SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING
APPLICATIONS OF GEO-INFORMATICS
REPORT

Submitted by:
MALAVIKA REDDY
2230300177
YEAR 1, SEM 2
 CERTIFICATE

This is certified to be the Bonafide work of VEMPALLI MALAVIKA REDDY

of Class, Masters in Planning (Environmental Planning & Management) - Year I,
registration number 2230300177 in the Application of Geo-informatics
laboratory during the academic year 2023-2024. The lab exercises were carried
out to equip with the concepts of geo-informatics and computing skills in the
relevant software, associated scientific tools, and their relevance. The work was
carried out under my supervision, certified further, that to the best of my
knowledge, the work reported herein solely belongs to the candidate.

External Invigilator Subject Coordinator

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I owe a debt of gratitude to my Subject Coordinator who contributed to my

assignment’s success. I would like to thank all for their valuable help in my
preparation by finishing my report and study on Applications of Geo-Informatics.
I would like to thank my Professor of Applications of Geo-Informatics subject
who guided me in this topic by helping me provide some useful information. At
the same time, I would like to thank my family who had support in financial
income finishing up the whole cost of my assignment I would like to thank the
people around me who have provided me laptop and computer to help me out
with my assignment. Last but not least, my college mates also help me with my
assignment. I would like to take this opportunity to thank again all who helped
me out in successfully finishing my assignment.
Contents
Digitization ................................................................................................................................ 6

Base Map (with layout, North Arrow, Scale and Legend) .................................................... 6

Selecting By Attributes .......................................................................................................... 9

Thematic Maps......................................................................................................................... 10

Land Use Map ...................................................................................................................... 10

Road Hierarchy Map ............................................................................................................ 11

Population / Density Map .................................................................................................... 11

Demographics Map with Pie Charts/Bar Graphs ................................................................. 12

Geoprocessing Tools ................................................................................................................ 13

Buffer Analysis (Point, Polyline and Polygon).................................................................... 13

Clip....................................................................................................................................... 16

Union and Merge ................................................................................................................. 17

Dissolve................................................................................................................................ 18

Image Classification................................................................................................................. 19

supervised Raster Calculation .............................................................................................. 19

Unsupervised Raster Calculation ......................................................................................... 21

Remote Sensing ....................................................................................................................... 27

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (Ndvi) ................................................................ 27

Normalized Difference Water Index .................................................................................... 31

Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (Ndbi).................................................................... 35

Land Surface Temperature (Lst) .......................................................................................... 39

Watershed (Model Builder) ..................................................................................................... 44

Model flow chart for obtaining water streams using DEM in model builder. ..................... 44

Classified output of Streams with respect to stream orders ................................................. 44

Basin boundaries of the study area. ..................................................................................... 45

Spatial Suitability ..................................................................................................................... 45

Parameters and Buffer Zones ............................................................................................... 45

Weights and Scoring of the Parameters Selected (Reclassify) ............................................ 47

Final Suitability Map (Weighted Overlay) .......................................................................... 48

Spatial Autocorrelation (Morons I Analysis) - Shapefiles, Report and the Inference ............. 49
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Digitization
Base Map (with layout, North Arrow, Scale and Legend)
Step 1 base map

Step 2 Digitization
Assigning Coordinate System
Case 1

Step 2
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step 3

Creation of Shapefiles
Launch ArcCatalog (ArcMap) or use ArcGIS Pro's functionalities.

Right-click in your desired folder and choose "New > Shapefile.

• Name your shapefile, choose its type (point, line, polygon), and optionally set the
coordinate system.
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• (Optional) Define additional attributes for your features.

• Use editing tools to add features (points, lines, or polygons) to your shapefile.
• Save your shapefile.

step 3 layout, North Arrow, Scale and Legend

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Step 4 final output

Selecting By Attributes
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Thematic Maps
Land Use Map
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Road Hierarchy Map

Population / Density Map

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Demographics Map with Pie Charts/Bar Graphs

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Geoprocessing Tools
Buffer Analysis (Point, Polyline and Polygon)
Point buffer
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Polyline buffer
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Polygon buffer
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Clip
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Union and Merge

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Dissolve
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Image Classification
supervised Raster Calculation
Steps 1
Change all the band files to composite tiff image classification
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Step 2
I'll change the bands my composite band colours to 564 which represents land and water and
classify my colours

After classification , mask the file and then change it according to the symbology.
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Unsupervised Raster Calculation

Step1
Add all the bands from 1-7 and then make a composite file using image analysis tool

Step 2
Open image classification tool form tool box
In classification open iso cluster unsupervised classification.
And then fill in the details
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Ground Truth Assessment Using Kappa Coefficient (Sampling,

Confusion Matrix and calculation)
vegetation Build up area Barron line users total
vegetation 4 0 1 5
Build up area 1 7 0 8
Barron line 0 0 2 2
producers total 5 7 3 15

=4+7+2 * 100= (13/15) *100 =0.86*100=86%

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KAPPA COEFFICIENT

=(15*13)-{(5*5)+(7*8)+(3*2)}/15^2 )-{(5*5)+(7*8)+(3*2)}*100
=(18/35)*100
=78.260
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Unsupervised

vegetation Build up area Barron line users total

vegetation 8 1 0 9
Build up area 3 3 0 6
Barron line 1 1 2 4
producers total 12 5 2 19
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=8+3+2 * 100= (13/19) *100 =0.68*100=68%

19

=8+3+2 * 100= (13/19) *100 =0.68*100=68%

19

=(19*13)-{(12*9)+(5*6)+(4*2)}/(19^2 )-{(12*9)+(5*6)+(4*2)}*100
=(101/215)*100
=46.97
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Remote Sensing
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (Ndvi)
STEP 1
Collect files form uses website “EarthExplorer (usgs.gov) “ from satellite “Landsat <Landsat
collection 2 level 1 < Landsat 8-9<LC08_L1TP_141048_20240321_20240403_02_T1 <
download all the files from this data-set
STEP 2
After downloading open gis and add the tiff file of “b5 “and “b4” in the gis

Step 3
Open raster calculator
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Step 4
Using this formula

As per Landsat 8

Use the formula in raster calculator

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STEP 5
We will get the map like like this

STEP 6
Use symbology and classy the range between the colour

• Where. -1 means with negetaive values for areas other than Vegetation cover, like snow,
water or clouds where Red reflectance is greater than
• For bare soils, with reflectance values roughly the same in red and near infrared, the
NDVI has values close to 0
• Where, 1 means Vegetation formations have positive NDVI Values, generally between
0.1 and 0.7
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STEPS 7
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Normalized Difference Water Index

STEP 1
Collect files form usgs website “EarthExplorer (usgs.gov) “ from satellite “landsat <landsat
collection 2 level 1 < landsat 8-9<LC08_L1TP_141048_20240321_20240403_02_T1 <
download all the files from this data-set
STEP 2
After downloading open gis and add the tiff file of “b5 “and “b3” in the gis

Step 3
Open raster calculator
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Step 4
Using this formula

As per landsat 8
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Use the formula in raster calculator

STEP 5
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We will get the map like this

STEP 6
Use symbology and classy the range between the colour
Normalize Difference Water Index (NDWI) value lies between -1 to 1. Generally, water bodies
NDWI value is greater than 0.5. Vegetation has much smaller values which distinguishing
vegetation from water bodies. Build-up features having positive values lies between 0 to 0.2.
STEPS 7
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Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (Ndbi)

STEP 1
Collect files form usgs website “EarthExplorer (usgs.gov) “ from satellite “landsat <landsat
collection 2 level 1 < landsat 8-9<LC08_L1TP_141048_20240321_20240403_02_T1 <
download all the files from this data-set
STEP 2
After downloading open gis and add the tiff file of “b5 “and “b6” in the gis
Step 3

Open raster calculator

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Step 4
Using this formula

As per landsat 8
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Use the formula in raster calculator

STEP 5

We will get the map like like this

STEP 6
Use symbology and classy the range between the colour
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Normalize Difference Water Index (NDWI) value lies between -1 to 1. Generally, water bodies
NDWI value is greater than 0.5. Vegetation has much smaller values which distinguishing
vegetation from water bodies. Build-up features having positive values lies between 0 to 0.2
STEPS 7
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Land Surface Temperature (Lst)

STEP 1
Collect files form usgs website “EarthExplorer (usgs.gov) “ from satellite “landsat <landsat
collection 2 level 1 < landsat 8-9<LC08_L1TP_141048_20240321_20240403_02_T1 <
download all the files from this data-set
STEP 2
After downloading open gis and add the tiff file of “b4” ,“b10” and “b5” in the gis
STEP 3
Land Surface Temperature (LST) of Landsat 8 Using ArcGIS
Conversion to Top of Atmosphere (TOA) Radiance:
Using the radiance rescaling factor, Thermal Infra-Red Digital Numbers can be converted to
TOA spectral radiance.

Lλ = ML * Qcal + AL-Oi
Lλ = 0.0003342* Band10+0.10000-0.29
Where:
Lλ = TOA spectral radiance (Watts/ (m2^ * sr^ * mu*m ))
ML = Radiance multiplicative Band (No.)
AL = Radiance Add Band (No.)
Qcal = Quantized and calibrated standard product pixel values (DN)
Oi= correction value for band 10 is 0.29
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STEP 4
Conversion to Top of Atmosphere (TOA) Brightness Temperature (BT):
Spectral radiance data can be converted to top of atmosphere brightness temperature using the
thermal constant Values in Meta data file.

Kelvin (K) to Celsius (°C) Degrees BT = K2 / In (k1 / Lλ + 1) - 273.15

BT= (1321.0789/Ln(774.8853/ToA+1))-273.15
Where:
BT = Top of atmosphere brightness temperature (°C)
L*lambda = TOA spectral radiance (Watts/ (m2 * sr * µm))
K1 K1 Constant Band (No.)
K2 K2 Constant Band (No.)

STEP 5
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI):
The Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a standardized vegetation index
which Calculated using Near Infra-red (Band 5) and Red (Band 4) bands.

NDVI = (NIR - RED) / (NIR + RED)

NDVI = (Band 5-Band 4)/ (Band 5-Band 4)
RED= DN values from the RED band
NIR= DN values from Near-Infrared band
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STEP 6
Land Surface Emissivity (LSE):
Land surface emissivity (LSE) is the average emissivity of an element of the surface of the
Earth calculated from NDVI values.

PV = ((NDVI - NDVI min) / (NDVI max - NDVI min))

Where:
PV = Proportion of Vegetation
NDVI= DI values from NDVI Image
NDVI min = Minimum DN values from NDVI Image
NDVI max = Maximum DN values from NDVI Image
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E=0.004*PV+0.986
Where:
E = Land Surface Emissivity
PV = Proportion of Vegetation
0.986 corresponds to a correction value of the equation

STEP 7
Land Surface Temperature (LST):
The Land Surface Temperature (LST) is the radiative temperature Which calculated using Top
of atmosphere brightness temperature, Wavelength of emitted radiance, Land Surface
Emissivity.
LST = BT/ (1 + (λ * BT / c2) * In(E))
Here, c2= 14388 µm K
The Values of A for Landsat 8: For Band 10 is 10.8 and for Band 11 is 12.0
Where
BT = Top of atmosphere brightness temperature (°C)
λ = Wavelength of emitted radiance
E = Land Surface Emissivity
c2=h*c/s=1.4388*10 ^ - 2 * mk =14388 mK
h=Planck's Constant =6.626*10 ^ - 34 Js
s= Boltzmann constant =1.38*10^-23 JK
c=velocity of light =2.998*10^8 m/s
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STEP 7
Clip LST with our boundary
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Watershed (Model Builder)

Model flow chart for obtaining water streams using DEM in model
builder.
Model file data

Classified output of Streams with respect to stream orders

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Basin boundaries of the study area.

Spatial Suitability
Parameters and Buffer Zones
Parameters taken are for placing public toilets
Roads-5,10,15 m

Parks-10 m
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Public spaces-50m

And colony of the road -50m

Then convert them to raster after clipping the boundery

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Weights and Scoring of the Parameters Selected (Reclassify)

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Final Suitability Map (Weighted Overlay)

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Spatial Autocorrelation (Morons I Analysis) - Shapefiles, Report and

the Inference

Step 1
Here we are oung spatial corelation between area population
Have a population data set

Step 2
open the spatial corelation tool in fis and add the data
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Step 3
And then we find spatial corelation file after the
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