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TheNewerGeneralRelativityLimitedbyWeakGravity

TheNewerGeneralRelativityLimitedbyWeakGravity

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14 views6 pages

TheNewerGeneralRelativityLimitedbyWeakGravity

TheNewerGeneralRelativityLimitedbyWeakGravity

Uploaded by

SKS
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The Newer General Relativity Limited by Weak Gravity

Ijaz Durrani
MD/TIED
+92-300-8459029

Abstract

We propose a modified framework for General Relativity (GR) in


scenarios dominated by weak gravitational fields. This "Newer
General Relativity" seeks to refine Einstein’s equations by
incorporating corrections that become significant at low gravitational
potentials. By introducing a weak-field coupling parameter, this
approach bridges GR with post-Newtonian approximations and
establishes connections to dark matter and dark energy phenomena.
We derive key mathematical formulations and analyse the
implications for astrophysical and cosmological systems.

1. Introduction[1]

General Relativity has been a cornerstone of modern physics,


accurately describing gravitational phenomena in strong-field regimes

1
such as black holes and neutron stars. However, in weak gravitational
environments—characterized by slow-moving masses and low
curvature—deviations from standard GR may arise. Observations of
galactic rotation curves, gravitational lensing anomalies, and the
accelerated expansion of the universe suggest the need for
refinements.

The Newer General Relativity (NGR) framework introduces a weak


gravity limit parameter, ε, which modifies Einstein’s equations
without contradicting their strong-field successes.

2. Theoretical Framework [2]

2.1 Weak-Field Approximation in GR

The Einstein field equations are expressed as:

Gμν+Λgμν=8πG/c4Tμν,

where Gμν is the Einstein tensor, Λ is the cosmological constant, and


Tμν is the stress-energy tensor.

In the weak-field limit, the spacetime metric g μν is perturbed about


the Minkowski metric:

gμν=ημν+hμν,∣hμν∣≪1.

The Einstein tensor linearizes to:

2
Gμν≈□hμν−∂μ∂νh+ημν∂α∂αh ,

where h=ημνhμν .

2.2 Modified Einstein Equations

In NGR, we introduce a weak-field correction term W μν and a


coupling parameter ε:

Gμν+εWμν+Λgμν=8πGc-4Tμν.

Here, Wμν is a tensor that depends on higher-order derivatives of h μν ,


capturing weak-field effects:

Wμν=α□2hμν+βRμν2,

where α and β are constants to be determined phenomenologically.

3. Mathematical Analysis [3]

3.1 Perturbative Solutions

Assume a static, spherically symmetric spacetime with a weak-field


metric:

ds2=−(1+2Φ)dt2+(1−2Φ)dr2+r2dΩ2,

where Φ is the gravitational potential.

3
From the modified Einstein equations, the Poisson equation for Φ
becomes:

∇2Φ+εα∇4Φ=4πGρ.

3.2 Solutions to the Modified Poisson Equation

Applying Fourier transforms, the solution is:

Φ(r)=−GM/r(1+εα/r2),

where the second term represents weak-field corrections.

4. Applications

4.1 Galactic Rotation Curves

The modified potential Φ(r) alters the velocity profile of stars in


galaxies:

v2(r)=GM/r(1+εα/r2).

This matches observed flat rotation curves without requiring dark


matter halos.

4.2 Weak Lensing

The lensing angle θ for light deflected by a weak gravitational field


becomes:

4
θ=4GM/c2r(1+εα/r2).

NGR predicts subtle deviations in lensing maps, testable with high-


resolution cosmological surveys.

5. Discussion[4]

5.1 Constraints on ε:

Astrophysical observations constrain ε and α:

1. Solar system tests: ε≲10−5.


2. Galactic dynamics: ε≈10−3.

5.2 Relation to MOND and Dark Energy

NGR bridges Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) and dark


energy by interpreting ε as a scaling factor dependent on the
curvature. This unifies weak-field dynamics with cosmic acceleration.

6. Conclusion

The Newer General Relativity provides a robust framework for


understanding gravitational phenomena in weak fields, offering
alternatives to dark matter and dark energy. Future work should focus
on refining ε and Wμν using observational data.

5
References

1. C. M. Will, Theory and Experiment in Gravitational Physics,


Cambridge University Press, 2018.
2. S. Capozziello and M. De Laurentis, "Extended theories of
gravity," Phys. Rep., vol. 509, pp. 167–321, 2011.
3. J. D. Bekenstein, "Relativistic gravitation theory for the MOND
paradigm," Phys. Rev. D, vol. 70, 083509, 2004.

4.arXiv:2501.00376v1 [gr-qc] 31 Dec 2024

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