CHAPTER

Trigonometric Ratios
4 and Identities

1. Trigonometric Ratio – Basic Terminology 2. Trigonometric identities:

(i) sin2θ + cos2θ = 1
(ii) sec2θ – tan2θ = 1
hypotenuse (iii) cosec2θ – cot2θ = 1
opposite

3. Allied angles:
Two angles are said to be allied when their sum or difference
q π
is either zero or a multiple of , two angles x, y are allied
nπ 2
adjacent C
angles iff =x ± y 0 or ,n ∈N .
The six trigonometric ratios of θ are defined as follows: 2
opposite adjacent opposite
=sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ
hypotenuse hypotenuse adjacent
adjacent hypotenuse hypotenus
=cot θ = , cosecθ = , sec θ
opposite opposite adjacent

π π 3π 3π
q→ −θ +θ p–q p+q −θ +θ 2p – q 2p + q –q
2 2 2 2
sin cos q cos q sin q –sin q –cos q –cos q –sin q sin q –sin q
cos sin q –sin q –cos q –cos q –sin q sin q cos q cos q cos q
tan cot q –cot q – tan q tan q cot q –cot q –tan q tan q –tan q
cot tan q –tan q – cot q cot q tan q –tan q –cot q cot q –cot q
sec cosecq –cosecq –sec q –sec q –cosec q cosecq sec q sec q sec q
cosec sec q sec q cosec q –cosec q –sec q –sec q –cosec q cosec q –cosec q

4. Sum & Difference Formula 5. Product to sum

(i) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B (i) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)
(ii) sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
(iii) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B (ii) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)
(iv) cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B (iii) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)
tan A + tan B (iv) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)
(v) tan( A + B) =
1 − tan A tan B 6. Trigonometric transformations:
tan A − tan B  C + D  C − D
(vi) tan( A − B) = (i) sin C + sin D =2sin  cos 
1 + tan A tan B  2   2 

cot B cot A − 1  C + D  C − D
(vii) cot( A + B) = (ii) sin C − sin D =
2 cos  sin 
cot B + cot A  2   2 

cot B cot A + 1  C + D  C − D
(viii) cot( A − B ) = (iii) cos C + cos D =
2 cos  cos 
cot B − cot A  2   2 
  C + D  C − D Some useful Formulae:
(iv) cos C − cos D =
−2sin  sin 
 2   2  (i) sin (A + B) sin (A – B) = sin2 A – sin2 B = cos2 B – cos2 A
(ii) cos (A + B) cos (A – B) = cos2 A – sin2 B = cos2 B – sin2 A
 C + D  D − C 
= 2 sin  sin tan 2 A − tan 2 B
 2   2  (iii) tan ( A + B ) tan ( A − B ) = 2
1 − tan A tan 2 B
cot 2 B cot 2 A − 1
(iv) cot( A + B) cot( A − B) = 2
cot B − cot 2 A

7. Some standard trigonometric values

Angle → 1
15° 18° 22 ° 36°
Trigonometric Function ↓ 2
sin 3 −1 5 −1 1
2− 2 10 − 2 5
2 2 4 2 4
cos 3 +1 1 5 +1
10 + 2 5 2+ 2
2 2 4 2 4

tan 2− 3 2 −1
25 − 10 5 5− 2 5
5

8. Double Angle / Triple Angle 10. Conditional Identities

(i) sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A In a Triangle If A + B + C = π, then
(ii) cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A = 2cos2A – 1 = 1 – 2sin2A (i) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4sin A sin B sin C
π A B C
Suppose that A is not an odd multiple of . Then (ii) sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2 2
2 tan A (iii) cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = – 1–4 cos A cos B cos C
(iii) sin 2 A =
1 + tan 2 A (iv) sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C = 2(1 + 4cos A cos B cos C)
1 − tan 2 A (v) cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C = (1 – 2cos A cos B cos C)
(iv) cos 2 A =
1 + tan 2 A 11. Domains, Ranges and Periodicity of Trigonometric Functions:
2 tan T-Ratio Domain Range Period
(v) tan 2 = 2
(Here 2A is also not an odd multiple sin x R [–1, 1] 2π
1 − tan
π cos x R [–1, 1] 2π
of ) R π
2  π
tan x R – ( 2n + 1)  ; n ∈ I
(vi) sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin3 A, ∀A∈R  2
(vii) cos 3A = 4 cos3 A – 3 cos A, ∀A∈R
cot x R – {nπ: n ∈ I} R π
3 tan A − tan 3 A
(viii) tan 3 A = (3A, A are not odd multiples  π (–∞, –1] 2π
1 − 3 tan 2 A sec x R – ( 2n + 1)  ; n ∈ I ∪ [1, ∞)
π  2
of )
2 (–∞, –1] 2π
cosec x R – {nπ: n ∈ I}
3cot A cot A 3
π ∪ [1, ∞)
(ix) cot 3 A 2
(3A, A are not multiples of ) 12. Maxima-Minima
1 3cot A 2
9. Half Angle (i) 
a cos q + b sin q will always lie in the interval
A A  − a 2 + b 2 , a 2 + b 2  i.e., the maximum and minimum
(i) sin A = 2sin
cos  
2 2
values are a 2 + b 2 , − a 2 + b 2 respectively.
A A A A
(ii) cos A = cos 2 − sin 2 = 2 cos 2 − 1 = 1 − 2sin 2
2 2 2 2 (ii) Minimum value of a2 tan2 q + b2 cot2 q is 2ab where a, b > 0.
A (iii) − a + b + 2ab cos ( α − β) < a cos (a+q) + b cos (b+ q)
2 2
2 tan
(iii) tan A
= 2  where A ≠ (2n + 1) π , n ∈ Z 
  ≤ a 2 + b 2 + 2ab cos ( α − β) where a and b are known
2 A  2 2
1 − tan
2 angles.
P
W Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 7
  π (ii) cos (A + B + C) = cos A cos B cos C – cos A sin B sin C
(iv) If a, b, ∈  0,  and a + b = s (constant) then – sin A cos B sin C – sin A sin B sin C = ∏cos A – ∑cosA
2
sinB sinC
(a) Maximum value of the expression cos a cos b, cos a +
(iii) tan (A + B + C)
σ
cos b, sin a sin b or sin a + sin b occurs when a = b = tan A + tan B + tan C − tan A tan B tan C
2 =
1 − tan A tan B − tan B tan C − tan C tan A
(b) Minimum value of sec a + sec b, tan a + tan b, cosec
∑ tan A − Π tan A
σ =
a + cosec b occurs when a = b = 1 − ∑ tan A tan B
2
(v) If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle then maximum 14. Summation of Series
value of sin a + sin(a+b) + sin(a+2b) + ... + sin(a + n–1b)
sin A + sin B + sin C and sin A sin B sin C occurs when  n −1  nβ
sin  α + β sin
A = B = C = 60°  2  2
=
β
(vi) In case a quadratic in sin q & cos q is given then the max- sin
imum or minimum values can be obtained by making 2
perfect square. cos a + cos(a+b) + cos(a+2b) + ... + cos(a + n–1b)
13. Sum of Three or More Angles  n −1  nβ
cos  α + β sin
(i) sin (A + B + C) = sin A cos B cos C + cos A sin B cos C  2  2
=
+ cos A cos B sin C – sin A sin B sin C = ∑sin A cos B β
sin
cos C – ∏ sin A 2

8 JEE (XI) Module-1 PW