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Lecture Vel

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Lecture Vel

Uploaded by

Kent Roferos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VelocityMeasurements

Measuring Linear Velocity


• Linear Velocity Transducer:
• This is an inductive device.
• The velocity is measured by driving a permanent magnet core past
a fixed coil as shown in the figure below.
• As the north pole of the magnet approaches the coil, a voltage
proportional to the velocity is generated.
• An LVT works is much like an LVDT but with only two windings.

The input is the velocity


of the magnet
• Doppler Radar Velocity Measurement:

 If a beam of radio waves is directed at a moving object, the frequency of


radiation reflected from the object will be altered. The change in the
frequency of radiation directed at the moving object is given by:
2V cos 
fD  Eq.8.27 

where λ is the wave length of incident radio waves. It is related to the
frequency by
fλ=c
where c is the speed of light and has value of 3 108 m/s.
 The maximum change is when θ=0.
 Devices that use the Doppler effect with laser beams are called Laser-
Doppler Velocimeters.
Page 241
dx (t ) dV (t )
From Dynamics: x (t ); V  ; a
dt dt

Velocity from position and acceleration sensors


 If a displacement sensor is available then the position data can be used to
calculate the velocity. If the displacement data is available in the form x(t),
the velocity can be obtained by differentiating x(t) as:

dx(t )
V
dt
 If the position data has some discontinuity in the first derivative (not a
smooth function), the differentiation process will generate very large
spikes.

 This is the main drawback with generating velocities from position sensors.
 If acceleration data are available and the data can be described in the form
a(t), the velocity can be calculated by:

t
V  V0   a(t )dt
t0

V0 is the velocity at time t0.

 If the acceleration sensor is of high quality, the process of obtaining the


velocity form the acceleration is very reliable.

 Differentiation or Integration of signals can be done numerically or


through signal conditioning circuits.
Measuring Angular Velocity (8.4)
Tachometers or Tacho-generator

• It is a small dc electric generator attached to the rotating shaft.

• When the shaft rotates inside a magnetic field, it creates a dc


voltage.

• The dc voltage is proportional to the shaft angular velocity.

• The voltage can be connected directly to a voltmeter to get a


readout or it can be connected to a data-acquisition system.

• This is an analog velocity sensor.


Magnetic Pickup
• A small permanent magnet is wrapped with a
coil of insulated wire and then contained in a
metal case.

• The permanent magnet causes a magnetic field


to form in the region around the magnet that
passes through the coil .

• If another magnet or a piece of iron is brought


near one pole of the magnet, it distorts the
magnetic field ( changes its reluctance ) causing a
voltage pulse to be generated in the coil.

• If the pick up is placed near a rotating gear, the


output will be as shown in the figure and the
frequency of these pulses is proportional to the
angular velocity.

Output
• This device is also called a A variable reluctance sensor A voltage output
is produced when the small notch in the wheel passes by causing a change
in the magnetic field in the sensor.

• The voltage output of the variable reluctance sensor is proportional to the


rate of change of the magnetic field.

• The sensor only detects changes in the magnetic field. Therefore no output
is produced by the sensor if the wheel is not moving, even if the notch is
directly in front of the sensor
• The output of the sensor can be processed in two ways:

– It can be connected to a pulse counter and that counts the number of


pulses in a fixed period of time and provides a digital readout that can
be interfaced directly to a computer.

– It can be connected to a frequency to voltage converter circuit which


results in a dc voltage with a magnitude proportional to the angular
velocity.

• Magnetic pickups are used as wheel angular speed sensors for automobile
Antilock Braking Systems (ABS).
Stroboscopic Tachometer

• This device produces flashing light at a user controlled frequency.

• This light is shined on a shaft or a pulley which has a mark at one


circumferential position.

• The flashing frequency of the light is adjusted so that the mark on the shaft
appears stationary.
Stroboscopic Tachometer

Advantages
1. The readout is directly in revolutions per minute.
2. The flashing frequency is very accurately known since it is usually
quartz-crystal controlled.

Disadvantages
1. The measurement accuracy depends on operator visual adjustment.
2. The device is not well suited for remote operation.

• One draw back of the stroboscopic Tachometer is that the mark will appear
stationary when the shaft or the pulley is turning at multiple integer
fractions of the strobe frequency. f=fs, f=2fs, f=3fs,…
•A sensing element of this system
Photoelectric Tachometer could be a perforated disk attached to
the shaft.

•A light beam shines through holes


onto a photo-detector which produces
a pulsed output as the disk rotates.

•An alternative design has reflective


tape attached to the disk, with the
light sources and the photo detector
being combined into a single unit.
Advantage
The pulsed signal is input into a counter that counts pulses over a fixed period of
time to produce a digital value for angular velocity.
Disadvantage
Sensitivity to oil and other contamination from the machine that over time, may
cover the various optical surfaces, leading to inaccurate output or no output at all.

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