

onmiskenbaar Of course, passion does not guarantee career success, but
it is undeniably an important factor.

a particular way of thinking about a problem or subject

gezichtspunt We need to consider all the different viewpoints on the
issue.

concerning or relating to a particular subject

met betrekking tot It is also important to consider this issue with regard to
career success.

Focus Review 5

a unit for measuring area, equal to 4,840 square yards or

hectare 4,047 square metres
They own 200 acres of farmland.

to make a formal request, usually written, for a job

solliciteren Marion advised me not to apply for that job.
a method of doing something or dealing with a problem
benadering Some scientists have been trying an alternative approach.
whatever someone likes or wants
zoals iemand wil Jamie spends the best part of the day doing largely as he
pleases.

having a particular amount of money that needs to be

tegen een prijs van paid
They lost thirty acres worth of crops at a cost of
thousands of pounds.
be unemployed
werkloos zijn Jamie Fox is happy with his job because he thinks it is
better than being out of work.

to have the effect or produce the result that is wanted

een baan hebben Ordinary scarecrows don’t quite seem up to the job.
to think of an idea, answer, etc.
iets bedenken She came up with the idea that I could sit in on lectures
in different subjects to see if any of them might suit me
better.
 to tell someone that you are happy because they have
achieved something or because something nice has
happened to them
iemand feliciteren met iets Robert congratulated Amanda on getting a scholarship in
Brussels.

happy and satisfied with something

content met iets Fox is quite content with his unique position.
to persuade someone to do something
overtuigen My team leader convinced me to sign up for a training
course.

a plant such as wheat, rice or fruit that is grown by

farmers and used as food
gewas Mr Youngs decided to employ Jamie because he had lost
lots of crops previously.

to think about something pleasant, especially when this

makes you forget what you should be doing
dagdromen What are you daydreaming about? There’s work to be
done.

a folding chair with a long seat made of cloth, used

ligstoel especially on the beach
There is a large terrace and a garden with deckchairs.

to damage something so badly that it no longer exists or

vernietigen cannot be used or repaired
The building was destroyed by fire in 2004.

to receive a large amount of money each month as

payment from the organization you work for
een hoog salaris verdienen Some famous people, like footballers, earn very high
salaries.

the type of education that someone has had

educatieve achtergrond I don’t use my educational background in my job.
wanting something that someone else has
jaloers op iets Colleagues were envious of her success.
to make an animal go away by making it feel afraid
afschrikken The birds didn’t respond to more traditional methods of
frightening them away.

paid a larger amount than usual

royaal betaald / beloond Jamie’s friends, including those with more generously
paid jobs, are reportedly envious of his position.

to help someone because they are busy or have problems

iemand helpen Jamie Fox took up a post to help out a local farmer.
 to make it difficult for something to develop or succeed
belemmeren How can a gap year help or hinder your education?
someone who changes spoken words from one language
tolk into another, especially as their job
If I'm going to make the speech, I'll need an interpreter.

the way you earn money in order to live

levensonderhoud Youngs has tried a variety of approaches to protect his
livelihood.

a small amount of money that someone is paid for the

work they do
laag loon Mr Youngs decided to employ Jamie because he can pay
him a low wage.

to have an important effect or influence on something or

someone
een verschil maken Jamie’s presence in the fields is proving very effective
and making a real difference.

to do things that make something become different

veranderingen aanbrengen Our new interpreter suggested making a few changes in
the speech so that it would sound more natural.

to make loud sounds, especially unpleasant ones

herrie maken He makes a lot of noise.
the lowest amount of money that an employer can legally
pay to a worker
Despite working from 7.30 a.m. to 4.00 p.m. for a
minimumloon minimum wage, Fox is quite content with his unique
position.

the quality of being always the same, which makes

something boring, especially someone’s life or work
eentonigheid She suggested a card game to relieve the monotony of
the journey.

to carefully watch animals, birds and plants living in

natural conditions
de natuur observeren One of the perks of the job is being able to observe the
wildlife.

to say that you are willing to do something

aanbieden om iets te doen Last month my dad offered to show my class around
different departments in his company.

a fat brown bird with a short tail which is shot for sport
and food
patrijs His job is to use a range of musical instruments to scare
off partridges that have been destroying crops.
 to spend time doing something to help you stop feeling
de tijd doorbrengen bored
Fox can do anything he likes to pass the time.

an increase in the amount of money you are paid for

loonsverhoging doing your job
Her boss refused to give her a pay rise.

things that you get from your work in addition to your

wages
voordelen One of the perks of working for a fashion designer is that
you get to wear lots of nice clothes.

a job that is intended to continue for a long time

vaste baan My parents keep asking me when I am going to look for
a permanent post.

a job in a company
positie It's a temporary position initially, for six months.
a job, especially an important one in a large organization
baan Unfortunately they were unable to find a suitable person
to fill the post.

when someone or something is present in a particular

aanwezigheid place
If he had noticed her presence, he gave no sign.
to be successful, and work in the way that was intended
effectief blijken This new drug is proving very effective and making a
real difference to the treatment of the disease.

a number of things that are all different, but are all of the
same general type
scala van iets He uses a range of musical instruments to scare off the
birds.

to say firmly that you will not do something that

someone has asked you to do
weigeren iets te doen The other day my mum’s boss refused to give her a pay
rise.

to make something less dull and boring

de eentonigheid verlichten Reading helps to relieve the monotony of the work.
according to what some people say
naar verluidt Some of Jamie’s friends are reportedly envious of his
position.

to do something as a reaction to something that has been

said or done
reageren op iets The partridges didn’t respond to more traditional
methods of frightening them away.
 to keep or collect money to use later, especially when
sparen you gradually add more money over a period of time
He is saving up to finance a trip to New Zealand.

to make an animal go away by frightening them

afschrikken He uses a range of musical instruments to scare off birds
that have been destroying crops.

an object in the shape of a person that a farmer puts in a

vogelverschrikker field to frighten birds away
They filled the fields with tattered scarecrows.

an amount of money that is given to someone by an

educational organization to help pay for their education
beurs Robert congratulated Amanda on getting a scholarship in
Brussels.

to appear to be something
lijken Ordinary scarecrows don’t quite seem to be working.
to start your own company, shop, or factory that
een eigen bedrijf opzetten produces or sells goods or provides a service
Would you like to set up your own business?

to go around a place with someone when they first arrive

there, to show them what is interesting, useful, etc.
iemand ergens rondleiden Last month my dad offered to show my class around
different departments in his company.

to put your name on a list for something because you

want to take part in it
je aanmelden / inschrijven voor iets My team leader convinced me to sign up for a training
course.

a series of lessons in which you are taught the skills for a

particular job or activity
opleiding My team leader convinced me to sign up for a training
course.

money paid regularly by the government to people who

have no job
werkloosheidsuitkering I rather be working here than sitting at home doing
nothing and claiming unemployment benefit.

a lot of things of the same type that are different from

each other in some way
verscheidenheid Youngs has tried a variety of approaches to protect his
livelihood.

an amount of something measured by its value in money

waard The fire caused thousands of pounds’ worth of damage.
 to make something happen faster than usual or sooner
than you expect
versnellen / aanjagen There are fears that higher oil prices would accelerate
inflation.

a quick increase of activity in a particular business or

boom / hausse industry
This year has seen a sudden boom in the housing market.

carbon dioxide sent into the air that is likely to cause

koolstofuitstoot harm to people or the environment
The law is designed to limit harmful carbon emissions.

clothes or other goods are not wanted or have been

thrown away
afdankertje / tweedehandsje She looked to see what cast-offs she could buy for young
Will.

the buying and using by people of a lot of goods and

consumentisme services
Green consumerism is on the increase.

the quality of staying in good condition for a long time,

duurzaamheid even if used a lot
These vehicles are known for their safety and durability.

the effect that a person’s or organization’s activities have

on the environment
voetafdruk There is increasing pressure to reduce the environmental
footprint of the fashion industry.

a time when people do a lot of things very quickly

gekte I've had enough of this shopping frenzy.
a period of time when workers are told not to come to
verlof work
She has been on furlough for the last eight months.
objects used in the home, such as furniture, curtains, and
kitchen equipment
huisraad Sales of second-hand fashion and homeware items have
shot up in the UK over the past year.

an influence that makes something happen or makes it

impuls / aanzet happen more quickly
The report may provide further impetus for change.

to start something, usually something big or important

lanceren/ starten The organization has launched a campaign to raise
$150,000.
 relating to the sea or ships
maritiem The port of San Francisco has lost virtually all its
maritime industry.

to get rid of something that you do not want by giving it

or selling it to someone else
achterlaten Shoppers turned to the internet to rid themselves of
unwanted items they could not offload at charity shops.

a disease that affects people over a very large area or the

whole world
pandemie Nobody guessed that such a rare disease would become a
pandemic.

to clean, repair and decorate something in order to

opknappen / renoveren improve its appearance
The hotel has recently been refurbished.

an official plan or arrangement that is intended to

achieve something
project / programma The government is introducing a major house-building
scheme in the area.

to change a situation, policy, opinion, etc. by giving

special attention to one idea or subject instead of to a
afleiden / verschuiven previous one
The White House hopes to shift the media’s attention
away from foreign policy issues.
ships considered as a group
scheepvaart The port is closed to all shipping.
to encourage someone or make them want to do
stimuleren something
Increased tourism has spurred developments in the hotel
and leisure-related sectors.
a sudden increase in amount or number
toename / stijging Stores are expecting a surge in demand as Christmas
approaches.

to suddenly increase
omhoog schieten Oil prices surged.
any type of woven cloth that is made in large quantities
textiel Their main. exports are textiles, especially silk and
cotton.
old, but high quality
vintage At fashion website Asos, vintage sales have risen 92%.
Word Part of speech
Unit 6 A matter of fact
6.1 Vocabulary

accurate adj

alarming adj

alarmingly adv

appeal to v phr

awash with information phr

believable adj

bombarded with information phr

burst into flames v phr

check the accuracy v phr

cleaning solution n phr

clear commitment n phr

close adj

closely adv
critical adj

critically adv

deliberate adj

deliberately adv

distinct feeling n phr

distort the truth v phr

double-check facts v phr

evaluate sources v phr

examine sth closely v phr

eye-catching story n phr

fake news n phr

falsehood n
for commercial gain phr

for political gain phr

gut feeling n phr

have an agenda v phr

ignite v

inaccurate adj

knowing adj

knowingly adv

long-term commitment n phr

made-up adj

manipulate the media v phr

mislead/misinform people v phr

misleading adj

newsworthy story n phr

not take a story at face value v phr

on a daily basis phr

on a regular basis phr

operating theatre n phr

print-based media n phr

question facts n phr

reliable/reputable source n phr

remarkably adv
spark n

spread fake news v phr

tackle a problem v phr

tamper with photos v phr

trust your instincts v phr

winnings n

6.2 Grammar

flat tyre n phr

invent a story v phr

oversleep v

starving adj

subtitles n

6.3 Listening
alteration n

animal cruelty n phr

animal rights n phr

anonymity n

authenticate v

authority n

background n

butcher n

commit an offence v phr

confirm v

equality n

ethical issue n phr

express v

fairness n
float away phr v

genuine adj

identity n

make a statement v phr

out of reach phr

paintbrush n

peaceful protest n phr

protect your identity v phr

protestor n

raise awareness v phr

recognised adj

remain anonymous v phr

stencil n

strong belief n phr

substitute v

treatment of animals n phr

unconfirmed rumour n phr

underlying message n phr

6.4 Reading

airbrush v

at arm’s length phr

become mainstream v phr

blurred adj

body dysmorphic disorder n phr

capture a memorable moment v phr

crop images v phr

cute adj

date back to phr v

declare v

defect n

duchess n

duck-face n phr

facial adj
gain popularity v phr

harmless adj

have a habit of v phr

in focus/out of focus phr

lens n

make a claim v phr

mental health
n phr
problem/condition

origin n

originate v

pose for a photo v phr

refer to v phr

retouch images v phr

seek v
shake sth off phr v

sharp adj

shot n

snap n

snap a selfie v phr

take a shot/a snap v phr

tousle v

treat v

trigger v

wink v

zoom in/zoom out phr v

6.5 Grammar

fictional character n phr

screen n

6.6 Speaking
awareness-raising campaign n phr

convinced adj

creature n

desirable adj

do harm v phr

emphasise v

engage with v phr

firmly adv

for the sake of phr

frankly adv

fur n

fur trade n phr

general public n phr

hand out leaflets v phr

involvement n

make your point v phr

member of the public n phr

obviously adv

peacefully adv

petition n

prevent from v phr

promote awareness v phr

protest march n

public figure n phr

receive criticism v phr

regrettably adv

take notice of v phr

vital adj

6.7 Use of English

backup n

blood-red adj

blow-by-blow adj

breaking news n phr

broad-shouldered adj

bush n

car company n phr

charcoal-grey adj
commercial break n phr

company car n phr

copy editor n phr

crack down on phr v

crackdown on n phr

curly-haired adj

dash v

deep sea n phr

fact-checker n phr

far-fetched adj

flat-footed adj

float v

foreign affairs n phr

frill n

green screen n phr

health check n phr

heartwarming adj

hideous adj

high-quality adj

ill-advised adj

irresistible adj

kind-hearted adj

lemon-yellow adj

lifetime supply n phr

lime-green adj

long-legged adj
makeup n

mess up phr v

morning show n

mouth-watering adj

news anchor n phr

news station n phr

news stories n phr

newsreader n

nonstop adj, adv

nut-brown adj

on air phr

ordeal n
overwhelmed adj

overview n

present-day adj

rehearse v

report on v phr

rosy-cheeked adj

short-lived adj

sky-blue adj

snow-white adj

state-of-the-art adj

stripe n

sunburnt adj
superimpose v

tangled up adj

thin-lipped adj

tongue-tied adj

thorny adj

TV station n phr

unheard-of adj

unhurt adj

user-friendly adj

voice recognition n phr

waist-high adj

weather-beaten adj

weatherproof adj
withdraw v

worn-out adj

6.8 Writing

dark adj

enter a competition v phr

family ties n phr

genre n

go missing v phr

gripping adj

heavily influenced adj phr

hilarious adj

nostalgic adj
opening scene n phr

plot n

predictable adj

soundtrack n

spoiler n

spot v

terrifying adj

twists and turns phr

unforgettable adj

villain n

well-reviewed adj phr

Focus Review 6
acknowledge v

browse v

campaign n

challenge n

change your opinion v phr

concern v

controversial issue n phr

correspondent n

deliberately adv

develop v

digital marketeers n phr

distort v

editor n

effective adj

engagement n

enthusiastic about sth adj

event n

express your opinion v phr

for commercial gain phr

generous adj

get involved in sth v phr

go viral v phr
gripping adj

gut feeling n phr

hesitate to do sth v phr

identity n

investigation n

keep quiet v phr

label v

loan n

made-up adj

nostalgic adj

on average phr
organise an event v phr

oversimplification n

pay sth back v phr

persuade sb to do sth v phr

phenomenon n

potential n

predictable adj

present-day adj

promote v

prompt v

protest against sth v

release v

retain v

riot n

social media n

source n

straightforward adj

suppose v

take sth at face value v phr

take sth seriously v phr

tell somebody a secret v phr

the general public n

trustworthy adj
Definition

correct and true in every detail

making you feel worried or frightened

in a way that makes you feel worried or frightened

to make a serious public request for help, money, information, etc.

containing a lot of or too much information

able to be believed because it seems possible, likely or real

given too much information

to suddenly start to burn very strongly

to do something in order to find out whether something really is correct or true

a liquid containing chemicals that is used for cleaning surfaces

a promise to do something or to behave in a particular way that is obvious and

impossible to doubt

looking at, thinking about or watching something very carefully

very carefully
making careful judgments about how good or bad something is

thinking about something and giving a careful judgment about how good or bad it
is

intended or planned

done in a way that is intended or planned

a feeling you have that definitely exists and cannot be ignored

to report something in a way that is not completely true or correct

to check facts again so that you are completely sure they are correct

to carefully consider the people, books, websites, etc. that supply you with
information in order to judge how accurate or reliable they are

to look at or consider something carefully and thoroughly because you want to find
out more about it

a report about a recent event that is unusual or interesting and makes you notice it

false information that is reported as news on websites but is not true and is
intended to deceive people

a statement that is untrue

in order to make a profit

in order to get a benefit or advantage relating to someone's career in politics

a feeling that you are sure is right, although you cannot give a reason for it

to have a purpose or intention behind a plan or activity that you do not tell other
people about

to make something start burning

not completely correct

showing that you know all about something, even if it has not been discussed
directly

deliberately

a promise to do something for a long period of time

not true or real

to control or influence the media (media = all the organizations, such as television,
radio and newspapers, that provide news and information for the public) in a
skilful and dishonest way
to make people believe something that is not true by giving them information that
is false or not complete / to give people information that is incorrect

likely to make someone believe something that is not true

a story that is important or interesting enough to be reported in newspapers, on the

radio, on television, etc.

to not accept something that is reported as a news story without questioning

whether that it is actually true

every day

regularly or often

a room in a hospital where operations are done

newspapers and magazines

to have or express doubts about whether information is true

a newspaper, TV channel, website, etc. that supplies you with information and that
can be trusted or depended on / a newspaper, TV channel, website, etc. that
supplies you with information and that is respected for being honest and accurate
and doing good work

in an amount or to a degree that is unusual or surprising

a flash of light caused by electricity passing across a space

to report false or incorrect information as news on websites, especially in order to

deceive people

to try to deal with a problem

to make changes to photographs in order to deliberately change what they appear

to show

to believe that your idea, based on a feeling rather than facts, about what is true in
a particular situation is correct

money that you have won

a tyre that does not have enough air inside

to give an account of something that has happened that is not true, usually in order
to deceive people

to sleep for longer than you intended

very hungry

the words printed over a film in a foreign language to translate what is being said
by the actors
a small change that makes someone or something slightly different

actions that deliberately cause pain to animals

the idea that people should treat animals well, and especially not use them in tests
to develop medicines or other products

when other people do not know who you are or what your name is

to prove that something is true or real

the power someone has because of their official position

someone’s family, education, previous work, etc.

someone who owns or works in a shop that sells meat

to do something that is against the law

to say that something is definitely true

a situation in which people have the same rights, advantages, etc.

a subject or problem that relates to principles of what is right and wrong

to tell or show what you are feeling or thinking by using words, looks or actions

the quality of treating everyone in a way that is right or equal

to move away slowly through the air

real and exactly what it seems to be

someone's name or who they are

to clearly express an opinion about something by doing something or behaving in a

particular way

beyond the limit of someone’s power or ability to do something

a brush for spreading paint on a surface

a public meeting in which people show that they think that something is wrong and
unfair but avoid fighting or violence

to make sure no one finds out who you are

someone who takes part in a public activity such as a demonstration in order to

show their opposition to something

to improve people’s knowledge or understanding of a particular subject or

situation

known by people because they have seen or heard it before

to not let your name be known or made public

a piece of plastic, metal or paper in which designs or letters have been cut out, that
you put over a surface and paint over, so that the design is left on the surface

an opinion you have about something that you are very serious about

to use something new or different instead of something else

the way that people behave towards or deal with animals

information or a story that is passed from one person to another, but that has not
been proved to be true

the main or most important idea that someone is trying to tell people about,
although it is not easily noticed or directly stated

to use an airbrush (airbrush = a piece of equipment that uses air to put paint onto a
surface) to make a picture or photograph look better

held away from your body with your arm stretched out straight

to start to be used or accepted by most people in society

unclear in shape and difficult to see clearly

a mental condition in which someone wrongly believes that part of their body is
very ugly or not normal

to succeed in recording a particular point in time that is worth remembering

to cut a part off a photograph or picture so that it is a particular size or shape

very pretty or attractive

to have first existed or been made at a particular time in the past

to say publicly or formally that a particular situation exists or that something is

true

a fault or a lack of something that means that something or someone is not perfect

a woman with the highest social rank outside the royal family, or the wife of a
duke

an expression on someone's face when they push out their lips, especially in order
to be photographed

on your face or relating to your face

to start to be liked or used by many people

not likely to upset or offend anyone

to usually or often do something

(photograph) able to be seen clearly / not able to be seen clearly

the part of a camera through which light travels onto the surface where the image
is recorded

to state that something is true, even though it has not been proved

something wrong with the state of someone’s mind / an illness relating to the state
of someone’s mind

the place or situation in which something begins to exist

to come from a particular place or start in a particular situation

to sit or stand in a particular position or with a particular expression in order to be

photographed

to mention or speak about someone or something

to improve pictures or photographs by making small changes

to try to achieve or get something

to get rid of an illness, problem or bad feeling

very clear, with all the details able to be seen

a photograph

to take a photograph

to take a photograph of yourself, usually so that you can put it on social media

to take a photograph

to make someone’s hair look untidy

to try to cure an illness or injury by using drugs, hospital care, operations, etc.

to make something happen very quickly, especially a series of events

to close and open one eye quickly to communicate something or show that
something is a secret or joke

to make the person or thing that you are taking a picture of seem bigger and
closer / to make the person or thing that you are taking a picture of seem smaller
and further away

a person who is imaginary and from a book or story

the large flat surface on which films are shown; films in general
a series of actions intended to improve people’s knowledge or understanding of a
particular subject or situation

feeling certain that something is true

anything that is living, such as an animal, fish or insect, but not a plant

worth having or doing

to have a bad effect on something

to say strongly or show clearly that a fact, idea, etc. is especially important

to get involved with other people and their ideas in order to understand them

strongly and definitely

for a particular purpose or reason

used to show that you are saying what you really think about something

the skin of a dead animal with the thick soft hair that covers the animal's body still
attached, used for making clothes

the business of buying and selling animal fur (fur = the skins of dead animals with
the thick soft hair that covers the animal's body still attached)
the ordinary people in a country, rather than people belonging to a particular group

to give people printed sheets of paper giving information about something

the act of taking part in an activity or event

to effectively explain your opinion or idea about something

an ordinary person who does not work for the government or have any special
position in society

used to mean that a fact can easily be noticed or understood

in a way that does not involve war, fighting or violence

a written request signed by a lot of people, asking someone in authority to do

something or change something

to stop something from happening, or stop someone from doing something

to help people to learn about or understand a particular subject or situation

an organized event in which many people walk together to show publicly that they
think that something is wrong and unfair

an important or famous person

to be disapproved of by people

used to talk about a situation that you wish was different or that you are sorry
about

to pay attention to something

extremely important and necessary for something to succeed or exist

people or things that can be used to provide support and help if they are needed

dark red, like blood

including all the details of an event exactly as they happened

new information that is becoming known about events that have just happened

with wide shoulders

a plant with many thin branches growing up from the ground

a business organization that makes cars

dark grey
the time when advertisements are broadcast during a television or radio
programme

a car that your employer gives you while you work for them

someone whose job is to make sure that the words in a book, newspaper, etc. are
correct and ready to be printed

to become more strict in dealing with a problem and punishing the people involved

action that is taken to deal more strictly with crime, a problem, protests, etc.

having hair that is full of curls

to go or run somewhere very quickly

the deep parts of the sea

someone whose job is to make sure that facts are correct

extremely unlikely to be true or to happen

moving in an awkward way and not fast enough

to stay or move on the surface of a liquid without sinking

politics, business matters, etc. that affect or concern the relationship between your
country and other countries
a decoration that consists of a narrow piece of cloth that has many small folds in it

a green background in front of which things can be filmed so that they can then be
put over a different background as a special effect

a test done to make sure you are healthy

making you feel happy because you see other people being happy or kind to each
other

extremely unpleasant or ugly

of a very good standard

not sensible or not wise, and likely to cause problems in the future

so attractive, desirable, etc. that you cannot prevent yourself from wanting it

kind and generous

pale yellow

an amount of something provided to someone for the length of time that they are
alive

light yellowish green

having long legs

a department in a television or film company where actors or other people go to
have make-up (make-up = coloured substances that are put on your face to
improve or change your appearance) put on their faces

to make a mistake and do something badly

a television or radio programme that is broadcast in the morning

(food) looking or smelling extremely good

someone who reads the news on TV and introduces news reports

a television or radio company that broadcasts reports of recent events

a report in a newspaper or news broadcast about a recent event

someone who reads the news on television or radio

without any stops or pauses

dark brown

broadcasting on television or radio

a terrible or painful experience that continues for a period of time

having too much of something to deal with

a short description of a subject or situation that gives the main ideas without
explaining all the details

modern or existing now

to practise a play, concert, etc. in order to prepare for a public performance

to give people information about recent events, especially in newspapers and on

television and radio

having pink cheeks

existing or happening for only a short time

bright blue, like the colour of the sky when there are no clouds

pure white

using the most modern and recently developed methods, materials or knowledge

a line of colour, especially one of several lines of colour all close together

having a red and painful skin as a result of spending too much time in the sun
to put one picture, image or photograph on top of another so that both can be partly
seen

caught or twisted in something

having thin lips

unable to talk in a relaxed way because you feel nervous or embarrassed

having sharp points growing on the stems

an organization which makes television broadcasts

so unusual that it has not happened or been known before

not injured

easy to use, understand or operate

a system in which a computer understands and obeys instructions spoken by a

human voice

high enough to reach your waist

looking old and damaged because of the effect of bad weather

able to keep out wind and rain

to stop offering or providing something

very tired because you have been working hard

dealing with upsetting, frightening or mysterious subjects and evil human

behaviour

to arrange to take part in a competition

the relationship between members of a family

a particular type of art, writing, music, etc., which has certain features that all
examples of this type share

to disappear and not be able to be found

very exciting and interesting

strongly affected by something

extremely funny

making you feel happy when you remember a time in the past, and in some ways
making you wish that things had not changed
the first part of a film or play in which a piece of action happens in one place

the events that form the main story of a book, film or play

happening in a way that you would expect

the recorded music that is played during a film or television programme

information about the plot of a film, television programme, etc. that may spoil your
enjoyment if you have not already seen it yourself

to recognize that something is a particular type of thing

extremely frightening

unexpected changes or developments in a story

affecting you so strongly that you will never forget it, especially because it is
particularly good or beautiful

the main bad character in a film, play or story

praised in articles in newspapers and magazines, on websites, etc.

to recognize how good or important something is

to search for information on a computer or on the Internet

a series of actions intended to achieve a particular result

something that tests strength, skill or ability, especially in a way that is interesting

to stop thinking or believing one thing about a particular subject and start thinking
or believing something else instead

to affect or involve someone or something

a subject or problem that causes a lot of disagreement, because many people have
strong opinions about it

someone who is employed by a newspaper or a television station, etc. to report

news from a particular area or on a particular subject

in a way that is intended or planned

to design or plan something over a period of time

people who try to persuade people to buy a product by advertising it on the

Internet
to report something in a way that is not completely true or correct

the person who is in charge of a newspaper or magazine, or part of a newspaper or

magazine, and decides what should be included in it

successful, and working in the way that was intended

the state of attracting someone’s attention and keeping them interested

feeling or showing a lot of interest and excitement about something

an organized occasion or activity, especially one that involves a lot of people

to say what you think about something

in order to make a profit

willing to give money, spend time, etc., in order to help people or give them
pleasure

to take part in an activity or event, or be connected with it in some way

to spread widely on the Internet or social media

very exciting and interesting

a feeling you have that you are sure is right, although you cannot give a reason for
it

to pause before doing something because you are not sure

someone's name or who they are

an official attempt to find out the truth about or the cause of something

to not say anything

to use a word or phrase to describe someone or something, but often unfairly or

incorrectly

an amount of money that you borrow from someone

not true or real

feeling happy when you remember a time in the past, and in some ways wishing
that things had not changed

based on a calculation about how many times something usually happens, how
often people usually do something, etc.
to make the necessary arrangements for a planned occasion or activity, especially
one that involves a lot of people

a description of something that is too simple and ignores many facts

to give someone the money that you owe them

to make someone decide to do something, especially by giving them reasons why

they should do it

something that happens or exists in society, science or nature, especially something

that is studied because it is difficult to understand

the possibility that something will develop in a particular way, or have a particular
effect

happening in a way that you would expect

modern or existing now

to try to persuade people to support or use something

to make someone decide to do something

to do something, especially with other people, to publicly express disapproval or

opposition to something
to let news or official information be known and printed

to remember information

a situation in which a large crowd of people are behaving in a violent and

uncontrolled way, especially when they are protesting about something

websites and computer programs that allow people to share information, opinions,
images, videos, etc. using the Internet or mobile phones

a person, book, website, etc. that supplies you with information

simple and easy to understand

used when talking about a possible condition or situation, and then imagining the
result

to accept a situation or accept what someone says, without thinking there may be a
hidden meaning

to believe that something is worth your attention or respect

to let someone know something that only a few people know and is kept hidden
from others
the ordinary people in a country, rather than people belonging to a particular group

able to be trusted and depended on

Example

How do you know what you’re reading is accurate?

It's alarming to think how many people are at risk.

Some people are alarmingly misinformed.

Farmers have appealed to the government for help.

The Internet is awash with information that cannot be trusted.

Start from your gut feeling, trust your instincts – does it sound believable?

The smartphone generation are bombarded with such information practically on a daily
basis.

Their car crashed and burst into flames.

You can check the accuracy of this story by searching online.

A spark must have ignited the cleaning solution.

Has this website always shown a clear commitment to newsworthy stories based on fact?

She lifted up Jenny’s silver medallion to take a close look at it.

You should question facts and examine arguments closely.

His book provides a critical analysis of the television industry in Britain.

It is essential to read information critically.

The attack on him was quite deliberate.

Some people spread fake news deliberately while others do it without realising.

I got the distinct feeling he was trying to make me angry.

Journalists were accused of distorting the truth.

Individuals need to learn how to double-check facts and evaluate sources.

Individuals need to learn how to double-check facts and evaluate sources.

You should question facts and examine arguments closely, instead of believing everything
you read.

Eye-catching stories like this are much more likely to be retweeted.

Some people spread fake news deliberately while others do it without realising.

Saunders is deliberately telling a falsehood.

She was accused of exploiting her workers for her own commercial gain.

Too many politicians do things solely for short-term political gain.

Start from your gut feeling, trust your instincts – does it sound believable?

He believes the organisation has an agenda – an agenda to manipulate the media.

The candle ignited the plastic.

There are different ways in which a story can be inaccurate or misleading.

I saw him give her a knowing smile as she left the room.

He would never knowingly upset people.

I would never make a long-term commitment to any political organisation.

Fake news is completely made-up stories presented as news and made to go viral.

He believes the organisation has an agenda – an agenda to manipulate the media.

The report is a deliberate and obvious attempt to mislead people.

There are different ways in which a story can be inaccurate or misleading.

Has this website always shown a clear commitment to newsworthy stories based on fact?

Don’t take a story at face value – step back and ask yourself these questions:

The smartphone generation are bombarded with such information practically on a daily
basis.

I hate being bombarded with so much useless information on a regular basis

The boy was taken immediately into the operating theatre.

I have a gut feeling that print-based media will disappear within ten years.

You should question facts and examine arguments closely, instead of believing everything
you read.

Does the story come from a reputable source?

Actually, fires in operating theatres are remarkably common.

A spark created by loose wires was the cause of the explosion.

Some people spread fake news deliberately while others do it without realising.

Social media giants have a responsibility to tackle the problem of fake news.

These photos may have been tampered with to distort the truth.

Start from your gut feeling, trust your instincts – does it sound believable?

She collected her winnings and put them into her bag.

They told him that they would have got back for the exam if they had not had a flat tyre.

When they found their professor afterwards, they decided to invent a story.

Sadly for them, they overslept and missed the exam.

I’d never eat fast food unless I was absolutely starving.

I can’t understand American films if I don’t watch them with subtitles.

If you make alterations to the Windows setup, save the new settings before closing.

He has campaigned against animal cruelty for more than 20 years.

She has been involved in the animal rights movement for years.

Every step will be taken to preserve your anonymity.

The painting has been authenticated by experts.

I need to speak to someone in authority.

I don’t know much about his background – nobody does.

He trained to be a butcher before becoming an artist.

I mean, he is committing an offence.

Banksy has never confirmed or denied any of these reports and his identity remains a
mystery.

She is a strong believer in fairness and equality.

I’ve got to do an essay about artists who raise ethical issues through their work.

Banksy uses graffiti to express his views on ethical issues.

She is a strong believer in fairness and equality.

But it’s a bit sad – the balloon is floating away from the little girl.

How do we know that this painting is genuine and not a fake?

Banksy’s real identity is unknown.

Banksy makes statements about society through graffiti.

So far he has managed to protect his true identity and has remained out of reach of the
authorities.

Banksy used spray cans and stencils instead of paintbrushes.

Some 5,000 students and others began a peaceful protest.

So far he has managed to protect his true identity.

Thousands of protesters took to the streets to show their anger at the government.

Some of his murals aim to raise awareness of the stupidity of war.

His art is recognised worldwide.

He chose to remain anonymous at first to avoid being arrested for acts of vandalism.
Banksy used spray cans and stencils instead of paintbrushes.

He has strong beliefs about people and the way we live our lives.

He substituted paintbrushes with stencils and spray cans.

He often uses his art to make statements about the treatment of animals.

There is an unconfirmed rumour that he trained to be a butcher before becoming a street

artist.

I’m not sure what the underlying message is, but his art really makes you think, doesn’t it?

Have you ever airbrushed images of yourself to try and improve them?

The first image taken in the same way as today, with the photographer holding the camera
at arm’s length, was in December 1920.

Most people would guess that it was around the beginning of this century or perhaps a bit
later when smartphones became mainstream.
Without my glasses, anything more than a few feet away looks blurred.

A recent report in a medical journal suggested that such filtered images could be triggering
body dysmorphic disorder.

Selfies are sometimes taken simply to capture a memorable moment.

How often do you crop images to e.g. change their shape?

That’s a really cute outfit.

The oldest existing selfie dates back to 1839.

Britney Spears and Paris Hilton were wrong when they declared on Twitter in 2017 that
they had invented the selfie eleven years previously.

BDD, as it is known, is a mental health condition where people imagine defects in their
appearance.

King Charles made her a duchess, the title to die with her.

So extend your arm, zoom in, smile/duck-face/wink, and snap a selfie.

The injuries were mainly facial cuts.

Airbrushing apps that enable people to retouch images and present an idealised version of
themselves are gaining popularity.

For the most part, this is harmless fun, normal behaviour in the age of social media.

He has a habit of being late.

What do you do with photos that are not in focus?

Do you sometimes put your finger in front of the lens by mistake?

Who made the claim that they had invented the selfie?

Taking selfies occasionally causes mental health problems.

And what about the origin of the word itself?

The word ‘selfie’ originated in Australia.

How do you usually pose for photos – is it a smile, duckface or wink?

He referred to the photo as a selfie, and the term was born.

Airbrushing apps that enable people to retouch images and present an idealised version of
themselves are gaining popularity.

Some people were simply seeking to feel more part of a group.

She couldn't shake off those negative thoughts.

The outlines of the trees were sharp and clear.

Delete the ugly ones and post the cutest shot.

Dave snapped a picture of me and Sonia.

So extend your arm, zoom in, and snap a selfie.

We hired a photographer to take some publicity shots.

So tousle your hair, extend your arm, check the lighting is right, zoom in, and snap a selfie.

Nowadays, malaria can be treated with drugs.

Certain forms of mental illness can be triggered by food allergies.

She grinned at him and winked.

So extend your arm, zoom in, and snap a selfie.

Sherlock Holmes is a popular fictional character.

Actors like their screen characters, or do they?

Do awareness-raising campaigns and protests really make a difference?

I'm not convinced this is a good idea.

I’d like them to think about these poor creatures every time they put on their ‘beautiful’
coat.

When celebrities are seen wearing fur products, it sends the message that fur is glamorous
and desirable.

Try to choose products that do the least harm to the environment.

I would emphasise just how many animals have died to make their fur coat.

Such shocking images used in protests can actually prevent some people from engaging
with the movement.

I firmly believe it is the right thing to do.

If you ask me, there is nothing glamorous or desirable about killing animals for the sake of
fashion.

Frankly, I find some of the pictures extremely difficult to look at.

Some fashion designers still like using fur.

How important is it to stop the fur trade?

Clearly, a lot of the general public are interested in the lives and opinions of public figures
and celebrities.

Students were handing out election leaflets at the station.

Involvement of public figures definitely helps to promote awareness.

Protesting is a good way to promote awareness, but I think it is important to make your
point peacefully.

Apart from avoiding fur products, what else can members of the public do to help?

Obviously, protesting is a good way to promote awareness.

I think it is important to make your point peacefully.

They wanted me to sign a petition against experiments on animals.

His injury may prevent him from playing in tomorrow’s game.

Clearly, protesting is a good way to promote awareness.

They staged a protest march through the city’s streets.

Clearly, a lot of the general public are interested in the lives and opinions of public figures
and celebrities.
The anti-fur movement has received criticism in the past for using violent or illegal protests.

Regrettably, he will not be able to come.

When a celebrity supports the anti-fur movement, lots of people take notice.

Personally, I think it’s absolutely vital to make your point peacefully.

You can’t rehearse – you have to deal with breaking news as it comes in, but I have a lot of
backup.

She had on this blood-red blouse that made her look real uptown.

I don’t want to give a blow-by-blow account of some hideous crime.

You can’t rehearse – you have to deal with breaking news as it comes in, but I have a lot of
backup.

Joseph was a tall, broad-shouldered youth.

Rescuers, who had to wade through waist-high water, found him tangled up in thorny
bushes.

He works for a big car company.

I put on a charcoal-grey suit with a fine stripe.

It’s a four-hour programme with several three-minute commercial breaks.

Bob already had a nice new company car.

A copy editor makes sure stories are written in a way that I’d actually say them.

Local police have announced that they are cracking down on anti-social behaviour.

They promised a crackdown on crime, but crime has doubled.

He was a slim, curly-haired boy.

I dash to the bathroom, ask about any breaking news and read up on the next interview.

The deep sea is the most unexplored area left on the planet.

A fact-checker has made sure the details of the story are accurate.

The story of the bear is too far-fetched for some people.

Leonard was flat-footed and slow during the match.

I wasn’t sure if the raft would float.

We’re a local news station, so we don’t report on foreign affairs.

I wear block colours – no stripes or frills, and no green.

We sometimes use green screens so that artificial backgrounds can be superimposed.

People over 60 should have regular health checks.

On morning TV, we focus on heartwarming stories.

I don’t want to give a blow-by-blow account of some hideous crime.

Use only high-quality ingredients.

You would be ill-advised to go out alone at night.

The thought of looking forward to a lifetime supply of mouth-watering pizzas proved

irresistible.

I wouldn't have helped him at all, but then I'm not as kind-hearted as you.

Warm reds and lemon-yellows create a lively setting.

The thought of looking forward to a lifetime supply of mouth-watering pizzas proved

irresistible.

Walls were painted lime green and lilac.

Tom is a skinny, long-legged boy.

And I’m in hair and make-up at 4:30.

I think I messed up on the last question.

I’m a news anchor on the morning show of a local TV station.

The thought of looking forward to a lifetime supply of mouth-watering pizzas proved

irresistible.

I’m a news anchor on the morning show of a local TV station.

We’re a local news station, so we don’t report on foreign affairs.

We go live at 6 a.m., and before that I have to read up on the day’s news stories.

I've always thought you have the right voice to be a newsreader.

I work nonstop for four hours.

This particular model is available in nut-brown, white, or grey.

When I’m live on air, if I become tongue-tied or mess up, I have the director in my ear.

The boy survived the two-night ordeal alone in the woods in freezing conditions.
Hundreds of people succeeded in posting their photos before the overwhelmed company
withdrew their offer early.

I start by getting an overview of the stories I’ll be reporting.

The colonists settled near present-day Charleston.

You can’t rehearse – you have to deal with breaking news as it comes in, but I have a lot of
backup.

We’re a local news station, so we don’t report on foreign affairs.

She is a gorgeous, rosy-cheeked girl.

Her success was to be short-lived.

Inside their front door the walls are covered with sky-blue fur.

A plastic Santa was sledging across the snow-white surface of a cake.

His new laptop is state-of-the-art.

I wear block colours – no stripes or frills, and no green.

He was found to be a little sunburnt but otherwise unhurt.

We sometimes use green screens so that artificial backgrounds can be superimposed.

The bird was tangled up in a net.

He is an elderly, thin-lipped man, with an incredible sense of humour.

When I’m live on air if I become tongue-tied or mess up, I have the director in my ear.

Rescuers found him tangled up in thorny bushes.

I’m a news anchor on the morning show of a local TV station.

Travel for pleasure was almost unheard of until the 19th century.

He was found to be a little sunburnt but otherwise unhurt.

Phones with voice recognition are more user-friendly according to a recent survey.

Phones with voice recognition are easier to use according to a recent survey

Rescuers had to wade through waist-high water.

Here the lane ended, and she found herself facing the tiny weather-beaten church.

What you want to know is: Is the building structurally sound and weatherproof?
Hundreds of people succeeded in posting their photos before the overwhelmed company
withdrew their offer early.

I am completely worn-out after playing tennis this afternoon.

Take a nostalgic journey back to small-town America in the 1980s with Netflix’s dark
mystery Stranger Things.

What should readers do to enter the competition?

The plot explores friendships, family ties and even romance.

Science fiction as a genre is relatively new.

In season one of Stranger Things, a schoolboy named Will goes missing.

All in all, Stranger Things offers viewers a gripping story with plenty of twists and turns.

This excellent show is heavily influenced by the books and films of Stephen King and
Steven Spielberg.

To sum up, Schumer’s new sitcom is hilarious and full of unexpected twists and turns.

Take a nostalgic journey back to small-town America in the 1980s with Netflix’s dark
mystery Stranger Things.
From the opening scene, it feels as though you are watching a future TV classic.

The plot explores friendships, family ties and even romance.

From the opening scene, it is clear that the film is going to be slow and predictable.

Stranger Things is a brilliant show with an unforgettable soundtrack.

Summarise the story but don’t give any spoilers.

Spotting the classic TV series of tomorrow is no easy task, but that’s our challenge for you
this month.

Seasons two and three are more strongly influenced by horror films and are terrifying at
times.

All in all, Stranger Things offers viewers a gripping story with plenty of twists and turns.

Stranger Things is a brilliant show with an unforgettable soundtrack.

We are reminded that the worst villains are not always the monsters.

They have combined action, humour and horror to create a well-reviewed sci-fi drama.
Governments are acknowledging the importance of social media in communicating public
health messages.

As you browse a news website, what is it that prompts you to read on?

She set up a campaign to raise awareness of the disease amongst the general public.

The challenge for activists, journalists, marketers and governments is to develop a social
media strategy.

What’s the most effective way to persuade somebody to change their opinion?

Should young people get involved in campaigns that concern their local areas?

Is it better to express one’s opinion on a controversial issue or to keep quiet?

Imagine you were offered a job as a foreign affairs correspondent, would you accept it?

I don’t believe the files were deleted by accident, they clearly did it deliberately.

The challenge for activists, journalists, marketers and governments is to develop a social
media strategy.

Digital marketeers will tell you that on average people only read around 20 percent of the
text on a web page.
What start off as helpful messages can easily get distorted as they’re shared and reshared.

If Karen had checked her sources before submitting her article, she wouldn’t be in trouble
with the editor.

What’s the most effective way to persuade somebody to change their opinion?

Online content that is accompanied by an image is more likely to prompt engagement.

We wouldn’t get involved in your project were we not enthusiastic about it.

The company’s website is updated on a daily basis with the latest news and events.

Is it better to express one’s opinion on a controversial issue or to keep quiet?

The school have been passing on students’ data for commercial gain, selling lists of names
to advertisers.

If my grandparents weren’t such generous people, they wouldn’t have helped me financially
at university.

We wouldn’t get involved in your project were we not enthusiastic about it.

In a social media age, though, a striking image like this is sure to go viral.
It doesn’t have a gripping plot like some of Kingsolver’s other books.

I just had a gut feeling that something wasn’t right about what I’d been told.

Should you need any further information, please don’t hesitate to ask.

The name of the witness has been changed to protect her identity.

I’m sure there will be an investigation unless the company releases its financial report.

Is it better to express one’s opinion on a controversial issue or to keep quiet?

The newspapers had unjustly labelled him a troublemaker.

We wouldn’t have to take them to court now if they had paid the loan back on time.

It’s set in the small farming community of Egg Fork in the Zebulon Mountains, a made-up
place.

The women’s stories are also linked up with a third character, an elderly local farmer who is
nostalgic for a past way of life.

Digital marketeers will tell you that on average people only read around 20 percent of the
text on a web page.
What are the advantages of using social media to organise an event?

These figures are criticised by experts as an oversimplification.

We wouldn’t have to take them to court now if they had paid the loan back on time.

What’s the most effective way to persuade somebody to change their opinion?

This phenomenon is especially important to digital marketers.

Specialists say that social media has huge potential for promoting public health.

The novel isn't too slow or predictable, with one or two surprising twists along the way.

It’s set in the present-day USA, in a small farming community.

Images are also increasingly being used by activists to promote political campaigns.

As you browse a news website, what is it that prompts you to read on?

Huge crowds gathered in the capital protesting against the war.

I’m sure there will be an investigation unless the company releases its financial report.

It is said that we retain around 80 percent of what we see.

Had the government not acted, there would soon have been more riots.

As you scroll through your social media feed, what is it that prompts you to read on?

If Karen had checked her sources before submitting her article last week, she wouldn’t be in
trouble with the editor today.

Online content that is accompanied by an image is more likely to get people's attention than
straightforward text.

Suppose you had missed your flight last night, what would you have done?

You shouldn’t take stories you read online at face value, they’re often fake news.

If Jerry generally took his job seriously, his manager would have promoted him a long time
ago.

I would not have told Christie my secret then if she were not a trustworthy person.
She set up a campaign to raise awareness of the disease amongst the general public.

I would not have told Christie my secret then if she were not a trustworthy person.
Translation
Unit 6
6.1 Woordenschat
correct and true in every detail
nauwkeurig How do you know what you’re reading is accurate?
making you feel worried or frightened
alarmerend It's alarming to think how many people are at risk.
in a way that makes you feel worried or frightened
alarmerend Some people are alarmingly misinformed.
to make a serious public request for help, money,
een beroep doen op information, etc.
Farmers have appealed to the government for help.

containing a lot of or too much information

overspoeld met informatie The Internet is awash with information that cannot be
trusted.

able to be believed because it seems possible, likely or

geloofwaardig real
Start from your gut feeling, trust your instincts – does it
sound believable?
given too much information
gebombardeerd met informatie The smartphone generation are bombarded with such
information practically on a daily basis.

to suddenly start to burn very strongly

ontvlammen Their car crashed and burst into flames.
to do something in order to find out whether something
really is correct or true
de nauwkeurigheid /echtheid controleren You can check the accuracy of this story by searching
online.

a liquid containing chemicals that is used for cleaning

reinigingsproduct surfaces
A spark must have ignited the cleaning solution.

a promise to do something or to behave in a particular

way that is obvious and impossible to doubt
duidelijke inzet / toewijding Has this website always shown a clear commitment to
newsworthy stories based on fact?

looking at, thinking about or watching something very

carefully
dichtbij She lifted up Jenny’s silver medallion to take a close
look at it.

very carefully
nauwkeurig You should question facts and examine arguments
closely.
 making careful judgments about how good or bad
something is
kritisch His book provides a critical analysis of the television
industry in Britain.

thinking about something and giving a careful judgment

kritisch about how good or bad it is
It is essential to read information critically.

intended or planned
opzettelijk The attack on him was quite deliberate.
done in a way that is intended or planned
opzettelijk Some people spread fake news deliberately while others
do it without realising.

a feeling you have that definitely exists and cannot be

duidelijk gevoel ignored
I got the distinct feeling he was trying to make me angry.

to report something in a way that is not completely true

de waarheid verdraaien or correct
Journalists were accused of distorting the truth.

to check facts again so that you are completely sure they

are correct
de feiten dubbelchecken Individuals need to learn how to double-check facts and
evaluate sources.

to carefully consider the people, books, websites, etc.

that supply you with information in order to judge how
accurate or reliable they are
bronnen evalueren Individuals need to learn how to double-check facts and
evaluate sources.

to look at or consider something carefully and

thoroughly because you want to find out more about it
iets nauwkeurig onderzoeken You should question facts and examine arguments
closely, instead of believing everything you read.

a report about a recent event that is unusual or interesting

and makes you notice it
opvallend verhaal Eye-catching stories like this are much more likely to be
retweeted.

false information that is reported as news on websites but

is not true and is intended to deceive people
nepnieuws Some people spread fake news deliberately while others
do it without realising.

a statement that is untrue

leugen Saunders is deliberately telling a falsehood.
 in order to make a profit
voor commercieel gewin She was accused of exploiting her workers for her own
commercial gain.

in order to get a benefit or advantage relating to

someone's career in politics
voor politiek gewin Too many politicians do things solely for short-term
political gain.

a feeling that you are sure is right, although you cannot

give a reason for it
onderbuikgevoel Start from your gut feeling, trust your instincts – does it
sound believable?

to have a purpose or intention behind a plan or activity

that you do not tell other people about
een dubbele agenda hebben He believes the organisation has an agenda – an agenda
to manipulate the media.

to make something start burning

doen ontbranden The candle ignited the plastic.
not completely correct
onnauwkeurig There are different ways in which a story can be
inaccurate or misleading.

showing that you know all about something, even if it

veelbetekenend has not been discussed directly
I saw him give her a knowing smile as she left the room.

deliberately
bewust He would never knowingly upset people.
a promise to do something for a long period of time
langdurige verbintenis I would never make a long-term commitment to any
political organisation.

not true or real

verzonnen Fake news is completely made-up stories presented as
news and made to go viral.

to control or influence the media (media = all the

organizations, such as television, radio and newspapers,
that provide news and information for the public) in a
de media manipuleren skilful and dishonest way
He believes the organisation has an agenda – an agenda
to manipulate the media.
 to make people believe something that is not true by
giving them information that is false or not complete / to
give people information that is incorrect
mensen misleiden / verkeerd informeren The report is a deliberate and obvious attempt to mislead
people.

likely to make someone believe something that is not

misleidend true
There are different ways in which a story can be
inaccurate or misleading.
a story that is important or interesting enough to be
reported in newspapers, on the radio, on television, etc.
nieuwswaardig verhaal Has this website always shown a clear commitment to
newsworthy stories based on fact?

to not accept something that is reported as a news story

without questioning whether that it is actually true
een verhaal niet op het eerste gezicht
Don’t take a story at face value – step back and ask
geloven
yourself these questions:

every day
dagelijks The smartphone generation are bombarded with such
information practically on a daily basis.

regularly or often
op regelmatige basis I hate being bombarded with so much useless
information on a regular basis

a room in a hospital where operations are done

operatiezaal The boy was taken immediately into the operating
theatre.
newspapers and magazines
gedrukte media I have a gut feeling that print-based media will disappear
within ten years.

to have or express doubts about whether information is

feiten ter discussie stellen true
You should question facts and examine arguments
closely, instead of believing everything you read.
a newspaper, TV channel, website, etc. that supplies you
with information and that can be trusted or depended on /
a newspaper, TV channel, website, etc. that supplies you
betrouwbare / gerenommeerde bron with information and that is respected for being honest
and accurate and doing good work
Does the story come from a reputable source?

in an amount or to a degree that is unusual or surprising

opmerkelijk Actually, fires in operating theatres are remarkably
common.
 a flash of light caused by electricity passing across a
vonk space
A spark created by loose wires was the cause of the
explosion.
to report false or incorrect information as news on
websites, especially in order to deceive people
nepnieuws verspreiden Some people spread fake news deliberately while others
do it without realising.

to try to deal with a problem

een probleem aanpakken Social media giants have a responsibility to tackle the
problem of fake news.

to make changes to photographs in order to deliberately

change what they appear to show
knoeien met foto's These photos may have been tampered with to distort the
truth.

to believe that your idea, based on a feeling rather than

facts, about what is true in a particular situation is correct
op je instinct afgaan Start from your gut feeling, trust your instincts – does it
sound believable?

money that you have won

winst She collected her winnings and put them into her bag.

6.2 Grammatica

a tyre that does not have enough air inside

lekke band They told him that they would have got back for the
exam if they had not had a flat tyre.

to give an account of something that has happened that is

not true, usually in order to deceive people
een verhaal verzinnen When they found their professor afterwards, they
decided to invent a story.

to sleep for longer than you intended

verslapen Sadly for them, they overslept and missed the exam.
very hungry
verhongeren I’d never eat fast food unless I was absolutely starving.
the words printed over a film in a foreign language to
translate what is being said by the actors
ondertitels I can’t understand American films if I don’t watch them
with subtitles.

6.3 Luisteren
 a small change that makes someone or something
slightly different
wijziging If you make alterations to the Windows setup, save the
new settings before closing.

actions that deliberately cause pain to animals

dierenmishandeling He has campaigned against animal cruelty for more than
20 years.

the idea that people should treat animals well, and

especially not use them in tests to develop medicines or
other products
dierenrechten She has been involved in the animal rights movement for
years.

when other people do not know who you are or what

anonimiteit your name is
Every step will be taken to preserve your anonymity.

to prove that something is true or real

authenticeren The painting has been authenticated by experts.
the power someone has because of their official position
gezag I need to speak to someone in authority.
someone’s family, education, previous work, etc.
achtergrond I don’t know much about his background – nobody does.
someone who owns or works in a shop that sells meat
slager He trained to be a butcher before becoming an artist.
to do something that is against the law
een overtreding begaan I mean, he is committing an offence.
to say that something is definitely true
bevestigen Banksy has never confirmed or denied any of these
reports and his identity remains a mystery.

a situation in which people have the same rights,

gelijkheid advantages, etc.
She is a strong believer in fairness and equality.

a subject or problem that relates to principles of what is

right and wrong
ethische kwestie I’ve got to do an essay about artists who raise ethical
issues through their work.

to tell or show what you are feeling or thinking by using

uitdrukken words, looks or actions
Banksy uses graffiti to express his views on ethical
issues.
the quality of treating everyone in a way that is right or
eerlijkheid equal
She is a strong believer in fairness and equality.
 to move away slowly through the air
wegdrijven But it’s a bit sad – the balloon is floating away from the
little girl.

real and exactly what it seems to be

oprecht How do we know that this painting is genuine and not a
fake?

someone's name or who they are

identiteit Banksy’s real identity is unknown.
to clearly express an opinion about something by doing
een statement maken something or behaving in a particular way
Banksy makes statements about society through graffiti.

beyond the limit of someone’s power or ability to do

something
buiten bereik So far he has managed to protect his true identity and has
remained out of reach of the authorities.

a brush for spreading paint on a surface

penseel Banksy used spray cans and stencils instead of
paintbrushes.

a public meeting in which people show that they think

that something is wrong and unfair but avoid fighting or
vredig protest violence
Some 5,000 students and others began a peaceful protest.

to make sure no one finds out who you are

je identiteit beschermen So far he has managed to protect his true identity.
someone who takes part in a public activity such as a
demonstration in order to show their opposition to
something
demonstrant Thousands of protesters took to the streets to show their
anger at the government.

to improve people’s knowledge or understanding of a

particular subject or situation
bewustwording creëren Some of his murals aim to raise awareness of the
stupidity of war.

known by people because they have seen or heard it

erkend before
His art is recognised worldwide.
to not let your name be known or made public
anoniem blijven He chose to remain anonymous at first to avoid being
arrested for acts of vandalism.
 a piece of plastic, metal or paper in which designs or
letters have been cut out, that you put over a surface and
paint over, so that the design is left on the surface
stencil Banksy used spray cans and stencils instead of
paintbrushes.

an opinion you have about something that you are very

serious about
sterk mening He has strong beliefs about people and the way we live
our lives.

to use something new or different instead of something

plaatsvervanger else
He substituted paintbrushes with stencils and spray cans.
the way that people behave towards or deal with animals
behandeling van dieren He often uses his art to make statements about the
treatment of animals.

information or a story that is passed from one person to

another, but that has not been proved to be true
onbevestigd gerucht There is an unconfirmed rumour that he trained to be a
butcher before becoming a street artist.

the main or most important idea that someone is trying to

tell people about, although it is not easily noticed or
directly stated
onderliggende boodschap I’m not sure what the underlying message is, but his art
really makes you think, doesn’t it?

6.4 Lezen

to use an airbrush (airbrush = a piece of equipment that

uses air to put paint onto a surface) to make a picture or
photograph look better
airbrushen Have you ever airbrushed images of yourself to try and
improve them?

held away from your body with your arm stretched out
straight
The first image taken in the same way as today, with the
op armlengte photographer holding the camera at arm’s length, was in
December 1920.

to start to be used or accepted by most people in society

Most people would guess that it was around the
mainstream worden beginning of this century or perhaps a bit later when
smartphones became mainstream.
 unclear in shape and difficult to see clearly
wazig Without my glasses, anything more than a few feet away
looks blurred.

a mental condition in which someone wrongly believes

that part of their body is very ugly or not normal
A recent report in a medical journal suggested that such
lichamelijk dysmorfe stoornis filtered images could be triggering body dysmorphic
disorder.

to succeed in recording a particular point in time that is

worth remembering
een gedenkwaardig moment vastleggen Selfies are sometimes taken simply to capture a
memorable moment.

to cut a part off a photograph or picture so that it is a

afbeeldingen bijsnijden particular size or shape
How often do you crop images to e.g. change their
shape?
very pretty or attractive
schattig That’s a really cute outfit.
to have first existed or been made at a particular time in
dateren uit the past
The oldest existing selfie dates back to 1839.

to say publicly or formally that a particular situation

exists or that something is true
Britney Spears and Paris Hilton were wrong when they
verklaren declared on Twitter in 2017 that they had invented the
selfie eleven years previously.

a fault or a lack of something that means that something

or someone is not perfect
defect BDD, as it is known, is a mental health condition where
people imagine defects in their appearance.

a woman with the highest social rank outside the royal

hertogin family, or the wife of a duke
King Charles made her a duchess, the title to die with
her.
an expression on someone's face when they push out
their lips, especially in order to be photographed
duckface So extend your arm, zoom in, smile/duck-face/wink, and
snap a selfie.

on your face or relating to your face

gezicht The injuries were mainly facial cuts.
 to start to be liked or used by many people
Airbrushing apps that enable people to retouch images
populariteit winnen and present an idealised version of themselves are
gaining popularity.

not likely to upset or offend anyone

ongevaarlijk For the most part, this is harmless fun, normal behaviour
in the age of social media.

to usually or often do something

de gewoonte hebben om He has a habit of being late.
(photograph) able to be seen clearly / not able to be seen
scherp / onscherp clearly
What do you do with photos that are not in focus?

the part of a camera through which light travels onto the

surface where the image is recorded
lens Do you sometimes put your finger in front of the lens by
mistake?

to state that something is true, even though it has not

een claim indienen been proved
Who made the claim that they had invented the selfie?

something wrong with the state of someone’s mind / an

psychisch probleem / psychische illness relating to the state of someone’s mind
aandoening Taking selfies occasionally causes mental health
problems.
the place or situation in which something begins to exist
oorsprong And what about the origin of the word itself?
to come from a particular place or start in a particular
ontstaan situation
The word ‘selfie’ originated in Australia.

to sit or stand in a particular position or with a particular

expression in order to be photographed
poseren voor een foto How do you usually pose for photos – is it a smile,
duckface or wink?

to mention or speak about someone or something

verwijzen naar He referred to the photo as a selfie, and the term was
born.
to improve pictures or photographs by making small
changes
Airbrushing apps that enable people to retouch images
afbeeldingen retoucheren and present an idealised version of themselves are
gaining popularity.

to try to achieve or get something

zoeken Some people were simply seeking to feel more part of a
group.
 to get rid of an illness, problem or bad feeling
iets afschudden She couldn't shake off those negative thoughts.
very clear, with all the details able to be seen
scherp The outlines of the trees were sharp and clear.
a photograph
shot / opname Delete the ugly ones and post the cutest shot.
to take a photograph
snappen / maken Dave snapped a picture of me and Sonia.
to take a photograph of yourself, usually so that you can
een selfie maken put it on social media
So extend your arm, zoom in, and snap a selfie.

to take a photograph
een foto nemen / een snapshot maken We hired a photographer to take some publicity shots.
to make someone’s hair look untidy
verwarren So tousle your hair, extend your arm, check the lighting
is right, zoom in, and snap a selfie.

to try to cure an illness or injury by using drugs, hospital

behandelen care, operations, etc.
Nowadays, malaria can be treated with drugs.

to make something happen very quickly, especially a

series of events
aanzetten tot Certain forms of mental illness can be triggered by food
allergies.

to close and open one eye quickly to communicate

knipoog something or show that something is a secret or joke
She grinned at him and winked.

to make the person or thing that you are taking a picture

of seem bigger and closer / to make the person or thing
zoom in, zoom uit that you are taking a picture of seem smaller and further
away
So extend your arm, zoom in, and snap a selfie.
6.5 Grammatica

a person who is imaginary and from a book or story

fictief personage Sherlock Holmes is a popular fictional character.
the large flat surface on which films are shown; films in
scherm general
Actors like their screen characters, or do they?

6.6 Spreken
 a series of actions intended to improve people’s
knowledge or understanding of a particular subject or
bewustmakingscampagne situation
Do awareness-raising campaigns and protests really
make a difference?
feeling certain that something is true
overtuigd I'm not convinced this is a good idea.
anything that is living, such as an animal, fish or insect,
but not a plant
schepsel I’d like them to think about these poor creatures every
time they put on their ‘beautiful’ coat.

worth having or doing

begerenswaardig When celebrities are seen wearing fur products, it sends
the message that fur is glamorous and desirable.

to have a bad effect on something

pijn doen Try to choose products that do the least harm to the
environment.

to say strongly or show clearly that a fact, idea, etc. is

especially important
benadrukken I would emphasise just how many animals have died to
make their fur coat.

to get involved with other people and their ideas in order

to understand them
(je) inlaten met Such shocking images used in protests can actually
prevent some people from engaging with the movement.

strongly and definitely

sterk I firmly believe it is the right thing to do.
for a particular purpose or reason
in het belang van If you ask me, there is nothing glamorous or desirable
about killing animals for the sake of fashion.

used to show that you are saying what you really think
about something
eerlijk gezegd Frankly, I find some of the pictures extremely difficult to
look at.

the skin of a dead animal with the thick soft hair that
vacht covers the animal's body still attached, used for making
clothes
Some fashion designers still like using fur.
the business of buying and selling animal fur (fur = the
skins of dead animals with the thick soft hair that covers
bonthandel the animal's body still attached)
How important is it to stop the fur trade?
 the ordinary people in a country, rather than people
belonging to a particular group
algemeen publiek Clearly, a lot of the general public are interested in the
lives and opinions of public figures and celebrities.

to give people printed sheets of paper giving information

folders uitdelen about something
Students were handing out election leaflets at the station.

the act of taking part in an activity or event

betrokkenheid Involvement of public figures definitely helps to promote
awareness.

to effectively explain your opinion or idea about

je punt maken something
Protesting is a good way to promote awareness, but I
think it is important to make your point peacefully.
an ordinary person who does not work for the
government or have any special position in society
lid van het publiek Apart from avoiding fur products, what else can
members of the public do to help?

used to mean that a fact can easily be noticed or

klaarblijkelijk understood
Obviously, protesting is a good way to promote
in a way that does not involve war, fighting or violence
vreedzaam I think it is important to make your point peacefully.
a written request signed by a lot of people, asking
someone in authority to do something or change
verzoekschrift something
They wanted me to sign a petition against experiments
on animals.
to stop something from happening, or stop someone from
doing something
tegenhouden His injury may prevent him from playing in tomorrow’s
game.

to help people to learn about or understand a particular

bewustzijn bevorderen subject or situation
Clearly, protesting is a good way to promote awareness.

an organized event in which many people walk together

to show publicly that they think that something is wrong
protestmars and unfair
They staged a protest march through the city’s streets.

an important or famous person

publieke figuur Clearly, a lot of the general public are interested in the
lives and opinions of public figures and celebrities.
 to be disapproved of by people
kritiek krijgen The anti-fur movement has received criticism in the past
for using violent or illegal protests.

used to talk about a situation that you wish was different

helaas or that you are sorry about
Regrettably, he will not be able to come.

to pay attention to something

opmerken When a celebrity supports the anti-fur movement, lots of
people take notice.

extremely important and necessary for something to

succeed or exist
essentieel Personally, I think it’s absolutely vital to make your
point peacefully.

6.7 Gebruik van Engels

people or things that can be used to provide support and

help if they are needed
back-up You can’t rehearse – you have to deal with breaking
news as it comes in, but I have a lot of backup.

dark red, like blood

bloedrood She had on this blood-red blouse that made her look real
uptown.

including all the details of an event exactly as they

happened
gedetailleeerd I don’t want to give a blow-by-blow account of some
hideous crime.

new information that is becoming known about events

that have just happened
belangrijk nieuws You can’t rehearse – you have to deal with breaking
news as it comes in, but I have a lot of backup.

with wide shoulders

breedgeschouderd Joseph was a tall, broad-shouldered youth.
a plant with many thin branches growing up from the
ground
struik Rescuers, who had to wade through waist-high water,
found him tangled up in thorny bushes.

a business organization that makes cars

autobedrijf He works for a big car company.
dark grey
houtskoolkleurig I put on a charcoal-grey suit with a fine stripe.
 the time when advertisements are broadcast during a
television or radio programme
reclame It’s a four-hour programme with several three-minute
commercial breaks.

a car that your employer gives you while you work for
auto van de zaak them
Bob already had a nice new company car.

someone whose job is to make sure that the words in a

book, newspaper, etc. are correct and ready to be printed
redacteur A copy editor makes sure stories are written in a way
that I’d actually say them.

to become more strict in dealing with a problem and

punishing the people involved
hardhandig optreden Local police have announced that they are cracking
down on anti-social behaviour.

action that is taken to deal more strictly with crime, a

problem, protests, etc.
hardhandig optreden They promised a crackdown on crime, but crime has
doubled.

having hair that is full of curls

krullend haar He was a slim, curly-haired boy.
to go or run somewhere very quickly
rennen I dash to the bathroom, ask about any breaking news and
read up on the next interview.

the deep parts of the sea

diepzee The deep sea is the most unexplored area left on the
planet.
someone whose job is to make sure that facts are correct
feitencontroleur / fact checker A fact-checker has made sure the details of the story are
accurate.

extremely unlikely to be true or to happen

vergezocht The story of the bear is too far-fetched for some people.
moving in an awkward way and not fast enough
niet vooruit te branden Leonard was flat-footed and slow during the match.
to stay or move on the surface of a liquid without sinking
drijven I wasn’t sure if the raft would float.
politics, business matters, etc. that affect or concern the
relationship between your country and other countries
buitenlandse zaken We’re a local news station, so we don’t report on foreign
affairs.
 a decoration that consists of a narrow piece of cloth that
franje has many small folds in it
I wear block colours – no stripes or frills, and no green.

a green background in front of which things can be

filmed so that they can then be put over a different
background as a special effect
greenscreen We sometimes use green screens so that artificial
backgrounds can be superimposed.

a test done to make sure you are healthy

gezondheidscontrole People over 60 should have regular health checks.
making you feel happy because you see other people
hartverwarmend being happy or kind to each other
On morning TV, we focus on heartwarming stories.

extremely unpleasant or ugly

afschuwelijk I don’t want to give a blow-by-blow account of some
hideous crime.

of a very good standard

hoge kwaliteit Use only high-quality ingredients.
not sensible or not wise, and likely to cause problems in
onverstandig the future
You would be ill-advised to go out alone at night.

so attractive, desirable, etc. that you cannot prevent

yourself from wanting it
onweerstaanbaar The thought of looking forward to a lifetime supply of
mouth-watering pizzas proved irresistible.

kind and generous

goedhartig I wouldn't have helped him at all, but then I'm not
as kind-hearted as you.

pale yellow
citroengeel Warm reds and lemon-yellows create a lively setting.
an amount of something provided to someone for the
length of time that they are alive
levenslange levering The thought of looking forward to a lifetime supply of
mouth-watering pizzas proved irresistible.

light yellowish green

limoengroen Walls were painted lime green and lilac.
having long legs
met lange benen Tom is a skinny, long-legged boy.
 a department in a television or film company where
actors or other people go to have make-up (make-up =
coloured substances that are put on your face to improve
make-up / visagie or change your appearance) put on their faces
And I’m in hair and make-up at 4:30.

to make a mistake and do something badly

verpesten I think I messed up on the last question.
a television or radio programme that is broadcast in the
morning
ochtendshow I’m a news anchor on the morning show of a local TV
station.

(food) looking or smelling extremely good

om van te watertanden The thought of looking forward to a lifetime supply of
mouth-watering pizzas proved irresistible.

someone who reads the news on TV and introduces news

reports
nieuwslezer I’m a news anchor on the morning show of a local TV
station.

a television or radio company that broadcasts reports of

recent events
nieuwsstation We’re a local news station, so we don’t report on foreign
affairs.

a report in a newspaper or news broadcast about a recent

event
nieuwsverhalen We go live at 6 a.m., and before that I have to read up on
the day’s news stories.

someone who reads the news on television or radio

nieuwslezer I've always thought you have the right voice to be a
newsreader.

without any stops or pauses

non-stop I work nonstop for four hours.
dark brown
notenbruin This particular model is available in nut-brown, white, or
grey.

broadcasting on television or radio

in de lucht / on air / live When I’m live on air, if I become tongue-tied or mess
up, I have the director in my ear.

a terrible or painful experience that continues for a

period of time
beproeving The boy survived the two-night ordeal alone in the
woods in freezing conditions.
 having too much of something to deal with
Hundreds of people succeeded in posting their photos
overweldigd before the overwhelmed company withdrew their offer
early.

a short description of a subject or situation that gives the

main ideas without explaining all the details
overzicht I start by getting an overview of the stories I’ll be
reporting.

modern or existing now

het moderne / tegenwoordige The colonists settled near present-day Charleston.
to practise a play, concert, etc. in order to prepare for a
public performance
repeteren You can’t rehearse – you have to deal with breaking
news as it comes in, but I have a lot of backup.

to give people information about recent events,

especially in newspapers and on television and radio
verslag doen van We’re a local news station, so we don’t report on foreign
affairs.

having pink cheeks

blozend She is a gorgeous, rosy-cheeked girl.
existing or happening for only a short time
van korte duur Her success was to be short-lived.
bright blue, like the colour of the sky when there are no
clouds
hemelsblauw Inside their front door the walls are covered with sky-
blue fur.

pure white
sneeuwwit A plastic Santa was sledging across the snow-
white surface of a cake.

using the most modern and recently developed methods,

het nieuwste van het nieuwste materials or knowledge
His new laptop is state-of-the-art.

a line of colour, especially one of several lines of colour

streep all close together
I wear block colours – no stripes or frills, and no green.

having a red and painful skin as a result of spending too

verbrand much time in the sun
He was found to be a little sunburnt but otherwise
unhurt.
 to put one picture, image or photograph on top of another
so that both can be partly seen
over elkaar heen leggen We sometimes use green screens so that artificial
backgrounds can be superimposed.

caught or twisted in something

verstrikt The bird was tangled up in a net.
having thin lips
dunne lippen He is an elderly, thin-lipped man, with an incredible
sense of humour.

unable to talk in a relaxed way because you feel nervous

or embarrassed
stilvallen When I’m live on air if I become tongue-tied or mess up,
I have the director in my ear.

having sharp points growing on the stems

stekelig Rescuers found him tangled up in thorny bushes.
an organization which makes television broadcasts
TV-station I’m a news anchor on the morning show of a local TV
station.

so unusual that it has not happened or been known

ongehoord before
Travel for pleasure was almost unheard of until the 19th
century.
not injured
ongedeerd He was found to be a little sunburnt but otherwise
unhurt.
easy to use, understand or operate
gebruikersvriendelijk Phones with voice recognition are more user-friendly
according to a recent survey.

a system in which a computer understands and obeys

instructions spoken by a human voice
spraakherkenning Phones with voice recognition are easier to use according
to a recent survey

high enough to reach your waist

tot aan je middel Rescuers had to wade through waist-high water.
looking old and damaged because of the effect of bad
weather
verweerd Here the lane ended, and she found herself facing the
tiny weather-beaten church.

able to keep out wind and rain

weerbestendig What you want to know is: Is the building structurally
sound and weatherproof?
 to stop offering or providing something
Hundreds of people succeeded in posting their photos
terugtrekken before the overwhelmed company withdrew their offer
early.

very tired because you have been working hard

versleten I am completely worn-out after playing tennis this
afternoon.

6.8 Schrijven

dealing with upsetting, frightening or mysterious

subjects and evil human behaviour
donker Take a nostalgic journey back to small-town America in
the 1980s with Netflix’s dark mystery Stranger Things.

to arrange to take part in a competition

deelnemen aan een wedstrijd What should readers do to enter the competition?
the relationship between members of a family
familiebanden The plot explores friendships, family ties and even
romance.

a particular type of art, writing, music, etc., which has

genre certain features that all examples of this type share
Science fiction as a genre is relatively new.

to disappear and not be able to be found

vermist raken In season one of Stranger Things, a schoolboy named
Will goes missing.

very exciting and interesting

aangrijpend All in all, Stranger Things offers viewers a gripping
story with plenty of twists and turns.

strongly affected by something

zwaar beïnvloed This excellent show is heavily influenced by the books
and films of Stephen King and Steven Spielberg.

extremely funny
hilarisch To sum up, Schumer’s new sitcom is hilarious and full of
unexpected twists and turns.

making you feel happy when you remember a time in the

past, and in some ways making you wish that things had
not changed
nostalgisch Take a nostalgic journey back to small-town America in
the 1980s with Netflix’s dark mystery Stranger Things.
 the first part of a film or play in which a piece of action
happens in one place
openingsscène From the opening scene, it feels as though you are
watching a future TV classic.

the events that form the main story of a book, film or

verhaal play
The plot explores friendships, family ties and even
romance.
happening in a way that you would expect
voorspelbaar From the opening scene, it is clear that the film is going
to be slow and predictable.

the recorded music that is played during a film or

television programme
soundtrack Stranger Things is a brilliant show with an unforgettable
soundtrack.

information about the plot of a film, television

programme, etc. that may spoil your enjoyment if you
spoiler have not already seen it yourself
Summarise the story but don’t give any spoilers.

to recognize that something is a particular type of thing

spotten Spotting the classic TV series of tomorrow is no easy
task, but that’s our challenge for you this month.

extremely frightening
angstaanjagend Seasons two and three are more strongly influenced by
horror films and are terrifying at times.

unexpected changes or developments in a story

wendingen All in all, Stranger Things offers viewers a gripping
story with plenty of twists and turns.

affecting you so strongly that you will never forget it,

especially because it is particularly good or beautiful
onvergetelijk Stranger Things is a brilliant show with an unforgettable
soundtrack.

the main bad character in a film, play or story

schurk We are reminded that the worst villains are not always
the monsters.

praised in articles in newspapers and magazines, on

websites, etc.
goed beoordeeld They have combined action, humour and horror to create
a well-reviewed sci-fi drama.

Focus Review 6
 to recognize how good or important something is
erkennen Governments are acknowledging the importance of
social media in communicating public health messages.

to search for information on a computer or on the

bladeren / browsen Internet
As you browse a news website, what is it that prompts
you to read on?
a series of actions intended to achieve a particular result
campagne She set up a campaign to raise awareness of the disease
amongst the general public.

something that tests strength, skill or ability, especially

in a way that is interesting
uitdaging The challenge for activists, journalists, marketers and
governments is to develop a social media strategy.

to stop thinking or believing one thing about a particular

subject and start thinking or believing something else
instead
je mening veranderen What’s the most effective way to persuade somebody to
change their opinion?

to affect or involve someone or something

bezorgdheid Should young people get involved in campaigns that
concern their local areas?

a subject or problem that causes a lot of disagreement,

because many people have strong opinions about it
controversieel probleem Is it better to express one’s opinion on a controversial
issue or to keep quiet?

someone who is employed by a newspaper or a

television station, etc. to report news from a particular
area or on a particular subject
correspondent Imagine you were offered a job as a foreign affairs
correspondent, would you accept it?

in a way that is intended or planned

opzettelijk I don’t believe the files were deleted by accident, they
clearly did it deliberately.

to design or plan something over a period of time

ontwikkelen The challenge for activists, journalists, marketers and
governments is to develop a social media strategy.

people who try to persuade people to buy a product by

advertising it on the Internet
digitale marketeers Digital marketeers will tell you that on average people
only read around 20 percent of the text on a web page.
 to report something in a way that is not completely true
or correct
vervormen What start off as helpful messages can easily get
distorted as they’re shared and reshared.

the person who is in charge of a newspaper or magazine,

or part of a newspaper or magazine, and decides what
should be included in it
(hoofd)redacteur If Karen had checked her sources before submitting her
article, she wouldn’t be in trouble with the editor.

successful, and working in the way that was intended

effectief What’s the most effective way to persuade somebody to
change their opinion?

the state of attracting someone’s attention and keeping

them interested
betrokkenheid Online content that is accompanied by an image is more
likely to prompt engagement.

feeling or showing a lot of interest and excitement about

something
enthousiast over iets We wouldn’t get involved in your project were we not
enthusiastic about it.

an organized occasion or activity, especially one that

involves a lot of people
evenement The company’s website is updated on a daily basis with
the latest news and events.

to say what you think about something

je mening uiten / geven Is it better to express one’s opinion on a controversial
issue or to keep quiet?

in order to make a profit

voor commercieel gewin The school have been passing on students’ data for
commercial gain, selling lists of names to advertisers.

willing to give money, spend time, etc., in order to help

people or give them pleasure
genereus If my grandparents weren’t such generous people, they
wouldn’t have helped me financially at university.

to take part in an activity or event, or be connected with

it in some way
betrokken raken bij iets We wouldn’t get involved in your project were we not
enthusiastic about it.

to spread widely on the Internet or social media

viraal gaan In a social media age, though, a striking image like this
is sure to go viral.
 very exciting and interesting
aangrijpend It doesn’t have a gripping plot like some of Kingsolver’s
other books.

a feeling you have that you are sure is right, although

you cannot give a reason for it
onderbuikgevoel I just had a gut feeling that something wasn’t right about
what I’d been told.

to pause before doing something because you are not

aarzelen om iets te doen sure
Should you need any further information, please don’t
hesitate to ask.
someone's name or who they are
identiteit The name of the witness has been changed to protect her
identity.

an official attempt to find out the truth about or the cause

of something
onderzoek I’m sure there will be an investigation unless the
company releases its financial report.

to not say anything

stilhouden Is it better to express one’s opinion on a controversial
issue or to keep quiet?

to use a word or phrase to describe someone or

labelen something, but often unfairly or incorrectly
The newspapers had unjustly labelled him a
troublemaker.
an amount of money that you borrow from someone
lening We wouldn’t have to take them to court now if they had
paid the loan back on time.

not true or real

verzonnen It’s set in the small farming community of Egg Fork in
the Zebulon Mountains, a made-up place.

feeling happy when you remember a time in the past, and

in some ways wishing that things had not changed
The women’s stories are also linked up with a third
nostalgisch character, an elderly local farmer who is nostalgic for a
past way of life.

based on a calculation about how many times something

usually happens, how often people usually do something,
etc.
gemiddeld Digital marketeers will tell you that on average people
only read around 20 percent of the text on a web page.
 to make the necessary arrangements for a planned
occasion or activity, especially one that involves a lot of
een evenement organiseren people
What are the advantages of using social media to
organise an event?
a description of something that is too simple and ignores
many facts
oversimplificatie These figures are criticised by experts as an
oversimplification.

to give someone the money that you owe them

iets terugbetalen We wouldn’t have to take them to court now if they had
paid the loan back on time.

to make someone decide to do something, especially by

giving them reasons why they should do it
iemand overhalen iets te doen What’s the most effective way to persuade somebody to
change their opinion?

something that happens or exists in society, science or

nature, especially something that is studied because it is
difficult to understand
fenomeen This phenomenon is especially important to digital
marketers.

the possibility that something will develop in a particular

way, or have a particular effect
potentieel Specialists say that social media has huge potential for
promoting public health.

happening in a way that you would expect

voorspelbaar The novel isn't too slow or predictable, with one or two
surprising twists along the way.

modern or existing now

vandaag de dag It’s set in the present-day USA, in a small farming
community.

to try to persuade people to support or use something

promoten Images are also increasingly being used by activists to
promote political campaigns.

to make someone decide to do something

aanzetten tot As you browse a news website, what is it that prompts
you to read on?

to do something, especially with other people, to publicly

express disapproval or opposition to something
protesteren tegen iets Huge crowds gathered in the capital protesting against
the war.
 to let news or official information be known and printed
vrijgeven / uitbrengen I’m sure there will be an investigation unless the
company releases its financial report.

to remember information
onthouden It is said that we retain around 80 percent of what we
see.
a situation in which a large crowd of people are behaving
in a violent and uncontrolled way, especially when they
are protesting about something
rel Had the government not acted, there would soon have
been more riots.

websites and computer programs that allow people to

share information, opinions, images, videos, etc. using
the Internet or mobile phones
sociale media As you scroll through your social media feed, what is it
that prompts you to read on?

a person, book, website, etc. that supplies you with

information
If Karen had checked her sources before submitting her
bron article last week, she wouldn’t be in trouble with the
editor today.

simple and easy to understand

rechttoe-rechtaan Online content that is accompanied by an image is more
likely to get people's attention than straightforward text.

used when talking about a possible condition or

situation, and then imagining the result
veronderstellen Suppose you had missed your flight last night, what
would you have done?

to accept a situation or accept what someone says,

without thinking there may be a hidden meaning
iets zonder meer voor waar aannemen You shouldn’t take stories you read online at face value,
they’re often fake news.

to believe that something is worth your attention or

iets serieus nemen respect
If Jerry generally took his job seriously, his manager
would have promoted him a long time ago.
to let someone know something that only a few people
know and is kept hidden from others
iemand een geheim vertellen I would not have told Christie my secret then if she were
not a trustworthy person.
 the ordinary people in a country, rather than people
belonging to a particular group
het grote publiek She set up a campaign to raise awareness of the disease
amongst the general public.

able to be trusted and depended on

betrouwbaar I would not have told Christie my secret then if she were
not a trustworthy person.
Word Part of speech
Unit 7 It's not rocket
science!
7.1 Vocabulary

acceptance speech n phr

acid n

addition n

algorithm n

apply v

atom n

award a prize v phr

base n

become an expert in v phr

calculation n
capable of doing sth phr

coin a term v phr

collaborate with v phr

collect v

contribution n

credit sb with v phr

division n

electron n

element n

equation n

extinct adj
fellow scientists n phr

fossil n

fraction n

gain recognition v phr

gender gap n phr

have access to v phr

have an aptitude for v phr

injustice n

make a contribution v phr

make reference to/refer to v phr

marine reptile n phr

molecular structure n phr

multiplication n

name sth after sb v phr

nucleus n

outer space n phr

periodic table n phr

provided (that) conj

radioactivity n
radiation n

receive a mention v phr

recognise an achievement v phr

relativity n

see the potential v phr

subtraction n

theory of relativity n phr

velocity n

win the respect v phr

7.2 Grammar
bleep v

periodically adv

predict v

plug n

unplug v

7.3 Listening

(be) on the rise v phr

bring in phr v

come out phr v

commuter n

distracted adj

exit n
figure n

figure sth out phr v

go in for phr v

look up directions v phr

moped n

motorway n

offence n

offender n

price range n phr

reveal v

robbery n
sat-nav n

security measures n phr

stick to v

storage n

sufficient adj

take advantage of v phr

talk sb into phr v

target v

theft n

throw sth in phr v

top-of-the-range adj

turn around phr v

wind sb up phr v

word processing n phr

7.4 Reading

advice n

advisable adj

advise v

allergy n

apply v

archaea n

asthma n

autism n
beneficial adj

benefit v

biodiversity n

boost v

cell n

chopping board n phr

cleanliness n

community n

condition n

depression n

derived adj
detach v

diabetes n

digest v

digestion n

digestive system n phr

essentials n

excessive adj

exposed adj

fight off phr v

fingerprint n

fumes n

fungi n

genetic factor n phr

germ n

grow in number v phr

gut n

harm n

harmful adj

hidden away phr

immune system n phr

infection n

impact n

instant adj

irritant n

linked back to phr

lung condition n phr

medicate v

medicinal adj

medicine n

microbe n

microbiome n
nervous system n phr

nurture v

nutrients n

obesity n

pathogen n

pollen allergy n phr

provide v

raw adj

regulate v

regulation n

regulatory adj

respiratory system n phr

respond v

response n

responsive adj

rinse v

risk of infection n phr

rub v

saliva n

sanitation n

sanitiser n

skip v
slobbery adj

soil n

spotless adj

strike a balance v phr

surface n

thoroughly adv

7.5 Grammar

advancement n

breakthrough n

decreasing adj

even number n phr

increasing adj
invent v

leap out phr v

measure v

numeral n

odd number n phr

scholar n

unlimited adj

volume n

7.6 Speaking

artificial intelligence n phr

clarification n

exhibition n

fully-automated adj
kick back phr v

mind-blowing adj

perform an operation v phr

range of movement n phr

remote adj

robotic surgeon n phr

scary adj

steady adj

surgical unit n phr

voice command n phr

7.7 Use of English

actually adv

advance v
affect v

after all phr

alike adj

alone adj

arise v

assure v

breath n

breathe v

cite v

civilian n

commercial aircraft n phr

comprise v

conscious adj

currently adv
data n

date n

dependant n

desert n

dessert n

determine v

economic adj

economical adj

effect n

emigrate v

ensure v

eventually adv

exact adj

finally adv

gather v
genial adj

historic adj

historical adj

ice cap n phr

immigrate v

in a nutshell phr

include v

insure v

lastly adv

lately adv

lay v

lie v

likely adj

locate v
lone adj

lonely adj

loose adj

lose v

migrate v

occasion n

opportunity n

practice n

practise v

precede v

principal adj

principle n

proceed v
rainfall n

raise v

receiver n

rise n

sensible adj

sensitive adj

sight n

site n

source of gravity n phr

submarine n

take sth into account v phr

weather n
whether conj

7.8 Writing

basement n

gasp v

giggle v

glow n

headquarters n

piercing adj

scream v

sigh v

snap v

sob v
whisper v

yell v

Focus Review 7

affect v

application n

archaeologist n

argue v

artefact n

be better off v phr

be concerned n

be expected to do sth v phr

be made to do sth v phr

century BC n
connect v

copyright infringement n phr

curb v

data n

deliver v

dependent adj

do an experiment v phr

do the trick v phr

downloader n

effort n

engage v
enjoy doing sth v phr

exaggerate v

excavations n

exist v

go out phr v

hacker n

harmful adj

harmless adj

human being n

illegal adj

in detail adv phr

increase n

Internet piracy n phr

laureate n

life-threatening adj

lost city n phr

make changes v phr

mood n

obesity n

offer sth to sb v phr

patent n

pre-installed application n phr

punish v

reboot v

receive v

rely on something phr v

research station n phr

scientist n

sensitive data n phr

short circuit n

spare part n phr

stomach operation n phr

submit v

surgeon n

switch something off phr v

treatment n

undergo an operation v phr

weird adj

well-balanced adj

wi-fi n

Exam Time NL 4

auction n

bison n

conceptual adj

crude adj

doodle n

elevated adj

intermittent adj

irreverent adj

laud v
marginalised adj

mural n

nuisance n

ochre n

pigment n

pigsty n

primal adj

savvy n

skulk v

splat n

stunt n

subversive adj

surly adj
Definition

a speech given by someone when they officially accept a prize or award

a chemical substance that has a pH of less than 7. Strong acids can burn holes in
material or damage your skin

the process of adding numbers or amounts to make a total

a set of instructions that are followed in a fixed order and used for solving a
mathematical problem, making a computer program, etc.

to use something such as a method, idea or law in a particular situation, activity or

process

the smallest part of an element that can exist alone or can combine with other
substances to form a molecule

to officially give someone something to reward them for something they have done

a chemical substance that combines with an acid to form a salt

to gain a special skill or special knowledge of a subject, as a result of training or

experience

when you use numbers in order to find out an amount, price or value
having the qualities or ability needed to do something

to invent a new word or expression, especially one that many people start to use

to work together with a person or group in order to achieve something, especially

in science or art

to get things of the same type from different places and bring them together

something that you give or do in order to help something be successful

to believe or admit that someone has achieved something or done something good

the process of finding out how many times one number is contained in another

a very small piece of matter with a negative electrical charge that moves around
the nucleus (=central part) of an atom

a simple chemical substance such as carbon or oxygen that consists of atoms of

only one kind

a statement in mathematics that shows that two amounts or totals are equal

(type of animal or plant) that does not exist anymore

people that someone works with in science

an animal or plant that lived many thousands of years ago and that has been
preserved, or the shape of one of these animals or plants that has been preserved in
rock

a very small amount of something

to get public respect and thanks for your work or achievements

a difference between men and women

to have the opportunity to use something

to have a natural ability or skill, especially in learning

a situation in which people are treated very unfairly and not given their rights

to give or do something in order to help something happen or be successful

to mention or speak about someone or something

a type of animal, such as a sea turtle or sea snake, that lives in the sea and whose
body temperature changes according to the temperature around it, and that usually
lays eggs to have babies

the way in which a substance's molecules (molecule = the smallest unit into which
any substance can be divided without losing its own chemical nature, usually
consisting of two or more atoms) are connected with each other and form a whole

a method of calculating in which you add a number to itself a particular number of

times

to give something the same name as a particular person

the central part of an atom

the space outside the Earth’s air, where the planets and stars are

a list of elements (elements = simple chemical substances) arranged according to

the structure of their atoms

used to say that something will only be possible if something else happens or is
done

the sending out of radiation (= a form of energy) when the nucleus (= central part)
of an atom has broken apart
a form of energy that comes especially from nuclear reactions, which in large
amounts is very harmful to living things

to be talked or written about, usually quickly and without many details

to realize that someone has succeeded in doing something important or very good

the relationship in physics between time, space and movement according to

Einstein’s theory

to realize that it is possible that something will develop in a certain way or be able
to do something

the process of taking a number or amount from a larger number or amount

Einstein's set of ideas that explain the relationship in physics between time, space
and movement

the speed of something that is moving in a particular direction

to start to be admired by someone because of your achievements, good qualities,

etc.
to make a high electronic sound

regularly and fairly often

to say that something will happen, before it happens

a small object at the end of a wire that is used for connecting a piece of electrical
equipment to the main supply of electricity

to disconnect a piece of electrical equipment by pulling its plug out of a socket

(to be) increasing

to introduce a new law

to be published or become publicly known

someone who travels a long distance to work every day

having your attention taken away from something by being made to look at or
listen to something else

a place where vehicles can leave a road such as a motorway, and join another road
a number representing an amount, especially an official number

to think about a problem or situation until you find the answer or understand what
has happened

to do or use something often because you enjoy it or like it

to try to find instructions on a map, mobile phone, etc. about how to get from one
place to another

a small two-wheeled vehicle with an engine

a very wide road for travelling fast over long distances, especially between cities

an illegal action or a crime

someone who is guilty of a crime

the upper and lower limits within which the price (price = amount of money that
you have to pay) of something varies

to let people know about something that has not been known until now

the crime of stealing money or things from a bank, shop, etc., especially using
violence
a piece of electronic equipment in a car that can tell you which way you need to go
by using information received from a satellite

actions that are done to keep a person, building or country safe from danger or
crime

to keep using or doing one particular thing and not change to anything else

the way that information is kept on a computer

as much as is needed for a particular purpose

to use a particular situation to do or get what you want

to persuade someone to do something

to choose a particular person or place to attack or rob

an act of stealing something

to add something to what you are selling, without increasing the price

used to describe the best or most expensive products in a range of products

to make a vehicle move so that it is travelling in the opposite direction

to annoy or worry someone

the activity of writing, storing and printing documents using a computer

an opinion you give someone about what they should do

that should be done in order to avoid problems or risks

to tell someone what you think they should do, especially when you know more
than they do about something

a medical condition in which you become ill or in which your skin becomes red
and painful because you have eaten or touched a particular substance

to put or spread something such as paint, liquid or medicine onto a surface

very small living things that consist of a single cell and are similar to bacteria

a medical condition that causes difficulties in breathing

a mental condition that makes it difficult for people to communicate properly, or to

form relationships
having a good effect

to help or give an advantage to someone or improve their life

the variety of plants and animals in a particular place

to increase or improve something and make it more successful

the smallest part of a living thing that can exist independently

a large piece of wood or plastic that you cut meat or vegetables on when you are
cooking

the practice of keeping yourself or the things around you clean

a group of plants or animals that live in the same environment

an illness or health problem that affects you permanently or for a very long time

a medical condition that makes you very unhappy and anxious and often prevents
you from living a normal life

obtained from something

to make something become separated from the thing it was attached to

a serious disease in which there is too much sugar in your blood

to change food that you have just eaten into substances that your body can use

the process of changing food that you have just eaten into substances that your
body can use

the group of organs and processes inside the body that are connected with the
process of changing food that you have just eaten into substances that your body
can use

the basic and most important things that need to be done

much more than is reasonable or necessary

put in a situation where someone is allowed to experience something or is not

protected from something dangerous or unpleasant

to try hard to get rid of something, especially an illness or a feeling

a mark made by the pattern of lines at the end of a person’s finger, which is used
by the police to find out who has committed a crime

strong-smelling gas or smoke that is unpleasant to breathe in

simple types of plant that have no leaves or flowers and that grow on plants or
other surfaces

one of the things that affects how the qualities of living things are passed on in
their genes (gene = a part of a cell in a living thing that controls what it looks like,
how it grows and how it develops)

a very small living thing that can make you ill

to increase in amount

the tube through which food passes from your stomach

damage, injury or problems caused by someone’s actions or by an event

causing physical harm

difficult to see or find

the system by which your body protects itself against disease

the process of causing or getting a disease

the effect or influence that an event, situation, etc. has on someone or something

happening or produced immediately

a substance that can make a part of your body painful and sore

shown to be caused by or connected to something

an illness or health problem that affects your lungs (lungs = the two organs in your
body that you breathe with)

to give medicine or drugs to people who are ill

used for treating medical problems

the treatment and study of illnesses and injuries

an extremely small living thing which you can only see if you use a microscope.
Some microbes can cause diseases.

all the microbes that live in a particular environment, for example on or in our
bodies
your nerves, brain and spinal cord, with which your body feels pain, heat, etc. and
your movements are controlled

to take care of something while it is growing and developing

chemicals or food that provide what is needed for plants or animals to live and
grow

when someone is very fat in a way that is unhealthy

something that causes disease in your body

a medical condition, like a bad cold, that is caused by breathing in pollen (pollen =
dust from plants)

to produce or supply something useful

not cooked

to control the way your body works

an official rule or order

having the official power to control an activity and to make sure that it is done in a
satisfactory way

the system of organs in the body relating to the process of breathing

to do something as a reaction to something that has been done

something that is done as a reaction to something that has happened

reacting quickly, in a positive way

to remove soap, dirt, etc. from something by washing it quickly with water

the possibility of causing or getting a disease

to make something press against something else and move it around

the liquid that is produced naturally in your mouth

the protection of public health by removing and treating waste, dirty water, etc.

a liquid or other substance that you use to clean something thoroughly, removing
dirt and bacteria

to not do something that you usually do or that you should do

having saliva (saliva = the liquid produced by your mouth) coming out of its
mouth and running down

the top layer of the earth in which plants grow

completely clean

to give the correct amount of importance or attention to two separate things

the outside or top layer of something

carefully and completely, including every possible detail

progress or development in something

an important new discovery in something you are studying, especially one made
after trying for a long time

becoming less or going down to a lower level

a number that can be divided exactly by two

becoming more or going up to a higher level

to make, design or think of a new type of thing

to move out of a place very quickly and with a lot of energy

to find the size, length or amount of something, using standard units such as
metres, litres, etc.

a written sign such as 1,2 or 3 that represents a number

a number that cannot be divided exactly by two

someone who studies a subject and knows a lot about it

without any limits

a measurement of the amount of space that a substance or object fills, or the

amount of space in a container

the study of how to make computers do intelligent things that people can do, such
as think and make decisions

the act of making something clearer or easier to understand

a show of paintings, photographs or other objects that people can go to see

using only computers and machines to do a job, rather than people

to relax

very exciting, shocking or strange

to cut into someone’s body to repair or remove a part that is damaged

the number of different ways in which something can move

used to control a machine, computer system, etc. from a distance

a machine that can do medical operations and is controlled by a computer

frightening

firmly held in a particular position and not moving or shaking

the people and equipment used for medical operations

an instruction to a computer spoken by a human voice

used to emphasize the real or exact truth of a situation, rather than what people
may think

to spread or move towards something, especially slowly and steadily

to do something that produces an effect or change in something or in someone’s
situation

in spite of what you thought was true or expected to happen

very similar

without anyone with you

to begin to happen

to tell someone that something will definitely happen or is definitely true so that
they are less worried

an amount of air that you take into your lungs

to take air into your lungs

to give the exact words of something that has been written, especially in order to
support an opinion or prove an idea

anyone who is not a member of the military forces or the police

an aircraft that carries members of the general public who pay

to consist of particular parts, groups, etc.

noticing or realizing something

at the present time

information or facts

a particular day of the month or year, especially shown by a number

someone, especially a child, who depends on you for food, clothes, money, etc.

a large area of land where it is always very dry, there are few plants, and there is a
lot of sand or rocks

sweet food served after the main part of a meal

to calculate or find out the facts about something

relating to trade, industry and the management of money

using money, time, goods, etc. carefully and without wasting any

a change that is caused by an event, action, etc.

to leave your own country in order to live in another country

to make certain that something will happen properly

after a long time, or after a lot of things have happened

completely correct in every detail

after a long time

to get things from different places and put them together in one place
friendly and happy

very important and likely to be recorded as part of history

relating to the past

an area of thick ice that permanently covers the North and South Poles

to come into a country in order to live there permanently

used when you are stating the main facts about something in a short clear way

to have or contain something as one of its parts

to regularly pay money to a company so that they pay the costs if something you
own gets damaged or stolen

used when telling someone the last thing at the end of a list or a series of
statements

recently

to put the cloth, plates, knives, forks, etc. on a table, ready for a meal

to be in a position in which your body is flat on the floor, on a bed, etc.

probably going to happen or probably true

to find the exact position of something

used to talk about the only person or thing in a place, or the only person or thing
that does something

unhappy because you are alone or do not have anyone to talk to

not firmly fastened in place

to stop having a particular attitude, quality, ability, etc., or to gradually have less of
it

to travel regularly from one part of the world to another

a time when something happens

a chance to do something or an occasion when it is easy for you to do something

when you do a particular thing, often regularly, in order to improve your skill at it

to do an activity, often regularly, in order to improve your skill or to prepare for a

test

to happen or exist before something or someone, or to come before something else

in a series

main or most important

the basic idea that a plan or system is based on

to continue to do something that has already been planned or started

the amount of rain that falls on an area in a particular period of time

to move or lift something to a higher position, place or level

a radio or television, or other equipment which receives signals

an increase in number, amount or value

reasonable, practical and showing good judgment

reacting to very small changes in light, temperature, position, etc.

the area that you can see from where you are

a place where something important or interesting happened

a planet or other object that causes something to be attracted to it because of its

mass

a ship, especially a military one, that can stay under water

to consider or include particular facts or details when making a decision or

judgment about something

the temperature and other conditions such as sun, rain and wind
used when talking about a choice you have to make or about something that is not
certain

a room or area in a building that is under the level of the ground

to breathe in suddenly in a way that can be heard, especially because you are
surprised or in pain

to laugh quickly, quietly and in a high voice, because something is funny or

because you are nervous or embarrassed

a soft steady light

the main building or offices used by a large company or organization

looking at you in an intense way and seeming to know what you are thinking

to make a loud high noise with your voice because you are hurt, frightened,
excited, etc.

to breathe in and out making a long sound, especially because you are bored,
disappointed, tired, etc.

to say something quickly in an angry way

to say something while you are crying noisily and breathing in short sudden bursts
to speak or say something very quietly, using your breath rather than your voice

to shout or say something very loudly, especially because you are frightened,
angry or excited

to do something that produces an effect or change in something or in someone’s

situation

a piece of computer software which does a particular job

a person who studies ancient societies by examining what remains of their

buildings, graves, tools, etc.

to state, giving clear reasons, that something is true, should be done, etc.

an object such as a tool, weapon, etc. that was made in the past and is historically
important

to be happier, improved, more successful, etc.

worried about something

to have to do something because it is a duty or seems reasonable

to be forced to do something

one of the 100-year periods measured from before the year of Christ’s birth
to join a computer to a computer network or the Internet

the act of breaking the laws dealing with someone's legal right to be the only
producer or seller of a book, play, film, or record for a specific length of time

to control or limit something in order to prevent it from having a harmful effect

information or facts

to take goods, letters, packages, etc. to a particular place or person

needing someone or something in order to exist, be successful, be healthy, etc.

to do a scientific test to find out how something reacts under certain conditions, or
to find out if a particular idea is true

to solve a problem or provide what is needed to get a good result

a person who moves information or programs from a computer network to a small

computer

an attempt to do something, especially when this involves a lot of hard work or

determination

to be doing or to become involved in an activity

to get pleasure from doing something

to say that something is much bigger, better, worse, more important, etc. than it
really is

places where people are digging carefully in the ground to find ancient objects,
bones, etc.

to happen or be present in a particular situation or place

to stop shining

someone who secretly uses or changes the information in other people’s computer
systems

causing harm to your health, the environment, etc.

unable or unlikely to hurt anyone or cause damage

a person

not allowed by the law

giving all the separate features and pieces of information about something

a rise in amount, number or degree

the crime of using the Internet to illegally copy and sell computer programs, music,
films, etc.
someone who has been given an important prize or honour

that could cause a person to die

a city that no longer exists

to cause something to become different

the way you feel at a particular time

when someone is very fat in a way that is unhealthy

to ask someone if they would like to have something

a special document that gives you the right to make or sell a new invention or
product that no one else is allowed to copy

a piece of computer software which does a particular job and has already been put
onto a computer before it is sold or used

to make someone suffer because they have done something wrong or broken the
law

(computer) start up again after it has been turned off

to get something that someone has sent or given to you

to depend on something to do what you need to do

a building or place where serious study of a subject is done in order to discover
new facts or test new ideas

someone who works or is trained in science

information that needs to be dealt with very carefully because it is secret

a failure of an electrical system, caused by bad wires or a fault in a connection in

the wires

a new part for a vehicle or machine, that is used to replace a part that is damaged
or broken

the process of cutting into someone’s body to repair their stomach (stomach = the
organ inside your body where food begins to be digested)

to give a plan, piece of writing, etc. to someone in authority for them to consider or
approve

a doctor who does operations in a hospital

to turn off a machine, light, radio, etc. using a switch

something that is done to cure someone who is injured or ill

to experience medical treatment in which a surgeon cuts open your body to repair
or remove something inside
very strange and unusual, and difficult to understand or explain

containing all the different things you need to keep you healthy

a way of connecting computers or other electronic machines to a network or the

Internet by using radio signals rather than wires

a public meeting where land, buildings, paintings, etc. are sold to the person who
offers the most money for them

an animal like a large cow, with hair on its head and shoulders

in which the main aim of the artist is to show an idea, rather than to represent
actual things or people

not developed to a high standard, or made with little skill

a set of shapes, lines or patterns that you draw without really thinking about what
you are doing

moved to a more important rank or level

stopping and starting often and for short periods

not showing respect for organizations, customs, beliefs, etc. that most other people
respect

to praise someone or something

made to feel unimportant or powerless in an unfair way

a painting that is painted on a wall, either inside or outside a building

a person, thing or situation that annoys you or causes problems

a type of reddish-yellow earth used in paints

a natural substance that gives something a particular colour

a building where pigs are kept

seeming to belong to a part of people’s character that is ancient and animal-like

practical knowledge and ability

to hide or move about secretly, trying not to be noticed, especially when you are
intending to do something bad

drops of a thick liquid that have splashed or been thrown onto a surface

something that is done to attract people’s attention, especially in advertising or

politics

secretly trying to damage or destroy the government or an established system

bad-tempered and unfriendly

Example

They made no reference to Franklin in their acceptance speech.

Acids (e.g. lemon juice) have a pH value lower than 7.0.

Addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (x) and division (÷) are the four basic maths
operations.

Who is credited with inventing the first computer algorithm?

Marie Curie discovered radiation, helped apply it in the field of X-rays and coined the term
radioactivity.

An electron moves around the nucleus of an atom.

The brilliant chemist Dorothy Hodgkin was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1964.

A base is a chemical that dissolves in water and combines with an acid to create a salt.

And yet, Mary Anning became an expert in fossils and geology.

An algorithm is a set of rules to be followed in calculations, especially by a computer.

She was the first to recognise that the machine was capable of doing anything, provided it
was programmed correctly.

Marie Curie discovered radiation, helped apply it in the field of X-rays and coined the term
radioactivity.

If you were doing a science project, who would you collaborate with?

Coming from a poor family, she collected fossils on the beach and sold them to make a little
money.

She made a huge contribution to science, but was one of the very few women who gained
the recognition they deserved.

Who is credited with inventing the first computer algorithm?

Addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (x) and division (÷) are the four basic maths
operations.

An electron moves around the nucleus of an atom.

The periodic table, showing all known elements, was invented in 1867 by Russian chemist
Dmitri Mendeleev.

In the equation 2x + 1 = 7, what is x?

She found evidence of animals that had become extinct 100 million years ago.
She died aged thirty-seven, four years before her fellow scientists, all men, were awarded
the Nobel Prize in 1962.

And yet, Mary Anning became an expert in fossils and geology.

The disease affects only a tiny fraction of the population.

She made a huge contribution to science, but was one of the very few women who gained
the recognition they deserved.

Today the gender gap in the world of science is slowly closing.

What software programmes do you have access to at school?

When did Ada Lovelace find out that she had an aptitude for calculations?

A similar injustice happened when British astrophysicist Jocelyn Bell Burnell discovered
radio pulsars.

She made a huge contribution to science, but was one of the very few women who gained
the recognition they deserved.

They made no reference to Franklin in their acceptance speech.

She found fossils of complete marine reptiles that became extinct over 100 million years
ago.

Dorothy Hodgkin was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1964 for discovering the molecular
structure of penicillin and vitamin B12.

Addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (x) and division (÷) are the four basic maths
operations.

What did the US Department of Defence name after Lovelace?

An electron moves around the nucleus of an atom.

Surprisingly, she was not awarded the Nobel Prize for her discovery of radio pulsars in
outer space.

The periodic table, showing all known elements, was invented by Russian chemist Dmitri
Mendeleev.

She was the first to recognise that the machine was capable of doing anything, provided it
was programmed correctly.

Marie Curie discovered radiation and coined the term radioactivity.

Marie Curie discovered radiation and coined the term radioactivity.

In any web search for the world’s famous scientists, Marie Curie always receives a mention.

In cases where women’s achievements were recognised, we still find evidence of

discrimination in the way these were reported in the press.

E = mc2 is Einstein’s most famous equation and helps to explain the theory of relativity.

In what way did Lovelace see the true potential of the computer?

Addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (x) and division (÷) are the four basic maths
operations.

According to the theory of relativity, nothing can travel faster than light.

The speedboat reached a velocity of 120 mph.

Did many women manage to win the respect of their fellow scientists?
Even when the devices should have been switched off, they were bleeping away in the
background.

She now believes all families need to be encouraged to unplug periodically.

Nobody could have predicted the importance of the Internet back in the 1970s.

What happened when mum pulled the plug on technology?

Susan Maushart unplugged her teenagers and for six months the family lived without their
devices.

A report into street crime in the UK has revealed that moped robbery is on the rise.

The police say they are going to bring in new security measures.

Figures have come out that show a sharp rise in moped robberies.

Rail commuters face severe delays because of engineering works.

Thieves take advantage of people who are distracted by their phones.

At the roundabout take the third exit.

Figures have come out that show a sharp rise in moped robberies.

Luke wants a sat-nav to help him figure out which way to go.

The shop assistant says four gigabytes of RAM is not sufficient if Julie wants to go in for
gaming.

Many of the robberies are concentrated around tube stations where tourists often check their
phones or look up directions.

Figures have come out that show a sharp rise in moped robberies.

Luke wants to avoid the motorway.

The number of offences has risen thirty times in five years.

Community punishment is used for less serious offenders.

Do you have anything in that price range?

A report into street crime in the UK has revealed that moped robbery is on the rise.

A report into street crime in the UK has revealed that moped robbery is on the rise.
I don’t know why you insist on going on the motorway when the sat-nav was taking us
another route?

The police say they are going to bring in new security measures.

If you just want to stick to word processing and social networking, it’s a waste of money
buying a more powerful computer.

This one’s a basic laptop with 4 gigabytes of RAM and a terabyte of storage.

The shop assistant says four gigabytes of RAM is not sufficient if Julie wants to go in for
gaming.

Thieves take advantage of people who are distracted by their phones.

Luke was talked into using the sat-nav even though it annoys him.

Moped thieves target mobile phone users.

Mobile thefts are higher on public transport.

I’ll throw in a laptop bag with the more expensive model.

Well, you won’t be looking at a top-of-the-range model for that amount.

Turn around where possible.

Luke was talked into using the sat-nav even though it winds him up.

If you just want to stick to word processing and social networking, it’s a waste of money
buying a more powerful computer.

You should have followed my advice.

A long shower every day may not be advisable, as it removes the ‘good bacteria’ from our
skin.

She needed someone to advise her.

People who suffer from pollen allergy in the summer get worse symptoms in cities where
diesel fumes act as an irritant.

Apply the cream evenly over the skin.

This includes bacteria, viruses, fungi and archaea, each with their own DNA, and together
they are known as the human microbiome.

Research shows that children who grow up on farms are less likely to have problems like
allergies and asthma.

Over recent years the gut microbiome has been associated with a wide range of conditions
such as diabetes, autism, depression and obesity.
Happiness is beneficial for the body but it is grief that develops the powers of the mind.

They are working together to benefit the whole community.

Children who grow up on farms are exposed to a wonderful biodiversity of bacteria in the
soil, rich in beneficial microbes.

Instead, think about how the bacteria in its saliva may be boosting your immune system.

The average adult has just under 40 trillion microbial cells and about 30 trillion human
ones.

If you chop vegetables on your chopping board, you can wait until after your meal to wash
it up.

In recent times, sanitation and cleanliness have dramatically improved our health.

Different parts of the body all have very different communities of microbes.

Asthma is a condition that causes breathing difficulties.

Over recent years the gut microbiome has been associated with a wide range of conditions
such as diabetes, autism, depression and obesity.

Microbiome-derived medicine may well be the future of precision medicine.

Rubbing your hands with soap detaches the germs from your skin.

Over recent years the gut microbiome has been associated with a wide range of conditions
such as diabetes, autism, depression and obesity.

Most babies can digest a wide range of food easily.

Microbes regulate the immune system, provide nutrients for our cells, help digestion and
protect us against disease.

90 percent of this microscopic life is hidden away in our digestive system.

I’d never suggest skipping the essentials, such as washing your hands.

The solution for fighting the wrong kind of bacteria isn’t excessive cleaning, but the right
kind of cleaning.

Children who grow up on farms are exposed to a wonderful biodiversity of bacteria in the
soil, rich in beneficial microbes.

Children are at the highest risk of being affected because their immune systems aren’t
strong enough to fight off infections.
In fact, each individual has a unique gut microbiome, as personal as a fingerprint.

People who suffer from pollen allergy in the summer get worse symptoms in cities where
diesel fumes act as an irritant.

This includes bacteria, viruses, fungi and archaea, each with their own DNA, and together
they are known as the human microbiome.

Obesity and Type 2 diabetes are not only due to lifestyle or genetic factors but also to
traffic-related air pollution.

Rubbing your hands with soap detaches the germs from your skin.

Others only become harmful if they get in the wrong place or grow in number.

In fact, each individual has a unique gut microbiome, as personal as a fingerprint.

Whenever a doctor cannot do good, he must be kept from doing harm.

Others only become harmful if they get in the wrong place or grow in number.

90 percent of this microscopic life is hidden away in our digestive system.

Instead, think about how the bacteria in its saliva may be boosting your immune system.

If you’ve chopped raw fish or meat, instant action is required or you may increase the risk
of infection.

What impact do pathogens have on the body?

The women took an instant dislike to one another.

People who suffer from pollen allergy in the summer get worse symptoms in cities where
diesel fumes act as an irritant.

It is thought that 90 percent of disease can be linked back in some way to the gut and the
health of the microbiome.

If they breathe in polluted air over a long period, they may develop asthma or other lung
conditions.

Patients in hospitals are medicated with various drugs.

Garlic is believed to have medicinal properties.

Microbiome-derived medicine may well be the future of precision medicine.

Children who grow up on farms are exposed to a wonderful biodiversity of bacteria in the
soil, rich in beneficial microbes.

This includes bacteria, viruses, fungi and archaea, each with their own DNA, and together
they are known as the human microbiome.
Caffeine stimulates the nervous system.

So the question is, how can we avoid disease from the bad bacteria while nurturing the good
bacteria?

Microbes regulate the immune system, provide nutrients for our cells, help digestion and
protect us against disease.

Over recent years the gut microbiome has been associated with a wide range of conditions
such as diabetes, autism, depression and obesity.

What impact do pathogens have on the body?

People who suffer from pollen allergy in the summer get worse symptoms in cities where
diesel fumes act as an irritant.

Microbes regulate the immune system, provide nutrients for our cells, help digestion and
protect us against disease.

Take care when you chop raw fish or meat.

Microbes regulate the immune system, help digestion and protect us against disease.

There seem to be so many rules and regulations these days.

The industry has set up a number of regulatory bodies.

Jane has been experiencing problems with her respiratory system.

It has also been linked to how individuals respond to certain drugs (and is affected by the
drugs we take, such as antibiotics).

An allergy is the response of the body’s immune system to some substances.

Her condition is not responsive to drug therapy.

Leave the shampoo for two minutes, then rinse it off with warm water.

If you’ve chopped raw fish or meat, instant action is required or you may increase the risk
of infection.

Rub all surfaces of the hands thoroughly for at least fifteen seconds.

Instead, think about how the bacteria in its saliva may be boosting your immune system.

In recent times, sanitation and cleanliness have dramatically improved our health.

I carry a hand sanitiser that I use regularly throughout the day to keep my hands clean.

I’d never suggest skipping the essentials, such as washing your hands.
Dogs are also good for helping you to develop healthy bacteria – next time a slobbery dog
jumps up at you, don’t push it away.

Children who grow up on farms are exposed to a wonderful biodiversity of bacteria in the
soil, rich in beneficial microbes.

My house is spotless and you won’t see a dirty dish in the kitchen.

We need to strike the right balance between keeping obsessively clean and learning to live
with the bacteria around us.

Apply soap and water, and rub all surfaces of the hands thoroughly for at least fifteen
seconds.

Apply soap and water, and rub all surfaces of the hands thoroughly for at least fifteen
seconds.

There are known to have been several other civilisations who contributed to the
advancement of mathematics.

The next big breakthrough was probably in 500 AD, when the Indians invented ‘zero’.

A decreasing number of students are expected to be doing Maths at university in the future.

Around 500BC, Pythagoras is understood to have come up with the idea of odd and even
numbers.

An increasing number of students are expected to be doing Maths at university in the future.
We know that most mathematical symbols were invented in the 1500s.

He is believed to have been taking a bath when he made the discovery, and leapt out
shouting ‘Eureka!’

Archimedes discovered how to measure the volume of an object with an irregular shape.

It could be argued that our ‘Arabic numerals’ should rather be known as ‘Indian numerals’.

Around 500BC, Pythagoras is understood to have come up with the idea of odd and even
numbers.

For centuries, scholars have attempted to explain this phenomenon.

There are said to be unlimited opportunities for mathematicians.

Archimedes discovered how to measure the volume of an object with an irregular shape.

Explore the latest developments in robotics and artificial intelligence.

I asked for clarification on a couple of points.

I’m Sam and I’m an ‘Explainer’ here at the exhibition.

It’s actually a fully-automated remote surgical unit.

I’d rather kick back with my friends than stare at a screen for hours on end.

Out exhibition presents various mind-blowing machines – from self-driving cars to robo-
cops.

The surgeon said she had performed the operation many times before.

The two robotic arms here provide a greater range of movement than the human hand.

It’s actually a fully-automated remote surgical unit.

It’s a kind of robotic surgeon that can be controlled from anywhere in the world.

Whoa! What’s this? It looks a bit scary.

The two robotic arms here are actually steadier than the human hand.

It’s actually a fully-automated remote surgical unit.

Some phones and tablets already understand voice commands.

I always say I’ve got lots of Facebook friends, but actually I’ve only got 100.

It is also used to find evidence of the speed at which the deserts are advancing.
How would your location be affected if only three satellites were in sight?

So it seems, after all, that money doesn’t buy you happiness.

My mother and I are alike in many ways.

You shouldn’t leave a child alone in the house.

You can ask me for help if problems arise.

Her doctor has assured us that she’ll be fine.

You can breathe in deeply or take a deep breath.

You can breathe in deeply or take a deep breath.

The passage cited above is from a Robert Frost poem.

Many innocent civilians were killed during the war.

In 1983 US President Reagan made a historic decision to let all civilian commercial aircraft
use it.

The exhibition booklet comprises fifty pages and contains all the data about the exhibits.

I was very conscious of the fact that I had to make a good impression.

I always say I’ve got lots of Facebook friends, but currently I’ve only got 100.
The exhibition booklet comprises fifty pages and contains all the data about the exhibits.

What’s today’s date?

She has no dependants.

It is also used to find evidence of the speed at which the deserts are advancing.

What are we having for dessert?

GPS isn’t just for determining location.

Economic growth is slow.

Are you economical? Do you hate waste?

Her parents’ divorce had a big effect on her.

He emigrated to Australia as a young man.

Twenty-four satellites ensure that at least four satellites are in sight of any location on Earth
at all times.

Originally the system consisted of six satellites which eventually grew to ten.

Four satellites are needed to provide data to calculate an exact position.

After several delays we finally took off at six o'clock.

GPS helps farmers by gathering data about soil.

We love our family doctor. He’s a genial guy.

In 1983 US President Reagan made a historic decision to let all civilian commercial aircraft
use it.

It is important to look at the novel in its historical context.

It is also used to find evidence of the speed at which the ice caps are melting.

His father and mother immigrated when he was two.

That, in a nutshell, is the principle on which the GPS is based.

Does the price include postage?

Have you insured the contents of your home?

Lastly, could I ask all of you to keep this information secret.

What have you been doing lately?

John was laying the table.

Do you lie on your front when you’re sleeping?

The project looks likely to fail.

Birds use the sun and stars to ensure that they know where north is located.
A lone figure was standing at the bus stop.

Technology is useful, but it makes you lonely.

This tooth feels very loose.

When he was writing, he lost all sense of time.

Many species of bird migrate twice a year often travelling long distances.

She had met Zahid on two separate occasions.

Will you ever get an opportunity to go to Australia?

It takes hours of practice to learn to play the guitar.

She is in her room practising the guitar.

What was the purpose of the original US system that preceded GPS?

His principal reason for making the journey was to visit his family.

That, in a nutshell, is the principle on which the GPS is based.

The government was determined to proceed with the election.

GPS helps farmers by gathering data about soil, weather patterns and expected rainfall.

Can you raise the lamp so I can see?

The GPS receiver measures the distance to three satellites by the amount of time it takes to
receive a transmitted signal.

The rise in antisocial behaviour is due to too much screen time.

It’s sensible to keep a note of your passport number.

Birds are sensitive to light and use the sun and stars to ensure that they know where north is
located.

How would your location be affected if only three satellites were in sight?

The house is built on the site of a medieval prison.

A fourth satellite is used to account for Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity, that
time moves faster for those satellites that are further from sources of gravity.

Originally the system was built by the US Navy to locate submarines.

These figures do not take into account changes in the rate of inflation.

GPS helps farmers by gathering data about soil, weather patterns and expected rainfall.
GPS can even predict whether a natural disaster is likely and help to manage the
consequences.

Their office, in the basement of the house, remained locked at all times.

‘What is this?’ gasped Robert.

So why could she hear giggling coming from the bedroom?

A small group had gone downstairs and seen a strange blue glow coming from under one of
the doors.

The company moved its headquarters to Houston.

Tom saw two sets of piercing red eyes staring out of the darkness at him.

He jumped to his feet, screaming in terror.

She sighed with frustration and told the system to reboot for the third time.

‘What do you want?’ Mike snapped.

‘Please let me out!’ she sobbed.

‘Keep still!’ she whispered as quietly as possible.

‘Here I am!’ I yelled.

She believes the game is affecting his moods.

The phone has got some pre-installed applications.

It was argued that the archaeologists had damaged some artefacts during the excavations.

It was argued that the archaeologists had damaged some artefacts during the excavations.

It was argued that the archaeologists had damaged some artefacts during the excavations.

You’d be better off studying for your driving exam next month.

She is concerned about his health.

Even primary school pupils are expected to do lots of experiments nowadays.

I was made to wait four hours before I was examined by a doctor.

Some writers believe that the lost city of Atlantis existed until the ninth century BC.
To connect to the Internet, you should go to settings.

Reports suggest that one in five British people engage in some form of copyright
infringement.

The new measures are not severe enough to curb the growing number of Internet users
downloading illegally.

The police think that a dangerous hacker has been stealing sensitive data for over a year.

The spare parts should have been delivered a week ago.

As a society, we’ve become dependent on road vehicles.

Even primary school pupils are expected to do lots of experiments nowadays.

When I saw Julia last week, she looked much better, so I guess the treatment she received
must have done the trick.

New laws are set to punish illegal downloaders more harshly.

The entertainment industry is set to launch a new scheme in an effort to combat the high
levels of Internet piracy.

Reports suggest that one in five British people engage in some form of copyright
infringement.
My younger brother doesn’t enjoy being told to switch his computer off every evening at 8
p.m.

Oh, come on. Don’t exaggerate.

It was argued that the archaeologists had damaged some artefacts during the excavations.

Some writers believe that the lost city of Atlantis existed until the ninth century BC.

It’s not clear why the lights went out. They say there was a short circuit.

The police think that a dangerous hacker has been stealing sensitive data for over a year.

When air pollution levels are high, we all breathe in tiny particles of substances that are
harmful to our health.

Our dog makes a lot of noise, but he's perfectly harmless.

Do you think robots will ever be able to think like human beings?

New laws are set to punish illegal downloaders more harshly.

Your invention needs to be described in detail before you submit it to the Patent Office.

Internet piracy is on the increase again.

Internet piracy is on the increase again.

A place at the research station was offered to Tiago after he had become a laureate in a
national competition in physics.

As an asthma sufferer, for me the effects of air pollution are not just unpleasant, but
potentially life-threatening.

Some writers believe that the lost city of Atlantis existed until the ninth century BC.

What changes might robots make in our homes?

She believes the game is affecting his moods.

Well-balanced meals at school might help to solve the problem of obesity among pupils.

A place at the research station has been offered to Tiago after he had become a laureate in a
national competition in physics.

Your invention needs to be described in detail before you submit it to the Patent Office.

The phone has got some pre-installed applications.

New laws are set to punish illegal downloaders more harshly.

Your computer should reboot automatically.

Illegal downloaders are to receive a new kind of warning.

Do you think we rely on computers too much?

A place at the research station has been offered to Imogen because she was the best
candidate.

Grace Hopper was a computer scientist who coined the term ‘debugging’.

The police think that a dangerous hacker has been stealing sensitive data for over a year.

It’s not clear why the lights went out. They say there was a short circuit.

The spare parts should have been delivered a week ago.

Mr Jenkins was made to undergo a stomach operation by his surgeon.

Your invention needs to be described in detail before you submit it to the Patent Office.

Mr Jenkins was made to undergo a stomach operation by his surgeon.

My younger brother doesn’t enjoy being told to switch his computer off every evening at 8
p.m.

When I saw Julia last week, she looked much better, so I guess the treatment she received
must have done the trick.

Mr Jenkins was made to undergo a stomach operation by his surgeon.

That’s weird. It should be simple enough.

Well-balanced meals at school might help to solve the problem of obesity among pupils.

The ‘Wi-fi‘ option isn’t on.

This week 14 of his paintings were put up for auction.

The Yellowstone herd is directly descended from those last surviving bison.

At first sight, much of this conceptual art seems or overly theoretical.

She came upon a crude wooden bridge.

The pad next to the phone was covered in doodles.

Graffiti like this has been turned into that elevated thing called 'street art'.

The weather forecast is for sun, with intermittent showers.

He has an irreverent sense of humour.

She has been rightly lauded for her courage and determination.
Female employees complained of feeling marginalized.

There was a huge mural of Monument Valley on the wall.

The dogs next door are a real nuisance.

These figurines were often painted with red ochre.

The artist Sandy Lee uses natural pigments in her work.

She saw her father trudging back from the pigsty toward the house.

What primal urge makes these men want to ride the bull?

She’s obviously got a lot of political savvy.

He was still skulking around outside when they left the building.

Where did those splats of mud come from?

Todd flew over the city in a hot-air balloon as a publicity stunt.

They were accused of taking part in subversive activities.

Passengers complained about the surly staff.

Translation
Unit 7
7.1 Woordenschat
a speech given by someone when they officially accept a
prize or award
dankwoord They made no reference to Franklin in their acceptance
speech.

a chemical substance that has a pH of less than 7. Strong

zuur acids can burn holes in material or damage your skin
Acids (e.g. lemon juice) have a pH value lower than 7.0.

the process of adding numbers or amounts to make a

optellen total
Addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (x) and
division (÷) are the four basic maths operations.
a set of instructions that are followed in a fixed order and
used for solving a mathematical problem, making a
algoritme computer program, etc.
Who is credited with inventing the first computer
algorithm?
to use something such as a method, idea or law in a
particular situation, activity or process
toepassen Marie Curie discovered radiation, helped apply it in the
field of X-rays and coined the term radioactivity.

the smallest part of an element that can exist alone or can

atoom combine with other substances to form a molecule
An electron moves around the nucleus of an atom.

to officially give someone something to reward them for

something they have done
een prijs toekennen The brilliant chemist Dorothy Hodgkin was awarded the
Nobel Prize in 1964.

a chemical substance that combines with an acid to form

a salt
basis A base is a chemical that dissolves in water and
combines with an acid to create a salt.

to gain a special skill or special knowledge of a subject,

as a result of training or experience
een expert worden in And yet, Mary Anning became an expert in fossils and
geology.

when you use numbers in order to find out an amount,

price or value
berekening An algorithm is a set of rules to be followed in
calculations, especially by a computer.
 having the qualities or ability needed to do something
in staat om iets te doen She was the first to recognise that the machine was
capable of doing anything, provided it was programmed
correctly.
to invent a new word or expression, especially one that
many people start to use
een term munten Marie Curie discovered radiation, helped apply it in the
field of X-rays and coined the term radioactivity.

to work together with a person or group in order to

achieve something, especially in science or art
samenwerken met If you were doing a science project, who would you
collaborate with?

to get things of the same type from different places and

bring them together
verzamelen Coming from a poor family, she collected fossils on the
beach and sold them to make a little money.

something that you give or do in order to help something

be successful
She made a huge contribution to science, but was one of
bijdrage the very few women who gained the recognition they
deserved.

to believe or admit that someone has achieved something

or done something good
iemand de credits geven Who is credited with inventing the first computer
algorithm?

the process of finding out how many times one number

is contained in another
delen Addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (x) and
division (÷) are the four basic maths operations.

a very small piece of matter with a negative electrical

elektron charge that moves around the nucleus (=central part) of
an atom
An electron moves around the nucleus of an atom.
a simple chemical substance such as carbon or oxygen
that consists of atoms of only one kind
element The periodic table, showing all known elements, was
invented in 1867 by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev.

a statement in mathematics that shows that two amounts

vergelijking or totals are equal
In the equation 2x + 1 = 7, what is x?

(type of animal or plant) that does not exist anymore

uitgestorven She found evidence of animals that had become extinct
100 million years ago.
 people that someone works with in science
collega-wetenschappers She died aged thirty-seven, four years before her fellow
scientists, all men, were awarded the Nobel Prize in
1962.
an animal or plant that lived many thousands of years
ago and that has been preserved, or the shape of one of
these animals or plants that has been preserved in rock
fossiel And yet, Mary Anning became an expert in fossils and
geology.

a very small amount of something

fractie The disease affects only a tiny fraction of the population.
to get public respect and thanks for your work or
achievements
She made a huge contribution to science, but was one of
erkenning krijgen the very few women who gained the recognition they
deserved.

a difference between men and women

genderkloof Today the gender gap in the world of science is slowly
closing.

to have the opportunity to use something

toegang hebben tot What software programmes do you have access to at
school?

to have a natural ability or skill, especially in learning

aanleg hebben voor When did Ada Lovelace find out that she had an aptitude
for calculations?

a situation in which people are treated very unfairly and

not given their rights
onrecht A similar injustice happened when British astrophysicist
Jocelyn Bell Burnell discovered radio pulsars.

to give or do something in order to help something

happen or be successful
She made a huge contribution to science, but was one of
een bijdrage leveren the very few women who gained the recognition they
deserved.

to mention or speak about someone or something

verwijzen naar / refereren aan They made no reference to Franklin in their acceptance
speech.
 a type of animal, such as a sea turtle or sea snake, that
lives in the sea and whose body temperature changes
according to the temperature around it, and that usually
marien reptiel lays eggs to have babies
She found fossils of complete marine reptiles that
became extinct over 100 million years ago.

the way in which a substance's molecules (molecule =

the smallest unit into which any substance can be divided
without losing its own chemical nature, usually
consisting of two or more atoms) are connected with
each other and form a whole
moleculaire structuur
Dorothy Hodgkin was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1964
for discovering the molecular structure of penicillin and
vitamin B12.

a method of calculating in which you add a number to

itself a particular number of times
vermenigvuldigen Addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (x) and
division (÷) are the four basic maths operations.

to give something the same name as a particular person

iets vernoemen naar iemand What did the US Department of Defence name after
Lovelace?

the central part of an atom

kern An electron moves around the nucleus of an atom.
the space outside the Earth’s air, where the planets and
stars are
ruimte / heelal Surprisingly, she was not awarded the Nobel Prize for
her discovery of radio pulsars in outer space.

a list of elements (elements = simple chemical

substances) arranged according to the structure of their
periodiek systeem atoms
The periodic table, showing all known elements, was
invented by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev.
used to say that something will only be possible if
something else happens or is done
mits She was the first to recognise that the machine was
capable of doing anything, provided it was programmed
correctly.
the sending out of radiation (= a form of energy) when
the nucleus (= central part) of an atom has broken apart
radioactiviteit Marie Curie discovered radiation and coined the term
radioactivity.
 a form of energy that comes especially from nuclear
reactions, which in large amounts is very harmful to
living things
straling Marie Curie discovered radiation and coined the term
radioactivity.

to be talked or written about, usually quickly and without

many details
een vermelding krijgen In any web search for the world’s famous scientists,
Marie Curie always receives a mention.

to realize that someone has succeeded in doing

something important or very good
In cases where women’s achievements were recognised,
een prestatie erkennen we still find evidence of discrimination in the way these
were reported in the press.

the relationship in physics between time, space and

movement according to Einstein’s theory
relativiteit E = mc2 is Einstein’s most famous equation and helps to
explain the theory of relativity.

to realize that it is possible that something will develop

in a certain way or be able to do something
het potentieel zien In what way did Lovelace see the true potential of the
computer?

the process of taking a number or amount from a larger

number or amount
aftrekken Addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (x) and
division (÷) are the four basic maths operations.

Einstein's set of ideas that explain the relationship in

physics between time, space and movement
relativiteitstheorie According to the theory of relativity, nothing can travel
faster than light.

the speed of something that is moving in a particular

snelheid direction
The speedboat reached a velocity of 120 mph.

to start to be admired by someone because of your

achievements, good qualities, etc.
het respect winnen Did many women manage to win the respect of their
fellow scientists?

7.2 Grammatica
 to make a high electronic sound
piepen Even when the devices should have been switched off,
they were bleeping away in the background.

regularly and fairly often

periodiek She now believes all families need to be encouraged to
unplug periodically.

to say that something will happen, before it happens

voorspellen Nobody could have predicted the importance of the
Internet back in the 1970s.

a small object at the end of a wire that is used for

connecting a piece of electrical equipment to the main
stekker supply of electricity
What happened when mum pulled the plug on
technology?
to disconnect a piece of electrical equipment by pulling
its plug out of a socket
loskoppelen Susan Maushart unplugged her teenagers and for six
months the family lived without their devices.

7.3 Luisteren

(to be) increasing

in opkomst (zijn) A report into street crime in the UK has revealed that
moped robbery is on the rise.

to introduce a new law

toepassen The police say they are going to bring in new security
measures.

to be published or become publicly known

naar buiten komen Figures have come out that show a sharp rise in moped
robberies.

someone who travels a long distance to work every day

forens Rail commuters face severe delays because of
engineering works.

having your attention taken away from something by

being made to look at or listen to something else
afgeleid Thieves take advantage of people who are distracted by
their phones.

a place where vehicles can leave a road such as a

afslag motorway, and join another road
At the roundabout take the third exit.
 a number representing an amount, especially an official
number
cijfer Figures have come out that show a sharp rise in moped
robberies.

to think about a problem or situation until you find the

answer or understand what has happened
iets uitzoeken Luke wants a sat-nav to help him figure out which way
to go.

to do or use something often because you enjoy it or like

gaan voor it
The shop assistant says four gigabytes of RAM is not
sufficient if Julie wants to go in for gaming.
to try to find instructions on a map, mobile phone, etc.
about how to get from one place to another
Many of the robberies are concentrated around tube
de routebeschrijving opzoeken stations where tourists often check their phones or look
up directions.

a small two-wheeled vehicle with an engine

bromfiets Figures have come out that show a sharp rise in moped
robberies.

a very wide road for travelling fast over long distances,

snelweg especially between cities
Luke wants to avoid the motorway.

an illegal action or a crime

overtreding The number of offences has risen thirty times in five
years.
someone who is guilty of a crime
overtreder Community punishment is used for less serious
offenders.
the upper and lower limits within which the price (price
prijsbereik / prijs-range = amount of money that you have to pay) of something
varies
Do you have anything in that price range?
to let people know about something that has not been
known until now
onthullen A report into street crime in the UK has revealed that
moped robbery is on the rise.

the crime of stealing money or things from a bank, shop,

etc., especially using violence
diefstal A report into street crime in the UK has revealed that
moped robbery is on the rise.
 a piece of electronic equipment in a car that can tell you
which way you need to go by using information received
from a satellite
satellietnavigatie I don’t know why you insist on going on the motorway
when the sat-nav was taking us another route?

actions that are done to keep a person, building or

country safe from danger or crime
veiligheidsmaatregelen The police say they are going to bring in new security
measures.

to keep using or doing one particular thing and not

change to anything else
If you just want to stick to word processing and social
blijven bij networking, it’s a waste of money buying a more
powerful computer.

the way that information is kept on a computer

opslag This one’s a basic laptop with 4 gigabytes of RAM and a
terabyte of storage.

as much as is needed for a particular purpose

voldoende The shop assistant says four gigabytes of RAM is not
sufficient if Julie wants to go in for gaming.

to use a particular situation to do or get what you want

profiteren van Thieves take advantage of people who are distracted by
their phones.

to persuade someone to do something

iemand overhalen Luke was talked into using the sat-nav even though it
annoys him.

to choose a particular person or place to attack or rob

richten op Moped thieves target mobile phone users.
an act of stealing something
diefstal Mobile thefts are higher on public transport.
to add something to what you are selling, without
iets erbij doen increasing the price
I’ll throw in a laptop bag with the more expensive
model.
used to describe the best or most expensive products in a
range of products
topklasse Well, you won’t be looking at a top-of-the-range model
for that amount.

to make a vehicle move so that it is travelling in the

omkeren opposite direction
Turn around where possible.
 to annoy or worry someone
iemand gek maken Luke was talked into using the sat-nav even though it
winds him up.

the activity of writing, storing and printing documents

using a computer
If you just want to stick to word processing and social
tekstverwerking networking, it’s a waste of money buying a more
powerful computer.

7.4 Lezen

an opinion you give someone about what they should do

advies You should have followed my advice.
that should be done in order to avoid problems or risks
raadzaam A long shower every day may not be advisable, as it
removes the ‘good bacteria’ from our skin.

to tell someone what you think they should do, especially

adviseren when you know more than they do about something
She needed someone to advise her.

a medical condition in which you become ill or in which

your skin becomes red and painful because you have
eaten or touched a particular substance
allergie People who suffer from pollen allergy in the summer get
worse symptoms in cities where diesel fumes act as an
irritant.

to put or spread something such as paint, liquid or

van toepassing zijn medicine onto a surface
Apply the cream evenly over the skin.

very small living things that consist of a single cell and

are similar to bacteria
This includes bacteria, viruses, fungi and archaea, each
archaea / micro-organismen with their own DNA, and together they are known as the
human microbiome.

a medical condition that causes difficulties in breathing

astma Research shows that children who grow up on farms are
less likely to have problems like allergies and asthma.

a mental condition that makes it difficult for people to

communicate properly, or to form relationships
Over recent years the gut microbiome has been
autisme associated with a wide range of conditions such as
diabetes, autism, depression and obesity.
 having a good effect
gunstig / goed Happiness is beneficial for the body but it is grief that
develops the powers of the mind.

to help or give an advantage to someone or improve their

voordeel life
They are working together to benefit the whole
community.
the variety of plants and animals in a particular place
Children who grow up on farms are exposed to a
biodiversiteit wonderful biodiversity of bacteria in the soil, rich in
beneficial microbes.

to increase or improve something and make it more

successful
versterken Instead, think about how the bacteria in its saliva may be
boosting your immune system.

the smallest part of a living thing that can exist

independently
cel The average adult has just under 40 trillion microbial
cells and about 30 trillion human ones.

a large piece of wood or plastic that you cut meat or

vegetables on when you are cooking
snijplank If you chop vegetables on your chopping board, you can
wait until after your meal to wash it up.

the practice of keeping yourself or the things around you

clean
netheid In recent times, sanitation and cleanliness have
dramatically improved our health.

a group of plants or animals that live in the same

environment
gemeenschap Different parts of the body all have very different
communities of microbes.

an illness or health problem that affects you permanently

conditie or for a very long time
Asthma is a condition that causes breathing difficulties.

a medical condition that makes you very unhappy and

anxious and often prevents you from living a normal life
Over recent years the gut microbiome has been
depressie associated with a wide range of conditions such as
diabetes, autism, depression and obesity.

obtained from something

afgeleid Microbiome-derived medicine may well be the future of
precision medicine.
 to make something become separated from the thing it
was attached to
losmaken Rubbing your hands with soap detaches the germs from
your skin.

a serious disease in which there is too much sugar in

your blood
Over recent years the gut microbiome has been
diabetes associated with a wide range of conditions such as
diabetes, autism, depression and obesity.

to change food that you have just eaten into substances

verteren that your body can use
Most babies can digest a wide range of food easily.

the process of changing food that you have just eaten

into substances that your body can use
spijsvertering Microbes regulate the immune system, provide nutrients
for our cells, help digestion and protect us against
disease.
the group of organs and processes inside the body that
are connected with the process of changing food that you
have just eaten into substances that your body can use
spijsverteringssysteem 90 percent of this microscopic life is hidden away in our
digestive system.

the basic and most important things that need to be done

essentiële zaken I’d never suggest skipping the essentials, such as
washing your hands.

much more than is reasonable or necessary

buitensporig The solution for fighting the wrong kind of bacteria isn’t
excessive cleaning, but the right kind of cleaning.

put in a situation where someone is allowed to

experience something or is not protected from something
dangerous or unpleasant
blootgesteld Children who grow up on farms are exposed to a
wonderful biodiversity of bacteria in the soil, rich in
beneficial microbes.

to try hard to get rid of something, especially an illness

or a feeling
Children are at the highest risk of being affected because
afweren their immune systems aren’t strong enough to fight off
infections.
 a mark made by the pattern of lines at the end of a
person’s finger, which is used by the police to find out
who has committed a crime
vingerafdruk In fact, each individual has a unique gut microbiome, as
personal as a fingerprint.

strong-smelling gas or smoke that is unpleasant to

breathe in
People who suffer from pollen allergy in the summer get
dampen worse symptoms in cities where diesel fumes act as an
irritant.

simple types of plant that have no leaves or flowers and

that grow on plants or other surfaces
This includes bacteria, viruses, fungi and archaea, each
schimmels with their own DNA, and together they are known as the
human microbiome.

one of the things that affects how the qualities of living

things are passed on in their genes (gene = a part of a cell
in a living thing that controls what it looks like, how it
genetische factor grows and how it develops)
Obesity and Type 2 diabetes are not only due to lifestyle
or genetic factors but also to traffic-related air pollution.

a very small living thing that can make you ill

ziektekiemen Rubbing your hands with soap detaches the germs from
your skin.

to increase in amount
groeien in aantal Others only become harmful if they get in the wrong
place or grow in number.

the tube through which food passes from your stomach

darm In fact, each individual has a unique gut microbiome, as
personal as a fingerprint.

damage, injury or problems caused by someone’s actions

or by an event
schade Whenever a doctor cannot do good, he must be kept
from doing harm.

causing physical harm

schadelijk Others only become harmful if they get in the wrong
place or grow in number.

difficult to see or find

verstopt 90 percent of this microscopic life is hidden away in our
digestive system.
 the system by which your body protects itself against
disease
immuunsysteem Instead, think about how the bacteria in its saliva may be
boosting your immune system.

the process of causing or getting a disease

infectie If you’ve chopped raw fish or meat, instant action is
required or you may increase the risk of infection.

the effect or influence that an event, situation, etc. has on

gevolg / impact someone or something
What impact do pathogens have on the body?

happening or produced immediately

direct The women took an instant dislike to one another.
a substance that can make a part of your body painful
and sore
People who suffer from pollen allergy in the summer get
irriterend worse symptoms in cities where diesel fumes act as an
irritant.

shown to be caused by or connected to something

teruggelinkt naar It is thought that 90 percent of disease can be linked back
in some way to the gut and the health of the microbiome.

an illness or health problem that affects your lungs

(lungs = the two organs in your body that you breathe
longaandoening with)
If they breathe in polluted air over a long period, they
may develop asthma or other lung conditions.
to give medicine or drugs to people who are ill
medicijnen krijgen Patients in hospitals are medicated with various drugs.
used for treating medical problems
geneeskrachtig Garlic is believed to have medicinal properties.
the treatment and study of illnesses and injuries
geneesmiddel Microbiome-derived medicine may well be the future of
precision medicine.

an extremely small living thing which you can only see if

you use a microscope. Some microbes can cause
diseases.
microbe Children who grow up on farms are exposed to a
wonderful biodiversity of bacteria in the soil, rich in
beneficial microbes.
all the microbes that live in a particular environment, for
example on or in our bodies
This includes bacteria, viruses, fungi and archaea, each
microbioom with their own DNA, and together they are known as the
human microbiome.
 your nerves, brain and spinal cord, with which your body
zenuwstelsel feels pain, heat, etc. and your movements are controlled
Caffeine stimulates the nervous system.

to take care of something while it is growing and

developing
koesteren So the question is, how can we avoid disease from the
bad bacteria while nurturing the good bacteria?

chemicals or food that provide what is needed for plants

or animals to live and grow
voedingsstoffen Microbes regulate the immune system, provide nutrients
for our cells, help digestion and protect us against
disease.
when someone is very fat in a way that is unhealthy
Over recent years the gut microbiome has been
zwaarlijvigheid / obesitas associated with a wide range of conditions such as
diabetes, autism, depression and obesity.

something that causes disease in your body

pathogeen What impact do pathogens have on the body?
a medical condition, like a bad cold, that is caused by
breathing in pollen (pollen = dust from plants)
People who suffer from pollen allergy in the summer get
pollenallergie worse symptoms in cities where diesel fumes act as an
irritant.

to produce or supply something useful

voorzien van Microbes regulate the immune system, provide nutrients
for our cells, help digestion and protect us against
disease.
not cooked
rauw Take care when you chop raw fish or meat.
to control the way your body works
reguleren Microbes regulate the immune system, help digestion
and protect us against disease.

an official rule or order

regulatie There seem to be so many rules and regulations these
days.
having the official power to control an activity and to
regelgevend make sure that it is done in a satisfactory way
The industry has set up a number of regulatory bodies.

the system of organs in the body relating to the process

of breathing
luchtwegen Jane has been experiencing problems with her
respiratory system.
 to do something as a reaction to something that has been
done
It has also been linked to how individuals respond to
reageren certain drugs (and is affected by the drugs we take, such
as antibiotics).

something that is done as a reaction to something that

has happened
reactie An allergy is the response of the body’s immune system
to some substances.

reacting quickly, in a positive way

snel reagerend Her condition is not responsive to drug therapy.
to remove soap, dirt, etc. from something by washing it
quickly with water
spoelen Leave the shampoo for two minutes, then rinse it off
with warm water.

the possibility of causing or getting a disease

risico op infectie If you’ve chopped raw fish or meat, instant action is
required or you may increase the risk of infection.

to make something press against something else and

move it around
wrijven Rub all surfaces of the hands thoroughly for at least
fifteen seconds.

the liquid that is produced naturally in your mouth

speeksel Instead, think about how the bacteria in its saliva may be
boosting your immune system.

the protection of public health by removing

and treating waste, dirty water, etc.
sanitaire voorzieningen In recent times, sanitation and cleanliness have
dramatically improved our health.

a liquid or other substance that you use to clean

something thoroughly, removing dirt and bacteria
ontsmettingsmiddel I carry a hand sanitiser that I use regularly throughout the
day to keep my hands clean.

to not do something that you usually do or that you

should do
overslaan I’d never suggest skipping the essentials, such as
washing your hands.
 having saliva (saliva = the liquid produced by your
mouth) coming out of its mouth and running down
Dogs are also good for helping you to develop healthy
kwijlerig bacteria – next time a slobbery dog jumps up at you,
don’t push it away.

the top layer of the earth in which plants grow

Children who grow up on farms are exposed to a
bodem wonderful biodiversity of bacteria in the soil, rich in
beneficial microbes.

completely clean
vlekkeloos My house is spotless and you won’t see a dirty dish in
the kitchen.

to give the correct amount of importance or attention to

two separate things
We need to strike the right balance between keeping
een balans vinden obsessively clean and learning to live with the bacteria
around us.

the outside or top layer of something

oppervlakte Apply soap and water, and rub all surfaces of the hands
thoroughly for at least fifteen seconds.

carefully and completely, including every possible detail

grondig Apply soap and water, and rub all surfaces of the hands
thoroughly for at least fifteen seconds.

7.5 Grammatica

progress or development in something

vooruitgang There are known to have been several other civilisations
who contributed to the advancement of mathematics.

an important new discovery in something you are

studying, especially one made after trying for a long time
doorbraak The next big breakthrough was probably in 500 AD,
when the Indians invented ‘zero’.

becoming less or going down to a lower level

afnemend A decreasing number of students are expected to be
doing Maths at university in the future.

a number that can be divided exactly by two

even getal Around 500BC, Pythagoras is understood to have come
up with the idea of odd and even numbers.

becoming more or going up to a higher level

toenemend An increasing number of students are expected to be
doing Maths at university in the future.
 to make, design or think of a new type of thing
uitvinden We know that most mathematical symbols were invented
in the 1500s.

to move out of a place very quickly and with a lot of

eruit springen energy
He is believed to have been taking a bath when he made
the discovery, and leapt out shouting ‘Eureka!’
to find the size, length or amount of something, using
standard units such as metres, litres, etc.
meten Archimedes discovered how to measure the volume of
an object with an irregular shape.

a written sign such as 1,2 or 3 that represents a number

cijfer It could be argued that our ‘Arabic numerals’ should
rather be known as ‘Indian numerals’.

a number that cannot be divided exactly by two

oneven nummer Around 500BC, Pythagoras is understood to have come
up with the idea of odd and even numbers.

someone who studies a subject and knows a lot about it

geleerde For centuries, scholars have attempted to explain this
phenomenon.

without any limits

onbeperkt There are said to be unlimited opportunities for
mathematicians.

a measurement of the amount of space that a substance

or object fills, or the amount of space in a container
volume Archimedes discovered how to measure the volume of
an object with an irregular shape.

7.6 Spreken

the study of how to make computers do intelligent things

that people can do, such as think and make decisions
kunstmatige intelligentie Explore the latest developments in robotics and artificial
intelligence.

the act of making something clearer or easier to

verduidelijking understand
I asked for clarification on a couple of points.
a show of paintings, photographs or other objects that
tentoonstelling people can go to see
I’m Sam and I’m an ‘Explainer’ here at the exhibition.

using only computers and machines to do a job, rather

volledig geautomatiseerd than people
It’s actually a fully-automated remote surgical unit.
 to relax
achterover leunen I’d rather kick back with my friends than stare at a
screen for hours on end.

very exciting, shocking or strange

verbluffend Out exhibition presents various mind-blowing machines
– from self-driving cars to robo-cops.

to cut into someone’s body to repair or remove a part

that is damaged
een operatie uitvoeren The surgeon said she had performed the operation many
times before.

the number of different ways in which something can

bewegingsbereik move
The two robotic arms here provide a greater range of
movement than the human hand.
used to control a machine, computer system, etc. from a
op afstand distance
It’s actually a fully-automated remote surgical unit.

a machine that can do medical operations and is

controlled by a computer
robotchirurg It’s a kind of robotic surgeon that can be controlled from
anywhere in the world.

frightening
eng Whoa! What’s this? It looks a bit scary.
firmly held in a particular position and not moving or
shaking
stabiel The two robotic arms here are actually steadier than the
human hand.

the people and equipment used for medical operations

chirurgische eenheid It’s actually a fully-automated remote surgical unit.
an instruction to a computer spoken by a human voice
gesproken commando Some phones and tablets already understand voice
commands.

7.7 Gebruik van Engels

used to emphasize the real or exact truth of a situation,

rather than what people may think
werkelijk I always say I’ve got lots of Facebook friends, but
actually I’ve only got 100.

to spread or move towards something, especially slowly

and steadily
uitbreiden It is also used to find evidence of the speed at which the
deserts are advancing.
 to do something that produces an effect or change in
something or in someone’s situation
beïnvloeden How would your location be affected if only three
satellites were in sight?

in spite of what you thought was true or expected to

happen
uiteindelijk So it seems, after all, that money doesn’t buy you
happiness.

very similar
gelijk My mother and I are alike in many ways.
without anyone with you
alleen You shouldn’t leave a child alone in the house.
to begin to happen
ontstaan You can ask me for help if problems arise.
to tell someone that something will definitely happen or
verzekeren is definitely true so that they are less worried
Her doctor has assured us that she’ll be fine.

an amount of air that you take into your lungs

adem You can breathe in deeply or take a deep breath.
to take air into your lungs
ademen You can breathe in deeply or take a deep breath.
to give the exact words of something that has been
citeren written, especially in order to support an opinion or
prove an idea
The passage cited above is from a Robert Frost poem.
anyone who is not a member of the military forces or the
burger police
Many innocent civilians were killed during the war.

an aircraft that carries members of the general public

who pay
commercieel vliegtuig In 1983 US President Reagan made a historic decision to
let all civilian commercial aircraft use it.

to consist of particular parts, groups, etc.

omvatten The exhibition booklet comprises fifty pages and
contains all the data about the exhibits.

noticing or realizing something

bewust I was very conscious of the fact that I had to make a
good impression.

at the present time

momenteel I always say I’ve got lots of Facebook friends, but
currently I’ve only got 100.
 information or facts
gegevens The exhibition booklet comprises fifty pages and
contains all the data about the exhibits.

a particular day of the month or year, especially shown

datum by a number
What’s today’s date?

someone, especially a child, who depends on you for

afhankelijk food, clothes, money, etc.
She has no dependants.

a large area of land where it is always very dry, there are

few plants, and there is a lot of sand or rocks
woestijn It is also used to find evidence of the speed at which the
deserts are advancing.

sweet food served after the main part of a meal

nagerecht /toetje What are we having for dessert?
to calculate or find out the facts about something
bepalen GPS isn’t just for determining location.
relating to trade, industry and the management of money
economisch Economic growth is slow.
using money, time, goods, etc. carefully and without
zuinig wasting any
Are you economical? Do you hate waste?

a change that is caused by an event, action, etc.

effect Her parents’ divorce had a big effect on her.
to leave your own country in order to live in another
emigreren country
He emigrated to Australia as a young man.

to make certain that something will happen properly

ervoor zorgen Twenty-four satellites ensure that at least four satellites
are in sight of any location on Earth at all times.

after a long time, or after a lot of things have happened

uiteindelijk Originally the system consisted of six satellites which
eventually grew to ten.

completely correct in every detail

exact Four satellites are needed to provide data to calculate an
exact position.

after a long time

uiteindelijk After several delays we finally took off at six o'clock.
to get things from different places and put them together
verzamelen in one place
GPS helps farmers by gathering data about soil.
 friendly and happy
geniaal We love our family doctor. He’s a genial guy.
very important and likely to be recorded as part of
historisch history
In 1983 US President Reagan made a historic decision to
let all civilian commercial aircraft use it.
relating to the past
historische It is important to look at the novel in its historical
context.
an area of thick ice that permanently covers the North
and South Poles
ijskap It is also used to find evidence of the speed at which the
ice caps are melting.

to come into a country in order to live there permanently

immigreren His father and mother immigrated when he was two.
used when you are stating the main facts about
something in a short clear way
in een notendop That, in a nutshell, is the principle on which the GPS is
based.

to have or contain something as one of its parts

omvatten Does the price include postage?
to regularly pay money to a company so that they pay the
verzekeren costs if something you own gets damaged or stolen
Have you insured the contents of your home?

used when telling someone the last thing at the end of a

list or a series of statements
tenslotte Lastly, could I ask all of you to keep this information
secret.

recently
de laatste tijd What have you been doing lately?
to put the cloth, plates, knives, forks, etc. on a table,
dekken ready for a meal
John was laying the table.

to be in a position in which your body is flat on the floor,

liggen on a bed, etc.
Do you lie on your front when you’re sleeping?

probably going to happen or probably true

waarschijnlijk The project looks likely to fail.
to find the exact position of something
zich bevinden Birds use the sun and stars to ensure that they know
where north is located.
 used to talk about the only person or thing in a place, or
eenzaam the only person or thing that does something
A lone figure was standing at the bus stop.

unhappy because you are alone or do not have anyone to

eenzaam talk to
Technology is useful, but it makes you lonely.

not firmly fastened in place

los This tooth feels very loose.
to stop having a particular attitude, quality, ability, etc.,
verliezen or to gradually have less of it
When he was writing, he lost all sense of time.

to travel regularly from one part of the world to another

migreren Many species of bird migrate twice a year often
travelling long distances.

a time when something happens

gelegenheid She had met Zahid on two separate occasions.
a chance to do something or an occasion when it is easy
kans for you to do something
Will you ever get an opportunity to go to Australia?

when you do a particular thing, often regularly, in order

oefening to improve your skill at it
It takes hours of practice to learn to play the guitar.

to do an activity, often regularly, in order to improve

oefenen your skill or to prepare for a test
She is in her room practising the guitar.

to happen or exist before something or someone, or to

come before something else in a series
voorafgaan aan What was the purpose of the original US system that
preceded GPS?

main or most important

hoofd / belangrijkste His principal reason for making the journey was to visit
his family.

the basic idea that a plan or system is based on

beginsel / principe That, in a nutshell, is the principle on which the GPS is
based.

to continue to do something that has already been

planned or started
doorgaan The government was determined to proceed with the
election.
 the amount of rain that falls on an area in a particular
period of time
regenval GPS helps farmers by gathering data about soil, weather
patterns and expected rainfall.

to move or lift something to a higher position, place or

omhoog houden level
Can you raise the lamp so I can see?
a radio or television, or other equipment which receives
signals
The GPS receiver measures the distance to three
ontvanger satellites by the amount of time it takes to receive a
transmitted signal.

an increase in number, amount or value

stijging The rise in antisocial behaviour is due to too much
screen time.

reasonable, practical and showing good judgment

verstandig It’s sensible to keep a note of your passport number.
reacting to very small changes in light, temperature,
position, etc.
gevoelig Birds are sensitive to light and use the sun and stars to
ensure that they know where north is located.

the area that you can see from where you are
zicht How would your location be affected if only three
satellites were in sight?

a place where something important or interesting

site happened
The house is built on the site of a medieval prison.
a planet or other object that causes something to be
attracted to it because of its mass
A fourth satellite is used to account for Albert Einstein’s
bron van zwaartekracht general theory of relativity, that time moves faster for
those satellites that are further from sources of gravity.

a ship, especially a military one, that can stay under

onderzeeër water
Originally the system was built by the US Navy to locate
submarines.
to consider or include particular facts or details when
making a decision or judgment about something
rekening houden met iets These figures do not take into account changes in the rate
of inflation.

the temperature and other conditions such as sun, rain

and wind
weer GPS helps farmers by gathering data about soil, weather
patterns and expected rainfall.
 used when talking about a choice you have to make or
about something that is not certain
of GPS can even predict whether a natural disaster is likely
and help to manage the consequences.

7.8 Schrijven

a room or area in a building that is under the level of the

ground
kelder Their office, in the basement of the house, remained
locked at all times.

to breathe in suddenly in a way that can be heard,

hijgen especially because you are surprised or in pain
‘What is this?’ gasped Robert.

to laugh quickly, quietly and in a high voice, because

something is funny or because you are nervous or
giechelen embarrassed
So why could she hear giggling coming from the
bedroom?
a soft steady light
gloed A small group had gone downstairs and seen a strange
blue glow coming from under one of the doors.

the main building or offices used by a large company or

hoofdkwartier organization
The company moved its headquarters to Houston.

looking at you in an intense way and seeming to know

what you are thinking
doordringend Tom saw two sets of piercing red eyes staring out of the
darkness at him.

to make a loud high noise with your voice because you

schreeuwen are hurt, frightened, excited, etc.
He jumped to his feet, screaming in terror.

to breathe in and out making a long sound, especially

because you are bored, disappointed, tired, etc.
zuchten She sighed with frustration and told the system to reboot
for the third time.

to say something quickly in an angry way

toebijten ‘What do you want?’ Mike snapped.
to say something while you are crying noisily and
snikken breathing in short sudden bursts
‘Please let me out!’ she sobbed.
 to speak or say something very quietly, using your breath
fluisteren rather than your voice
‘Keep still!’ she whispered as quietly as possible.

to shout or say something very loudly, especially

schreeuwen because you are frightened, angry or excited
‘Here I am!’ I yelled.

Focus Review 7

to do something that produces an effect or change in

beïnvloeden something or in someone’s situation
She believes the game is affecting his moods.

a piece of computer software which does a particular job

toepassing The phone has got some pre-installed applications.
a person who studies ancient societies by examining
what remains of their buildings, graves, tools, etc.
archeoloog It was argued that the archaeologists had damaged some
artefacts during the excavations.

to state, giving clear reasons, that something is true,

should be done, etc.
beweren It was argued that the archaeologists had damaged some
artefacts during the excavations.

an object such as a tool, weapon, etc. that was made in

the past and is historically important
artefact It was argued that the archaeologists had damaged some
artefacts during the excavations.

to be happier, improved, more successful, etc.

beter af zijn You’d be better off studying for your driving exam next
month.

worried about something

bezorgd zijn She is concerned about his health.
to have to do something because it is a duty or seems
reasonable
iets van je verwachten Even primary school pupils are expected to do lots of
experiments nowadays.

to be forced to do something
onderworpen aan iets I was made to wait four hours before I was examined by
a doctor.

one of the 100-year periods measured from before the

year of Christ’s birth
eeuw voor Christus Some writers believe that the lost city of Atlantis existed
until the ninth century BC.
 to join a computer to a computer network or the Internet
aansluiten To connect to the Internet, you should go to settings.
the act of breaking the laws dealing with someone's legal
right to be the only producer or seller of a book, play,
film, or record for a specific length of time
schending van het auteursrecht Reports suggest that one in five British people engage in
some form of copyright infringement.

to control or limit something in order to prevent it from

having a harmful effect
ombuigen / keren The new measures are not severe enough to curb the
growing number of Internet users downloading illegally.

information or facts
gegevens / data The police think that a dangerous hacker has been
stealing sensitive data for over a year.

to take goods, letters, packages, etc. to a particular place

(af)leveren or person
The spare parts should have been delivered a week ago.

needing someone or something in order to exist, be

afhankelijk successful, be healthy, etc.
As a society, we’ve become dependent on road vehicles.

to do a scientific test to find out how something reacts

under certain conditions, or to find out if a particular idea
is true
een experiment doen Even primary school pupils are expected to do lots of
experiments nowadays.

to solve a problem or provide what is needed to get a

good result
de truc doen When I saw Julia last week, she looked much better, so I
guess the treatment she received must have done the
trick.
a person who moves information or programs from a
computer network to a small computer
downloader New laws are set to punish illegal downloaders more
harshly.

an attempt to do something, especially when this

involves a lot of hard work or determination
inspanning The entertainment industry is set to launch a new scheme
in an effort to combat the high levels of Internet piracy.

to be doing or to become involved in an activity

bezighouden Reports suggest that one in five British people engage in
some form of copyright infringement.
 to get pleasure from doing something
ervan genieten iets te doen My younger brother doesn’t enjoy being told to switch
his computer off every evening at 8 p.m.

to say that something is much bigger, better, worse, more

overdrijven important, etc. than it really is
Oh, come on. Don’t exaggerate.

places where people are digging carefully in the ground

to find ancient objects, bones, etc.
opgravingen It was argued that the archaeologists had damaged some
artefacts during the excavations.

to happen or be present in a particular situation or place

bestaan Some writers believe that the lost city of Atlantis existed
until the ninth century BC.

to stop shining
uitgaan It’s not clear why the lights went out. They say there was
a short circuit.

someone who secretly uses or changes the information in

other people’s computer systems
hacker The police think that a dangerous hacker has been
stealing sensitive data for over a year.

causing harm to your health, the environment, etc.

schadelijk When air pollution levels are high, we all breathe in tiny
particles of substances that are harmful to our health.

unable or unlikely to hurt anyone or cause damage

ongevaarlijk Our dog makes a lot of noise, but he's perfectly harmless.
a person
mens Do you think robots will ever be able to think like human
beings?

not allowed by the law

illegaal New laws are set to punish illegal downloaders more
harshly.

giving all the separate features and pieces of information

about something
in detail Your invention needs to be described in detail before you
submit it to the Patent Office.

a rise in amount, number or degree

toename Internet piracy is on the increase again.
the crime of using the Internet to illegally copy and sell
internetpiraterij computer programs, music, films, etc.
Internet piracy is on the increase again.
 someone who has been given an important prize or
laureaat honour
A place at the research station was offered to Tiago after
he had become a laureate in a national competition in
that could cause a person to die
levensbedreigend As an asthma sufferer, for me the effects of air pollution
are not just unpleasant, but potentially life-threatening.

a city that no longer exists

verloren stad Some writers believe that the lost city of Atlantis existed
until the ninth century BC.

to cause something to become different

voor veranderingen zorgen What changes might robots make in our homes?
the way you feel at a particular time
humeur She believes the game is affecting his moods.
when someone is very fat in a way that is unhealthy
zwaarlijvigheid / obesitas Well-balanced meals at school might help to solve the
problem of obesity among pupils.

to ask someone if they would like to have something

A place at the research station has been offered to Tiago
iemand iets aanbieden after he had become a laureate in a national competition
in physics.

a special document that gives you the right to make or

sell a new invention or product that no one else is
allowed to copy
octrooi Your invention needs to be described in detail before you
submit it to the Patent Office.

a piece of computer software which does a particular job

and has already been put onto a computer before it is
vooraf geïnstalleerde applicatie sold or used
The phone has got some pre-installed applications.

to make someone suffer because they have done

something wrong or broken the law
straffen New laws are set to punish illegal downloaders more
harshly.

(computer) start up again after it has been turned off

herstarten Your computer should reboot automatically.
to get something that someone has sent or given to you
ontvangen Illegal downloaders are to receive a new kind of
warning.
to depend on something to do what you need to do
op iets vertrouwen Do you think we rely on computers too much?
 a building or place where serious study of a subject is
done in order to discover new facts or test new ideas
onderzoeksstation A place at the research station has been offered to
Imogen because she was the best candidate.

someone who works or is trained in science

wetenschapper Grace Hopper was a computer scientist who coined the
term ‘debugging’.

information that needs to be dealt with very carefully

because it is secret
gevoelige data The police think that a dangerous hacker has been
stealing sensitive data for over a year.

a failure of an electrical system, caused by bad wires or a

fault in a connection in the wires
kortsluiting It’s not clear why the lights went out. They say there was
a short circuit.

a new part for a vehicle or machine, that is used to

reserveonderdeel replace a part that is damaged or broken
The spare parts should have been delivered a week ago.

the process of cutting into someone’s body to repair their

stomach (stomach = the organ inside your body where
food begins to be digested)
maagoperatie Mr Jenkins was made to undergo a stomach operation by
his surgeon.

to give a plan, piece of writing, etc. to someone in

authority for them to consider or approve
indienen Your invention needs to be described in detail before you
submit it to the Patent Office.

a doctor who does operations in a hospital

chirurg Mr Jenkins was made to undergo a stomach operation by
his surgeon.

to turn off a machine, light, radio, etc. using a switch

iets uitschakelen My younger brother doesn’t enjoy being told to switch
his computer off every evening at 8 p.m.

something that is done to cure someone who is injured or

ill
behandeling When I saw Julia last week, she looked much better, so I
guess the treatment she received must have done the
trick.
to experience medical treatment in which a surgeon cuts
open your body to repair or remove something inside
een operatie ondergaan Mr Jenkins was made to undergo a stomach operation by
his surgeon.
 very strange and unusual, and difficult to understand or
raar explain
That’s weird. It should be simple enough.

containing all the different things you need to keep you

healthy
evenwichtig Well-balanced meals at school might help to solve the
problem of obesity among pupils.

a way of connecting computers or other electronic

machines to a network or the Internet by using radio
Wifi signals rather than wires
The ‘Wi-fi‘ option isn’t on.

a public meeting where land, buildings, paintings, etc.

veiling are sold to the person who offers the most money for
them
This week 14 of his paintings were put up for auction.
an animal like a large cow, with hair on its head and
shoulders
bizon The Yellowstone herd is directly descended from those
last surviving bison.

in which the main aim of the artist is to show an idea,

rather than to represent actual things or people
conceptueel At first sight, much of this conceptual art seems or
overly theoretical.

not developed to a high standard, or made with little skill

ruw She came upon a crude wooden bridge.
a set of shapes, lines or patterns that you draw without
tekeningetje really thinking about what you are doing
The pad next to the phone was covered in doodles.

moved to a more important rank or level

verheven Graffiti like this has been turned into that elevated thing
called 'street art'.

stopping and starting often and for short periods

met tussenpozen / afwisselend The weather forecast is for sun, with intermittent
showers.
not showing respect for organizations, customs, beliefs,
oneerbiedig etc. that most other people respect
He has an irreverent sense of humour.

to praise someone or something

loven / prijzen She has been rightly lauded for her courage and
determination.
 made to feel unimportant or powerless in an unfair way
gemarginaliseerd Female employees complained of feeling marginalized.
a painting that is painted on a wall, either inside or
muurschildering outside a building
There was a huge mural of Monument Valley on the
wall.
a person, thing or situation that annoys you or causes
ergernis problems
The dogs next door are a real nuisance.

a type of reddish-yellow earth used in paints

oker These figurines were often painted with red ochre.
a natural substance that gives something a particular
pigment colour
The artist Sandy Lee uses natural pigments in her work.
a building where pigs are kept
varkensstal She saw her father trudging back from the pigsty toward
the house.

seeming to belong to a part of people’s character that is

oer- ancient and animal-like
What primal urge makes these men want to ride the bull?

practical knowledge and ability

inzicht She’s obviously got a lot of political savvy.
to hide or move about secretly, trying not to be noticed,
especially when you are intending to do something bad
sluipen He was still skulking around outside when they left the
building.

drops of a thick liquid that have splashed or been thrown

spetter onto a surface
Where did those splats of mud come from?

something that is done to attract people’s attention,

especially in advertising or politics
stunt Todd flew over the city in a hot-air balloon as a publicity
stunt.

secretly trying to damage or destroy the government or

subversief an established system
They were accused of taking part in subversive activities.

bad-tempered and unfriendly

nors Passengers complained about the surly staff.
Word Part of speech
Unit 8 Costing the earth
8.1 Vocabulary

biodegradable adj

breeding ground n phr

built-up area n phr

contamination n

countryside n

current n

discard v

ditch n

eco-warrior n

extinction n

food chain n phr

foothill n
gust of wind n phr

hatch v

(have a) narrow escape v phr

in captivity phr

irreparable damage n phr

leafy adj

litter n

meadow n

migration n

natural habitat n phr

on the loose phr

orchard n

park warden n phr

patch n

plain n

plastic waste n phr

ploughed field n phr

predator n

prey n

release into the wild v phr

roam v

set free v phr

single-use plastics n phr

stream n

tern n

thriving population n phr

trapped adj

trash n

8.2 Grammar

campsite n

for a change phr

lounge v

raft n

sunbed n

sunscreen n

white water rafting n phr

8.3 Listening

adolescence n

adolescent n
affectionate adj

agile adj

bird-brained adj

bond n

competition n

competitive adj

conceive v

deception n

deceptive adj

developed adj

domesticate v

doubt n
embrace v

establish a community v phr

extend a territory v phr

gentle adj

hug

loner n

mindlessly adv

misconception n

notion n

playful adj

please v
recognition skills n phr

reputable adj

reputation n

resemblance n

resemble v

undervalued adj

undoubtedly adv

wise adj

8.4 Reading

a storm is brewing phr

adrift adj

aftermath n
avalanche n

battered adj

begin the ascent/descent v phr

believable adj

blind v

blizzard n

captivating adj

deforestation n

disaster movie n phr

drought n

earthquake n

electricity-generating adj
extreme hunger n phr

extreme poverty n phr

famine n

fee n

gale-force winds n phr

gripping tale n phr

harness v

harsh reminder n phr

hurricane n

life-threatening injuries n phr

on a positive note phr

on the edge of your seat phr

overturn v

physically demanding phr

rough adj

severe weather conditions n phr

snowfall n

spare parts n phr

split up phr v

(be) swept overboard v phr

suffer agony v phr

summit n
tsunami n

twist n

water tank n phr

whiteout n

wildfire n

windmill n

8.5 Grammar

accusation n

carbon dioxide n

devastating n phr

flood n

greenhouse effect n
industrialisation n

ridiculous adj

8.6 Speaking

astonishingly adv

astounding adj

audience n

awe-inspiring adj

cave/cavern n

diameter n

drain v

miner n

natural wonder n phr

8.7 Use of English

anti-nuclear adj

anti-social adj

carbohydrates n

comforting adj

curl up phr v

disallow v

disapprove v

disbelieve v

downturn n

hyperactive adj

hypersensitive adj

illegal adj

illiterate adj
illogical adj

immature adj

improbable adj

inadequate adj

incapable adj

irrelevant adj

irresponsible adj

misbehave v

misinformation n

misjudge v

multicultural adj

multipurpose adj

nap n

off-balance adj
off-colour adj

onstage adv

outdo v

outnumber v

overactive adj

overestimate v

overpaid adj

post-match adj

pre-election adj

pre-storm adj

pro-democracy adj

raindrop n

recall v
remarry v

renewable adj

self-awareness n phr

self-esteem n phr

self-obsessed adj

sharpness n

substandard n

unable adj

unaware adj

uncomfortable adj

uncontrollable adj

underestimate v

understaffed adj

undo v

unemployment n
unsafe adj

unusual adj

upturn n

violent adj

8.8 Writing

coastline n

concession n

cultural heritage n phr

diverse landscape n phr

facilities n

lay eggs v phr

natural beauty n phr

nesting beach n phr

speedboat n

sustainable tourism n phr

take priority v phr

tourist resort n phr

wildlife protection n phr

Focus Review 8

acid rain n

antisocial adj

breed n

cause v

common misconception n phr

contribute to sth v
desert n

despite conj

disapprove n

ditch n

diverse range n phr

downturn n

drought n

endangered species n phr

environmental organisation n phr

environmentally friendly adj

escape v
extreme poverty n phr

factor n

green area n phr

humid adj

I’d rather phr

if only phr

inadequate adj

irreparable adj

lawn n

layer n

loss n
migration n

mow the lawn v phr

natural habitat n phr

nature reserve n

orchard n

organic food n phr

ozone layer n phr

poodle n

rainfall n

reach of sth n phr

reconsider v

reusable adj

robin n
school of dolphins n phr

severe weather conditions n phr

skid v

space exploration n phr

species n

the equator n

thriving population n phr

tidal adj

topic n

tornado n
training n

tundra n

unaware adj

under no circumstances adv phr

understaffed adj

whale n

wildlife n
Definition

changed naturally by bacteria into substances that do not harm the environment

a place or situation where something bad or harmful develops

an area that has a lot of buildings and not many open spaces

the process of making a place or substance dirty or harmful by putting something

such as chemicals or poison in it

land that is outside cities and towns

a continuous movement of water in a river, lake or sea

to get rid of something

a long narrow hole dug at the side of a field, road etc to hold or remove unwanted
water

someone who takes action in order to stop damage to the environment

when a particular type of animal or plant stops existing

all animals and plants considered as a group in which a plant is eaten by an insect or
animal, which is then eaten by another animal and so on

one of the smaller hills below a group of high mountains

a sudden strong movement of wind

(egg) to break, letting the young bird, insect, etc. come out

(to be involved in) a situation in which you only just avoid danger, difficulties or
trouble

kept in a prison, cage, etc. and not allowed to go where you want

damage to something that is so bad that it can never be repaired or made better

having a lot of trees and plants

waste paper, cans, etc. that people have thrown away and left on the ground in a
public place

a field with wild grass and flowers

when birds or animals travel regularly from one part of the world to another

the type of place where an animal or plant usually lives or grows

free after escaping from prison or from a cage

a place where fruit trees are grown

a person who is responsible for taking care of a park (park = a large open area with
grass and trees, especially in a town, where people can walk, play games, etc.) and
making sure its rules are obeyed
a small area of something that is different from the area around it

a large area of flat dry land

unwanted plastic bottles, plastic wrappers, etc. that are left after you have used
something

a field in which the earth has been turned over using a piece of farm equipment called
a plough so that seeds can be planted

an animal that kills and eats other animals

an animal, bird, etc. that is hunted and eaten by another animal

to let an animal live in natural and free conditions, after having kept it somewhere

to walk or travel, usually for a long time, with no clear purpose or direction

to allow a person or an animal to be free

products made out of plastic that you use once only

a natural flow of water that moves across the land and is narrower than a river

a black and white sea bird that has long wings and a tail with two points

a group of people or animals living in a particular area that are healthy and increasing
in numbers
prevented from escaping from somewhere, especially a dangerous place

things that you throw away, such as empty bottles, used papers, food that has gone
bad, etc.

an area where people can stay in tents, often with a water supply and toilets

instead of what usually happens

to stand, sit or lie in a lazy or relaxed way

a small flat rubber boat filled with air

a light chair like a folding bed, which you can sit or lie on outside

a cream or oil that you rub into your skin to stop the sun from burning you

the activity of travelling on a raft (raft = a small flat rubber boat filled with air) along
a part of a river that looks white because the water is running very quickly over rocks

the time, usually between the ages of 12 and 18, when a young person is developing
into an adult

a young person, usually between the ages of 12 and 18, who is developing into an
adult
showing in a gentle way that you love someone and care about them

able to move quickly and easily

silly or stupid

something that unites two or more people or groups, such as love, or a shared interest
or idea

a situation in which people or organizations try to be more successful than other

people or organizations

determined or trying very hard to be more successful than other people or businesses

to imagine a particular situation or to think about something in a particular way

the act of deliberately making someone believe something that is not true

seeming to be one thing but in fact very different

at a higher level or more advanced state than others

to make an animal able to work for people or live with them as a pet

a feeling of being not sure whether something is true or right

to put your arms around someone and hold them in a friendly or loving way

to start or create a group of people in a place who have the same interests

to increase the size of the area that an animal, bird, etc. regards as its own and will
defend against other animals

kind and careful in the way you behave or do things, so that you do not hurt or
damage anyone or anything

to put your arms around someone and hold them tightly to show love or friendship

someone who prefers to be alone or who has no friends

without any thought or purpose

an idea which is wrong or untrue, but which people believe because they do not
understand the subject properly

an idea, belief or opinion

very active, happy and wanting to have fun

to make someone happy or satisfied

the ability to know who someone is or what something is, because you have seen,
heard, experienced or learned about them in the past

respected for being honest or for doing good work

the opinion that people have about someone or something because of what has
happened in the past

the fact of being similar to something, especially in appearance

to look like or be similar to someone or something

thought by people to be less important or valuable than it really is

used for saying that something is definitely true

able to make good decisions, give good advice, etc, especially as a result of a lot of
experience of life

used to say that a storm (storm = a period of very bad weather when there is a lot of
rain or snow, strong winds and often lightning) will happen soon

not fastened to anything or controlled by anyone

the period of time after something such as a war, storm or accident when people are
still dealing with the results
a large mass of snow, ice and rocks that falls down the side of a mountain

hit very hard many times

to start climbing up a mountain, hill, etc. / to start going down a mountain, hill, etc.

able to be believed because it seems possible, likely or real

to make it difficult for someone to see for a short time

a severe snowstorm

very interesting or attractive, in a way that holds your attention

the cutting or burning down of all the trees in an area

a film about a sudden event such as a flood, storm or accident which causes great
damage or suffering

a long period of dry weather when there is not enough water for plants and animals to
live

a sudden shaking of the Earth’s surface that often causes a lot of damage

producing electricity
lack of food affecting a large number of people for a long period of time, that can
cause illness or death

the situation or experience of being very poor

a situation in which a large number of people have little or no food for a long time
and many people die

an amount of money that you pay to be allowed to do something

winds that are strong enough to be dangerous or cause damage

a story that is very exciting and interesting

to control and use the natural force or power of something

something unpleasant that strongly makes you remember or think about something

a storm that has very strong fast winds and that moves over water

injuries that could cause a person to die

saying or showing what is good or hopeful about a situation

waiting excitedly to see what happens next

to make something turn upside down or fall over on its side

needing a lot of physical effort

not exact or containing many details

the weather at a particular time that is very bad and very extreme, and very hot, dry,
cold, etc.

an occasion when snow falls from the sky, or the amount that falls in a particular
period of time

new parts for a vehicle or machine, that are used to replace parts that are damaged or
broken

to divide or separate something into different parts or groups

(to be) forced by the power of the wind, sea, etc. to fall over the side of a ship or boat
into the water

to have a very sad, difficult or unpleasant experience

the top of a mountain

a very large wave, caused by extreme conditions such as an earthquake, which can
cause a lot of damage when it reaches land

an unexpected feature or change in a situation or story

a large container for holding water

weather conditions in which there is so much cloud or snow that you cannot see
anything

a fire that moves quickly and cannot be controlled

a building or structure with parts that turn around in the wind, used for producing
electrical power or crushing grain

a statement saying that someone is guilty of a crime or of doing something wrong

the gas produced when animals breathe out, when carbon is burned in air, or when
animal or vegetable substances decay

badly damaging or destroying something

a very large amount of water that covers an area that is usually dry

the gradual warming of the air surrounding the Earth as a result of heat being trapped
by pollution
the process by which a country or place develops a lot of industry

very silly or unreasonable

in a way that is so surprising that it is difficult to believe

so surprising that it is almost impossible to believe

a group of people who come to watch and listen to someone speaking or performing
in public

extremely impressive in a way that makes you feel great respect

a large natural hole in the side of a cliff or hill, or under the ground

a straight line from one side of a circle to the other side, passing through the centre of
the circle, or the length of this line

to make the water or liquid in something flow away

someone who works under the ground in a mine to remove coal, gold, etc.

something beautiful or unusual in nature that makes you feel surprise and admiration
opposing the use of nuclear weapons and power

violent or harmful to other people, or showing that you do not care about other
people

foods such as rice, bread and potatoes that contain a substance which provides your
body with heat and energy and which consists of oxygen, hydrogen and carbon

making you feel less worried, unhappy or upset

to move so that you are lying or sitting with your arms and legs bent close to your
body

to officially refuse to accept something, because a rule has been broke

to think that someone or their behaviour, ideas, etc. are bad or wrong

to not believe something or someone

a decrease in the level of something

too active and not able to keep still or be quiet for very long

very easily affected or damaged by something such as a substance or temperature

not allowed by the law

badly written, in an uneducated way

not sensible or reasonable

behaving or thinking in a way that is typical of someone much younger

not likely to happen or to be true

not enough for a particular purpose

not able to do something

not useful or not relating to a particular situation, and therefore not important

doing careless things without thinking or worrying about the possible bad results

to behave badly, and cause trouble or annoy people

incorrect information, especially when deliberately intended to deceive people

to form a wrong or unfair opinion about a person or a situation

involving or including people or ideas from many different countries, races or

religions

able to be used for many different purposes

a short sleep, especially during the day

in an unsteady or confused state

slightly ill

on the stage in a theatre

to be better or more successful than someone else at doing something

to be more in number than another group

too active, in a way that produces a bad result

to think something is better, more important, etc. than it really is

given more money for a job than you deserve

happening after a match

happening before an election

happening before a storm

supporting or approving of a system of government in which members of the

government are elected by the people of a country

a single drop of rain

to remember a particular fact, event or situation from the past

to marry again

that replaces itself naturally and so can never be used up

knowledge and understanding of yourself

the feeling of being satisfied with your own abilities, and that you deserve to be liked
or respected

only interested in yourself and the things that affect you

someone's ability to think and understand things very quickly

not as good as the average, and not acceptable

not able to do something

not noticing or realizing what is happening

that makes you feel anxious and unable to relax

that you cannot control or stop yourself from feeling or doing

to think or guess that something is smaller, cheaper, easier, etc. than it really is

not having enough workers, or fewer workers than usual

to open something that is tied, fastened or wrapped

the number of people in a particular country or area who cannot get a job
dangerous or likely to cause harm

different from what is usual or normal

an increase in the level of something

likely to attack, hurt or kill other people

the land on the edge of the coast, especially the shape of this land as seen from the air

the act of admitting or accepting that something is true or correct

the ideas, customs, etc. that have existed in a particular society for a long time

a large area of countryside with parts that are very different from each other

places or buildings used for a particular activity or for providing a particular type of
service

(bird, insect, fish, etc.) to produce eggs from its body

beauty that exists in nature

an area of sand at the edge of the sea where groups of birds or animals lay their eggs
a small boat with a powerful engine, designed to go fast

tourism (tourism = the business of providing hotels, entertainment, meals, etc. for
people while they are on holiday) that does not cause damage to the environment

to become more important and receive more attention than anything else

a place that a lot of people visit for holidays

the process of keeping safe from harm animals and plants that live and grow in
natural conditions

rain that contains harmful acid which can damage the environment and is caused by
chemicals in the air, for example from cars or factories

violent or harmful to other people, or showing that you do not care about other
people

a particular type of animal that is kept as a pet or on a farm

to make something happen, especially something bad

an idea which is wrong or untrue, but which many people believe because they do not
understand the subject properly

to help to make something happen

a large area of land where it is always very dry, there are few plants, and there is a lot
of sand or rocks

used to say that something happens or is true even though something else might have
prevented it

to think that someone or their behaviour, ideas, etc. are bad or wrong

a long narrow hole dug at the side of a field, road, etc. to hold or remove unwanted
water

a number of people or things that are all very different from each other, but are all of
the same general type

a decrease in the level of something

a long period of dry weather when there is not enough water for plants and animals to
live

a group of animals or plants whose members are similar and can breed together, but
that may soon no longer exist because there are so few of them

a group of people that is set up to protect the environment

not harmful to the environment

(gas, liquid, light, heat, etc.) come out from somewhere

the situation or experience of being very poor

one of several things that influence or cause a situation

a part of a country, town, etc. that is covered with grass, trees, bushes, etc.

(air or weather) very wet and hot, and making you feel uncomfortable

used to say that you would prefer to do or have something

used to express a strong wish, especially when you know that what you want cannot
happen

not enough or not good enough for a particular purpose

too bad to repair or make better better

an area of ground in a garden or park that is covered with short grass

an amount or piece of a material or substance that covers a surface or that is between

two other things

the fact of no longer having something, or of having less of it than you used to have,
or the process by which this happens
when birds or animals travel regularly from one part of the world to another

to use a machine to cut an area of grass in a garden or park

the type of place where an animal or plant usually lives or grows

an area of land in which animals and plants are protected

a place where fruit trees are grown

food that is grown or produced without using artificial chemicals

a layer of gases in the sky that prevents harmful radiation from the sun from reaching
the Earth

a dog with thick curly hair

the amount of rain that falls on an area in a particular period of time

the ability of something to touch or get to something else

to think again about something in order to decide if you should change your opinion
or do something different

able to be used again

a small European bird with a red breast and brown back

a group of dolphins (dolphin = a very intelligent sea animal that looks like a large
fish with a long grey pointed nose) that are swimming together

weather that is very bad and very extreme, and very hot, dry, cold, etc.

to suddenly slides sideways in an uncontrolledc way

the act of travelling through the area beyond the Earth where the stars and planets
are, in order to find out about it

a group of animals or plants whose members are similar and can breed together to
produce young animals or plants

an imaginary line drawn around the middle of the Earth that is exactly the same
distance from the North Pole and the South Pole

a group of people or animals living in a particular area that are healthy and increasing
in numbers

relating to the regular rising and falling of the sea

a subject that people talk or write about

an extremely violent storm consisting of air that spins very quickly and causes a lot
of damage
the process of teaching an animal to do something or to behave correctly

the large flat areas of land in the north of Russia, Canada, etc., where it is very cold
and there are no trees

not noticing or realizing what is happening

used to emphasize that something must definitely not happen

not having enough workers, or fewer workers than usual

a very large animal that lives in the sea and looks like a fish, but is actually a
mammal

animals and plants growing in natural conditions

Example

1 million plastic drinks bottles are sold every minute. None of them are biodegradable .

A plastics factory is the breeding ground for our plastic bottle.

In built-up areas nowhere is safe – not even parks.

Plastic trash causes serious contamination of the food chain .

The plastic bottle remains on the loose and blows across open countryside through orchards,
meadows and ploughed fields.

Strong currents can be very dangerous for swimmers.

Once the water has been consumed, the bottle is discarded and released into the wild.

A muddy ditch ran along the side of the field.

Eco-warriors are trying to stop the new road being built.

Many endangered species now face extinction.

Plastic trash causes serious contamination of the food chain .

It drops into a stream which takes it out of the foothills and onto the plain.
A gust of wind blew the door shut.

The emperor penguin lays one egg which takes more than two months to hatch .

A woman had a narrow escape yesterday when her car left the road.

He has been freed after 84 days in captivity.

The explosion caused irreparable damage to several buildings.

We made our way through the leafy neighbourhoods of the city.

People who drop litter can be fined in some cities.

We walked through several meadows and ploughed fields.

The Arctic tern makes the longest migration of any bird.

She studies gorillas in their natural habitat.

One of the prisoners remains on the loose.

I went to the orchard to pick some apples.

The park warden told us to not to climb the trees.

Look out for icy patches on the road.

It drops into a stream which takes it out of the foothills and onto the plain.

The emphasis now is on recycling plastic waste.

We walked through several meadows and ploughed fields.

The long spines of the sea urchins protect them from most predators.

Snakes track their prey by its scent.

The bears are eventually released into the wild.

Wild sheep roam the hills.

All the other hostages were finally set free

40 percent of all plastic produced is single-use plastic used in packaging.

We need to cross this stream.

The Arctic tern makes the longest migration of any bird.

The Chinese government took action to protect their natural habitat and there is now a
thriving population of over 2,000.
Every year over 1 million marine animals die from eating the plastic trash or getting trapped
in it.

Plastic trash causes serious contamination of the food chain .

I’d rather we went to the same campsite we went to last year.

If only we could go somewhere exciting for a change.

I’ve had enough of lounging on sunbeds.

Ben didn’t fall out of the raft with Ellie.

I’ve had enough of lounging on sunbeds.

Ellie didn’t wear enough sunscreen.

I’ve always wanted to do white water rafting.

They experience adolescence and develop powerful mother and child bonds.

Lately he had been as moody as an adolescent.

It’s even harder to imagine dolphins being anything other than affectionate, playful and
intelligent.

Dogs are surprisingly agile.

Not all birds are bird-brained – in the same way that not all humans are intelligent!

They experience adolescence and develop powerful mother and child bonds.

Sometimes there’s a lot of competition between children for their mother’s attention.

But they’re also good at defending themselves and can be quite competitive, even
aggressive.

I can hardly conceive what it must be like here in winter.

She didn’t have the courage to admit to her deception.

Appearances can be deceptive.

Not only are sheep intelligent, but they also have great memory and highly developed
recognition skills.

Cats’ brains have remained unchanged since they were first domesticated by the ancient
Egyptians.

There’s no doubt that he was a major artist.

They have complex emotions: they embrace, they kiss and hug each other.

They really wanted to establish a community of art enthusiasts.

They attack and kill rival gangs of chimpanzees when they want to extend their territory.

Arthur was a very gentle, caring person.

They have complex emotions: they embrace, they kiss and hug each other.

Cats, on the other hand, are loners.

It’s true that sheep have a reputation for being stupid because they mindlessly follow the
crowd.

Look at owls - we call them ‘wise’, but it’s a common misconception.

The notion of chimpanzees being aggressive is pretty shocking.

It’s even harder to imagine dolphins being anything other than affectionate, playful and
intelligent.

If you think about it, dogs come when you call and are eager to please their owner.
Not only are sheep intelligent, but they also have great memory and highly developed
recognition skills.

We chose that company because we thought they were reputable.

It’s true that sheep have a reputation for being stupid because they mindlessly follow the
crowd.

The resemblance between Susan and her sister was remarkable.

Chimpanzees resemble humans in many ways.

Such skills are seriously undervalued by society.

Dolphins are undoubtedly extremely intelligent.

Look at owls – we call them wise, but it’s a common misconception.

They heard on the radio that a huge storm was brewing on their route, so they changed
course.

Several of the lifeboats were still afloat a month after being cast adrift.

Most of the film deals with the aftermath of the tsunami.

During filming on Everest, an avalanche struck, killing sixteen Sherpa guides.

The yacht is battered by twelve-metre waves and Tami wakes up alone.

Once the climbers depart the base camp and begin the ascent, the film becomes a gripping
tale of survival, life and death.

All the characters are believable.

Climbers are blinded in the snowstorm and can see no more than thirty centimetres in front
of them

Several teams of climbers encounter a severe blizzard.

The Impossible tells a captivating true story.

Drought and the underlying issues of deforestation, colonialism and climate change are
dealt with in detail.

This week's theme is disaster movies based on true strories.

It has already been fifteen weeks since the drought began.

The earthquake, measuring 7.4 on the Richter scale, lasted for seven seconds.

When he was just fourteen years old, he saved his family and village from famine by
building an electricity-generating windmill from spare parts.
The film explores a community facing extreme poverty and hunger.

The film explores a community facing extreme poverty and hunger.

When he was just fourteen years old, he saved his family and village from famine by
building an electricity-generating windmill from spare parts.

William is forced to leave school when the family can no longer afford the school fees.

With gale-force winds of 160 kilometres per hour, and a lack of oxygen, the climbers fight
for their lives.

Once the climbers depart the base camp and begin the ascent, the film becomes a gripping
tale of survival, life and death.

We can harness the power of the wind to generate electricity.

During filming on Everest, an avalanche struck, killing sixteen Sherpa guides – a harsh
reminder that Everest is one of the most dangerous places on Earth.

There are few forces on Earth more deadly than a Category 4 hurricane.

When she manages to save him, she realises that he has life-threatening injuries.

But the movie ends on a positive note, with science-obsessed William Kamkwamba saving
his village.
Here are four films, all based on true stories, that will have you sitting on the edge of your
seat!

Roofs were blown off and cars overturned in the latest hurricane to hit the coast.

Tthe actors had to spend five weeks of physically demanding filming in a massive water
tank.

He built an electricity-generating windmill from spare parts, working from rough plans he
found in a library book.

The severe weather conditions make rescue impossible.

Heavy snowfall has led to a high risk of avalanches and skiers have been warned.

When he was just fourteen years old, he built an electricity-generating windmill from spare
parts.

Most of the film deals with the aftermath of the tsunami and the agony suffered by the
family when they are split up.

She searches the boat for her fiancé, and soon realises he must have been swept overboard
during the hurricane.

Most of the film deals with agony suffered by the family when they are split up and have no
idea whether the others have survived.

Everest tells the story of an attempt to reach the summit of Mount Everest in 1996.
Most of the film deals with the aftermath of the tsunami and the agony suffered by the
family when they are split up.

The unexpected twist is when Tami realises that Richard is actually a hallucination.

The actors had to spend five weeks of physically demanding filming in a massive water
tank.

It is best not to move in a whiteout.

Fire fighters are trying to prevent the wildfire from spreading any further.

When he was just fourteen years old, he built an electricity-generating windmill from spare
parts.

Not only are you making ridiculous accusations, but you don’t even know the basic facts!

Never has there been more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere than there is now.

The oil spill had devastating consequences for wildlife.

What they did was show the effects of some recent floods where people had lost absolutely
everything.

The gases from industrialisation have caused the greenhouse effect.

The gases from industrialisation have caused the greenhouse effect.

Not only are you making ridiculous accusations, but you don’t even know the basic facts!

She has an astonishingly good voice.

They made an astounding discovery beneath the ground.

Ask the audience questions to keep them involved.

Caves can be among the most awe-inspiring environments on the planet.

We are all familiar with underground caves from films and documentaries.

Draw a circle six centimetres in diameter.

The miners needed to drain the water from the system of underground caverns.

The miners tramped up the valleys in the morning, worked all day and came down at night.

We made a list of well-known natural wonders.

Anti-nuclear demonstrators gathered in the city's main square.

She was finding it hard to cope with her son’s increasingly antisocial behaviour.

When it’s cloudy, the hormone serotonin decreases, and you need more carbohydrates.

If your emotions are off-balance or you’re feeling off-colour, the sound of raindrops can be
comforting.

So if it’s raining where you are, the best thing is to curl up and have a nap.

Manchester United had a goal disallowed.

I knew my parents would disapprove, but I went anyway.

I see no reason to disbelieve him.

There has been a downturn in the numbers of people who vote in elections.

When the barometer hits pre-storm lows, children become hyperactive and start
misbehaving.

Personally, I’m hypersensitive to changes in the weather.

It ought to be illegal to cycle without a helmet.

It was an illiterate letter, full of mistakes.

It may seem illogical, but it has been proven that people think better on days when the sky
is grey.

He forgave his son’s immature behaviour

It seems highly improbable that people will live on Mars one day.

The money I get from my parents is inadequate.

Are you incapable of getting up in the morning?

All this weather stuff is irrelevant for people like me.

Most people would describe me as irresponsible.

When the barometer hits pre-storm lows, children become hyperactive and start
misbehaving.

These attitudes are based on misinformation and ignorance.

I think you’ve misjudged her.

The radio station serves a multicultural community.

Gathered together in the multipurpose room, the group begins with an activity that either
students or teachers have organized.

If it’s raining where you are, the best thing is to curl up and have a nap.

If your emotions are off-balance or you’re feeling off-colour, the sound of raindrops can be
comforting.
If your emotions are off-balance or you’re feeling off-colour, the sound of raindrops can be
comforting.

Even today I get nervous before I go onstage.

Kwan outdid Bobek to win the finals.

A New York Times investigation found that crimes committed on dry days far outnumber
those committed in bad weather.

The absence of sunlight causes the sleep hormone melatonin to be overactive.

My parents are both extremely clever and I can’t overestimate how much they’ve taught
me.

I think football players are overpaid for what they do.

Post-match interviews with footballers are boring.

As usual, the government seems to have forgotten most of its pre-election promises.

When the barometer hits pre-storm lows, children become hyperactive and start
misbehaving.

There was a pro-democracy demonstration.

If your emotions are off-balance or you’re feeling off-colour, the sound of raindrops can be
comforting.

A selection of shoppers saw ten unusual objects in the checkout area of a shop and were
asked to recall the objects later.
Many years before, his wife had died, and he had remarried.

People should use more renewable energy.

I believe self-awareness can be learned.

I suffer from low self-esteem.

These people think it’s all about them! They’re self-obsessed.

An Australian study shows that sunshine can affect our mental sharpness.

I know that my work is substandard because I lack concentration.

I feel off-balance and unable to concentrate.

I’m totally unaware of the weather most of the time!

I find the transition from one season to another particularly uncomfortable.

I felt an uncontrollable urge to scream.

Don't underestimate how good the other team is, or how hard they're going to play.

Our hospitals are seriously understaffed at the moment.

I undid the package carefully.

Youth unemployment is a big problem in my country.

The roads in my country are really unsafe.

Did you notice anything unusual about him?

High temperatures on the other hand have long been linked with an upturn in violence.

Sunny weather makes you more violent.

It is surrounded by turquoise waters but only a small part of its coastline is sandy beach.

In order to express concession, begin your sentence with although.

It’s crucial to preserve the cultural heritage of Italy.

With such a diverse landscape, it’s little wonder that the region is a wonderful place to just
go for a drive.

Development of facilities for tourists often takes priority over protection of areas of natural
beauty and local wildlife.

The negative impacts of tourism have been reduced and the turtles continue to lay their eggs
there.

A great deal is being done on the island to promote wildlife protection and preserve natural
beauty.

While tourists can visit some of the nesting beaches, this can only be done at certain times.
Speedboats are so disruptive that they are not permitted.

Having just returned from a holiday to Zakynthos, I have seen sustainable tourism in action.

Development of facilities for tourists often takes priority over protection of areas of natural
beauty and local wildlife.

There are tourist resorts where a great deal is being done to promote wildlife protection and
preserve natural beauty.

Development of facilities for tourists often takes priority over wildlife protection.

Tighter regulations are being introduced to protect the environment from emissions
contributing to acid rain.

There have been complaints about vandalism and other antisocial behaviour

I wish my parents had asked me what breed of dog I wanted to get before buying me a
poodle.

The clearance of hundreds of trees has caused irreparable damage to the forest.

The idea that space exploration has led to the loss of the ozone layer is a common
misconception

Stress contributes to many illnesses.

Temperature alone does not directly define whether an area of land is described as a desert.

Despite its resemblance to a bat, this creature is actually a type of squirrel.

He’s a strict vegetarian and disapproves of keeping animals for meat.

The car skidded on an icy road and ended up in a ditch.

This climate is consistent all year round which creates the perfect habitat for an incredibly
diverse range of plants and animals.

The company has been forced to close some shops due to a sharp downturn in sales.

The region is facing its worst drought in decades with no rain in months now.

The lizards are classed as an endangered species.

Is the work of environmental organisations effective?

How can you use social media to promote an environmentally-friendly lifestyle?

This is because the lack of cloud cover allows hot air to escape very quickly once the sun
has set.
Many of the villagers live in extreme poverty, getting by on less than a dollar a day.

The key factor is rainfall, with desert areas averaging less than 254 millimetres of rain a
year.

What are the advantages of living next to large green areas?

With an average daily temperature of around 28 degrees Celsius, rainforests are hot and
humid.

I’d rather you used reusable bags while shopping instead of those plastic ones.

If only the motorway hadn’t been built near the nature reserve.

The country is struggling to deal with the outbreak of malaria due to inadequate healthcare
facilities.

The clearance of hundreds of trees has caused irreparable damage to the forest.

Claudia needs to mow the lawn before she goes on holiday.

The idea that space exploration has led to the loss of the ozone layer is a common
misconception .

The idea that space exploration has led to the loss of the ozone layer is a common
misconception .
The bird’s north–south migration route is 3,000 miles from Canada to Southern Mexico.

Claudia needs to mow the lawn before she goes on holiday.

It was amazing to see tigers in their natural habitat in India.

If only the motorway hadn’t been built near the nature reserve, it wouldn’t have affected the
local wildlife so much.

There was a small orchard at the back of our house where we’d pick apples in the autumn.

Josh only recommended you should buy more organic food.

The idea that space exploration has led to the loss of the ozone layer is a common
misconception .

I wish my parents had asked me what breed of dog I wanted to get before buying me a
poodle.

The key factor instead is rainfall, with desert areas averaging less than 254 millimetres of
rain a year.

The mass of roots creates a safe space for young fish away from the reach of larger
predators.

We don’t want to lose Sophia and have asked her to reconsider her decision to resign.

I’d rather you used reusable bags while shopping instead of those plastic ones.

Never before have we seen so many robins in our garden.

Tim not only saw a school of dolphins, but he also spotted a whale.

The village is in a remote mountain area and experiences some severe weather conditions.

The car skidded on an icy road and ended up in a ditch but thankfully no one was hurt.

The idea that space exploration has led to the loss of the ozone layer is a common
misconception

They play a vital role in preventing coastal erosion as well as providing a home to
numerous species of fish.

Rainforests are found in areas with consistently high levels of rainfall, typically in tropical
regions of the world around the equator.

Thanks to conservation efforts, there’s now a thriving population of wildcats.

Mangrove forests are typically tidal, so water levels rise and fall twice a day.

I chose to do a presentation on the topic of acid rain.

There is a tornado approaching so we need to stay inside.

Don’t you agree that it is high time you gave your dog some training?

One of the world’s harshest environments are tundras, treeless ecosystems found in the
Arctic and on the tops of mountains.

Max was facing the other direction and was completely unaware of what was happening
behind him

Under no circumstances are you to leave home now.

The clinic is severely understaffed with often only one or two nurses on duty.

Tim not only saw a school of dolphins, but he also spotted a whale.

If only the motorway hadn’t been built near the nature reserve, it wouldn’t have affected the
local wildlife so much.
Translation
Unit 8
8.1 Woordenschat
changed naturally by bacteria into substances that do not
harm the environment
biologisch afbreekbaar 1 million plastic drinks bottles are sold every minute.
None of them are biodegradable .

a place or situation where something bad or harmful

develops
broedplaats A plastics factory is the breeding ground for our plastic
bottle.

an area that has a lot of buildings and not many open

bebouwde kom spaces
In built-up areas nowhere is safe – not even parks.
the process of making a place or substance dirty or
besmetting harmful by putting something such as chemicals or
poison in it
Plastic trash causes serious contamination of the food
land that is outside cities and towns
The plastic bottle remains on the loose and blows across
platteland open countryside through orchards, meadows and
ploughed fields.

a continuous movement of water in a river, lake or sea

stroming Strong currents can be very dangerous for swimmers.
to get rid of something
weggooien Once the water has been consumed, the bottle is
discarded and released into the wild.

a long narrow hole dug at the side of a field, road etc to

greppel hold or remove unwanted water
A muddy ditch ran along the side of the field.

someone who takes action in order to stop damage to the

eco-krijger environment
Eco-warriors are trying to stop the new road being built.

when a particular type of animal or plant stops existing

uitsterven Many endangered species now face extinction.
all animals and plants considered as a group in which a
plant is eaten by an insect or animal, which is then eaten
voedselketen by another animal and so on
Plastic trash causes serious contamination of the food
chain .
one of the smaller hills below a group of high mountains
uitloper It drops into a stream which takes it out of the foothills
and onto the plain.
 a sudden strong movement of wind
windstoot A gust of wind blew the door shut.
(egg) to break, letting the young bird, insect, etc. come
uitbroeden out
The emperor penguin lays one egg which takes more
than two months to hatch .
(to be involved in) a situation in which you only just
avoid danger, difficulties or trouble
een nipte ontsnapping (hebben) A woman had a narrow escape yesterday when her car
left the road.

kept in a prison, cage, etc. and not allowed to go where

in gevangenschap you want
He has been freed after 84 days in captivity.

damage to something that is so bad that it can never be

repaired or made better
onherstelbare schade The explosion caused irreparable damage to several
buildings.

having a lot of trees and plants

lommerrijk We made our way through the leafy neighbourhoods of
the city.

waste paper, cans, etc. that people have thrown away and
afval left on the ground in a public place
People who drop litter can be fined in some cities.

a field with wild grass and flowers

weide We walked through several meadows and ploughed
fields.
when birds or animals travel regularly from one part of
migratie the world to another
The Arctic tern makes the longest migration of any bird.

the type of place where an animal or plant usually lives

natuurlijke leefomgeving or grows
She studies gorillas in their natural habitat.

free after escaping from prison or from a cage

losgeslagen One of the prisoners remains on the loose.
a place where fruit trees are grown
boomgaard I went to the orchard to pick some apples.
a person who is responsible for taking care of a park
(park = a large open area with grass and trees, especially
in a town, where people can walk, play games, etc.) and
parkwachter making sure its rules are obeyed
The park warden told us to not to climb the trees.
 a small area of something that is different from the area
patch around it
Look out for icy patches on the road.

a large area of flat dry land

vlakte It drops into a stream which takes it out of the foothills
and onto the plain.

unwanted plastic bottles, plastic wrappers, etc. that are

plastic afval left after you have used something
The emphasis now is on recycling plastic waste.

a field in which the earth has been turned over using a

piece of farm equipment called a plough so that seeds
geploegd veld can be planted
We walked through several meadows and ploughed
fields.
an animal that kills and eats other animals
roofdier The long spines of the sea urchins protect them from
most predators.

an animal, bird, etc. that is hunted and eaten by another

prooi animal
Snakes track their prey by its scent.

to let an animal live in natural and free conditions, after

loslaten in het wild having kept it somewhere
The bears are eventually released into the wild.

to walk or travel, usually for a long time, with no clear

zwerven purpose or direction
Wild sheep roam the hills.

to allow a person or an animal to be free

vrijlaten All the other hostages were finally set free
products made out of plastic that you use once only
plastics voor eenmalig gebruik 40 percent of all plastic produced is single-use plastic
used in packaging.

a natural flow of water that moves across the land and is

stroom /beek narrower than a river
We need to cross this stream.

a black and white sea bird that has long wings and a tail
stern with two points
The Arctic tern makes the longest migration of any bird.

a group of people or animals living in a particular area

that are healthy and increasing in numbers
bloeiende bevolking The Chinese government took action to protect their
natural habitat and there is now a thriving population of
over 2,000.
 prevented from escaping from somewhere, especially a
dangerous place
gevangen raken / vastzitten Every year over 1 million marine animals die from
eating the plastic trash or getting trapped in it.

things that you throw away, such as empty bottles, used

vuilnis papers, food that has gone bad, etc.
Plastic trash causes serious contamination of the food
chain .
8.2 Grammatica

an area where people can stay in tents, often with a water

supply and toilets
camping I’d rather we went to the same campsite we went to last
year.

instead of what usually happens

voor de verandering If only we could go somewhere exciting for a change.
to stand, sit or lie in a lazy or relaxed way
loungen I’ve had enough of lounging on sunbeds.
a small flat rubber boat filled with air
vlot Ben didn’t fall out of the raft with Ellie.
a light chair like a folding bed, which you can sit or lie
zonnebed on outside
I’ve had enough of lounging on sunbeds.

a cream or oil that you rub into your skin to stop the sun
zonnebrandcrème from burning you
Ellie didn’t wear enough sunscreen.

the activity of travelling on a raft (raft = a small flat

rubber boat filled with air) along a part of a river that
wildwatervaren looks white because the water is running very quickly
over rocks
I’ve always wanted to do white water rafting.
8.3 Luisteren

the time, usually between the ages of 12 and 18, when a

young person is developing into an adult
adolescentie / pubertijd They experience adolescence and develop powerful
mother and child bonds.

a young person, usually between the ages of 12 and 18,

puber who is developing into an adult
Lately he had been as moody as an adolescent.
 showing in a gentle way that you love someone and care
about them
aanhankelijk It’s even harder to imagine dolphins being anything
other than affectionate, playful and intelligent.

able to move quickly and easily

behendig Dogs are surprisingly agile.
silly or stupid
vogelbrein Not all birds are bird-brained – in the same way that not
all humans are intelligent!

something that unites two or more people or groups,

such as love, or a shared interest or idea
band They experience adolescence and develop powerful
mother and child bonds.

a situation in which people or organizations try to be

more successful than other people or organizations
competitie Sometimes there’s a lot of competition between children
for their mother’s attention.

determined or trying very hard to be more successful

than other people or businesses
competitief But they’re also good at defending themselves and can
be quite competitive, even aggressive.

to imagine a particular situation or to think about

voorstellen something in a particular way
I can hardly conceive what it must be like here in winter.

the act of deliberately making someone believe

bedrog something that is not true
She didn’t have the courage to admit to her deception.

seeming to be one thing but in fact very different

bedrieglijk Appearances can be deceptive.
at a higher level or more advanced state than others
ontwikkelde Not only are sheep intelligent, but they also have great
memory and highly developed recognition skills.

to make an animal able to work for people or live with

them as a pet
domesticeren Cats’ brains have remained unchanged since they were
first domesticated by the ancient Egyptians.

a feeling of being not sure whether something is true or

twijfel right
There’s no doubt that he was a major artist.
 to put your arms around someone and hold them in a
friendly or loving way
omhelzing They have complex emotions: they embrace, they kiss
and hug each other.

to start or create a group of people in a place who have

the same interests
een gemeenschap oprichten They really wanted to establish a community of art
enthusiasts.

to increase the size of the area that an animal, bird, etc.

regards as its own and will defend against other animals
een gebied uitbreiden They attack and kill rival gangs of chimpanzees when
they want to extend their territory.

kind and careful in the way you behave or do things, so

zacht that you do not hurt or damage anyone or anything
Arthur was a very gentle, caring person.

to put your arms around someone and hold them tightly

to show love or friendship
knuffel They have complex emotions: they embrace, they kiss
and hug each other.

someone who prefers to be alone or who has no friends

eenling Cats, on the other hand, are loners.
without any thought or purpose
gedachteloos It’s true that sheep have a reputation for being stupid
because they mindlessly follow the crowd.

an idea which is wrong or untrue, but which people

believe because they do not understand the subject
misvatting properly
Look at owls - we call them ‘wise’, but it’s a common
misconception.
an idea, belief or opinion
wetenschap The notion of chimpanzees being aggressive is pretty
shocking.

very active, happy and wanting to have fun

speels It’s even harder to imagine dolphins being anything
other than affectionate, playful and intelligent.

to make someone happy or satisfied

plezieren If you think about it, dogs come when you call and are
eager to please their owner.
 the ability to know who someone is or what something
is, because you have seen, heard, experienced or learned
about them in the past
herkenningsvaardigheden Not only are sheep intelligent, but they also have great
memory and highly developed recognition skills.

respected for being honest or for doing good work

gerenommeerd We chose that company because we thought they were
reputable.

the opinion that people have about someone or

something because of what has happened in the past
reputatie It’s true that sheep have a reputation for being stupid
because they mindlessly follow the crowd.

the fact of being similar to something, especially in

appearance
gelijkenis The resemblance between Susan and her sister was
remarkable.

to look like or be similar to someone or something

lijken op Chimpanzees resemble humans in many ways.
thought by people to be less important or valuable than it
ondergewaardeerd really is
Such skills are seriously undervalued by society.

used for saying that something is definitely true

ongetwijfeld Dolphins are undoubtedly extremely intelligent.
able to make good decisions, give good advice, etc,
especially as a result of a lot of experience of life
wijs Look at owls – we call them wise, but it’s a common
misconception.

8.4 Lezen

used to say that a storm (storm = a period of very bad

weather when there is a lot of rain or snow, strong winds
and often lightning) will happen soon
er is een storm op komst They heard on the radio that a huge storm was brewing
on their route, so they changed course.

not fastened to anything or controlled by anyone

op drift Several of the lifeboats were still afloat a month after
being cast adrift.

the period of time after something such as a war, storm

nasleep or accident when people are still dealing with the results
Most of the film deals with the aftermath of the tsunami.
 a large mass of snow, ice and rocks that falls down the
side of a mountain
lawine During filming on Everest, an avalanche struck, killing
sixteen Sherpa guides.

hit very hard many times

gehavend The yacht is battered by twelve-metre waves and Tami
wakes up alone.

to start climbing up a mountain, hill, etc. / to start going

down a mountain, hill, etc.
Once the climbers depart the base camp and begin the
beginnen aan de beklimming / afdaling ascent, the film becomes a gripping tale of survival, life
and death.

able to be believed because it seems possible, likely or

geloofwaardig real
All the characters are believable.
to make it difficult for someone to see for a short time
verblinden Climbers are blinded in the snowstorm and can see no
more than thirty centimetres in front of them

a severe snowstorm
sneeuwstorm Several teams of climbers encounter a severe blizzard.
very interesting or attractive, in a way that holds your
boeiend attention
The Impossible tells a captivating true story.

the cutting or burning down of all the trees in an area

ontbossing Drought and the underlying issues of deforestation,
colonialism and climate change are dealt with in detail.

a film about a sudden event such as a flood, storm or

rampenfilm accident which causes great damage or suffering
This week's theme is disaster movies based on true
strories.
a long period of dry weather when there is not enough
droogte water for plants and animals to live
It has already been fifteen weeks since the drought
began.
a sudden shaking of the Earth’s surface that often causes
a lot of damage
aardbeving The earthquake, measuring 7.4 on the Richter scale,
lasted for seven seconds.

producing electricity
When he was just fourteen years old, he saved his family
elektriciteitsopwekking and village from famine by building an electricity-
generating windmill from spare parts.
 lack of food affecting a large number of people for a
long period of time, that can cause illness or death
extreme honger The film explores a community facing extreme poverty
and hunger.

the situation or experience of being very poor

extreme armoede The film explores a community facing extreme poverty
and hunger.

a situation in which a large number of people have little

or no food for a long time and many people die
When he was just fourteen years old, he saved his family
hongersnood and village from famine by building an electricity-
generating windmill from spare parts.

an amount of money that you pay to be allowed to do

something
vergoeding / geld William is forced to leave school when the family can no
longer afford the school fees.

winds that are strong enough to be dangerous or cause

damage
stormachtige winden With gale-force winds of 160 kilometres per hour, and a
lack of oxygen, the climbers fight for their lives.

a story that is very exciting and interesting

Once the climbers depart the base camp and begin the
aangrijpend verhaal ascent, the film becomes a gripping tale of survival, life
and death.

to control and use the natural force or power of

benutten / bedwingen something
We can harness the power of the wind to generate
something unpleasant that strongly makes you remember
or think about something
During filming on Everest, an avalanche struck, killing
harde waarschuwing sixteen Sherpa guides – a harsh reminder that Everest is
one of the most dangerous places on Earth.

a storm that has very strong fast winds and that moves
over water
orkaan There are few forces on Earth more deadly than a
Category 4 hurricane.

injuries that could cause a person to die

levensbedreigende verwondingen When she manages to save him, she realises that he has
life-threatening injuries.

saying or showing what is good or hopeful about a

met een positieve noot situation
But the movie ends on a positive note, with science-
obsessed William Kamkwamba saving his village.
 waiting excitedly to see what happens next
op de rand van je stoel Here are four films, all based on true stories, that will
have you sitting on the edge of your seat!

to make something turn upside down or fall over on its

omver werpen side
Roofs were blown off and cars overturned in the latest
hurricane to hit the coast.
needing a lot of physical effort
fysiek veeleisend Tthe actors had to spend five weeks of physically
demanding filming in a massive water tank.

not exact or containing many details

ruw He built an electricity-generating windmill from spare
parts, working from rough plans he found in a library
book.
the weather at a particular time that is very bad and very
zware weersomstandigheden extreme, and very hot, dry, cold, etc.
The severe weather conditions make rescue impossible.

an occasion when snow falls from the sky, or the amount

that falls in a particular period of time
sneeuwval Heavy snowfall has led to a high risk of avalanches and
skiers have been warned.

new parts for a vehicle or machine, that are used to

replace parts that are damaged or broken
reserveonderdelen When he was just fourteen years old, he built an
electricity-generating windmill from spare parts.

to divide or separate something into different parts or

opsplitsen groups
Most of the film deals with the aftermath of the tsunami
and the agony suffered by the family when they are split
(to be) forced by the power of the wind, sea, etc. to fall
over the side of a ship or boat into the water
overboord geveegd (worden) She searches the boat for her fiancé, and soon realises he
must have been swept overboard during the hurricane.

to have a very sad, difficult or unpleasant experience

Most of the film deals with agony suffered by the family
pijn lijden when they are split up and have no idea whether the
others have survived.

the top of a mountain

top Everest tells the story of an attempt to reach the summit
of Mount Everest in 1996.
 a very large wave, caused by extreme conditions such as
an earthquake, which can cause a lot of damage when it
reaches land
tsunami Most of the film deals with the aftermath of the tsunami
and the agony suffered by the family when they are split
up.
an unexpected feature or change in a situation or story
twist The unexpected twist is when Tami realises that Richard
is actually a hallucination.

a large container for holding water

watertank The actors had to spend five weeks of physically
demanding filming in a massive water tank.

weather conditions in which there is so much cloud or

whiteout snow that you cannot see anything
It is best not to move in a whiteout.

a fire that moves quickly and cannot be controlled

wild om zich heen grijpend vuur Fire fighters are trying to prevent the wildfire from
spreading any further.

a building or structure with parts that turn around in the

wind, used for producing electrical power or crushing
windmolen grain
When he was just fourteen years old, he built an
electricity-generating windmill from spare parts.
8.5 Grammatica

a statement saying that someone is guilty of a crime or of

doing something wrong
beschuldiging Not only are you making ridiculous accusations, but you
don’t even know the basic facts!

the gas produced when animals breathe out, when carbon

is burned in air, or when animal or vegetable substances
kooldioxide decay
Never has there been more carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere than there is now.
badly damaging or destroying something
verwoestend The oil spill had devastating consequences for wildlife.
a very large amount of water that covers an area that is
usually dry
overstroming What they did was show the effects of some recent
floods where people had lost absolutely everything.

the gradual warming of the air surrounding the Earth as a

result of heat being trapped by pollution
broeikaseffect The gases from industrialisation have caused the
greenhouse effect.
 the process by which a country or place develops a lot of
industry
industrialisatie The gases from industrialisation have caused the
greenhouse effect.

very silly or unreasonable

belachelijk Not only are you making ridiculous accusations, but you
don’t even know the basic facts!

8.6 Spreken

in a way that is so surprising that it is difficult to believe

verbazingwekkend She has an astonishingly good voice.
so surprising that it is almost impossible to believe
verbazingwekkend They made an astounding discovery beneath the ground.
a group of people who come to watch and listen to
publiek someone speaking or performing in public
Ask the audience questions to keep them involved.

extremely impressive in a way that makes you feel great

respect
ontzagwekkend Caves can be among the most awe-inspiring
environments on the planet.

a large natural hole in the side of a cliff or hill, or under

the ground
grot / grot We are all familiar with underground caves from films
and documentaries.

a straight line from one side of a circle to the other side,

passing through the centre of the circle, or the length of
diameter this line
Draw a circle six centimetres in diameter.

to make the water or liquid in something flow away

draineren The miners needed to drain the water from the system of
underground caverns.

someone who works under the ground in a mine to

remove coal, gold, etc.
mijnwerker The miners tramped up the valleys in the morning,
worked all day and came down at night.

something beautiful or unusual in nature that makes you

natuurwonder feel surprise and admiration
We made a list of well-known natural wonders.

8.7 Gebruik van Engels

 opposing the use of nuclear weapons and power
anti-nucleair / tegen kernenergie Anti-nuclear demonstrators gathered in the city's main
square.

violent or harmful to other people, or showing that you

do not care about other people
antisociaal She was finding it hard to cope with her son’s
increasingly antisocial behaviour.

foods such as rice, bread and potatoes that contain a

substance which provides your body with heat and
energy and which consists of oxygen, hydrogen and
koolhydraten carbon
When it’s cloudy, the hormone serotonin decreases, and
you need more carbohydrates.
making you feel less worried, unhappy or upset
geruststellend If your emotions are off-balance or you’re feeling off-
colour, the sound of raindrops can be comforting.

to move so that you are lying or sitting with your arms

and legs bent close to your body
oprollen / ineen kruipen So if it’s raining where you are, the best thing is to curl
up and have a nap.

to officially refuse to accept something, because a rule

afkeuren has been broke
Manchester United had a goal disallowed.

to think that someone or their behaviour, ideas, etc. are

afkeuren bad or wrong
I knew my parents would disapprove, but I went anyway.

to not believe something or someone

niet geloven I see no reason to disbelieve him.
a decrease in the level of something
neergang There has been a downturn in the numbers of people
who vote in elections.

too active and not able to keep still or be quiet for very
hyperactief long
When the barometer hits pre-storm lows, children
become hyperactive and start misbehaving.
very easily affected or damaged by something such as a
overgevoelig substance or temperature
Personally, I’m hypersensitive to changes in the weather.

not allowed by the law

illegaal It ought to be illegal to cycle without a helmet.
badly written, in an uneducated way
analfabeet It was an illiterate letter, full of mistakes.
 not sensible or reasonable
onlogisch It may seem illogical, but it has been proven that people
think better on days when the sky is grey.

behaving or thinking in a way that is typical of someone

onvolwassen much younger
He forgave his son’s immature behaviour

not likely to happen or to be true

onwaarschijnlijk It seems highly improbable that people will live on Mars
one day.

not enough for a particular purpose

onvoldoende The money I get from my parents is inadequate.
not able to do something
onbekwaam Are you incapable of getting up in the morning?
not useful or not relating to a particular situation, and
irrelevant therefore not important
All this weather stuff is irrelevant for people like me.

doing careless things without thinking or worrying about

onverantwoordelijk the possible bad results
Most people would describe me as irresponsible.

to behave badly, and cause trouble or annoy people

je misdragen When the barometer hits pre-storm lows, children
become hyperactive and start misbehaving.

incorrect information, especially when deliberately

desinformatie intended to deceive people
These attitudes are based on misinformation and
ignorance.
to form a wrong or unfair opinion about a person or a
verkeerd inschatten situation
I think you’ve misjudged her.

involving or including people or ideas from many

multicultureel different countries, races or religions
The radio station serves a multicultural community.

able to be used for many different purposes

Gathered together in the multipurpose room, the group
multifunctioneel begins with an activity that either students or teachers
have organized.

a short sleep, especially during the day

dutje If it’s raining where you are, the best thing is to curl up
and have a nap.

in an unsteady or confused state

uit balans If your emotions are off-balance or you’re feeling off-
colour, the sound of raindrops can be comforting.
 slightly ill
uit de toon If your emotions are off-balance or you’re feeling off-
colour, the sound of raindrops can be comforting.

on the stage in a theatre

het podium opgaan Even today I get nervous before I go onstage.
to be better or more successful than someone else at
overtreffen doing something
Kwan outdid Bobek to win the finals.

to be more in number than another group

A New York Times investigation found that crimes
overtreffen committed on dry days far outnumber those committed
in bad weather.

too active, in a way that produces a bad result

overactief The absence of sunlight causes the sleep hormone
melatonin to be overactive.

to think something is better, more important, etc. than it

really is
overschatting My parents are both extremely clever and I can’t
overestimate how much they’ve taught me.

given more money for a job than you deserve

overbetaald I think football players are overpaid for what they do.
happening after a match
na de wedstrijd Post-match interviews with footballers are boring.
happening before an election
voor de wedstrijd As usual, the government seems to have forgotten most
of its pre-election promises.

happening before a storm

voorafgaand aan storm When the barometer hits pre-storm lows, children
become hyperactive and start misbehaving.

supporting or approving of a system of government in

which members of the government are elected by the
pro-democratie people of a country
There was a pro-democracy demonstration.

a single drop of rain

regendruppel If your emotions are off-balance or you’re feeling off-
colour, the sound of raindrops can be comforting.

to remember a particular fact, event or situation from the

past
terugbrengen A selection of shoppers saw ten unusual objects in the
checkout area of a shop and were asked to recall the
objects later.
 to marry again
hertrouwen Many years before, his wife had died, and he had
remarried.
that replaces itself naturally and so can never be used up
hernieuwbaar People should use more renewable energy.
knowledge and understanding of yourself
zelfbewustzijn I believe self-awareness can be learned.
the feeling of being satisfied with your own abilities, and
zelfvertrouwen that you deserve to be liked or respected
I suffer from low self-esteem.

only interested in yourself and the things that affect you

geobsedeerd door zichzelf These people think it’s all about them! They’re self-
obsessed.

someone's ability to think and understand things very

quickly
scherpte An Australian study shows that sunshine can affect our
mental sharpness.

not as good as the average, and not acceptable

onder de maat I know that my work is substandard because I lack
concentration.

not able to do something

niet in staat I feel off-balance and unable to concentrate.
not noticing or realizing what is happening
niet op de hoogte I’m totally unaware of the weather most of the time!
that makes you feel anxious and unable to relax
ongemakkelijk I find the transition from one season to another
particularly uncomfortable.

that you cannot control or stop yourself from feeling or

oncontroleerbaar doing
I felt an uncontrollable urge to scream.

to think or guess that something is smaller, cheaper,

easier, etc. than it really is
onderschatten Don't underestimate how good the other team is, or how
hard they're going to play.

not having enough workers, or fewer workers than usual

onderbemand Our hospitals are seriously understaffed at the moment.
to open something that is tied, fastened or wrapped
uitpakken I undid the package carefully.
the number of people in a particular country or area who
werkloosheid cannot get a job
Youth unemployment is a big problem in my country.
 dangerous or likely to cause harm
onveilig The roads in my country are really unsafe.
different from what is usual or normal
ongebruikelijk Did you notice anything unusual about him?
an increase in the level of something
opleving High temperatures on the other hand have long been
linked with an upturn in violence.

likely to attack, hurt or kill other people

gewelddadig Sunny weather makes you more violent.

8.8 Schrijven

the land on the edge of the coast, especially the shape of

this land as seen from the air
kustlijn It is surrounded by turquoise waters but only a small part
of its coastline is sandy beach.

the act of admitting or accepting that something is true or

correct
concessie In order to express concession, begin your sentence with
although.

the ideas, customs, etc. that have existed in a particular

cultureel erfgoed society for a long time
It’s crucial to preserve the cultural heritage of Italy.

a large area of countryside with parts that are very

different from each other
divers landschap With such a diverse landscape, it’s little wonder that the
region is a wonderful place to just go for a drive.

places or buildings used for a particular activity or for

providing a particular type of service
voorzieningen Development of facilities for tourists often takes priority
over protection of areas of natural beauty and local
wildlife.
(bird, insect, fish, etc.) to produce eggs from its body
eieren leggen The negative impacts of tourism have been reduced and
the turtles continue to lay their eggs there.

beauty that exists in nature

natuurlijke schoonheid A great deal is being done on the island to promote
wildlife protection and preserve natural beauty.

an area of sand at the edge of the sea where groups of

birds or animals lay their eggs
neststrand While tourists can visit some of the nesting beaches, this
can only be done at certain times.
 a small boat with a powerful engine, designed to go fast
speedboot Speedboats are so disruptive that they are not permitted.
tourism (tourism = the business of providing hotels,
entertainment, meals, etc. for people while they are on
holiday) that does not cause damage to the environment
duurzaam toerisme Having just returned from a holiday to Zakynthos, I have
seen sustainable tourism in action.

to become more important and receive more attention

than anything else
prioriteit krijgen Development of facilities for tourists often takes priority
over protection of areas of natural beauty and local
wildlife.
a place that a lot of people visit for holidays
vakantieresort There are tourist resorts where a great deal is being done
to promote wildlife protection and preserve natural
beauty.
the process of keeping safe from harm animals and
plants that live and grow in natural conditions
bescherming van dieren in het wild Development of facilities for tourists often takes priority
over wildlife protection.

Focus Review 8

rain that contains harmful acid which can damage the

environment and is caused by chemicals in the air, for
example from cars or factories
zure regen Tighter regulations are being introduced to protect the
environment from emissions contributing to acid rain.

violent or harmful to other people, or showing that you

do not care about other people
antisociaal There have been complaints about vandalism and other
antisocial behaviour

a particular type of animal that is kept as a pet or on a

ras farm
I wish my parents had asked me what breed of dog I
wanted to get before buying me a poodle.
to make something happen, especially something bad
oorzaak The clearance of hundreds of trees has caused irreparable
damage to the forest.

an idea which is wrong or untrue, but which many

people believe because they do not understand the
gebruikelijke misvatting subject properly
The idea that space exploration has led to the loss of the
ozone layer is a common misconception
to help to make something happen
bijdragen aan iets Stress contributes to many illnesses.
 a large area of land where it is always very dry, there are
few plants, and there is a lot of sand or rocks
woestijn Temperature alone does not directly define whether an
area of land is described as a desert.

used to say that something happens or is true even

though something else might have prevented it
ondanks Despite its resemblance to a bat, this creature is actually
a type of squirrel.

to think that someone or their behaviour, ideas, etc. are

bad or wrong
afkeuren He’s a strict vegetarian and disapproves of keeping
animals for meat.

a long narrow hole dug at the side of a field, road, etc. to

greppel hold or remove unwanted water
The car skidded on an icy road and ended up in a ditch.

a number of people or things that are all very different

from each other, but are all of the same general type
This climate is consistent all year round which creates
divers scala the perfect habitat for an incredibly diverse range of
plants and animals.

a decrease in the level of something

neergang The company has been forced to close some shops due to
a sharp downturn in sales.

a long period of dry weather when there is not enough

water for plants and animals to live
droogte The region is facing its worst drought in decades with no
rain in months now.

a group of animals or plants whose members are similar

and can breed together, but that may soon no longer exist
bedreigde soort because there are so few of them
The lizards are classed as an endangered species.

a group of people that is set up to protect the

milieuorganisatie environment
Is the work of environmental organisations effective?
not harmful to the environment
milieuvriendelijk How can you use social media to promote an
environmentally-friendly lifestyle?

(gas, liquid, light, heat, etc.) come out from somewhere

ontsnappen This is because the lack of cloud cover allows hot air to
escape very quickly once the sun has set.
 the situation or experience of being very poor
extreme armoede Many of the villagers live in extreme poverty, getting by
on less than a dollar a day.

one of several things that influence or cause a situation

factor The key factor is rainfall, with desert areas averaging
less than 254 millimetres of rain a year.

a part of a country, town, etc. that is covered with grass,

groen gebied trees, bushes, etc.
What are the advantages of living next to large green
areas?
(air or weather) very wet and hot, and making you feel
uncomfortable
vochtig With an average daily temperature of around 28 degrees
Celsius, rainforests are hot and humid.

used to say that you would prefer to do or have

Ik zou liever something
I’d rather you used reusable bags while shopping instead
of those plastic ones.
used to express a strong wish, especially when you know
that what you want cannot happen
al was het maar If only the motorway hadn’t been built near the nature
reserve.

not enough or not good enough for a particular purpose

onvoldoende The country is struggling to deal with the outbreak of
malaria due to inadequate healthcare facilities.

too bad to repair or make better better

onherstelbaar The clearance of hundreds of trees has caused irreparable
damage to the forest.

an area of ground in a garden or park that is covered with

gazon short grass
Claudia needs to mow the lawn before she goes on
holiday.
an amount or piece of a material or substance that covers
a surface or that is between two other things
laag The idea that space exploration has led to the loss of the
ozone layer is a common misconception .

the fact of no longer having something, or of having less

of it than you used to have, or the process by which this
happens
verlies The idea that space exploration has led to the loss of the
ozone layer is a common misconception .
 when birds or animals travel regularly from one part of
the world to another
migratie The bird’s north–south migration route is 3,000 miles
from Canada to Southern Mexico.

to use a machine to cut an area of grass in a garden or

het gras maaien park
Claudia needs to mow the lawn before she goes on
the type of place where an animal or plant usually lives
natuurlijke leefomgeving or grows
It was amazing to see tigers in their natural habitat in
India.
an area of land in which animals and plants are protected
natuurgebied If only the motorway hadn’t been built near the nature
reserve, it wouldn’t have affected the local wildlife so
much.
a place where fruit trees are grown
boomgaard There was a small orchard at the back of our house
where we’d pick apples in the autumn.

food that is grown or produced without using artificial

biologisch voedsel chemicals
Josh only recommended you should buy more organic
food.
a layer of gases in the sky that prevents harmful radiation
from the sun from reaching the Earth
ozonlaag The idea that space exploration has led to the loss of the
ozone layer is a common misconception .

a dog with thick curly hair

poedel I wish my parents had asked me what breed of dog I
wanted to get before buying me a poodle.

the amount of rain that falls on an area in a particular

period of time
regenval The key factor instead is rainfall, with desert areas
averaging less than 254 millimetres of rain a year.

the ability of something to touch or get to something else

het bereik van iets The mass of roots creates a safe space for young fish
away from the reach of larger predators.

to think again about something in order to decide if you

should change your opinion or do something different
heroverwegen We don’t want to lose Sophia and have asked her to
reconsider her decision to resign.

able to be used again

herbruikbaar I’d rather you used reusable bags while shopping instead
of those plastic ones.

a small European bird with a red breast and brown back

roodborstje Never before have we seen so many robins in our
garden.
 a group of dolphins (dolphin = a very intelligent sea
animal that looks like a large fish with a long grey
pointed nose) that are swimming together
school dolfijnen Tim not only saw a school of dolphins, but he also
spotted a whale.

weather that is very bad and very extreme, and very hot,
dry, cold, etc.
zware weersomstandigheden The village is in a remote mountain area and experiences
some severe weather conditions.

to suddenly slides sideways in an uncontrolledc way

slippen The car skidded on an icy road and ended up in a ditch
but thankfully no one was hurt.

the act of travelling through the area beyond the Earth

where the stars and planets are, in order to find out about
ruimteonderzoek it
The idea that space exploration has led to the loss of the
ozone layer is a common misconception
a group of animals or plants whose members are similar
and can breed together to produce young animals or
soorten plants
They play a vital role in preventing coastal erosion as
well as providing a home to numerous species of fish.
an imaginary line drawn around the middle of the Earth
that is exactly the same distance from the North Pole and
the South Pole
de evenaar Rainforests are found in areas with consistently high
levels of rainfall, typically in tropical regions of the
world around the equator.

a group of people or animals living in a particular area

that are healthy and increasing in numbers
bloeiende populatie Thanks to conservation efforts, there’s now a thriving
population of wildcats.

relating to the regular rising and falling of the sea

getijden Mangrove forests are typically tidal, so water levels rise
and fall twice a day.

a subject that people talk or write about

onderwerp I chose to do a presentation on the topic of acid rain.
an extremely violent storm consisting of air that spins
tornado very quickly and causes a lot of damage
There is a tornado approaching so we need to stay inside.
 the process of teaching an animal to do something or to
behave correctly
training Don’t you agree that it is high time you gave your dog
some training?

the large flat areas of land in the north of Russia,

Canada, etc., where it is very cold and there are no trees
One of the world’s harshest environments are tundras,
toendra treeless ecosystems found in the Arctic and on the tops
of mountains.

not noticing or realizing what is happening

niet op de hoogte Max was facing the other direction and was completely
unaware of what was happening behind him

used to emphasize that something must definitely not

in geen geval happen
Under no circumstances are you to leave home now.
not having enough workers, or fewer workers than usual
onderbemand The clinic is severely understaffed with often only one or
two nurses on duty.

a very large animal that lives in the sea and looks like a
fish, but is actually a mammal
walvis Tim not only saw a school of dolphins, but he also
spotted a whale.

animals and plants growing in natural conditions

wildlife If only the motorway hadn’t been built near the nature
reserve, it wouldn’t have affected the local wildlife so
much.