MS DOS

Microsoft Disk operating system, MS-DOS is a non-graphical command line operating system
created for IBM compatible computers that was first introduced by Microsoft in August 1981 and
was last updated in 1994 when MS-DOS 6.22 was released.
Although the MS-DOS operating system is not commonly used today, the command shell more
commonly known as the Windows command line is still used and recommended.

Types of ms -dos command:-

1.Internal command:- A command that is stored in the system memory and loaded from the
command.com. Below are examples of internal commands in MS-DOS and the
Windows command line

1. DIR
• Description: Displays a list of files and subdirectories in a directory.
• Syntax:DIR [drive:][path][filename] [/P] [/W]

2. CD
• Description: Displays or changes the current directory.
• Syntax:CD [drive:][path]

3. CLS
• Description: Clears the screen.
• Syntax:
4. VER
• Description: Displays the version of MS-DOS.
• Syntax: C:\Users\pc>ver

5. DATE
• Description: Displays or sets the system date.
• Syntax:DATE [mm-dd-yy]

6. TIME
• Description: Displays or sets the system time.
• Syntax:TIME [hh:mm[:ss][.cc]]

7. MKDIR(MD)
• Description: Creates a new directory.
• Syntax:MD [drive:][path]
8. REN (RENAME)
• Description: Renames a file or set of files.
• Syntax:REN [drive:][path]filename1 filename2

9. DEL (ERASE)
• Description: Deletes one or more files.
• Syntax :DEL [drive:][path]filename [/P]

10. COPY
• Description: Copies files from one location to another.
• Syntax:COPY [source] [destination]

11. TYPE
• Description: Displays the contents of a text file.
• Syntax:TYPE [drive:][path]filename

12. RMDIR (RD)

• Description: Removes a directory (must be empty).
• Syntax:RD [drive:][path]
2.External command:- A MS-DOS command that is not included in command.com. External
commands are commonly external either because they require large requirements or are not
commonly used commands.
Below are examples of MS-DOS and Windows command line external commands

1.XCOPY
• Description: Copies files and directory trees.
• Syntax: XCOPY source [destination] [options]

2. MOVE
• Description: moving one file or multiple files from one location to another location or from
one disk to another disk.
• Syntax:- C:\> MOVE <file name> <path name>

3. SYS
• Description:This command is used for copy system files to any disk.
• Syntax:- C:\> SYS [Drive name]

4. SORT
• Description:This command is useful when we want to sort a file.
• Syntax:- C:\> SORT /R < Input file name> <output file name>
 MS WORD SHORTCUT KEYS

Shortcut Key Description

Ctrl + A Select all text in the document.

Ctrl + B Bold the selected text.

Ctrl + C Copy the selected text or object.

Ctrl + D Open the Font dialog box to change the font style, size

Ctrl + E Center-align the selected text.

Ctrl + F Open the Find dialog box to search for text.

Ctrl + G Open the Go To dialog box to navigate to a specific location in the doc

Ctrl + H Open the Replace dialog box to find and replace text.
Ctrl + I Italicize the selected text.

Ctrl + J Justify-align the selected text.

Ctrl + K Insert a hyperlink.

Ctrl + L Left-align the selected text.

Ctrl + M Indent the paragraph.

Ctrl + N Create a new document.

Ctrl + O Open an existing document.

Ctrl + P Open the Print dialog box.

Ctrl + Q Remove paragraph formatting (reset to default).

Ctrl + R Right-align the selected text.

Ctrl + S Save the current document.

Ctrl + T Create a hanging indent.

Ctrl + U Underline the selected text.

Ctrl + V Paste the copied or cut text or object.

Ctrl + W Close the current document.

Ctrl + X Cut the selected text or object.

Ctrl + Y Redo the last undone action.

Ctrl + Z Undo the last action.

1. HOME TAB:- The Home tab in Microsoft Word is one of the most commonly used tabs. It contains
commands grouped into sections that help you create, format, and manage the content of your document
efficiently. Here's an overview of what you'll find in the Home tab:

1. Clipboard Group
• Cut: Removes selected text or objects and places them on the clipboard.
• Copy: Copies selected text or objects to the clipboard.
• Paste: Inserts the content from the clipboard into the document.
• Format Painter: Copies formatting from one part of the document and applies it to another.

2. Font Group
• Font Style: Change the font of the text (e.g., Arial, Times New Roman).
• Font Size: Adjust the size of the text.
• Bold, Italic, Underline: Add emphasis to text.
• Text Effects: Apply effects like shadow, glow, or reflection to text.
• Text Highlight Color: Highlight text with a background color.
• Font Color: Change the color of the text.
• Strikethrough: Draw a line through the text.
• Subscript and Superscript: Format text as subscript or superscript.

3. Paragraph Group
• Bullets and Numbering: Add bulleted or numbered lists.
• Alignment: Align text (left, center, right, or justify).
• Line and Paragraph Spacing: Adjust the spacing between lines and paragraphs.
• Shading: Add background color to paragraphs.
• Borders: Add borders around text or paragraphs.
• Indentation: Increase or decrease paragraph indentation.
• Sort: Sort text alphabetically or numerically.
• Show/Hide Paragraph Marks: Display non-printable characters like spaces and paragraph marks.

4. Styles Group
• Styles: Apply predefined styles to text for consistent formatting (e.g., Heading 1, Normal, Title).
• Style Set Customization: Modify existing styles or create new ones.

5. Editing Group
• Find: Search for specific text in the document.
• Replace: Search for and replace specific text.
 • Select: Select specific parts of the document, such as all text with similar formatting.

2. INSERT TAB:-Insert Tab is the second tab in the Ribbon. As the name suggests, it is used to insert or add extra features
in your document. It is commonly used to add tables, pictures, clip art, shapes, page number, etc. The Insert tab has seven
groups of related commands; Pages, Tables, Illustrations, Links, Header & Footer, Text and Symbols.

1. Pages Group
• Cover Page: Insert a professionally designed cover page at the beginning of your document.
• Blank Page: Add a new blank page anywhere in your document.
• Page Break: Create a break to start a new page, keeping the text that follows on the next page.

2. Tables Group
• Table: Insert a table by choosing the number of rows and columns. You can also draw a custom table or
insert one from Excel.

3. Illustrations Group
• Pictures: Insert pictures from your computer or online sources.
• Online Pictures: Search for images online and insert them directly.
• Shapes: Add predefined shapes like rectangles, circles, arrows, and more.
• Icons: Insert professional-looking icons.
• 3D Models: Insert 3D objects and rotate them for dynamic visuals.
• SmartArt: Add diagrams to visually communicate information, such as lists, processes, or hierarchies.
• Chart: Insert charts (e.g., bar, line, pie) to represent data graphically.
• Screenshot: Capture and insert a screenshot of any open window or a specific area.

4. Links Group
• Link (Hyperlink): Add links to websites, email addresses, or other parts of your document.
• Bookmark: Mark specific points in your document for easy navigation.
• Cross-reference: Refer to another part of your document, such as headings, tables, or figures.

5. Header & Footer Group

• Header: Insert a header that appears at the top of each page.
• Footer: Insert a footer that appears at the bottom of each page.
• Page Number: Add or format page numbers in your document.
3.Page Layout tab:- It is the third tab in the Ribbon. This tab allows you to control the look and feel of your document,
i.e. you can change the page size, margins, line spacing, indentation, documentation orientation, etc. The Page Layout tab has
five groups of related commands; Themes, Page Setup, Page Background, Paragraph and Arrange.

1. Themes Group
• Themes: Apply a predesigned theme to your document, which includes coordinated colors, fonts, and
effects.
• Colors: Customize the color palette of the theme.
• Fonts: Choose a font set for the theme.
• Effects: Apply visual effects like shadows or reflections to shapes and text in the document.

2. Page Setup Group

• Margins: Set the margin size (Top, Bottom, Left, Right) for your document. You can choose presets or
customize your own.
• Orientation: Set the page orientation to either Portrait (vertical) or Landscape (horizontal).
• Size: Choose the paper size (e.g., Letter, A4, Legal) for your document.
• Columns: Divide text into multiple columns, such as for newsletters or articles.
• Breaks: Insert different types of breaks, such as page breaks, section breaks (continuous, next page), or
column breaks.
• Line Numbers: Add or customize line numbers in your document.
• Hyphenation: Control automatic hyphenation for breaking words across lines.

3. Paragraph Group
• Indent: Adjust the indentation of text from the left or right margin.
• Left Indent: Moves the text inward from the left margin.
• Right Indent: Moves the text inward from the right margin.
• Spacing: Adjust the spacing before and after paragraphs for a polished layout.

4. Arrange Group
• Position: Adjust the position of objects (like images or shapes) relative to the text and page.
• Wrap Text: Set how text flows around an object (e.g., inline, square, tight, behind text, in front of text).
• Bring Forward/Send Backward: Layer objects on top of or behind others in the document.
• Align: Align selected objects relative to the page, margins, or other objects.
• Group: Group multiple objects to treat them as one unit for easier positioning.
• Rotate: Rotate or flip selected objects.
 5. Page Background Group
• Watermark: Add a faint text or image watermark to the background of the page.
• Page Color: Change the background color of the document.
• Page Borders: Add decorative or functional borders around the page.

4.References tab:- It is the fourth tab in the Ribbon. It allows you to enter document sources, citations, bibliography
commands, etc. It also offers commands to create a table of contents, an index, table of contents and table of authorities. The
References tab has six groups of related commands; Table of Contents, Footnotes, Citations & Bibliography, Captions, Index
and Table of Authorities

1. Table of Contents Group

• Table of Contents: Create an automatic table of contents based on the headings in your document.
• Add Text: Add a specific heading or paragraph to the table of contents by assigning it a heading level.
• Update Table: Refresh the table of contents to reflect any changes in the document.

2. Footnotes Group
• Insert Footnote: Add a footnote at the bottom of the page to provide additional information or citations.
• Insert Endnote: Add an endnote at the end of the document or section for additional explanations or
references.
• Next Footnote/Endnote: Navigate through existing footnotes or endnotes.
• Show Notes: Switch to the notes pane to view or edit all footnotes or endnotes in the document.

3. Citations & Bibliography Group

• Insert Citation: Add a citation for a source. Choose from saved sources or create a new one.
• Manage Sources: Open the Source Manager to organize, edit, or create new sources for citations.
• Style: Choose a citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago) to format your references automatically.
• Bibliography: Insert a bibliography or works cited list based on your document's sources.

4. Captions Group
• Insert Caption: Add a caption (e.g., "Figure 1," "Table 2") to images, tables, or other objects.
• Insert Table of Figures: Generate a list of figures, tables, or equations in the document, similar to a
table of contents.
• Update Table: Refresh the table of figures to include recent changes.
• Cross-reference: Insert a reference to another part of the document (e.g., "See Table 3").
 5. Index Group
• Mark Entry: Mark selected text as an entry for the index.
• Insert Index: Generate an index based on marked entries in your document.
• Update Index: Refresh the index to include any recent changes or additions.

6. Table of Authorities Group

• Mark Citation: Mark selected text as a legal citation to include in the table of authorities.
• Insert Table of Authorities: Generate a table of legal references, such as cases or statutes, categorized
by type.
• Update Table: Refresh the table of authorities to include recent changes.

5.Review tab:- It is the fifth tab in the Ribbon. This tab offers you some important commands to modify your document. It
helps you proofread your content, to add or remove comments, track changes, etc. The Review tab has six groups of related
commands; Proofing, Comments, Tracking, Changes, Compare and Protect.

1. Proofing Group
• Spelling & Grammar: Check the document for spelling and grammar errors and suggest corrections.
• Thesaurus: Find synonyms and related words to improve word choice.
• Word Count: Display the total number of words, characters, paragraphs, and lines in the document.
• Read Aloud: Have the document read aloud to you for reviewing or accessibility.

2. Speech Group
• Dictate: Convert spoken words into text (available in supported languages).

3. Accessibility Group
• Check Accessibility: Inspect the document for accessibility issues to ensure it’s usable for people with
disabilities.

4. Language Group
• Translate: Translate selected text or the entire document into another language using Microsoft
Translator.
• Language: Set the proofing language for spellcheck and grammar.
• Word Preferences (Language): Configure language-specific settings for the document.
 5. Comments Group
• New Comment: Add a comment to provide feedback or notes on specific parts of the document.
• Delete: Remove selected comments or all comments in the document.
• Previous/Next: Navigate between comments in the document.
• Show Comments: Display all comments in the document for easy review.

6. Tracking Group
• Track Changes: Enable or disable tracking to record all edits made to the document.
• Show Markup: Customize which changes (insertions, deletions, formatting, etc.) are displayed.
• Reviewing Pane: Display a pane showing all tracked changes and comments in the document.

6.View:- The View tab is located next to the Review tab. This tab allows you to switch between Single Page and Two Page
views. It also enables you to control various layout tools like boundaries, guides, rulers. Its primary purpose is to offers you
different ways to view your document. The View tab has five groups of related commands; Document Views, Show/Hide,
Zoom, Window and Macros.

1. Views Group
• Read Mode: Displays the document in a full-screen reading layout, hiding most editing tools.
• Print Layout: Shows the document as it would appear when printed (default view).
• Web Layout: Displays the document as it would appear in a web browser.
• Outline: Displays the document in an outline format, allowing you to organize and manipulate headings
and sections.
• Draft: Displays the document in a simple layout for quick editing, hiding headers, footers, and some
formatting.

2. Show Group
• Ruler: Toggles the visibility of the horizontal and vertical rulers.
• Gridlines: Displays gridlines to align objects and text more precisely.
• Navigation Pane: Opens a pane for document navigation, allowing you to view headings, pages, or
search results.

3. Zoom Group
• Zoom: Opens the zoom dialog box to adjust the magnification level of the document.
• 100%: Resets the zoom level to 100% (actual size).
• One Page: Displays one full page of the document in the window.
• Multiple Pages: Displays multiple pages side by side for comparison.
• Page Width: Adjusts the zoom level so the document fits the width of the window.
 4. Window Group
• New Window: Opens a new window containing the same document, allowing you to work on different
sections simultaneously.
• Arrange All: Arranges all open Word documents side by side.
• Split: Splits the current document into two panes, allowing you to view and edit different parts of the
document simultaneously.
• View Side by Side: Compares two open documents by displaying them next to each other.
• Synchronous Scrolling: Scrolls two side-by-side documents simultaneously.
• Reset Window Position: Aligns two side-by-side documents to their original positions.
• Switch Windows: Switches between multiple open Word documents.

5. Macros Group
• Macros: Opens the Macros dialog box to create, run, or edit macros. Macros automate repetitive tasks
in Word.

7.Help:- The Help tab in Microsoft Word provides resources and tools to assist users in understanding and utilizing
Word's features effectively. It connects you to documentation, tutorials, troubleshooting guides, and customer support

1. Help Group
• Microsoft Support: Opens the Word help system to search for solutions to questions or problems. This
often redirects you to Microsoft's online support pages.
• Tell Me (or Search): A quick search bar where you can type what you want to do. Word provides direct
links to the features or commands you're looking for.
• Contact Support: Connects you to Microsoft’s support team for assistance (may require an active
Microsoft 365 subscription).