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HH

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11 views

HH

Uploaded by

ragavisjayashree
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

‭INTRODUCTION‬

I‭n society,sometimes streetlights glow in the daytime‬


‭due to any reason. In mine areas people face many‬
‭difficulties due to absence of light in the nights.In‬
‭frontier and hilly areas, people face many problems‬
‭due to damaged street lights.For solve above these‬
‭problems we create a device in which the lights glow‬
‭in night and in day time, they turn off automatically‬
‭and doesn't glow. Due to its use of it,we can solve the‬
‭above problems and can also save electricity and‬
‭men's power.‬
‭This project is based on light dependent‬
‭resistor(L.D.R).Light dependent Resistor[LDR]is a‬
‭resistance,in which opposing power of current‬
‭depends on the presence of quantity of light‬
‭present,i.e. The resistance of LDR increase or‬
‭decrease,according to quantity of light which falls on‬
‭it.If LDR places in darkness,the resistance of LDR‬
‭increase and when light falls on it,the resistance of‬
‭LDR decreases and act as a conductor.Any LDR in‬
‭the presence of light and darkness changes its‬
‭resistance is depends on the different types of LDR‬
‭resistance‬

‭A Photoresistor or light dependent resistor is a‬


‭ omponent that is sensitive to light. When light falls‬
c
‭upon it then the resistor changes. Values of‬
‭resistance of the LDR may change over many orders‬
‭of magnitude, the value of resistance falling as the‬
‭level of light increases.‬

‭ ith such wide variations in resistance, LDRs are‬


W
‭easy to use and there are many LDR circuits‬
‭available. The sensitivity of light dependent resistors‬
‭or photoresistor also varies with the wavelength of‬
‭the incident light.‬

‭ DRs are made from semiconductor materials to‬


L
‭enable them to have their light sensitive properties.‬
‭Many materials can be used,but one popular material‬
‭for these photoresistor is cadmium sulphide‬
‭ABSTRACT‬
‭ he general purpose photoconductive cell is known‬
T
‭as LDR - light dependent resistor. It is a type of‬
‭semiconductor and its conductivity changes with‬
‭proportional change in the intensity of light . There‬
‭are two common types of material used to‬
‭manufacture the photoconductive cells. They are‬
‭Cadmium Sulphide(CDS) and Cadmium Sulphide‬
‭(CDSE) .‬

‭Extrinsic devices have impurities added which have a‬

‭ground state energy closer to the conduction band -‬

‭since the electron don't have as far to jump , lower‬


‭energy photons (i.e. longer wavelength and longer‬

‭frequencies ) are sufficient to its earlier applications‬

‭ ere as part of smoke and fire detection system and‬


w
‭camera light metres.‬

‭OBJECTIVE‬
‭ o study the variations in current flowing in a circuit‬
T
‭containing an LDR because of a variation in (a) the‬
‭power of the incandescent lamp used to 'illuminate'‬
‭the LDR(keeping all the lamps at a fixed distance).‬

(‭ b) the distance of an incandescent lamp (of fixed‬


‭power)used to illuminate the LDR‬

‭THEORY‬
‭1.LDR and its characteristics‬
‭ hen light is incident on it , a photon is absorbed and‬
W
‭thereby it excites an electron from valence band and‬
‭conduction band.Due to such new electrons coming‬
‭up in conduction Band area,the electrical resistance‬
‭of the device decreases. Thus the LDR or‬
‭ hoto-conductive transducer has the resistance‬
p
‭which is the inverse function of radiation intensity.‬

‭ 0 = threshold wavelength, in metres‬


λ
‭e = charge on one electron‬
‭Ew= work function of the metal used, in Ev‬

‭ ere we must note that any radiation with wavelength‬


H
‭greater the value obtained in above equation‬

‭ ANNOT PRODUCE any change in the resistance of‬


C
‭this device. The band gap the energy of Cadmium‬
‭Sulphide is 2.42eV and for Cadmium Selenide it‬
‭is1.74eV. Due to such large energy gaps, both the‬
‭materials have extremely high resistivity at room‬
‭temperature.‬

‭ .Characteristics of photoconductive‬
2
‭cells‬
‭ ow when the device is kept in darkness, its‬
N
‭resistance is called dark resistance. This resistance‬
‭is typically of the order of 1013 ohms. When light falls‬
‭on it, its resistance decreases up to several kilo ohms‬
‭or even hundreds of ohms, depending on the‬
‭intensity of light falling on it. The spectral response‬
‭characteristics of two commercial cells were‬
‭compared in our laboratory. And we found that there‬
‭is almost no response to the radiation of a‬
‭wavelength shorter than 300 nm. It was very‬
‭interesting to note that the Cadmium Sulphide cell‬
‭has a peak response nearer or within the green‬
‭colour of the spectrum within a range of 520 nm.‬
‭Thus it can be used nearer to the infra-red region up‬
‭to 750 nm. It was found that the maximum response‬
‭of Cadmium Sulfoselenide is in the yellow-orange‬
‭range at 615 nm and also it can be used in the‬
‭infra-red region up to about 970 nm.‬

‭3.Sensitivity‬
‭ he sensitivity of a photodetector is the relationship‬
T
‭between the light falling on the device and the‬
‭resulting output signal. In the case of a photocell, one‬
‭is dealing with the relationship between the incident‬
‭light and the corresponding resistance of the cell.‬

‭4.Spectral Response‬
‭ ike the human eye, the relative sensitivity of a‬
L
‭photoconductive cell is dependent on the wavelength‬
‭(colour) of the incident light. Each photoconductor‬
‭material type has its own unique spectral response‬
‭ urve‬‭or plot of the relative response of the photocell‬
c
‭versus wavelength of light.‬
‭CIRCUIT DIAGRAM‬

‭MATERIAL REQUIRED‬
‭• Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)‬

‭• Connecting Wires‬

‭• Source of different power rating (bulbs)‬

‭• Bulb Holder‬

‭• Metre scale‬
‭• MultiMeter‬

‭• Battery‬

‭PROCEDURE‬
‭.‬ ‭Choose a specific position for the source and‬
‭mount it using a holder, make sure it is stable.‬

.‭ ‬‭Select the bulb with the lowest power rating and‬


‭connect it to the holder as shown in the figure.‬

.‭ ‬‭Connect the LDR, battery(6V) and the‬


‭multimeter in series.‬

.‭ ‬‭Set the multimeter to ohm section and select‬


‭suitable range and measure the resistance with a‬
‭bulb on‬‭.‬

.‭ ‬‭Similarly switch to the current section and move‬


‭to micro ampere in the multimeter.This gives the‬
‭value of the current.‬

.‭ ‬‭Repeat these steps with different power sources‬


‭at different distances and note down‬
‭observations.‬
‭OBSERVATION :‬
‭ he experiment has been conducted by using‬
T
‭various sources with different power ratings‬
‭Voltage of the battery = 6V‬
‭APPLICATION‬
‭ ead sulphide (PbS) and indium antimode (InSb)‬
L
‭LDRs are used for the mid infrared spectral‬
‭region. GeCu photoconductors are among the‬
‭best far infrared detectors available, and are used‬
‭for infrared astronomy and infrared‬
‭spectroscopy.‬

‭1)‬‭Analog Applications‬
‭●‬‭Camera Exposure Control‬
‭●‬‭Auto Slide Focus - dual cell‬
‭●‬‭Photocopy Machines - density of toner‬
‭●‬‭Colorimetric Test Equipment‬
‭●‬‭Densitometer‬
‭●‬‭Electronic Scales - dual cell‬
‭●‬‭Automatic Gain Control - modulated light‬
‭source‬
‭●‬‭Automated Rear View Mirror‬

‭2)‬‭Digital Applications‬
‭●‬‭Automatic Headlight Dimmer‬
‭●‬‭Night Light Control‬
‭●‬‭Oil Burner Flame Out‬
‭●‬‭Street Light Control‬
‭●‬‭Position Sensor‬
‭●‬‭It can be used in street lights.‬
‭ ‬‭It can be used in mines areas.‬
●
‭●‬‭It can be used in hilly areas.‬
‭●‬‭By using laser , it can be used for safety‬
‭purposes‬
‭●‬‭It can be used in frontier areas‬
‭●‬‭It can be used in houses‬
‭●‬‭It can be used in jail lights‬

‭ADVANTAGES‬

‭●‬‭Collections of parts of the circuit are easily‬


‭available.‬
‭●‬‭Accuracy of this circuit is more than the‬
‭accuracy of other circuits.‬
‭●‬‭By using a laser, it can be used for security‬
‭purposes.‬
‭●‬‭It can be used to stop the wastage of‬
‭electricity.‬
‭●‬‭The cost of the circuit is low.‬
‭●‬‭This circuit saves the men’s power.‬

‭CONCLUSION‬

‭●‬‭The LDR resistance decreases with increase‬


‭in intensity of light and hence there is an‬
‭increase in the flow of current.‬
‭●‬‭There is an increase in the current as the‬
‭distance from the source decreases.‬
‭●‬‭The intensity decreases as the distance from‬
‭the source increases.‬
‭●‬‭The error lies within the experimental limit.‬

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