CHAPTER 1.

1:
PSYCHOLOGICAL
Introduction and STATISTICS

important terms

Prepared by: Ma. Erika Joy D. Villar, RPm

Here some information that

we need to know about

Psychological Statistics
MDM Company June 1, 2021

bakit ba tayo

nabudol ng ibang

tao patungkol sa

psychology ?
 They told
1 us that....
Action 1 Action 2 Action 3

THERAPY/THERAPIST THEORIES Work opputunities

 These perceptions are true but

misleading . From the development of

new therapy techniques to

evaluating the effectiveness of the

techniques upon implementation , it is

statistical analysis that provides the

means by which conclusions can be

drawn

-Association of psychological science

 For undergraduates, it
Psychological 1 teaches the basic use of
measurements and tools
Statistics

Role : 2
It allows us to make sense of
and interpret a great deal of
information

Organize, describe and make

3 inferences based on all the
data.
 01 Memorize Symbols

Learn the definitions of

02 new terms

Study Hints 03 Work as many problems as

you can

04 Do Not Cram!

05 Ask the questions that

you need to ask
 01 Authority
Methods
02 Rationalism

According to R. Pagano (2009),

03 Intuition
there are four methods to acquire
knowledge:
04 Scientific Method
 Something is considered true because of tradition or because some
person of distinction says it's true.

By this, we frequently accept a large amount of information on the

Method of basis of authority, if for no other reason than we do not have the time
Authority or the expertise to check it out first hand.

For example:
- Pamahiin
-Lung cancer in relation to smoking
 It uses reasoning alone to arrive at knowledge. It assumes
that if the premises are sound and the reasoning is carried
out correctly according to the rules of logic, then the
conclusions will yield truth. We use this almost everyday.

Method of Reason alone, then, may be sufficient to yield truth in

Rationalism some situations, but it is clearly inadequate in others.

The scientific method also uses reasoning, but reasoning is

only part of the process.

For example:
-Your friend was diagnosed with depression, as a psych
major you know what are the possible causes of
depression
 Knowledge is acquired through intuition. By intuition, we
mean that sudden insight, the clarifying idea that springs
into consciousness all at once as a whole.

Despite the fact that intuition has probably been used as

Method of Intuition a source of knowledge for as long as humans have existed,
it is still a very mysterious process about
which we have only the most rudimentary understanding.

For example:
-when solving a problem, you will use your knowledge to
solve it
 Although the scientifc method uses both reasoning and
intuition for establishing
truth, its reliance on objective assessment is what
differentiates this method from
Scientific Method the others.

At the heart of science lies the scientific experiment.

Scientific methodology has a built-in safeguard for

ensuring that truth assertion of any sort about reality must
conform to what is true regarding about the phenomena
before the assertions are given the status of scientific
truth
CHAPTER 1.1

IMPORTANT TERMS TO
REMEMBER
CHAPTER 1

IMPORTANT TERMS TO REMEMBER

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND STATISTICS
OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES
DESCRIPTIVE AND INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
USING COMPUTER IN STATISTICS
 IMPORTANT TERMS

It is the entire population of events, in which the researcher is

interested. From our example, they are interested in the self-
esteem scores of all college students in a specific school or place,
then the collection of all college students' self-esteem scores
would form a population.
Population
Population can be of any size.

A population is the complete set of individuals, objects, or scores

that the investigator is interested in studying. In an actual
experiment, the population is the larger group of individuals from
which the subjects run in the experiment have been taken.
 IMPORTANT TERMS

A sample is a subset of the population.

In an experiment, for economical
reasons, the investigator usually collects
data on a smaller group of subjects than Sample
the entire population. This smaller group
is called the
sample.
 IMPORTANT TERMS

A variable is any property or characteristic

of some event, object, or person that may
have different values at different times
depending on the conditions.
Variable
Example: Height, weight, reaction time,
and drug dosage.

A variable should be contrasted with a

constant, which, of course,
 IMPORTANT TERMS

The independent variable in an experiment is

the variable that is systematically manipulated by
the investigator

Example: An investigator might be interested in the Independent

effect of alcohol on social behavior.
Variable
The researcher would probably vary the amount of
alcohol consumed by the subjects and measure its
effect on their social behavior.
 IMPORTANT TERMS

The dependent variable in an experiment is the

variable that the investigator measures to
determine the effect of the independent variable

Dependent
Example: The social behavior of the subjects is
measured to see whether it is affected by the
Variable
amount of alcohol consumed
 IMPORTANT TERMS

The measurements that are made on the subjects

of an experiment are called data. Usually, data
consist of the measurements of the dependent
variable or of other subject characteristics, such as Data
age, gender, number of subjects, and so on. The
data as originally measured are often referred to
as raw or original scores.
 IMPORTANT TERMS

A statistic is a number calculated on sample data

that quantifies a characteristic of the sample. Thus,
the average value of a sample set of
scores would be called a statistic Statistics
 IMPORTANT TERMS

A parameter is a number calculated on population

data that quantifies a characteristic of the
population.
Parameter
For example, the average value
of a population set of scores is called a parameter.
It should be noted that a statistic and a parameter
are very similar concepts. The only difference is
that a statistic is calculated on a sample and a
parameter is calculated on a population.
 An educator conducts an experiment to determine
Analyze: whether the mode of presentation affects how well
prose material is remembered. For this experiment,
the educator uses several prose passages that are
Let us try to identify the following terms: presented 1visually or auditorily. Fifty students are
selected from the undergraduates attending the
Independent Variable university at which the educator works. The
Dependent Variable students are divided into two groups of 25
Population students per group. The first group receives a
Sample
visual presentation of the prose passages, and the
Variable
Data
second group hears the passages through an
Statistics auditory presentation. t the end of their respective
Parameter presentations, the subjects are asked to write
down as much of the material as they can
remember. The average number of words
remembered by each group is calculated, and the
two group averages are compared to see whether
the mode of presentation had an effect.
Activity A professor of gynecology at the University of
Sto. Tomas wants to determine whether an
experimental birth control implant has side effects
Identify the following terms: on body weight
1 and depression. A group of 4000
adult women living in a nearby city volunteers for
Independent Variable
the experiment. The gynecologist selects 100 of
Dependent Variable
Population
these women to participate in the study. Fifty of
Sample the women are assigned to group 1 and the other
Variable fifty to group 2 such that the mean body weight
Data and the mean depression scores of each group
Statistics
are equal at the beginning of the experiment.
Parameter
Treatment conditions are the same for both
groups, except that the women in group 1 are
surgically implanted with the experimental birth
control device, whereas the women in group 2
receive a placebo implant. Body weight and
depressed mood state are measured at
Activity
the beginning and end of the experiment. A
standardized questionnaire designed to measure
the degree of depression is used for mood state
Identify the following terms: 1
measurement. The higher the score on this
Independent Variable questionnaire is, the more depressed the
Dependent Variable individual is. The mean body weight and the mean
Population depression scores of each group at the end of the
Sample
experiment are compared to determine whether
Variable
Data
the experimental birth control implant had an
Statistics effect on these variables. To safeguard the women
Parameter from unwanted pregnancy, another method of
birth control that does not interact with the
implant is used for the duration of the experiment.
Scientific Research

and Statistics
 Scientific Research and Statistics

no variables are actively manipulated by the investigator, and

hence observational studies cannot determine causality. OBSERVATIONAL
STUDIES
 Scientific Research and Statistics

1.Naturalistic observation
A major goal is to obtain an accurate description of the
situation being studied. Much anthropological and etiological
research is of this type.

TYPES OF
2.Parameter estimation OBSERVATIONAL
conducted on samples to estimate the level of one or more STUDIES
population characteristics (e.g., the population average or
percentage). Surveys, public opinion polls, and much market
research fall into this category
.
 Scientific Research and Statistics

3.Correlational studies
·
the investigator focuses attention on two or more variables to
determine whether they are related.
TYPES OF
OBSERVATIONAL
STUDIES
4.Random Sampling

allows the laws of probability.

 Scientific Research and Statistics

An attempt is made to determine whether changes in one

variable cause changes in another variable. In a true TRUE
experiment, an independent variable is manipulated and its EXPERIMENTS
effect on some dependent variable is studied.
Statistical Analysis:

Descriptive and

Inferential

Statistics
 Descriptive Statistics

-Sets of techniques for reduction of quantitative data to a small

number of more convenient and easily communicated descriptive ways.

To illustrate, suppose your biology professor has just recorded the

scores from an exam he has recently given you. He hands back the
Descriptive
tests and now wants to describe the scores. He might decide to
calculate the average of the distribution to describe its central Statistics
tendency. Perhaps he will also determine its range to characterize its
variability. He might also plot the scores on a graph to show the shape
of the distribution. Since all of these procedures are for the purpose of
describing or characterizing the data already collected, they fall within
the realm of descriptive statistics
Descriptive Statistics

1. Nominal Scale
Descriptive
2. Ordinal Scale Statistics
(Measurement
3. Interval Scale Scales)
4. Ratio Scale
Descriptive Statistics
 Descriptive Statistics

1. ·are not really scales at all; they do not scale items along
any dimension, but rather label them.
2. ·Simplest form of measurement
3. ·Classification and categorization
4. ·Mutually exclusive – 1 category Nominal Scale
5. ·Exhaustive – covers every case
6. ·Relatively homogenous – truly comparable
7. ·EQUIVALENCE – all members of a given class are the same
from the standpoint of the classification variable.
Example:
M - MALE
F- FEMALE
 Descriptive Statistics

1. ·Simplest true scale

2. ·Orders people, objects, or events along some continuum.
3. It can be grouped, rank or named
4. Along with the information provided by the nominal scale,
ordinal scales give the rankings of those variables Ordinal Scale
Example:
Ranking of school students – 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.
Ratings in restaurants
Evaluating the frequency of occurrences
Very often Not often
Often Not at all
 Descriptive Statistics

1. ·Assigns score.
2. ·Tells us about the ordering of categories but indicates the
exact distance between them.
3. ·Constant unit of measurement yields equal intervals
between points on the scale. Interval Scale
4. It allows calculating the mean and median of the variables
5. To understand the difference between the variables, you
can subtract the values between the variables
6. The interval scale is the preferred scale in Statistics as it
helps to assign any numerical values to arbitrary
assessment such as feelings, calendar types, etc.
 Descriptive Statistics

1. ·TRUE ZERO POINT

2. ·is the point corresponding to the absence of the thing
being measured.
3. It affords unique opportunities for statistical analysis. The Ratio Scale
variables can be orderly added, subtracted, multiplied,
divided. Mean, median, and mode can be calculated using
the ratio scale.
4. Ratio scale has unique and useful properties. One such
feature is that it allows unit conversions like kilogram –
calories, gram – calories, etc.
 Inferential Statistics

Decision-making techniques that aid researchers in drawing

inferences from samples to populations and in testing Inferential
hypotheses regarding the nature of social reality. Statistics
Using Computer in

Statistics
 Statistical Package for The Social

Sciences (SPSS)

Was first launched in 1968. Since SPSS was acquired by IBM in 2009, it's officially
known as IBM SPSS Statistics but most users still just refer to it as “SPSS”.

SPSS is software for editing and analyzing all sorts of data. These data may come
from basically any source: scientific research, a customer database, Google Analytics
or even the server log files of a website. SPSS can open all file formats that are
commonly used for structured data such as

1. §spreadsheets from MS Excel or OpenOffice;

2. §plain text files (.txt or .csv);
3. §relational (SQL) databases;
4. §Stata and SAS.
Always
That's a wrap!
seek the Thank you

truth!