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Lecture 1 Introduction to Radiology 1 1

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Lecture 1 Introduction to Radiology 1 1

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mysself754182
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Lecture 1:

Introduction to Diagnostic Radiology 1


X-ray and Ultrasound

1. Conventional Radiography
• Fluoroscopy
2. Cross Sectional Imaging Techniques
• Computed Tomography (CT)
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Ultrasonography (US)

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen produced the first X-ray image of his wife’s hand

Image Generation
• X-rays are radiant energy
• X-rays have short wavelength
• can penetrate substances that are opaque to light
• X-ray beam is produced by bombarding a tungsten target with an electron
beam within an x-ray tube

Fluoroscopy
• real time radiographic visualization of moving anatomic structures like
GI peristalsis, movement of the diaphragm with respiration and cardiac
action
Examples: Esophagogram, UGIS, BE/Colonogram, Hysterogram, T-tube
cholangiogram, Fistulogram
• helpful while performing surgical procedures
o Orthopedic surgery (arthrography)
o Angiography (x-rays of lymph or blood vessels, heart, leg and
cerebral vessels)
o Urological surgery
o Pacemaker implantation

Film Radiography
• Conventional radiography utilizes a screen-film system within a film
cassette as the x-ray detector
• The film is removed from the cassette and developed by an automated
chemical film processor
• The final product is an x-ray image of the patient’s anatomy on a film
that can be viewed using a lightbox or negatoscope
• Later stored in the file room (physical storage for archival)

Problems with film


• 10% not available when needed
• 15% are hard to locate
• 25% are misplaced/ misfiled
• 10% are lost by referrals, residents

Digital Imaging or Digitization


- Any modality/method of imaging that creates an image that can be
viewed or stored on a computer.

Filmless Radiography
1. Computed Radiography (CR)
• Eliminated chemical processing.
• Applicable for portable or bedside

2. Digital Radiography (DR)


• Filmless and cassette-less

Normal x-ray tube to film plate distance - 72 inches

Naming Radiographic Views


• based on the way the x-ray beam passes through the patient

Radiographic Density – degree of blackness or darkness on a radiograph


• Air
• Allows full force of the beam to pass, thus appear black
• Bone, metal, radiographic contrast
• Allows little radiation to pass, thus appear white

Ultrasound (US)
• Uses pulse echo
• Transducer probe – functions as sender and receiver
• Optimal visualization is performed through the “acoustic windows” that
allow adequate sound transmission
• Multifrequency probes 3.5MHz up
• Routes – Endovaginal or TransV, Endorectal or TransRec

Advantages: Quick, cheaper, highly differentiate cyst from solid structures


Limitations: operator dependent, requires skill and diligence of sonographer,
visualization is limited by bone and structures with gas

Doppler Ultrasound
• Detect presence of blood flow, direction, and velocity
• Color Doppler combines gray scale and color-coded Doppler information
in a single image

Duplex Scan
• gives anatomical and physiological information of the vascular system

Echocardiogram (ECG or EKG) - Checks the heart chambers and valves pumping
blood through the heart

Echocardiography (2D echo) uses electrodes to check the heart rhythm and
ultrasound technology to see how blood moves through the heart

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