12

Disaster
Readiness and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 3: Module 5-8

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
N a t i o n a l C a pi t a l Re g i o n
Sc h o o l s D i v i s i o n O f f i c e o f La s Pi ñ a s C i t y

DEVELOPMENT TEAM OF THE MODULE

WRITERS: LOUISE A. FERRER, Master Teacher I
MARK ANTHONY C. MAMON, Master Teacher I
CHERYL A. RETIO, Teacher III
EMERINA CLARISSE R. BERNANTE, Teacher I

CONSOLIDATOR: EMERINA CLARISSE R. BERNANTE, Teacher I

LANGUAGE EDITOR: CHRISTOPHER O. SABAUPAN, Teacher II

CONTENT MARIA SHEILA M. PELIGRINO, Master Teacher I

VALIDATORS: JOVELLANO V. ONTOG, Teacher III
MICHELLE ANN V. VIILLACORTA, Teacher III
MARGIAN ERICA S. TAGUAS, Special Science Teacher I

COVER PAGE AIRA MARI CON M. AUSTERO

ILLUSTRATOR:

TEAM LEADER: DR. RAQUEL M. AUSTERO

Education Program Supervisor

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 Module 5 Types of Hazards

Most Essential Learning Competencies

• Define and cite examples of the types of hazards (DRR11/12-Ie-14-15)
• Explain the impact of various hazards on people and the environment
(DRR11/12-Ie-16)

What’s In

Terminology of Hazard
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), formerly known as
the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), define
hazard as a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity, or condition that may
cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihood
and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. What is the
difference between a hazard and a disaster? A hazard has only the potential to cause
destruction or negative impacts to life and property, whereas a disaster is a hazard
that already occurred and already caused destruction and devastating impacts. In other
words, a disaster is a hazard that affected a vulnerable population or assets

Classification of Hazards
Hazards can be classified into three main categories: Natural, Quasi-natural,
and Man-made Hazards.
1. Natural Hazards are naturally occurring phenomena or processes.
2. Quasi-natural Hazards are hazards that are outcomes of the interaction of
natural phenomena and man-made activities.
Example: smog or desertification
3. Man-made/Human-induced/Anthropogenic Hazards are those that result
from human activities and actions.

In other references, hazards can be classified into these three categories:

Natural, Technological, and Environmental Degradation.
1. Natural Hazards are naturally occurring phenomena or processes. Natural
hazards can be classified into three categories:
A. Geologic Hazards – are natural phenomena or processes that occur in the
Earth’s Crust.

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 Examples: earthquakes, tsunami, volcanic eruptions, mass movement such
as landslides and rockslides, subsidence, liquefaction.
B. Hydrometeorological Hazards – are atmospheric, hydrological, and
oceanographic natural processes or phenomena.
Examples:
- tropical cyclones: tropical depression, storms, typhoons, and
super typhoons
- hurricane, floods and flash floods, tornado, hailstorm,
thunderstorms, drought, and blizzard
C. Biological Hazards – living things or substances from living things that can
cause illnesses and diseases or any harm.
Examples:
- outbreaks of epidemic diseases in humans, animals, and plants
- infestations

2. Technological Hazards – are man-made hazards caused by technological,

infrastructure, or industrial accidents or failures.
Examples: nuclear explosion, industrial pollution, vehicular accidents, industrial
explosions and fires, and collapse of buildings.

3. Environmental Degradation are processes caused or induced by human

activities or in combination with natural hazards.
Examples:
- deforestation, land degradation, loss of biodiversity
- land, water, and air pollution
- climate change
- ozone depletion

Types of Hazards
1. Slow onset hazards – are hazards that have early signs or indicators before its
occurrence.
2. Rapid or sudden onset hazards – are hazards that occur or strike without any
prior signs or warnings.

Impacts of Various Hazards

1. Physical Impact – death and injuries (casualties) of people, and destruction or
damages to properties and infrastructures.

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 2. Psychological Impact – psychological trauma, chronic anxiety, depression, and
other emotional and mental disorders.
3. Socio-cultural Impact – migration, alteration of traditional social status, loss of
cultural identity, ethnic conflicts, sexual abuse and domestic violence, and
changes in lifestyle.
4. Economic Impact – loss of employment, livelihood, and property/land.
5. Environmental Impact – environmental contamination, loss of forests and
natural rivers.
6. Biological Impact – spread of epidemic diseases to people, flora, and fauna.

What’s More
Activity 1. Potentially Dangerous
Directions: Complete Table 1 by enumerating hazards that could possibly affect the
places or sites listed in the first column. Give two (2) hazards per place/site and classify
them and explain their possible effects.

Table 1. Classifying hazards and describing their possible effects

Places/Sites Hazards that Classification Possible Effects
can affect the of Hazards
places/sites

1. Agricultural Lands

2. Fishponds

3. Telecommunication
Sites

4. Beach Resorts

5. Oil Tanks

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Activity 2. Let’s Classify Hazards!
Directions: Identify the natural and man-made hazards that are common in our
community or country. Give at least five (5) hazards for each classification, then explain
their impacts to people and environment.

Table 2. Classification of Hazards

Hydrometeorological Impacts to People and Environment

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.

Geological Impacts to People and Environment

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.

Biological Impacts to People and Environment

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.

Man-Made Impacts to People and Environment

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.

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 What I Have Learned
Directions: Answer the following questions. Write your answers in a separate sheet/s
of paper.
1. What is a hazard?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. What are the different classifications of hazards? Differentiate them and give
examples for each classification.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. How these impacts of hazards affect human lives?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do
You already identified hazards or dangers that can threaten human and animal
lives, properties, and the environment. Plan for information dissemination. How are you
going to inform your neighbors, other community members or barangay officials about
these hazards?

Directions: List at least five (5) ways on how you can inform other people about
hazards and their impacts.

1.________________________________________________________________________

2.________________________________________________________________________

3.________________________________________________________________________

4.________________________________________________________________________

5.________________________________________________________________________

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 Module 6 Earthquake Hazards

Most Essential Learning Competencies

• Identify various potential earthquake hazards (DRR11/12-If-g-17)
• Recognize the natural signs of an impending tsunami (DRR11/12-If-g-18)
• Analyze the effects of the different earthquake hazards (DRR11/12-If-g-19)

What’s In

Earthquake
An earthquake is the sudden or rapid shaking of the ground due to the release
of potential energy stored in rocks. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is the service institute of the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST) that is mandated to monitor and study disasters that may be
caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other geotectonic phenomena. The
scientific study of earthquake is seismology and an expert in earthquake is called a
seismologist. The instrument used in recording seismic waves is a seismograph, and
the record of this ground shaking is a seismogram.

In every occurrence of an earthquake, seismologists are locating its origin deep

down the crust, which is called the focus or the hypocenter. The location in the surface
directly above the focus or hypocenter is called the epicenter. Violent shaking occurs
in the epicenter. As the distance from the focus and epicenter increases, the shaking
of the ground decreases.

An earthquake can be described through its magnitude and intensity. The

magnitude of an earthquake is an estimate of the amount of energy released at the
focus or origin of the earthquake. The magnitude of an earthquake is recorded by an
instrument called seismograph. Richter scale is used for the quantitative measure of
the earthquake’s magnitude, and it is reported in Arabic numerals (ex. Magnitude 6.7
or 7.4). The higher the number, the greater is the magnitude of the earthquake. The
strongest ever recorded magnitude of an earthquake was 9.5 which occurred in 1960
in Chile, South America according to United States Geological Survey (USGS).
Meanwhile, an intensity of an earthquake refers to the degree of shaking or the
severity of its effects on the earth’s surface. Intensity scales developed and used are
the Rossi-Forel Scale, or the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. These are reported in
Roman Numerals (ex. Intensity Scale of VIII or IX). In the PHIVOLCS Earthquake

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Intensity Scales (PEIS) of VIII, IX, and X, the shaking of an earthquake is classified as
Very Destructive, Devastating, and Completely Devastating.

Please remember that aftershocks or smaller earthquakes occur after a major

or main earthquake.

Earthquake Hazards and their Effects

Earthquake hazards include ground shaking, ground rupture, liquefaction,
landslide, tsunami, and fire. Table 1 shows an overview on earthquake hazards.
Table 1. Overview on Earthquake Hazards
Earthquake Characteristics/Features Negative Effects
Hazards
1. Ground • Up down and lateral movement or • Buildings vibrate (shake)
Shaking vibration of the ground because of ground
• Caused by the passage of body and shaking
surface seismic waves • Buildings and other
structures that can’t
Intensity of ground shaking depends on: withstand ground shaking
• Magnitude of an earthquake: the can have damages, can
greater the magnitude, the greater be destroyed, or can
the severity of the ground shaking collapse
• Distance from the epicenter: The • Can cause landslide and
greatest severity of the ground liquefaction
shaking is near the epicenter, and
decreases away from the epicenter
• Geologic condition of the area: a
loose unconsolidated sediment is
prone to more severe ground
shaking
2. Ground • The offset or deformation of the land • Ground cracks
Rupture surface due to movement of the fault • Many structures can have
(surface • This geologic phenomenon damages such as houses,
faulting or commonly happens in shallow commercial buildings,
surface earthquakes bridges, roads and
rupture) highways, tunnels and
canals
• Structures present across
fault zones can collapse
3. Liquefaction • It happens when ground shaking due • Ground failure
to moderate or intense earthquake

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 results to the mixing of body of • Weakened support to
sediments (sand or soil) and ground building foundations
water, and as a consequence, the which may eventually sink
ground becomes soft and could no or tilt
longer support structures that will • Buildings or structures in
eventually sink or tilt the liquefaction-prone
• It can lead to ground failure area can have extensive
damages
4. Landslide It is a mass movement rocks, soil and • Erosion
debris down the slope primarily due to • Destruction of buildings
the action of gravity. However, and other structures
landslides can also be triggered by • Landslides can partially
moderate and strong earthquakes or completely block
sections of roads
5. Tsunami • The word means harbor waves in • Coastlines or coastal
Japanese, is a series of waves areas are vulnerable to
generated by an earthquake that tsunamis.
occurs below or near the ocean floor • The height of tsunami
• It can also be generated by volcanic waves can reach more
eruption, landslide, meteorite, or than 5 meters causing
asteroid impact displacing the water in destruction of properties
the ocean. and loss of lives
• Tsunamis are different from tidal • Rapid, violent flooding in
waves. Tidal waves are caused by the communities near
gravitational force between the earth coastal areas
and moon, whereas tsunami waves are
generated by the displacement of the
water in the ocean caused by the
movement of the fault under the sea
during an earthquake.
• Tsunami is also different from storm
surge. Storm surge is the heightening
of sea level that occurs during
typhoons or hurricanes.
6. Fire It is associated with broken gas pipes • Destruction of properties
and damaged electrical lines because of and loss of lives
damages caused by ground shaking to
buildings and other infrastructures.

Types of Tsunami
1. Local tsunami – is generated within a hundred kilometers from the source and
is confined to coasts. This type of tsunami is caused by earthquakes and
landslides, or a pyroclastic flow.

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 2. Far field or Distant tsunami – tsunami waves that can travel from 1 to 24 hours
before reaching the coastlines of the nearby countries.

Signs of an Impending Tsunami

1. If an earthquake occurs in the coastal region and it originated from the oceanic
crust, a possible tsunami can take place
2. Rapid fall in sea level may happen as the ocean water withdraws from the
coastline. After the water retreats, there is an abrupt surge of water towards the
coastline.
3. Unusual roaring sound which could be an approaching tsunami.

What’s More

Activity 1. Familiarizing Yourself with Earthquake Hazards.

Directions: Identify the earthquake hazards being described or explained on each
statement. Write only the corresponding letter before the number.

A. Ground Shaking D. Ground Rupture

B. Liquefaction E. Landslide
C. Tsunami F. Fire

______1. Sea waves resulting from the disturbance of ocean floor by an earthquake.
______2. Up-down and sideways movement felt during an earthquake.
______3. It is the result of destablilizing cliffs and steep slopes due to an earthquake.
______4. Heavy rain and unconsolidated or fractured rocks can also contribute for this
earthquake hazard to happen.
______5. It happens when waterlogged sediments are agitated by the ground shaking.
______6. It is the ground deformation that marks the fault line intersection with the
earth’s surface.
______7. It is the result of the mixing of sand or soil and groundwater due to the ground
shaking.

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______8. It is a primary earthquake hazard that is caused by the passage of seismic
waves.
______9. Weak slopes affected by ground shaking will most likely result to this
earthquake hazard.
______10. It is caused by underwater volcanic eruptions and landslides.
______11. An earthquake generated by Manila trench will result to this sudden flow of
water with several meters high.
______12. This is a secondary hazard resulting from damaged eletrical lines and gas
lines caused by ground shaking
______13. Loose, granular sediments saturated with ground water and are disturbed
by ground shaking contribute to the occurrence of this hazard.
______14. Inland earthquakes will not result to this hazard.
______15. Damaged hydrants can aggravate the severity of this hazard.

Activity 2. Earthquake Hazards and its Effects

Directions: Fill in Table 2 by enumerating the possible earthquake hazards that can
occur and its effects on the locations or places listed in the first column. Give at least
two effects for each earthquake hazard enumerated.

Table 2. Earthquake Hazards and its Effects

Possible Earthquake Effects of the

Location/Place
Hazards Earthquake Hazards

A. In your own house

B. In your own
community/barangay

C. In your school

D. Coastal area/beach

E. Factories or industrial
area

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 F. Mountains or hills

G. Reclaimed area

Answer the following questions:

1. How did you identify the earthquake hazards in each location or place?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Why are these places or locations prone to earthquake hazards? Explain your
answer for each location or place.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. What are the possible impacts or effects of these earthquake hazards to your
family?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Activity 3. Tsunami!!! Is that you??

Directions: Familiarize yourselves with the correct information about tsunami. There
are ten (10) information listed below. Put a check (/) mark if the information is correct
about tsunami and a cross (X) mark if it is incorrect before the number.
1. Tsunamis are formed by strong winds
2. A magnitude-2 undersea earthquakes can cause a destructive tsunami
3. All tsunamis are triggered by earthquakes
4. Approaching tsunami waves can be heard as an unusual rumbling sound
5. Before a tsunami arrives, one of the natural signs is the sudden retreat of
seawater
6. A strong earthquake with an epicenter below the ocean floor can generate a
tsunami

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 7. A tidal wave is usually larger than a tsunami wave
8. A super typhoon such as Yolanda can cause devastating tsunami
9. Move inland or in higher ground immediately after an earthquake in coastal
areas
10. Local tsunamis are safer compared to far field tsunamis

Activity 4: Impacts of Earthquake Hazards

Directions. Read the article below and answer the given questions that follow.

A 6.6 magnitude earthquake struck southeast of Masbate Island in the Bicol Region last
Tuesday at 8:03 AM (0003 GMT) based on the report of the US Geological Survey. The
epicenter of this strong earthquake is in the Samar Sea. This earthquake affected 50,000
people, killed one person, and injured dozens of people as it damages infrastructures such as
their homes, buildings, and roads. According to the local radio station reporter, the dead victim
was recovered from the rubble of a three-story building. Injuries resulted from falling objects
as the earthquake shook violently the ground. However, no reported casualties are in critical
conditions. The Search and Rescue operations are now conducted. The aftermath of the
earthquake added a burden to the people because the region has an increasing number of
COVID-19 positive cases. The latest report is more than 169,000 cases, which forces the
government to implement restrictions. These impede the response and recovery actions. This
is also a challenge in the evacuation centers to strictly observe social distancing and other
health protocols to prevent COVID-19 transmission.
https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/one-dead-dozens-injured-as-6-6-magnitude-quake-hits-philippines-2281481

Answer the following questions:

1. What are the physical effects of these earthquake hazards on people?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

2. How do these earthquake hazards psychologically affect the community?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. What are the economic impacts of the earthquake on this community?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

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 What I Have Learned
Directions: Answer the following questions. Write your answer in a separate
sheet/s of paper.
1. What is an earthquake?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. What are the earthquake hazards? How can these hazards affect
communities and the environment?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. How the local tsunamis differ from the far field or distance tsunami?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
4. What are the different signs of an impending tsunami?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

What I Can Do
As of today, there are no ways and means to predict earthquakes, specifically
the date and time of its occurrence, its location and magnitude. The best way people
can do is to increase their disaster preparedness and awareness on earthquakes and
its hazards. As a student, how can you help your community to be prepared for an
earthquake?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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 Module 7 Earthquake Hazard Maps and Volcanic Hazards

Most Essential Learning Competencies

• Interpret different earthquake hazard maps (DRR11/12-If-g-20)
• Explain various volcano-related hazards (DRR11/12-Ih-i-22)

What’s In

Earthquake Hazard Maps

A hazard map is a map that shows areas that are vulnerable or at risk to a
specific hazard. There is a separate map for each hazard, which means, there is a
hazard map that shows areas at risk from floods, landslides, storm surge, and other
hazards. For this module, the focus are hazard maps that indicate areas vulnerable to
earthquakes and its hazards such as tsunami and liquefaction.

In general, hazard maps have the following uses:

1. Are basis for risk reduction and hazard protection measures

2. Give significant information for emergency planning
3. Show potential risks to the communities, which raise their awareness and
readiness for imminent and possible disasters
4. Are basis for spatial development plans and formulation of building rules and
regulations for specific areas
In our country, Philippines, earthquake hazard maps are created and provided by,
and available in the websites of Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
(PHIVOLCS), National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC),
and Manila Observatory. Other geohazard maps are created and provided by, and
available in the website of the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB).

Geohazard maps include hazard maps that show areas at risk to earthquakes,
earthquake-induced landslides, tsunamis, ground shaking, ground rupture,
liquefaction, and volcanic eruptions (to be discussed in the next module). You can see
in these hazard maps the color-coding and legends that show information such as level
of susceptibility or risk (classified as high, moderate, low, or no risk), and other hazard
maps show the Philippine Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS). Philippine Seismic Maps
provided by PHIVOLCS show active faults, trenches, collision zones, depth of the
earthquakes, and magnitudes

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 As an example, Figure 1, shows a Philippine earthquake hazard map. This shows
the level of vulnerability of places to earthquakes depicted as low, medium, and high.
Locate your present location and/or your hometown province in the hazard map. What
is the level of vulnerability?

Figure 1. Risk to Earthquakes Hazard Map

Source: http://vm.observatory.ph/images/Geophys_hires/risk_earthquakes.jpg

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Volcano
A volcano is a vent, hill or mountain from which hot and molten rocks (lava),
rock fragments, and gaseous materials have been ejected. Magma is molten or hot
liquid rock in the Earth’s mantle, whereas magma or molten rock that reached the
Earth’s surface is called lava.

Volcanic Hazards
1. Lava flows are rivers of incandescent molten rock or lava that erupted from a
crater or fissure and moves downslope or away from an eruption vent. Lava can
be erupted either through a nonexplosive or an explosive lava fountain. The
speed of lava flow depends on the following factors:
A. Steepness of the slope of the ground where it travels
B. The type of lava and its viscosity
C. Whether the lava flows in a restricted channel, down a lava tube or as
a broad sheet
D. Lava production rate at the vent.

Basaltic lava is the least viscous, in which, it can flow up to tens of

kilometers from the erupting vent. Andesitic lava is moderately viscous, in
which, it can only flow a few kilometers per hour. Among the three types, the
rhyolitic lava is the most viscous, and with this property, it forms a lava dome
over the eruption vent as it flows at the slope of the ground.

Lava flows destroy all things at its path because of its extremely hot
temperature. Basaltic lava has the highest temperature ranging from 1000 to
2000 degrees Celsius, followed by andesitic lava with a temperature range of
800 to 1000 degrees Celsius, and rhyolitic lava with a temperature of 650 to
800 degrees Celsius. Lava can also melt glaciers, snows, or ices resulting into a
lahar. Lava can also boils water as it enters a body of water or a lava tube
resulting into an explosive shower of molten spatter in a widespread area.

2. Pyroclastic fall occurs when pyroclastic fragments of rocks, or tephra, are

ejected in a great distance and propelled through the atmosphere that fallout
from the plumes of a volcanic eruption. Tephra are fragments of volcanic rocks
which can be further classified according to their diameter. Tephra may be

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 classified as blocks and bombs (>than 64 mm), lapilli or Cinders (2-64 mm)
or volcanic ash (<2 mm).

Blocks and bombs, although are expelled with excessive force, can only
be deposited in proximity from the eruptive vent. Lapilli can upwardly carry
within a volcanic plume or downwardly carried in a volcanic cloud, however if
this eruption cloud cooled down, it falls to the ground. Among the three types of
tephra, volcanic ash reaches very long distances as it falls out of suspension.

Ash falls have harmful effects to human health, especially for those who
already have respiratory or cardiac diseases/problems. Ash fall can also cause
disruption to land and air transportation, water and power supply,
communications, drainage canals and sewerage, and can cause damages to
buildings, agriculture, and wildlife.

3. Pyroclastic flow is a mixture of pyroclastic fragments, specifically hot lava

blocks, pumice and ash, and hot volcanic gases that rush down volcanic slopes
at very high-speed outward from the source vent. Most pyroclastic flows have
two parts, which is a basal flow of coarse fragments that moves along the
ground, and a turbulent cloud of ash that rises above the basal flow. Ash fall
may also result from this cloud over a widespread area downwind from the
pyroclastic flow.
Pyroclastic flows can destroy houses and other structures, forests and
farmlands, and can cause fatalities and serious injuries to people and animals.
Pyroclastic flows have extreme temperatures ranging between 200 and 700
degrees Celsius. It can travel at an average speed of 80 km/h. Pyroclastic flow
can also melt and mix with snow and ice generating secondary hazards such as
flooding and lahars.

4. Lahar is a mudflow or debris flow, a mixture of pyroclastic materials and water

rapidly flowing down a volcano slope through rivers and channels. Lahar usually
occurs when a volcanic eruption happens together with rainfall contributed by
typhoons, monsoons, or thunderstorms. Lahars can have a speed more than
200 km/hr, and slow down as it moves farther away from the volcano, and as it
move toward lowland areas.
A lahar can be generated with or without an eruption of a volcano. As
mentioned earlier, a pyroclastic flow can produce lahar when it mixes with
melted snow and ice due to extreme temperature, and rapidly travel down the
steep slope. A lahar can also be produced when high-volume or long-duration

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 rainfall happens after a volcanic eruption. The rainwater can erode and mix with
the loose volcanic sediments resulting into a mudflow. Furthermore, lahars can
also instigate landslides from the steep flanks of volcanoes.

Lahars can destroy buildings and other structures such as bridges and
roads, and agricultural lands. It can also cause loss of human and animal lives.
In 1991, after the Mt. Pinatubo eruption, the Philippines was hit by a major
typhoon therefore generating a lahar that buried hundreds of square miles of
land and killed an estimated 700 people.

5. Volcanic gases are gases that are released to the atmosphere during eruptions.
Volcanic gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur
dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride. Water
vapor is the most abundant volcanic gas, which is non-toxic or non-poisonous.
Other volcanic gases in significant amounts are toxic or poisonous to people,
animals, and agricultural crops. In the Mt. Pinatubo eruption in 1991, it emitted
more than 250 megatons of gas in the atmosphere in just one day.
An estimated 180 to 440 million tons of Carbon dioxide (CO 2) are
released by volcanoes in the Earth’s atmosphere. It is lethal when a person
inhales more than 3% CO2, which leads to dizziness, headaches, increased heart
rate, and difficulty in breathing. Inhalation of air with exceeding 15% CO 2 can
cause unconsciousness and death. Furthermore, emissions of CO 2, most
especially in great amounts, can affect the global climate.
Other gases are sulfur dioxide (SO2) that can be irritating or damaging to
the eyes, skin, and respiratory system, and hydrogen sulfide (H 2S) that can
irritate the upper respiratory tract and can cause pulmonary edema in high
concentrations. Hydrogen halides such as hydrogen fluoride (HF), hydrogen
chloride (HCl), and hydrogen bromide (HBr) are strong and harmful acids.

6. Ballistic projectiles are volcanic rocks directly ejected from the vent with force
and trajectory. These rocks can vary, which can be as small as an ash, or as a
boulder. These rocks can travel from 2 to 5 km from the vent.

What’s More

Activity 1. Philippine Earthquake Hazard Maps

Directions: Prepare a Philippine Map. Geohazard maps from Manila Observatory are
shown with internet links provided. Answer the questions by carefully analyzing the
hazard maps.

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]

Hazard Map no. 1 Hazard Map no. 2

Hazard Map no. 1: Risk to Tsunamis

Directions: Refer to the map or access the map on this link and answer the following
questions below on a separate sheet/s of paper.
http://vm.observatory.ph/images/Geophys_hires/risk_tsunamis.jpg

1. What are the cities or provinces with high risk to tsunamis? (Give 5 answers)
2. Based on your answers in no. 1, why do these cities or provinces have high
risk to tsunamis? Explain briefly.
3. What are the cities or provinces with moderate risk to tsunamis? (Give 5
answers)

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 4. What are the cities or provinces with low risk to tsunamis? (Give 5 answers)
5. Are there cities or provinces with NO risk to tsunamis? If yes, can you give at
least five (5)?
6. Based on your answers in no. 5, why do these cities or provinces have NO risk
to tsunamis? Explain briefly.

Hazard Map no. 2: Risk to Earthquake-Induced Shallow Landslides

Directions: Refer to the map or access the map on this link and answer the following
questions below on a separate sheet/s of paper.
http://vm.observatory.ph/images/Geophys_hires/risk_eq_induced_landslides.jpg

1. What are the cities or provinces with high risk to earthquake-induced shallow
landslides? (Give 5 answers)
2. Based on your answers in no. 1, why do these cities or provinces have high
risk to earthquake-induced shallow landslides? Explain briefly.
3. What are the cities or provinces with moderate risk to earthquake-induced
shallow landslides? (Give 5 answers)
4. What are the cities or provinces with low risk to earthquake-induced shallow
landslides? (Give 5 answers)
5. Are there cities or provinces with NO risk to earthquake-induced shallow
landslides? If yes, can you give at least three (3)?
6. Based on your answers in no. 5, why do these cities or provinces have NO risk
to earthquake-induced shallow landslides? Explain briefly.

Activity 2. A Hot-Tempered Volcanic Eruption

Directions: Complete Table 1 by determining the components of each volcanic hazard,
describing them, and enumerating two (2) of its negative effects. Answer this activity
on a separate sheet/s of paper.

Table 1. Volcanic Hazards and its Effects

Volcanic Hazards Components Description Effects of the Volcanic

Hazards
A. Volcanic Gases

B. Lahar

22
C. Ballistic
Projectiles

D. Lava Flow

E. Pyroclastic Fall

F. Pyroclastic Flow

What I Have Learned

Directions: Answer the following questions below on a separate sheet/s of paper

1. How do you interpret earthquake hazard maps? What information can be

obtained from interpreting earthquake hazard maps?
2. What are the volcano-related hazards? How can these hazards affect
communities and the environment?

What I Can Do
Directions: What can you do as a student or volunteer to help the communities
affected by a volcanic eruption? List them down and explain briefly.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

23
 Module 8 Volcanic Hazard Maps

Most Essential Learning Competencies

• Recognize signs of an impending volcanic eruption (DRR11/12-Ih-i-24)
• Interpret different volcanic hazard maps (DRR11/12-Ih-i-25)

What’s In
Signs of an Impending Volcanic Eruption
1. Intensified steaming activity with a change of color from white steam to gray,
or to dark steam
2. Dried - up vegetation, streams, and water wells
3. Ground movement or tremors due to volcanic earthquakes
4. Crater glow at or near the crater or summit area
5. Increased frequency of landslides and rockfalls
6. Increased temperature in hot springs and crater lakes near the volcano
7. Residents near the volcano can hear rumbling sound and can smell sulfur
8. Sulfur dioxide and other gas emissions

Volcano Hazard Maps

In module 7, you already learned about hazard maps, specifically for earthquake
hazards. In this module, you will again learn hazard maps but specific on volcanic
hazards. A hazard map is a map that shows areas that are vulnerable or at risk to a
specific hazard. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
provides and publishes updated hazard maps that show risks associated to volcanic
eruption A Philippine volcano hazard map shows municipalities and barangays that can
be affected by the erupting volcano. Volcano hazard maps show areas that are highly,
moderately, and the least prone to pyroclastic flow, lahar, ash fall, and lava flow.

Figure 1 shows the Mayon Volcano pyroclastic flow hazard map. The red circle
in this map represents the 6-kilometer radius Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) The pink
portion in the map shows areas that could be affected by the pyroclastic flow. What is
the importance of this PDZ? Volcanic alert levels range from 0 to 5. If Alert Level 1 is
declared, people are not allowed to enter or go within PDZ. This zone indicates that
there must be no permanent habitation, because of the danger of volcanic hazards.
Residents within PDZ are requested to evacuate. To understand more, Table 1 shows
volcano alert levels from PHIVOLCS.

24
 Figure 1. Mayon Volcano Pyroclastic Flow Hazard Map
Source: http://albay.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/mayon-volcano-pyroclastic-flow-hazard-map.jpg

Table 1. Volcano Alert Level

Alert Level Interpretation Recommendation
0 (No Alert) No eruption in foreseeable
future
1 – Low Level Unrest Activity may be magmatic, No entry in the 6-km radius
(No eruption tectonic, or hydrothermal in Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ)
imminent) origin
2 – Moderate Unrest Unrest probably magmatic Extension of 6-km PDZ to 7-km
(Could eventually in origin danger zone
lead to eruption)
3 – Relatively High Magma is close to the crater Extension of the danger zone in the
Unrest (Eruption is sector where the crater rim is low
possible within will be considered
weeks)
4 – Intense Unrest Magma is close to or at the Extension of danger zone to 8km or
(Eruption is possible Earth’s surface more in the sector where the crater
within weeks) rim is low will be recommended

25
 5 – Hazardous Occurrence of pyroclastic Additional danger areas may be
Eruption on-going flows, tall eruption columns identified during an on-going
and extensive ash fall eruption. Aircrafts will also be
warned from the dangers of ash
cloud encounter.

What’s More

Activity 1. Do Not Enter: Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ)

Directions: Please refer to Figure 2. Mayon Volcano Hazard Map. Identify the cities
or municipalities located within the 3-to-6km Permanent Danger Zone of Mayon
Volcano (indicated as the first 4 circles surrounding the volcano in the map), and
answer Table 2. Please take note that the hazard map in Figure 2 is divided into three
to fit into each page and to clearly see the picture. Use a separate sheet in answering
the table and the questions given.

Table 2 Cities or Municipalities within the Mayon Volcano PDZ

Cities or Total Volcanic hazards Negative effects

Municipalities within Population that can of volcanic
the Permanent based on the endanger the eruption (Give at
Danger Zone 2015 census community least two)
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

26
 Figure 2. Mayon Volcano Hazard Map (Part A)
Source:
https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/180116_OCHA%20PHL_Mayon%20Volcano%20Hazard%2
0map%20Population.pdf

27
 Figure 2. Mayon Volcano Hazard Map (Parts B and C)
Source:
https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/180116_OCHA%20PHL_Mayon%20Volcano%20Hazard%20
map%20Population.pdf

28
Answer the following questions:
1. What is the importance of the permanent danger zone (PDZ) relative to these
volcano hazards?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. If you will rank the municipalities or cities within the PDZ of Mayon Volcano
(Figure 2), what place is the most and least vulnerable? What are the things you
consider in determining the level of vulnerability? Please explain briefly.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. What is the significance of volcano hazard maps to the DRRM planning,
monitoring, and response actions of the government and community in relation
to volcanic activity?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Directions: Answer the following questions below on a separate sheet/s of
paper.
1. What are the signs of an impending volcanic eruption? Why is it important
to know the signs of an impending volcanic eruption?
2. How do you interpret volcano hazard maps? What information can be
obtained in interpreting volcano hazard maps?

What I Can Do
Directions: Imagine your family is living in the province with an active volcano,
although your home is outside the PDZ. Your barangay officials warned all families that
ash fall from this volcano can still reach your area. With this warning, make an
emergency plan for this volcanic hazard by supplementing answers to the given
guidelines. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the guidelines.

A. List all items in an emergency survival kit most especially needed for an ash fall.
B. Actions to be taken during an ash fall (give at least 5 actions).

29
 C. Actions to be taken after an ash fall. Please give precautionary measures before
doing the actions (give at least 5 actions).

Module 5 – 8 References:
Commission on Higher Education. 2016. Teaching Guide for Senior High School: Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction.

“Definition of TYPHOON.” 2019. Merriam-Webster.Com. 2019. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/typhoon.

Department of Education. 2008. Disaster Risk Reduction Resource Manual (Safer Schools Resource Manual. Retrieved from http://psba.edu/wp-
content/uploads/2018/07/Disaster-Risk-Reduction-Resource-Manual-2008.pdf

Department of Education-Bureau of Learning Resources. 2017. Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction - Reader. Pasig City.

“GMMA Ready Project.” n.d. www.Ndrrmc.Gov.Ph. Accessed July 12, 2020. http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/index.php/gmma-ready-project.html.

“Hazards.” 2018. Usgs.Gov. 2018. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/earthquake-hazards/hazards.

“Introduction to the National Seismic Hazard Maps.” n.d. Www.Usgs.Gov. Accessed July 12, 2020. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/earthquake-
hazards/science/introduction-national-seismic-hazard-maps?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects

Johnston, Devin, and Lisa Jarnot. 2001. “Ring of Fire.” Chicago Review 47 (3): 139. https://doi.org/10.2307/25304787

“Mapping Philippine Vulnerability to Environmental Disasters.” n.d. Vm.Observatory.Ph. http://vm.observatory.ph/geophys_maps.html

Module. n.d. “Capacity Building in Asia Using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) CONCEPTS OF HAZARDS, DISASTERS AND HAZARD ASSESSMENT.”
Accessed July 12, 2020. http://www.adpc.net/casita/course-materials/Mod-2-Hazards.pdf.

“Natural Hazards Test Questions - AQA - GCSE Geography Revision.” n.d. BBC Bitesize. Accessed July 12, 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxh4wxs/test.

Nelson, Stephen A. Earthquake Hazards and Risks. 7 Sept. 2016, pp. 1–7, www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/Natural_Disasters/eqhazard_risk.pdf. Accessed 8 May 2020.

Parena Jr., J.S., & Ramos, J.D.A. 2016. Exploring Life through Science Series: Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction. Quezon City: Phoeni x Publishing House, Inc.

Quebral, V.S. 2016. Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction. Cubao, Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.

Rivera, A.M.M, Amelung, F., and Eco, R. (n.d.) Volcano deformation and modelling on active volcanoes in the Philippines from ALOS INSAR Time Series. Downloaded from
http://proceedings.esa.int/files/302.pdf

Staff, PHIVOLCS. 2018. “Introduction to Earthquake.” Dost.Gov.Ph. 2018. https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/earthquake/introduction-to-earthquake.

Staff, PHIVOLCS. n.d. “Volcano Monitoring (Alert Levels).” Www.Phivolcs.Dost.Gov.Ph. https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-hazard/volcano-alert-level.

Staff, PHIVOLCS. n.d. “Volcano Preparedness.” Www.Phivolcs.Dost.Gov.Ph. Accessed July 12, 2020. https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-hazard/volcano-
preparedness.

Tarbuck, E.J., & Lutgens, F.K. 2004. Earth Science (10th ed.) New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc

“Terminology - UNDRR.” 2015. Unisdr.Org. 2015. https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology.

The Geological Society. 2017. “Volcanoes”.

https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/~/media/shared/documents/education%20and%20careers/Resources/FactSheets/KS2%20Volcano%20factsheet.pdf?la=en

“Understanding Disaster Risk | PreventionWeb.Net.” n.d. Www.Preventionweb.Net. https://www.preventionweb.net/risk.

United States Agency for International Development (n.d.). ASEAN Regional Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Guidelines. Retrieved from https://asean.org/wp-
content/uploads/2012/05/ASEAN-Regional-RVA-Guidelines-final.pdf

United States Agency for International Development. 2011. Introduction to Disaster Risk Reduction. Retrieved from
https://www.preventionweb.net/files/26081_kp1concepdisasterrisk1.pdf.

“Valley Fault System (VFS) Atlas and the PHIVOLCS FaultFinder.” n.d. Center of Excellence on Public Sector Productivity. Accessed July 12, 2020.
https://www.dap.edu.ph/coe-psp/innov_initiatives/valley-fault-system-vfs-atlas-and-the-phivolcs-faultfinder/.

Valley Fault System (VFS) Atlas and the PHIVOLCS FaultFinder.” n.d. Center of Excellence on Public Sector Productivity. https://www.dap.edu.ph/coe-
psp/innov_initiatives/valley-fault-system-vfs-atlas-and-the-phivolcs-faultfinder/

“What Are the Effects of Earthquakes?” 2010. Usgs.Gov. 2010. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/earthquake-hazards/science/what-are-effects-earthquakes?qt-

science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects.

30
 31
MODULE 6 MODULE 5
Activity 1: Sample
Table 1:
Activity 1 Places/Sites Hazards Classification of Possible
1. C that can Hazards Effects
2. A affect the
3. E places/sites
4. E
1. Agricultural Ash fall Natural Hazards: Partial burial of
5. B Lands Geological plants or crops
6. D can prevent
7. B plants from
8. A obtaining
sunlight thus
9. E impeding
10. C photosynthesis
11. C Flood Natural hazards: Flood destroys
12. F Hydrometeorological hectares of
rice fields or
13. B farmlands
14. C
15. F 2. Fishponds Chemical Technological The pollutants
Pollution Hazards can make the
water toxic or
Activity 2 poisonous to
fish and other
Answers may vary aquatic
organisms
Drought Natural hazards: Water and
Questions:
Hydrometeorological oxygen levels
1. Hazard mapping/identification – drop
identifying possible threats or dangers
in each location
Activity 2
2. Ex. The school is located near the Table 2
fault line
3. Physical injuries & trauma Hydrometeo Geological Biological Man-Made
rological
Activity 3 Floods Earthquakes Tuberculosis Terrorism
1. X
Storm surge Landslides AIDS Crime
2. X
3. X Tropical Mudflows Cancer Chemical spill
4. / storms
5. / Torrential Tsunamis COVID19 Explosion
6. / rains
7. X
Typhoon Volcanoes SARS Civil Unrest
8. X
9. /
10.X Common Answers:
Impacts – injury and death of people; damages to property and
man-made structure; destruction of environment
Answer Key
 32
MODULE 8 MODULE 7
Activity 1
1. PDZ is composed of areas or places at Activity 1 - (Answers may vary)
high risk during the volcanic eruption. Example Only
The population within PDZ will evacuate Hazard Map no. 1
upon Alert Level 1 status declaration by 1. Metro Manila, Cavite, Batangas, Bataan,
PHIVOLCS Pampanga
2. These cities or provinces are near the
2. - Municipalities of Malilipot and Santo Manila trench located in the West
Domingo are the most vulnerable in Philippine Sea
terms of location, because these places 3. Oriental and Occidental Mindoro,
are closer to the volcano located within Quezon, Camarines Sur and Camarines
the 4km PDZ. Norte
- Legazpi City is the most vulnerable in 4. Palawan, Samar, Cagayan, Isabela, Ilocos
terms of total population, because it has Norte
the highest population (196,639) among 5. Apayao, Abra, Kalinga, Mt. Province,
cities and municipalities within the 6km Benguet
PDZ. Legazpi City has the most number of 6. These are landlocked and highland
people that are vulnerable during volcanic provinces
eruption.
Activity 2
3. Basis for preparedness action, and large-
Volcanic Components Description Effects of
scale evacuation in Alert Level 1 Status Hazards the Volcanic
Hazards
A. Volcanic Include water These are Irritating or
Gases vapor, carbon released to damaging
dioxide, sulfur the to the eyes,
dioxide, atmosphere skin, and
hydrogen during respiratory
sulfide eruptions system
B. Lahar Mixture of It rapidly flows Destroy
pyroclastic down a buildings
materials and volcano slope and other
water through rivers structures
and channels
C. Ballistic Volcanic rocks Directly It can
Projectiles ejected from destroy
the vent with structures
force and and can
trajectory injure or kill
people
D. Lava Flow Incandescent that erupted destroy all
molten rock from a crater things at
or fissure its path
and moves
downslope
or away from
an eruption
vent
E. Pyroclastic Pyroclastic ejected in a Can destroy
Fall fragments of great structures
rocks distance and and the
propelled environment
through the
atmosphere
that fallout
from the
plumes of a
volcanic
eruption
F. Pyroclastic mixture of It rushes can destroy
Flow pyroclastic down the houses and
fragments, volcanic other
specifically slopes at structures,
hot lava very high- forests and
blocks, speed farmlands
pumice and outward
ash, and hot from the
volcanic source vent.
gases