SHS

Core Subject:
Understanding Culture,
Society and Politics
Quarter 2 - Module 9
Stratification Systems

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL, Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Quarter 2 – Module 9
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government
agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such
work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition
the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials
from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent
nor claim ownership over them.
Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad
Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Elisa Moratillo Ligao NHS

Norman Manlangit Ligao NHS
Allan Ramirez Ligao NHS
Trisha Cepriaso Ligao NHS
Marife Tolarba Ligao NHS
Alexander Bien Amtic NHS

Editors: Delia V. Mendoza, Ph.D. EPS – AP, SDO Ligao

Leo Irwin C. Lindio Principal II, Paulba NHS
Iris R. Paz Principal I, Barayong NHS
Romeo B. Lorico MT II, Ligao NHS
Rachel R. Baltazar MT II, Ligao West Central ES (P)

Layout Artist: Daryl S. Prepotente IT Teacher, DPPMHS

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 Most Essential Learning Competency:
Examine the concept, characteristics, and forms of stratifications systems
using sociological perspectives.

I. System of Stratifications

Introduction
Human society as observe were always divided. There is always boundary that
sets limit to the people to bond. One of these limits is the socioeconomic status. The
differences of status create social stratification.
Let us learn in this module the basic ideas about social stratification.

Vocabulary List
• Caste - Each of the hereditary classes of Hindu society, distinguished by
relative degrees of ritual purity or pollution and of social status.
• Hierarchy - a system or organization in which people or groups are ranked
one above the other according to status or authority.
• Meritocracy - A system in which the talented are chosen and moved ahead based
on their achievement

• Power - the ability to do something or act in a particular way, especially as a

faculty or quality.
• Proletariat - workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often
used with reference to Marxism).
• Social Class - a set of concepts in the social sciences and political theory centered
on models of social stratification which occurs in class society, in which people are
grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories, the most common being the upper,
middle and lower classes.
• Social mobility - the movement of individuals, families, households, or other
categories of people within or between social strata in a society

• Social Stratification - refers to a society's categorization of its people into

groups based on socioeconomic factors like wealth, income, race, education,
gender, occupation, social status, or derived power.

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 Pre-Test
Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is true and write FALSE if it is not. Write
your answer on your answer sheet.
1. Social stratification refers to a society's categorization of its people into groups
based on socioeconomic factors.

2. Hierarchy is another system of social stratification in which personal effort –or

merit-determines social standing.

3. According to functionalism, different aspects of society exist because they

serve a needed purpose.

4. Marx believed social stratification resulted from people’s relationship to

production.

5. According to rationalists, the resulting stratification creates class conflict.

6. Symbolic interactionism is a theory that uses everyday interactions of

individuals to explain society.

7. Horizontal Social Mobility refers to the movement from one position to another
with same ranking.

8. Davis and Moore argued that property can bring prestige, since people tend to
hold rich people in high regard.

9. The government defines the upper class as those earning incomes between
two to 12 times the poverty line.

10. The Filipino Lower Class is composed of permanently unemployed,

underemployed, or working poor people.

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 Preliminary Activity:
Song Analysis:

Direction: Listen and sing the song of Bamboo entitled “Tatsulok”. Then, answer the
questions below.

Habang may tatsulok at sila ang nasa tuktok

Di matatapos itong gulo
Iligtas ang hininga ng kay raming mga tao
At ang dating munting bukid, ngayo'y
sementeryo
Totoy kumilos ka, baliktarin ang tatsulok
Tulad ng dukha, nailagay mo sa tuktok
Hindi pula't dilaw tunay na magkalaban
Ang kulay at tatak ay di syang dahilan
Hangga't marami ang lugmok sa kahirapan
At ang hustisya ay para lang sa mayaman
Habang may tatsulok at sila ang nasa tuktok
Di matatapos itong gulo
Totoy bilisan mo, bilisan mo ang takbo Hindi pula't dilaw tunay na magkalaban
Ilagan ang mga bombang nakatutok sa Ang kulay at tatak ay di syang dahilan
ulo mo Hangga't marami ang lugmok sa kahirapan
Totoy tumalon ka, dumapa kung At ang hustisya ay para lang sa mayaman
kailangan Habang may tatsulok at sila ang nasa tuktok
At baka tamaan pa ng mga balang ligaw Di matatapos itong gulo
Totoy makinig ka, wag kang magpa-gabi Habang may tatsulok at sila ang nasa tuktok
Baka mapagkamalan ka't humandusay Di matatapos itong gulo... kabog kabog
dyan sa tabi Di matatapos itong gulo...kabog kabog wag
Totoy alam mo ba kung ano ang puno't ka magpapatalo
dulo
Ng di matapos-tapos na kaguluhang ito
Hindi pula't dilaw tunay na magkalaban
Ang kulay at tatak ay di syang dahilan
Hangga't marami ang lugmok sa
kahirapan
At ang hustisya ay para lang sa mayaman

Guide Questions
• What is the main theme of the song?
• Based on the song, what is the root cause of the issue raised?
• What is the meaning of the phrase “Hindi pula't dilaw tunay na magkalaban
Ang kulay at tatak ay di siyang dahilan”?

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 Learning Activity

I. System of Stratification

Historically, a few basic systems of stratification have existed in human

societies: slavery, caste and class. Slavery is an extreme form of inequality in which
some individuals are literally owned by others as property. As a formal institution,
slavery is illegal in every country and has almost completely disappeared.
Sociologists use the term social stratification to describe the system of social
standing. Social stratification refers to a society’s categorization of its people into
rankings of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, race, education,
and power.
Sociologist recognizes that social stratification is a society wide system that
makes inequalities apparent. While there are always inequalities between individuals,
sociologists are interested in larger social patterns. Stratification is not about individual
inequalities, but about systematic inequalities based on group membership, classes,
and like. No individual, rich or poor, can blamed for social inequalities. A person’s
social standing is affected by the structure of society. Although individuals may support
or fight inequalities, social stratification is created and supported by society as a whole.

Social stratification is based on four major principles:

1. Social stratification is a trait of society, not simply a reflection of individual

differences.
2. Social stratification persists over generations.
3. Social stratification is universal (it happens everywhere) but variable (it takes
different forms across different societies).
4. Social stratification involves not just inequality but beliefs as well (inequality is
rooted in a society's philosophy).

Systems of Stratification
Sociologist distinguishes between two types of system of stratification. Closed
systems accommodate little change in social position. They do not allow people to
shift levels and do not permit social relations between levels. Open systems, which
are based on achievement, allow movement and interaction between layers and
classes. Different systems reflect, emphasize, and foster certain cultural values, and
shape individual beliefs. Stratification systems include class systems and caste
system as well as meritocracy.

Caste System
Caste is associated with the culture of the Indian sub-continent he Hindu belief
in rebirth. In caste systems, one’s social status is given for life. This means that all
individuals must remain at the social level of their birth throughout their life. It is
believed that individual who fails to abide by the rituals and duties of their caste will be
born in an inferior position in the next life.

Class System
Class systems differ in many aspects from slavery and castes. We can define
class as large-scale grouping of people who share common economic resources that
strongly influence the type of lifestyle, they are able to lead. The concept of life

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chances introduced by Max Weber your life chances are the opportunities you have
for achieving economic prosperity. The idea of life chances is important because it
emphasize in our lives, it is not determining. Class affect completely determining.
Class division affects which neighbors we live in, what lifestyles we follow and even
which romantic patterns we choose. But they do not fix people for life in specific social
positions, as the older systems of stratification did.

Meritocracy
Meritocracy is another system of social stratification in which personal effort –
or merit-determines social standing. High levels of effort will lead to a high social
position, and vice versa. The concept of meritocracy is an ideal-that is, a society has
never existed where social rank was based purely on merit. Because of the complex
structure of societies, processes like socialization, and the realities of economic
systems. Social standing is influenced by multiple factors, not merit alone. Inheritance
and pressure to conform to norms, for instance, disrupt the notion of a pure
meritocracy. Sociologists see aspects of meritocracies in modern societies when they
study the role of academic performance and job performance, and the systems in
place for evaluating and rewarding achievement in these areas.

Status consistency
This term use to describe the consistency, or lack thereof of an individual’s rank
across these factors. Caste system correlates with high status consistency, whereas
the more flexible class system has power status consistency.

Income
It refers to wages and salaries earned from paid occupations plus money
received from investments serves as an important determinant of one’s social position.
One of the most significant changes over the past century has been the rising real
income of the majority of the working population.

Wealth
Wealth is usually measured in terms of the net worth: all the assets one own
for example, cash savings and checking accounts in stocks, bonds and real estate
minus one’s debts.

Education
One thing that pays off in terms of income and wealth is a college education. In
fact, education is one of the strongest predictors of occupation, income and wealth in
later life.

Occupation
Occupation is an important determinant of social standing. According to the
studies, people rate jobs in terms of how “prestigious” they are, those requiring the
most education are often – but not always – ranked most highly.

Lifestyle
Sociologist have traditionally relied on measure that are primarily economic,
such as income or wealth. Some recent authors, however, seek to include cultural
factors such as lifestyle and consumption patterns. According to this perspective,

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symbols and markers related to consumption are playing an ever-greater role in daily
life.

Practice Task 1

Answer the following questions:

1. What is social stratification?
2. Why is it that the society is stratified?
3. How the social stratified society affects its member?
4. What are the positive and negative consequences of stratified social system?
5. What if society has no stratification, what do you think would happen?

II. Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification

Introduction
Social stratification refers to a system by which a society ranks categories of
people in a hierarchy. In the Philippines, it is perfectly clear that some groups have
greater status, power, and wealth than other groups. Thus, it creates social hierarchy
among its member in the society. How does this distinction come to exist?

Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification

Show business is one of the highest-paying industry. There is stratification even

among actors. For example, Willie Revillame is one of the highest paid actors in the
Philippine Show business earning Php 960 000 000 (2018). Even within specific fields,
layers are stratified, and actors are ranked.

In sociology, even an issue such as Show Business salaries can be seen from
various points of view. Functionalists will examine the purpose of such high salaries,
while conflict theorists will study the exorbitant salaries as an unfair distribution of
money. Social stratification takes on new meanings when it is examined from different
sociological perspectives—functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism.

Functionalism

In sociology, the functionalist perspective examines how society’s parts

operate. According to functionalism, different aspects of society exist because they
serve a needed purpose. What is the function of social stratification?

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 In 1945, sociologists Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore published the Davis-
Moore thesis, which argued that the greater the functional importance of a social role,
the greater must be the reward. The theory posits that social stratification represents
the inherently unequal value of different work. Certain tasks in society are more
valuable than others. Qualified people who fill those positions must be rewarded more
than others.
According to Davis and Moore, a
firefighter’s job is more important than, for
instance, a grocery store cashiers. The
cashier position does not require the same
skill and training level as firefighting.
Without the incentive of higher pay and
better benefits, why would someone be
willing to rush into burning buildings? If pay
levels were the same, the firefighter might
as well work as a grocery store cashier.
Davis and Moore believed that rewarding
more important work with higher levels of
Workers incentive is necessary to boost confidence and
income, prestige, and power encourages productivity
people to work harder and longer.
Davis and Moore stated that, in most cases, the degree of skill required for a
job determines that job’s importance. They also stated that the more skill required for
a job, the fewer qualified people there would be to do that job. Certain jobs, such as
cleaning hallways or answering phones, do not require much skill. The employees
don’t need a college degree. Other work, like designing a highway system or delivering
a baby, requires immense skill.
In 1953, Melvin Tumin countered the Davis-Moore thesis in “Some Principles
of Stratification: A Critical Analysis.” Tumin questioned what determined a job’s degree
of importance. The Davis-Moore thesis does not explain, he argued, why a media
personality with little education, skill, or talent becomes famous and rich on a reality
show or a campaign trail. The thesis also does not explain inequalities in the education
system or inequalities due to race or gender. Tumin believed social stratification
prevented qualified people from attempting to fill roles (Tumin 1953). For example, an
underprivileged youth has less chance of becoming a scientist, no matter how smart
she is, because of the relative lack of opportunity available to her. The Davis-Moore
thesis also does not explain why a basketball player earns millions of dollars a year
when a doctor who saves lives, a soldier who fights for others’ rights, and a teacher
who helps form the minds of tomorrow will likely not make millions over the course of
their careers.
The Davis-Moore thesis, though open for debate, was an early attempt to
explain why stratification exists. The thesis states that social stratification is necessary
to promote excellence, productivity, and efficiency, thus giving people something to
strive for. Davis and Moore believed that the system serves society because it allows
everyone to benefit to a certain extent.

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Conflict Theory

Conflict theorists are deeply critical of social stratification, asserting that it

benefits only some people, not all of society.

Many conflict theorists draw on the work of Karl Marx. During the nineteenth-
century era of industrialization, Marx believed social stratification resulted from
people’s relationship to production. People were divided by a single line: they either
owned factories or worked in them. In Marx’s time, bourgeois capitalists owned high-
producing businesses, factories, and land, as
they still do today. Proletariats were the workers
who performed the manual labor to produce
goods. Upper-class capitalists raked in profits
and got rich, while working-class proletariats
earned skimpy wages and struggled to survive.
With such opposing interests, the two groups
were divided by differences of wealth and
power. Marx saw workers experience deep
alienation, isolation and misery resulting from
powerless status levels (Marx 1848). Marx argued that proletariats were oppressed by
the money-hungry bourgeois.

Today, while working conditions have improved, conflict theorists believe that
the strained working relationship between employers and employees still exists.
Capitalists own the means of production, and a system is in place to make business
owners rich and keep workers poor. According to conflict theorists, the resulting
stratification creates class conflict. If he were alive in today’s economy, as it recovers
from a prolonged recession, Marx would likely have argued that the recession resulted
from the greed of capitalists, satisfied at the expense of working people.

Symbolic Interactionism

Symbolic interactionism is a theory that uses everyday interactions of

individuals to explain society. Symbolic interactionism examines stratification from a
micro-level perspective. This analysis strives to explain how people’s social standing
affects their everyday interactions.

In most communities, people interact primarily with others who share the same
social standing. It is precisely because of social stratification that people tend to live,
work, and associate with others like themselves, people who share their same income
level, educational background, or racial background, and even tastes in food, music,
and clothing. The built-in system of social stratification groups people together. This is
one of the reasons why it was rare for a royal prince like England’s Prince William to
marry a commoner.

Symbolic interactionists also note that people’s appearance reflects their

perceived social standing. Housing, clothing, and transportation indicate social status,
as do hairstyles, taste in accessories, and personal style.

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 To symbolically communicate social standing, people often engage
in conspicuous consumption, which is the purchase and use of certain products to
make a social statement about status. Carrying pricey but eco-friendly water bottles
could indicate a person’s social standing. Some people buy expensive trendy
sneakers even though they will never wear them to jog or play sports. A $17,000 car
provides transportation as easily as a $100,000 vehicle, but the luxury car makes a
social statement that the less expensive car can’t live up to. All these symbols of
stratification are worthy of examination by an interactionist.

Simplistic View
Max Weber took issue with Marx’s seemingly simplistic view of stratification.
Weber argued that owning property, such as factories or equipment, is only part of
what determines a person’s social class. Social class for Weber included power and
prestige, in addition to property or wealth. People who run corporations without owning
them still benefit from increased production and greater profits.
Prestige and Property
Weber argued that property can bring prestige, since people tend to hold rich
people in high regard. Prestige can also come from other sources, such as athletic or
intellectual ability. In those instances, prestige can lead to property, if people are willing
to pay for access to prestige. For Weber, wealth and prestige are intertwined.
Power and Wealth
Weber believed that social class is also a result of power, which is merely the
ability of an individual to get his or her way, despite opposition. Wealthy people tend
to be more powerful than poor people, and power can come from an individual’s
prestige.
Sociologists still consider social class to be a grouping of people with similar
levels of wealth, prestige, and power.

Practice Task 2
Comparison deck
Summarize the theoretical perspective of social stratification by completing the data
retrieval chart below.

What example of
Theoretical Who is the Why there is a stratification does
Perspective proponent? stratification? it show in the
society?
Functionalist
Perspective
Conflict
Perspective

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 Symbolic
interactionist
Simplistic
view

Processing Questions:
1. What are the similarities and differences of above-mentioned theoretical
perspective?

2. Which theoretical perspective do you believe that can explain the social
stratification in your society?

3. Give an example of social stratification that happen in your family. Why did you
say that it is an example of social stratification?

4. Do you believe that social stratification can be prevented? Why or why not?

5. What example of social stratification present in your society?

Practice Task 3
He said, She said
Explain the meaning and ideas of the following qoutes and saying about social
stratification.

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 III. The Philippine Stratification System

Philippine Social Classes

• the stratification system in the Philippines is divided into three classes
• allows horizontal and vertical mobility on a limited access
o Horizontal Social Mobility- refers to the movement from one position
to another with same ranking.
o Vertical Social Mobility- which is the upward and downward change
in rank.
Process of Mobility
• personal achievements and traits can make people move from one social
class to another
Social Stratification in The Philippines (Criteria)

• Patron – Client relationship

• Wealth
• Education
• Physical Appearance

Types of Social Class in the Philippines

Three primary social classes exist in the Philippines: the low-income class, the
middle-income class, and the high-income class.

The latest Family Income and Expenditure Survey by the Philippine Statistics
Authority (PSA) shows that majority (58.4%) of Filipinos belong to the low-income
class, while the middle class comprises around 40% of the population. Only 1.4% fall
in the high-income class. The Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS),
the government’s socio-economic policy think tank, notes that the low-income class
has a bigger share of the population because they tend to have larger families than
other social classes.

The middle class is further classified into lower, middle, and upper middle-income
classes. In between the poor and the middle class is another social class called the
low-income class—they are not middle class but not considered poor.

And then there is the upper-income class in between the middle class and the rich.
Although people in this social class make six-digit figures monthly, they are not
considered among the elite group of the wealthiest in the Philippines.

For policy-making and public service purposes, the Philippine government looks at
the per capita income (in relation to the poverty threshold) to classify the income level
of its citizens and to assess their standard of living.

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 The current official poverty threshold in the Philippines is PHP 10,481, which is the
minimum amount a family of five needs in a month to buy their basic food and non-
food items. If your family income is higher than the poverty threshold, the government
does not consider you poor.

Monthly Income (for a family Size of Class

Income Cluster Per Capita Income
of 5) (i.e Number of
Households)

Poor Less than the official Less than PHP 10,481 4.2 million
poverty threshold
Low-income Between the poverty line Between PHP 10,481 and PHP 7.1 million
class (but not and twice the poverty line 20,962
poor)
Lower middle- Between two and four times Between PHP 20,962 and PHP 5.8 million
income class the poverty line 41,924
Middle middle- Between four and seven Between PHP 41,924 and PHP 3.6 million
income class times the poverty line 73,367
Upper middle- Between seven and 12 times Between PHP 73,367 and PHP 470 thousand
income class the poverty line 125,772
Upper-income Between 12 and 20 times Between PHP 125,772 and 170 thousand
class (but not the poverty line PHP 209,620
rich)
Rich At least 20 times the PHP 209,620 and above 150 thousand
poverty line
Note: Data from the Philippine Institute for Development Studies. To provide updated and accurate information that better
reflects the present situation, the income computation is based on the current poverty threshold.

The Filipino Lower Class

• The Filipino Lower Class is composed of permanently unemployed,
underemployed, or working poor people.
• The poor families are financially incapable to buy the basic needs for survival.
• Majority of these poor families live in the Visayas and Mindanao regions.
• The total income of the richest one percent to be as large as the total income
of the poorest 30 percent.

Who are the Middle Class?

The government defines the middle class as those earning incomes between
two to 12 times the poverty line. This means if your family income is between around
PHP 21,000 and PHP 125,000, you fall in the middle-income class.

A 2018 PIDS study provides deeper insights into the middle class in the
Philippines. Here are some important and interesting facts to know about the country’s
middle class vis-à-vis their poor and low-income counterparts:

Facts About the Middle Class in the Philippines

• Most of them live in urban areas, especially in Metro Manila and nearby areas.
• Three in every four middle-income households live in a space that they own, while
23% rent. A small percentage (3%) of the middle class live in the slums, but they make
up a large chunk of informal settlers in the country (42%). This is attributed to the lack
of affordable housing in the cities.

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• Middle-class workers have stable jobs in wholesale and retail trade, transportation,
communication, and government sectors. These include sari-sari store owners,
tricycle and jeep drivers, bus conductors, call center agents, public school teachers,
clerks, private-sector employees, and government workers.
• They have higher educational attainment, which is why more of them have better-
quality jobs.
• Their families are smaller with fewer children.
• Middle-class families spend more on their children’s education, sending them to
private schools and getting them tutoring services.
• Middle-class households are less dependent on the government, shifting away from
using public services and leaning towards private ones. This is especially true in the

case of transportation

The Filipino Upper Class

• People who are successful in business, politics and the military professions.
• bureaucrats who are impersonal and formal in their behaviors and they draw
their salaries from profit and non-profit organizations

Practice Task 4

Answer the following questions:

1. What is the basis of social stratification in the Philippines?

2. What is the cause of high number of low-income class in the country? How it
affects the development of the country?

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 3. What social class does your family belong? Is it possible to change your
family’s current socio-economic status? In what ways you can change it?

Practice Task 5

Song Analysis
Direction: Listen to the song entitled “Upuan” by Gloc - 9. Analyze its content and
answer the questions that follow.

Mawalang galang na po
Sa taong naka upo
Alam niyo bang pantakal ng bigas namin ay
di puno
Ang ding-ding ng bahay namin ay
pinagtagpi-tagping yero
Sa gabi ay sobrang init na tumutunaw ng
yelo
Kayo po na naka upo Na di kayang bilhin upang ilagay sa inumin
Subukan nyo namang tumayo Pinakulong tubig sa lumang takuring uling-
At baka matanaw, at baka matanaw na nyo uling
Ang tunay na kalagayan ko Gamit lang panggatong na inanod lamang sa
istero
Tao po, nandyan po ba kayo sa loob ng Na nagsisilbing kusina sa umaga'y aming
Malaking bahay at malawak na bakuran banyo
Mataas na pader pinapaligiran
At naka pilang mga mamahaling sasakyan Ang aking inay na may kayamanan isang
Mga Patay na laging bulong ng bulong kaldero
Wala namang kasal pero marami ang naka Na nagagamit lang pag ang aking ama ay
barong sumweldo
Lumakas man ang ulan ay walang butas ang Pero kulang na kulang parin
bubong Ulam na tuyo't asin
Mga plato't kutsara na hindi kilala ang tutong Ang singkwenta pesos sa maghapo'y
At ang kanin ay simputi ng gatas na nasa pagkakasyahin
kahon Di ko alam kung talagang maraming harang
At kahit na hindi pasko sa lamesa ay may O mataas lang ang bakod
hamon O nagbubulag-bulagan lamang po kayo
Ang sarap sigurong manirahan sa bahay na Kahit sa dami ng pera niyo
ganyan Walang doktor na makapagpapalinaw ng
Sabi pa nila ay dito mo rin matatagpuan mata niyo
Ang tao na nagmamay-ari ng isang upuan Kaya...
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Na pag may pagkakatao'y pinag-aagawan Wag kang masyadong halata
Kaya naman hindi niya pinakakawalan Bato-bato sa langit
Kung makikita ko lamang siya ay aking Ang matamaa'y wag magalit
sisigawan O bato-bato bato sa langit
Processing Questions:
1. Who is the speaker of the song?
2. What is the meaning of the line “Kayo po na naka upo. Subukan nyo namang
tumayo. At baka matanaw, at baka matanaw na nyo. Ang tunay na kalagayan
ko”?
3. Why is the song written?
4. Do you think the issue presented in the song happen in your community? In
what way?
5. What line of the song strikes you most? Why?
6. What does the “upuan” mean in the song?
7. How can you contribute to lessen the disparity between rich and poor?

Post Test
Test I. Multiple Choice.
Direction: Choose the best letter of the correct response
1. Which refers to a society's categorization of its people into groups based on
socioeconomic factors like wealth, income, race, education, gender,
occupation, social status, or derived power?
a. Social Stratification c. Social Mobility
b. Hierarchy d. Meritocracy
2. What is the system of stratification in which personal efforts determine
social standing?
a. Meritocracy c. Class System
b. Caste System d. Status Consistency
3. What makes meritocracy beneficial?
a. It promotes equality among the organization

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 b. Inspire every person to work hard
c. It teaches people to treat others equally
d. Promotes manana habit
4. Filipino value the contribution of education as an equalizer in the society.
What following acts shows positive support of Filipino families to the
education?
a. Parents send their children in to the school despite of hardships in life
b. Parents rely to the 4 Ps of the government to send their children to school
c. Parent give autonomy to their children weather they would go to school or not.
d. None of these

5. What do we mean by the phrase “Nasa tao ang gawa, Nasa Diyos ang awa”?
a. We must be fatalistic to achieved success
b. Achievement is a result of people’s faith and action
c. Everyone has destiny need to discover and to follow
d. Persons success is predestined by luck and chance

6. Unlike Davis and Moore, Melvin Tumin believed that, because of social
stratification, some qualified people were _______ higher-level job positions.

a. denied the opportunity to obtain

b. encouraged to train for
c. often fired from
d. forced into

7. When Karl Marx said workers experience alienation, he meant that workers:

a. must labor alone, without companionship

b. do not feel connected to their work
c. move from one geographical location to another
d. have to put forth self-effort to get ahead

Test II. Free Response

Direction: Describe the role and condition of the following social group in the
Philippine Social Stratification System
8. Lower Class –

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 9. Middle Class –

10. Upper Class –

References:
Atienza, Maria Ela, et.al, Understanding Culture, Society and Politics, C & E
Publishing, Inc
Coloma, Teresita M., et.al, Essentials of Sociology and Anthropology, C & E
Publishing, Inc, 2012
Lanuza, Gerry M., et.al, Understanding Culture, Society and Politics, Rex Bookstore

KEY TO CORRECTION
Pre-Test:
1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. TRUE
4. TRUE
5. FALSE
6. TRUE
7. TRUE
8. FALSE
9. FALSE
10. TRUE

Post-Test:
1. A
2. A
3. B
4. A
5. B
6. A

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7. B

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