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Human_Genome_Project

Human genome project

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25 views

Human_Genome_Project

Human genome project

Uploaded by

kumarkrish23976
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Human Genome Project

The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an important topic covered in the Class 12 Biology NCERT.

Below are the key details according to the NCERT syllabus:

Introduction:

- The Human Genome Project was an international research initiative aimed at mapping and

understanding all the genes of human beings, collectively known as the genome.

- The project officially began in 1990 and was completed in 2003.

- It was a collaborative effort between the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany,

China, and others.

Objectives:

1. Mapping of the Human Genome:

- To identify and map all the genes (approximately 20,000-25,000) in human DNA.

- To determine the sequence of the 3 billion base pairs in human DNA.

2. Storage and Analysis:

- To store the information in databases.

- To improve tools for data analysis.

3. Technology Development:

- To develop faster and more efficient technologies for sequencing and data analysis.

4. Study of Model Organisms:

- To sequence the genomes of model organisms like yeast, fruit flies, and mice to help understand

the functioning of the human genome.


5. Address Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues (ELSI):

- To address the ethical, legal, and social implications that might arise from the project.

Methodologies:

1. Sequencing:

- The process of determining the exact order of the nucleotides in a DNA molecule. The

sequencing was done using two major strategies: the shotgun sequencing method and the

hierarchical shotgun sequencing.

2. Bioinformatics:

- The use of computational tools to store, analyze, and visualize the sequence data. Bioinformatics

played a crucial role in managing the large amount of data generated.

Outcomes:

1. Gene Identification:

- The HGP identified approximately 20,000-25,000 human genes.

2. Genome Composition:

- Only about 1.5% of the genome codes for proteins; the rest consists of non-coding sequences,

including regulatory sequences, introns, and repetitive sequences.

3. Variation in Human Genome:

- The project revealed that the DNA of all humans is 99.9% identical. The 0.1% difference is

responsible for the diversity seen among individuals.

4. Applications:
- The HGP has vast implications in fields like medicine, biotechnology, anthropology, and forensic

science. It has led to the development of personalized medicine, where treatments can be tailored to

the genetic makeup of individuals.

Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI):

- The HGP also focused on understanding the ethical, legal, and social issues associated with the

knowledge gained from the project. This included concerns about privacy, genetic discrimination,

and the psychological impact of knowing one's genetic makeup.

Significance:

- The Human Genome Project is considered one of the greatest scientific achievements of the 21st

century. It has laid the foundation for advances in genomics and personalized medicine.

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